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EOCT REVIEW Domain III - Genetics
39

Domain III - Genetics. Deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of nucleotides Sugar – deoxyribose A phosphate group One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

Dec 25, 2015

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Page 1: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

EOCT REVIEWDomain III - Genetics

Page 2: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of nucleotides

Sugar – deoxyriboseA phosphate groupOne of four nitrogen bases

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

Is in the shape of a double helix

Page 3: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

DNA The two strands

are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides Adenine pairs with

thymine Guanine pairs with

cytosine The order of the

bases is the genetic code

Page 4: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

DNA REPLICATION DNA makes an exact copy of itself Takes place in the nucleus

1. An enzyme ‘unzips’ the DNA2. Free nucleotides pair up with the

exposed nucleotides3. This continues until two identical

copies of the DNA molecule are made The two copies each contain one

side from the ‘original’ DNA and one ‘new’ side

Page 5: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

RNA Ribonucleic acid 3 differences (from DNA):

Sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose

Uracil instead of thymineSingle helix instead of a double

helix 3 types of RNA:

Messenger RNA (mRNA)Transfer RNA (tRNA)Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Page 6: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

TRANSCRIPTION The process of

making RNA from DNA

Occurs in the nucleus

Only one side of the DNA strand is used to make the RNA

Page 7: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

TRANSLATION The process of converting the

information on the mRNA into a protein The mRNA carries the message from

the nucleus to the ribosomes, where the proteins are made

The tRNA molecules bring the amino acids to the ribosomesThe 3 base codon on the mRNA

corresponds to a 3 base anticodon on the tRNA

Each codon carries the code for a specific amino acid

Page 8: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

THE GENETIC CODE

Page 9: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #1 Which of the following shows how information is transformed to make a protein?a. DNA → RNA → proteinb. gene → chromosome → proteinc. cell respiration → ATP → proteind. ATP → amino acid → protein

Page 10: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #2 Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes?a. replicationb. translationc. transcriptiond. transference

Page 11: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

GREGOR MENDEL ‘Father of Genetics’ Studied inheritance in pea plants Concluded that each organism

has two genes for each trait – one from mom, one from dad

Genes come in different forms called allelesDominant – the trait that is

expressedRecessive – the trait that is hidden

Page 12: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

MENDEL’S LAWS Law of Dominance – the dominant

allele will prevent the recessive allele from being expressed

Law of Segregation – gene pairs separate when gametes are formed, so each gamete has only one allele of each pair

Law of Independent Assortment – different pairs of genes separate independently of each other when gametes are formed

Page 13: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

GENETICS VOCABULARY Homozygous – two identical alleles (TT

or tt) Heterozygous – two different alleles (Tt) Monohybrid – genetic cross involving

one trait Dihybrid – genetic cross involving two

traits Genotype – the genetic makeup of the

organism (Tt) Phenotype – the physical appearance of

the trait (tall)

Page 14: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

PUNNETT SQUARES

Page 15: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

DIHYBRID PUNNETT SQUARE

Page 16: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #3 Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In this cross, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?a. 50% RR and 50% Rrb. 25% RR, 50% Rr, and

25% rrc. 50% round seeds and

50% wrinkled seedsd. 100% round seeds

Page 17: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

THE CELL CYCLE Interphase

G1 phase – cell growth

S phase – DNA replication

G2 phase – preparation for mitosis

M phase Mitosis Cytokinesis –

division of the cytoplasm

Page 18: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

MITOSIS Division of the nucleus Two identical daughter cells are

produced The chromosome number

remains the same Purpose:

Growth and tissue repairAsexual reproduction

Page 19: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

PHASES OF MITOSIS Prophase – the duplicated chromosomes

become visible and spindle fibers form across the cell; the nuclear envelope starts to break up

Metaphase – the chromosomes attach to the spindle and line up randomly in the middle of the cell

Anaphase – the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase – a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes at each end of the cell; spindle fibers disappear; chromosomes become less visible

Page 20: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

PHASES OFMITOSIS

Page 21: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #4 Why is it important for the cells

of multicellular organisms to undergo mitosis?a. Mitosis allows for reproduction with

male and female gametes.b. Mitosis increases variation within an

organism.c. Mitosis produces cells that are different

from the original dividing cell.d. Mitosis produces identical cells to the

original dividing cell.

Page 22: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

MEIOSIS The production of gametes (sex

cells – sperm and eggs) The chromosome number is cut

in half, producing haploid gametesDiploid (2n) – 2 of each

chromosome Normal body cells

Haploid (n) – 1 of each chromosome Sex cells

Page 23: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

MEIOSIS There are two divisions

Meiosis I Prophase I – crossing over can occur Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I

Meiosis II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

Page 24: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

MEIOSIS

Page 25: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

GENE MUTATIONS Changes in the nucleotide

sequence of a DNA moleculeSubstitution – a single nucleotide is substituted for another one (A instead of G)

Insertion – a nucleotide is addedDeletion – a nucleotide is removed

A mutation can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial depending on how it affects the protein that is produced

Page 26: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #5 What is a source of genetic variation?a. mutationb. adaptationc. replicationd. transcription

Page 27: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

GENETIC ENGINEERING Recombinant DNA – inserting foreign

genesHuman insulin is mass produced by

bacteria that have had the human insulin gene inserted

Creates genetically modified organisms Cotton plants have been modified to resist

worm attacksBacteria have been modified to clean up

oil spills, manufacture alcohol, and process minerals

Page 28: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #6 Which of the following is the correct base-pairing rule for DNA?a. A-U; C-Gb. A-G; T-Cc. A-T; G-Cd. A-C; T-G

Page 29: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #7 A mutagenic factor that can alter DNA by the loss of a chromosome segment is known asa. translocationb. crossing overc. deletiond. nondisjunction

Page 30: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #8 In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the trait that disappeared in the first generation and reappeared in the next generation is called thea. homozygous traitb. dominant traitc. recessive traitd. heterozygous trait

Page 31: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #9 Which of the

following correctly shows the shape of a DNA molecule?

Page 32: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #10 Changes to an organism’s DNA can cause unexpected traits to be expressed in its offspring. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely be altered before being passed to offspring if exposed toa. x-raysb. loud soundsc. magnetic fieldsd. extreme temperatures

Page 33: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #11 Agricultural companies have

developed the ability to control the genetic characteristics of their crops. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to produce all of the following effects excepta. grow salt-tolerant crop plantsb. decrease harvesting timec. make crop plants resistant to diseased. decrease soil nitrogen levels

Page 34: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #12 In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a heterozygous gray female and an ebony male?a. 25% Gg, 75% ggb. 50% Gg, 50% ggc. 75% gray, 25% ebonyd. 100% gray

Page 35: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #13 The process of meiosis produces gametes. How does this process increase reproductive variability?a. Different combinations of alleles are

produced.b. Each allele from the parent cell forms a

separate gamete.c. Each pair of genes undergoes crossing-

over with different genes.d. The two genes are passed on to a

daughter cell, resulting in new traits.

Page 36: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #14 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. A characteristic of RNA is that ita. remains in the chromosomes in

the nucleusb. is involved in translating

information in DNA into proteinsc. undergoes crossing-over during

meiosisd. is replicated during the process of

mitosis

Page 37: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

QUESTION #15 ATG is a DNA triplet that codes for an amino acid. Which mRNA codon will pair with the ATG tripleta. ATGb. GTUc. TACd. UAC

Page 38: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

ANSWERS1. A2. B3. D4. D5. A6. C7. C8. C9. D10. A11. D12. B13. A14. B15. D

Page 39: Domain III - Genetics.  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Made up of nucleotides  Sugar – deoxyribose  A phosphate group  One of four nitrogen bases Adenine.

INFORMATION AND IMAGES OBTAINED FROM: http://www.doe.k12.ga.us/ci_test

ing.aspx?PageReq=CI_TESTING_EOCT&SubPageReq=GUIDES

Google image search Campbell, Neil A. and Reece Jane

B (2001). "6". Biology. Benjamin Cummings.

Miller, Kenneth R. and Levine Joseph S. (2002). Biology. Prentice Hall.