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by Bimal K. Bose
My View
6 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
Do you do research in power electronics? Are you a profes-sor or
graduate student in a uni-versity or an engineer in an industrial
research laboratory? Power electron-ics research is not different
from any other area of engineering or scientific research. For
doing research, we dis-cipline and dedicate our mind to make
inventions or generate new knowledge that helps to solve our
problems and contribute to the advancement of our civilization in a
broad perspective. The sincerity, purity, and tranquility of our
mind, possibly blended with some spir-ituality, help us concentrate
our mind for doing research. Research accom-plishment gives supreme
satisfaction of mind. Note that doing research and learning always
go together. Learning is essentially a lifelong process. Albert
Einstein said that we cease to learn only when we die.
How does our brain function for doing research? The human brain,
the thinking machine with a biological neu-ral network that gives
us natural intelli-gence, is the most complex machine on earth.
Neurobiologists have attempted to understand the structure of the
brain and its functioning over a pro-longed period of time, but
these remain extremely inadequate even today. The neural network
[1] in our brain consists of the interconnection of billions of
neu-rons or nerve cells, where the synaptic junction of each input
dendrite is filled with neurotransmitter fluid. The im-pedance of
this junction contributes to the intelligence or
associative-memory
property of each cell. The intelligence of the brain is thus
distributed in the cells of the whole neural network. The
supervised learning from our educa-tion conditions the junction
impedanc-es to acquire knowledge in a specific domain, such as
power electronics. It is interesting to note that our brain does
not have a computerlike central memory. The neural network has the
ability to interpolate or extrapolate this knowledge to create new
knowledge. The brain has the additional cognitive capability to
invent, which we do not really understand.
The creative capability of the hu-man brain is tremendous. We
use hardly more than 5% of our creative capability for doing
research, and the remaining is mostly wasted in the triviality of
our daily thoughts. The research can be de-fined as fundamental or
basic type and applied or application oriented. Thomas Edison, the
wizard of applied experimen-tal research in electrical engineering,
de-fined genius as 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration. Edison had
1,093 U.S. pat-ents even though he did not complete his high school
education. However, according to Charles Steinmetz, the wiz-ard of
basic research, genius is defined as 99% inspiration and 1%
perspiration. These are, of course, extreme examples in the early
days of engineering re-search. A modern research project typi-cally
requires idea formulationsystem analysisdesignsimulation studyand
validation by experiment. Finally, suffice it to say that a good
researcher should also be a good communicator in both writing and
speaking.
Now, let me fall back to power elec-tronics. What is special
about power
electronics? It is a complex and inter-disciplinary technology
that basically deals with the conversion and control of electrical
power using switching-mode power semiconductor devices. The
ap-plications of power electronics include regulated dc and ac
power supplies, electrochemical processes, heating and lighting
control, electronic welding, power line volt-ampere reactive (VAR)
and harmonic compensation, high- voltage dc (HVDC), flexible ac
trans-mission systems (FACTS), photovoltaic (PV) systems, fuel cell
power conver-sions, high-frequency (HF) heating, and motor drives.
After several decades of technology evolution, power electron-ics
applications have recently become extremely important for energy
saving, electric/hybrid vehicles, the smart grid, renewable energy
systems, and bulk energy storage, besides the usual ap-plications
in industrial automation and high-efficiency energy systems.
In general, doing research in power electronics requires
expertise in power semiconductor and peripheral devices, converter
circuits, control theories, electrical machines, digital signal
pro-cessors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays, power systems,
and com-puter-aided design and simulation tech-niques. Recently,
artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, such as fuzzy logic and
artificial neural networks (ANNs), are advancing the frontier of
power electronics. Each of these component disciplines is advancing
rapidly, thus presenting greater challenges to power electronics
researchers. A thorough knowledge of the application environ-ment
is essential for doing research in a power electronics project.
Doing Research in Power Electronics
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MIE.2014.2364471
Date of publication: 19 March 2015
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 7
In this column, discussions will mainly be based on my own
experi-ence. The formulation of research ideas, project planning,
proposal preparation, steps in doctoral research projects, and
writing papers for publication will be covered. This column is
aimed at young researchers at universities based on ex-amples from
my own research career, reviewing my experience in power
elec-tronics research, and illustrating my key contributions. I
have spent more than 30 years in universities and more than 11
years in a premier industrial research laboratory, which
practically spans the whole era of the modern power elec-tronics
evolution. Hopefully, my knowl-edge and experience will be useful
to the readers.
Research Areas in Power ElectronicsAs I mentioned, power
electronics is a complex and interdisciplinary technol-ogy, and
doing research in this area requires a comprehensive background in
electrical engineering and beyond. Figure 1 shows some key
inventions related to power electronics [2]. The research in power
electronics can be broadly classified into research on devices,
converter systems, motor drives, and general energy systems, which
are summarized, respectively, in Figures 25. The motor drive area
is al-ways included in power electronics be-cause complexity in
this area is mainly due to power electronics.
The research on devices, particu-larly power semiconductor
devices, is extremely important because evolution in this area has
essentially brought on the modern power electronics revolu-tion.
The present trend of research and development (R&D) on silicon
and large-bandgap power semiconductor devices will continue until
the power device characteristics and ratings are signifi-cantly
improved, approaching an ideal switch. However, note that the basic
research on power semiconductor and peripheral devices (including
machines) does not strictly fall in the mainstream of power
electronics, except for the eval-uation of their performances.
Generally, every research project in power elec-tronics has the
usual implementation
stages of design, analysis, modeling, computer simulation study,
and experi-mental evaluation.
The converter systems and motor drives technologies have
significantly matured in recent years, although there are ample
opportunities for doing inno-vative and incremental research in
these areas. The motor drives area is generally more complex and
requires expertise in more interdisciplinary areas. Recently, power
electronics applications have ex-panded into complex energy systems
because of their integration with the utility systems, and research
in this area
is expanding. Figure 5 gives some ex-amples of general energy
systems. The modern complex smart or intelligent grid, where the
conventional high-power fossil fuel, nuclear, and hydroelectric
generators are integrated with distrib-uted renewable energy
systems (such as wind and PV) along with bulk energy storage
devices [such as batteries, fly-wheel, pumped storage,
ultracapacitors, superconducting magnet energy storage (SMES), and
hydrogen], need extensive research efforts for system stabilities,
bus voltage, frequency control, power quality, optimum resource
utilization
D-,7
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8 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
with supply- demand interactive energy management, economical
electricity to consumers, higher energy efficiency, higher system
reliability and security, fault detection and protection,
fault-tol-erant control, etc. The system complex-ity increases if
it incorporates power electronics-based HVDC transmissions, FACTS,
static synchronous compensa-tors, uninterruptable power systems,
etc., to achieve the above- mentioned objectives. The AI
applications in power
electronics are ushering in a new tech-nology frontier in this
perspective and require further exploration. Additional information
on research areas can be obtained from the power electronics
literature. Power electronics is often de-fined as a maturing
enabling technology. However, both ends of the technology spectrum,
i.e., power semiconductor de-vices and complex energy systems with
power electronics, require extensive R&D efforts.
Doing Research in UniversitiesNow, let us fall back to research
in univer-sities [3]. Have you just completed your Ph.D. degree in
a university and are look-ing for a job to start your career?
Gener-ally, you have two choices: join the faculty of a university
or be an engineer in an in-dustrial research laboratory. Of course,
you also have the option to be a post-doctoral fellow in a
university to work with a senior professor or start your own
business as an independent researcher.
1) Power Semiconductor Devices:A) Materials (Silicon, Silicon
Carbide, Gallium Nitride, Diamond, Etc.)B) Present Devices [Diode,
Thyristor, GTO, Triac, Power MetalOxideSemiconductor
Field-EffectTransistor (MOSFET), IGBT, IGCT, Intelligent Power
Module (IPM), or Power Integrated Circuit (PIC)]with Incremental
ChangeorDevelopment of a New Device
[Voltage and Current Ratings, Leakage Current, Safe Operating
Area (SOA), Conduction Drop, JunctionTemperature, Turn-On and
Turn-Off Times, Minority Carrier Storage, Rate of Current Change
(di/dt),Rate of Voltage Change (dv/dt), Switching Frequency, Series
and Parallel Operation, Power Loss,Thermal Impedance, Cooling,
Snubber or Snubberless, Gate Drive, Fault Diagnosis and Protection,
and Applications]Design, Fabrication, Packaging, Analysis,
Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction,and
Experimental Evaluation
2) Peripheral Devices:Present Devices (Capacitor, Inductor,
Resistor, Transformer, Battery, Fuel Cell, PV Cell,Light-Emitting
Diode, SMES, DSP,Application-Specific Integrated Circuit,
Field-Programmable Gate Array, Etc.) with Incremental
ChangeorDevelopment of a New DeviceDesign, Fabrication, Packaging,
Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction,and
Experimental Evaluation
Present Converters (Voltage-Fed, Current-Fed, Hybrid, HF Link,
Etc.) with Incremental ChangeorDevelopment of a New Topology
[Control Strategy, Response, Loss and Efficiency, Line and Load
Harmonics, Power Quality,Filtering, Soft Switching, Dead-Time
Compensation, Power (P), Reactive Power (Q), Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD),Power Factor (PF), Displacement Power Factor
(DPF), Electromagnetic Interference (EMI),Line/Converter/Load
Faults, Fault Diagnostics and Fault-Tolerant Control,
Hardware/Software Implementation, Etc.]
Present PWM Techniques [Sinusoidal Pulsewidth Modulation (SPWM),
Selected Harmonic Elimination (SHE),Static Volt Ampere Reactive
(Var) Compensator Hysteresis Band (SVC.HB)]with Incremental
ChangeorDevelopment of a New TechniqueDesign, Analysis, Modeling,
Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction, and Experimental
Evaluation
Design, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance
Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation
1) Converters:
2) PWM Techniques:
FIGURE 2 Research topics on devices.
FIGURE 3 Research topics on converter systems.
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 9
Whatever it is, you have essentially cho-sen research as the
main activity in your career path. It is very likely that you will
select a university to start a faculty ca-reer. So, welcome as a
tenure-track assis-tant professor in electrical engineering.
What are the merits and challenges in a university career?
First, among the merits, you have a lot of freedom. Essen-tially,
you are your own boss. You wont have to report for work during the
8 a.m.5 p.m. time frame. In a university, if the department is big,
you seldom meet your department head, and he will never ask you how
your work is go-ing. By adding Prof. with your name, you maintain a
prestige and ego in the career. A university professor is an
em-blem of intellectual thinking and is high-ly respected in
society. You can travel to conferences as you want, provided you
control the travel funds. A university job in the United States is
typically for nine months out of the year. This means that in the
summer you can work for
extra income. In addition, you can also do industrial
consulting, typically one day/week, to boost your income. A
pro-fessors nine-month salary may not be
necessarily less than that of an engineer for 12 months in
industry. A professor, of course, has to be a good speaker as well
as a good writer. For success in
2) Control StrategyPresent Control Strategies [Vector Control,
DTC Control, Model Referencing Adaptive Control (MRAC),Self-Tuning
Regulator (STR),Variable Structure Control (SMC), Model Predictive
Control, Fuzzy and Neural Controls,Genetic Algorithm (GA) Control,
Sensorless Control, DisturbanceCompensation, Fault-Tolerant Control
and Other Scalar, Optimal, and Adaptive Controls,Hardware/Software
Implementation] with Incremental Change
1) MachinesPresent Machines [Induction Motor (IM), Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),Wound-Field Synchronous Motor
(WFSM), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)with Radial, Axial, or
Linear Geometry] with Incremental Change
Design, Fabrications, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation,
Performance Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation
or
orDevelopment of New Machine(Volume, Weight, Power/Torque
Density, Parameters, Losses and Efficiency, Cooling, Pulsating
Torque,Acoustic Noise, Faults, Etc.)
Development of a New StrategyAnalysis, Design, Modeling,
Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction, and Experimental
Evaluation
3) Estimation and MeasurementsPresent Techniques [Torque, Slip,
Flux, Speed, Position, Acceleration, Disturbance (Line and
Load),Response, Accuracy, Harmonic Effects, Machine Parameters
(Stator and Rotor Resistances, and Stator andRotor Inductances),
dv/dt Effect on Insulation, Bearing Current, Acoustic Noise,
Machine VoltageBoost for Long Cable, Fault Diagnosis (Online and
Offline), Hardware/SoftwareImplementation, Etc.] with Incremental
Changeor
Development of a New Strategy
Design, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance
Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation
FIGURE 4 Research topics on machines and motor drives.
Examples:3.%%%'#'-++.)-#%Po0+2,-&0#-".)+)#-(+
(+--+2-(+!)+-#'!0#-"#''+-#('2,-&-(.))%2
'-+--'-(,#''.-('(&(.,2,-&3#+(+#0#-"#''#,-+#.-'+!2-(+!e3!'-#%%2/#--"#%+',)(+--#('2,-&0#-"
$-#%#-2.))%#,3+',,,#('2,-&'-!+-0#-"3'
-"(+#''+-#('2,-&,'-!+-0#-"-#%#-2+#"+(.!"
(%-!-(++',,,#('3&+-+#2,-&'-!+-0#-"(,,#%.%+''ew%'+!2
2,-&,'.%$'+!2-(+!
.,vo%-!'
+*.'2p,*"+&('#,)(0+*.%#-2+%##%#-2,-#%#-2,-#&-#('&,.+&'-('-+(%
##'2,.+#-2 .%-#!'(,#s, .%---(%+'-('-+(%()-#&.&%(
%(w,-(')-.%,-.#,,#!''%2,#s,&(%#'!,#&.%-#(')+
(+&')+#-#(''1)+#&'-%ev%.-#('
FIGURE 5 Research topics on general energy systems.
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10 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
your career, these communication skills are extremely
important.
The biggest challenge in a university is that a professor has to
bring in research funds in a sustained way throughout his career.
Although most universities have the status of nonprofit tax-exempt
insti-tution, they tend to operate like profit-making corporations.
For this reason, most of the faculty, particularly in the
engineering departments, are always under tremendous pressure to
bring in more and more research funds. Since most of the graduate
students (M.S. and Ph.D. students) come from abroad and are usually
supported by research funds, if you do not have research funds, you
will hardly have any graduate students, i.e., you will not have any
research proj-ects and, therefore, no publications. As a tenured
faculty member, you are left with a full-time teaching load of four
to five courses. Essentially, you are a dead professor. Again, it
is a one-way street. Once you have left the research career, it is
difficult to come back to it.
When you join the university as a new nontenured faculty member,
the univer-sity will most likely give you a seed or start-up fund
to start your research program, buy some lab equipment, and hire
one or two graduate students as research assistants. You will be
lucky to join as a team member of an ongoing research program with
a funding stream. The research can also be supported by teaching
assistantships (TAs) in the department. After a few years, a tenure
committee in the department will evalu-ate your teaching,
publications, research funding, and other activities and then
decide your eligibility for tenure. As a tenured faculty, you will
be promoted to associate professor. If not tenured, you can apply
to another university or switch to an industry job. If everything
moves smoothly after getting tenure, you will be a full professor
in the course of time and remain in that position until retirement.
Some professors switch to administra-tive positions for more money
and pow-er, but with less intellectual attainment. Some
universities create distinguished professors or prestigious chaired
profes-sors, with endowment funds that pro-vide a high salary and
initial tenure, to attract distinguished professionals. The
chairs are normally expected to have some industrial experience
and high connections that can attract more fund-ing and enhance the
universitys reputa-tion. There is no mandatory retirement age for a
university professor. This is another advantage of a university
career.
Awards and HonorsAs a researcher in power electronics, whether
in a university or in industry, you normally become a Member of the
IEEE. The IEEE is the largest internation-al professional
organization in the world. Eventually, through your professional
contributions, you can become eligible to be an IEEE Fellow [4].
The IEEE Fel-lowship is very prestigious, particularly in a
university career. With this award, you become eligible for
promotions and higher responsibilities in life. However, this award
is highly competitive glob-ally, and the Fellow award is limited to
only 0.1% of the total IEEE membership. Along with the Fellowship
award, there is also opportunities for for IEEE main professional
Society awards, technical field awards, and medals [5], which can
be summarized as follows:
IEEE Power Electronics Society tRichard M. Bass Outstanding
Young Power Electronics Engineer Award tR. David Middlebrook
Achievement Award
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society t Dr.-Ing. Eugene Mittelmann
Achieve-ment Award t Dr. Bimal Bose Energy Systems Award t Rudolf
Chope R&D Award t J. David Irwin Early Career Award
IEEE Industry Applications Society tOutstanding Achievement
Award tGerald Kliman Innovator Award t Andrew W. Smith Outstanding
Young Member Award
IEEE Technical Field Awards t William E. Newell Power
Electron-ics Award tRichard Harold Kaufman Award tNikola Tesla
Award
IEEE Medals t Power Engineering Medal (re-placed the original
Lamme Medal) tMedal of Honor.
The Medal of Honor is the highest award in the IEEE and is often
defined
as the Nobel Prize in electrical engi-neering (as there is no
Nobel Prize in engineering). In 2014, the Medal of Hon-or was
awarded to power electronics scientist B.J. Baliga for the
invention of the insulated-gate bipolar transis-tor (IGBT). Note
that an Early Career or Young Member Award may be given before
earning IEEE Fellowship.
Research Idea, Project Plan, and Proposal PreparationA research
project in a university may be nonfunded or funded. In nonfunded
research, a graduate student can get support from a TA, a professor
may have his or her own research grant to sup-port the student, or
a visiting research scholar from abroad may get support from his or
her own government. Visit-ing research scholars are normally
bril-liant because they are selected by their governments on a
competitive basis to do research under reputed professors abroad.
Experienced visiting professors and postdoctoral research fellows
nor-mally give the best performance with lit-tle supervision, which
helps to enhance the professors reputation.
In most cases, the research is funded and a professor has to
write proposals to bring in funds. A proposal may be unso-licited
or based on a request for propos-al (RFP), and the funding agencies
may be government [such as the National Science Foundation (NSF) or
the Depart-ment of Energy (DOE)] or private indus-tries. The
research may be fundamental or application oriented, as mentioned
before. The NSF, for example, promotes fundamental research,
whereas the DOE research is generally applied. The industrial
projects are normally small and solicited and require solving
prob-lems related to products. Unfortunately, the success rate for
government-funded proposals is very small, which causes a large
waste of effort and a tremendous amount of frustration.
How do you generate ideas for re-search projects? A mature
knowledge with a broad perspective of the technol-ogy helps with
the generation of research ideas. Often, there is
cross-fertilization of ideas, i.e., ideas gained in one technology
area can be applied to others. A profes-sor can maintain an idea or
knowledge
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 11
book for this. After attending a confer-ence presentation or
reading a paper, the question should arise in his or her mind, Have
I learned anything new? The ideas can be jotted down in the
notebook. Sometimes, research ideas flash in our thoughtful mind
when we are relaxing in a chair, walking alone, etc. Solitude is
the breeding ground for new ideas. The ideas should be innovative,
advanced, and timely in the current technology trend. Once the idea
crystalizes in the mind, it should be verified by an intensive
litera-ture review to be sure that it is sound and has not been
solved before. Figure 6 gives guidelines for planning a research
project and proposal preparation. An appro-priate project title and
objective of the research should be written clearly and
convincingly. These and the technical background of the proposal
with appro-priate references will demonstrate the im-portance of
the project and the authors knowledge base to handle it. The other
parts of the proposal, i.e., formulation and scheduling of the
tasks, background of the project investigators (particularly the
principal investigator), lab facilities, and budget, are also
important.
Doctoral ResearchA full-time doctoral student in a univer-sity
typically takes four years to com-plete his or her courses,
qualifying and comprehensive exams, and the research work after the
M.S. degree, whereas an M.S. degree may take two years for
com-pletion. A doctoral project should be an original contribution
in technology and should include the steps of idea formu-lation, a
literature study, a system analy-sis, a computer simulation, and
finally an experimental investigation to validate the results, as
indicated in Figure 7. A university professor in a good university
normally demands one or two transac-tions publications from the
doctoral dis-sertation. The scope of an M.S. thesis is much
narrower and may involve either a simulation or experimental study,
finally resulting in a simple conference paper.
In the beginning, the advising profes-sor should define the
research project for the student. It will be unfortunate if the
professor is too busy and does not have a clear idea for the
research and, therefore, depends on the student to
define his own project. The outline of the project idea with
some description and scope of the work should be sum-marized in a
one-page write-up and dis-cussed with the student extensively. If
the student has any novel idea, it should be fully honored. Then,
an extensive lit-erature study should follow to be sure that the
idea is original and that no-body has done it before. The selection
of a proper topic is the most important step in doctoral research.
Following the start, the professor should have a week-ly meeting
with the student for an ex-tensive discussion with back-and-forth
learning and pursuing progress. Any gap in the students knowledge
should be filled up by self-study or by the pro-fessor. Needless to
say, a professor be-comes famous by the work of his or her graduate
students. Therefore, his inti-mate association with the project
until its successful completion is important.
In implementing the project, col-lect pieces of relevant
knowledge from different sources; document them in a notebook; and
connect, interpolate, and extrapolate them to generate the new
knowledge. It is a good idea to formu-late a questionnaire related
to the dif-ferent aspects of the project. Solving a project
essentially consists of answering a questionnaire. The problems
should be analyzed thoroughly from all angles to assure success.
Suffice it to say that the student should be a true friend and
companion of the professor throughout the project. The student
should write a monthly progress report to the professor, which can
be used as a periodic progress report for the funded project.
Finally, the thesis is composed and approved by the doctoral
committee after the defense presentation. A professors workload
tends to be heavy with more graduate projects in addition his
teaching load and
Formulate the project idea.
Search the literature and be sure the idea is novel and
timely.
Analyze the idea and plan proposal preparation.
Generate the proposal title.
Write an abstract or objective of the project.
Write a technical background or prior art.
Formulate the tasks with a brief description.
Prepare a time schedule of tasks.
Identify the project investigators and write a brief curriculum
vitae.
Review the laboratory facilities.
Formulate a budget and complete the proposal.
Submit the proposal.
FIGURE 6 Planning a project and proposal preparation.
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12 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
other department activities. With a large number of students, he
or she tends to be more of a project manager rather than a research
adviser, and the quality of re-search can deteriorate, thus
deteriorat-ing the publication standard.
Writing a Paper for PublicationHave you ever published any paper
in IEEE publications, particularly in one of the transactions [7]?
The transactions papers with your biography and photo at the end
are prestigious and bring you status in the professional community.
Published IEEE papers are included in IEEE Xplore (ieeexplore.org),
and their importance can be found in citations and the h-index
given in Google Scholar (scholar.google.com). The quality of the
publication is extremely important. In-ferior-quality papers will
give you a bad name. Typically, one transactions paper can be
considered equivalent to four or five conference papers. Again, a
high-quality paper with an original contribu-tion can be equivalent
to ten mediocre papers, and a paper with an invention
(see Figure 1) may be worth 20 high-qual-ity papers. If you are
a young, untenured professor, transactions publications will help
you get tenure and promotions. If you are a tenured professor, more
trans-actions publications will promote your fame, help you become
an IEEE Fellow, and may subsequently bring other IEEE and non-IEEE
awards and honors. Gradu-ally, the door of your career may open for
new avenues of success. Needless to say, publications are extremely
important in the academic community for survival following the
axiom publish or perish. If you are an industrial researcher,
pub-lication may not be that important, but it brings fame to your
career. However, if you are an engineer in industry and try-ing to
transition to a university career, you must build up a publication
base. Above all, publications bring the tremen-dous satisfaction of
career accomplish-ments. A scientist without publications is
forgotten quickly.
If you have done research and the results are of archival value,
these are publishable as papers. The material
may be of current interest or may have a potential interest in
the future. Of course, state-of-the-art technology sur-vey papers
by experienced authors are also worthy of transactions publication.
Proceedings of the IEEE often publishes prestigious survey papers,
which of-ten get best paper awards (such as the Donald G. Fink
Award). The research results in archival literature may be
im-portant for immediate applications or future applications after
a prolonged period of time. For a new and emerg-ing technology,
often analytical results with validation by a simulation study may
suffice for a transactions paper. Otherwise, experimental results
are de-manded to substantiate analytical and simulation results.
The reason is that a simulation is only as good as the model, which
means that if the modeling is not accurate, the simulation cannot
give trustworthy results. Anyway, when a contribution has been
made, you need to judge carefully if it is worthy of be-ing a
transactions or conference paper. Once you have decided that the
material is transactions worthy, the first step is to organize the
material very carefully. In addition to having good technical
content, writing a good paper is an art and tests your knowledge of
English and your writing skills. It is no wonder that a majority of
submitted papers, particu-larly those written by foreign nationals,
are rejected. A typical flowchart for writ-ing a paper is shown in
Figure 8 [7].
Writing a good paper is like telling a story to somebody, which
should be clear, concise, and well organized with a logical flow of
expressions. It is always a good idea to read some good papers
written by reputed authors. The title of the paper should clearly
reflect your contribution. For every paper, the lead student
normally becomes the first au-thor even though the advisor has made
the primary contribution. This helps the student successfully
establish his or her career. Then, coauthors should be added in the
order of magnitude of their contribution. It is unethical to add a
coauthor who has not made any contribution to the paper. In the
same way, it is not ethical to add the name of a department head,
project manager, or financial supporter as a coauthor
What is your background?What project experience do you have?
Do you have any topic preference?
Select a project topic.
Formulate the project topic andwrite the implementation steps in
one page.
Review the literature and iterate the topic.
Analyze the system and design.
Evaluate the system performance.
Develop the control strategy and analyze the system.
Simulate the system and evaluate the performance.
Integrate the system and perform laboratory tests.
Write the thesis and papers.
FIGURE 7 Steps in a doctoral research project.
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 13
unless he or she has made contribu-tions. Note that plagiarism
is an offense, and submitting multiple publications of the same
material to different jour-nals with slight alterations is highly
un-ethical. The next step is to collect the references in the
proper format. The references are important for writing the
introduction of the paper. The reviewer of the manuscript will
become angry if his or her contribution is not cited in the paper.
Planning figures with the appropriate labels and titles is a very
crucial step in the preparation of the paper. The figures and
captions should be fully explanatory and clearly convey their
contribution to the paper. A figure is worth a thousand words. The
figures should be finalized after the preparation of the full draft
paper. Then, plan the dif-ferent sections and subsections with the
appropriate title and assign the fig-ures to the sections. Organize
the main equations with the appropriate symbols and definition of
the symbols locally. The equations are the ornaments of a research
paper, and if possible, there should be a few equations. Use the
symbols that are commonly used in textbooks. The derivation of the
equa-tions, if necessary, should be included briefly in the
appendix. Organize all the points in detail and in proper sequence
in each section and subsection before starting the draft paper
preparation. Correct English composition, grammar, and spelling are
extremely important in paper writing. Needless to say, despite
being an excellent contribution, a ma-jority of papers are rejected
because of poor English. If a professor depends solely on his
graduate student for writ-ing, it is almost certain that the paper
will be rejected. Again, even if the paper is written by an
experienced professor himself, rejection is not uncommon.
The most difficult part of the paper is writing the
introduction. Here, in the beginning, you should clearly highlight
the importance of your contribution in a convincing way. Then, past
contribu-tions in this area should be reviewed with proper
references, emphasizing why your contribution is novel and
su-perior to others. The remaining parts of the paper consist of a
simple and clear description of the content in logical
sequence. Finally, summarize your con-tribution and its
significance in the conclusion. After writing the full draft paper,
revise it several times to improve and polish the English. After
the peer re-view of your paper, typically by three re-viewers, it
may be rejected or accepted with recommendations for revision.
If you are a senior and established professor with a lot of
experience, you should possibly consider writing a book. A good
book can give you a lot of visibility in the professional
communi-ty. However, writing a book may not be easy. Many
professors start the proj-ect, but very few complete it. A book
project requires a lot of extra studies and continuous progress
without any interruption. A young professor in the midst of career
building should never undertake a book project.
Doing Research in IndustryThis article would be incomplete
without some discussion of the pros and cons of industrial jobs.
Some discussion was included in the Doing Research in Uni-versities
section. A discussion of gov-ernment research labs is also included
in this section. Some students, after a long period in the
university environment, find it tiring and monotonous and would
like to experience the outside world by taking a job in industry.
There is definite-ly satisfaction in doing real- world,
prod-uct-oriented practical projects with your own hands and
interacting with a lot of people. As I mentioned before, some
industrial experience is an asset if you plan to switch to a
university career later as a prestigious chaired professor. In that
case, building a publication base is essential. The salary in an
industrial job may be higher, but not necessarily. There is also
the possibility of moving to a higher management position (such as
vice president) later in your career with high compensation and
power that are unheard of in a university. However, a managerial
job is generally less secure than that of a contributor. As a
manager, you may have a reputation only within the perimeter of
your company. Besides, unlike a renowned university professor, you
are forgotten quickly as soon as you quit the management position.
As a contributor, you will have to report the
progress of your project to your man-ager, who may be less
mature and less educated than you. He or she may also have an
arrogant personality that may be difficult for you to bear. If you
meet him/her in the corridor, he or she may ask you, How is the
project going? Your travels are restricted mostly to business
travels. There is no tenure system in industry, and you may be laid
off with short notice if the companys financial condition is not
good or if it changes its research direction.
A research lab in a large corpora-tion may undertake large
government-funded projects, or problem-solving tasks for their
product departments, in addition to its own assessed-fund
tech-nology development projects. Much of the discussion on
academic research given in the previous section is also applicable
in industrial projects. Since industries are profit oriented, the
R&D activity is highly organized to econo-mize cost. The
publication of patents is of much higher priority than the
pub-lication of papers. In fact, paper publi-cation is often denied
or delayed until
Is the contribution publishable?
Generate an appropriate paper title.
List the author/coauthors.
Collect the relevant references.
Plan the figures and tables with titles.
Collect the points and organizethe sections and subsections.
Write a draft paper.
Finalize all the figures and tables.
Prepare the final paper(revisereviserevise).
FIGURE 8 Steps for writing a research paper.
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14 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
the application or issue of the patent. Efficient team work
(with compatibility of temperament) for a large project un-der a
project manager is important. A monthly progress report and
periodic design review (with action items) on the progress of the
project by an expert review team are essential. This is dis-cussed
further in the My Experience in Research section.
My Experience in ResearchI started my power electronics research
in 1958 in the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where I completed
my M.S. degree in 1960 under the support of the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID). My project was
concerned with investigating three-phase diode-bridge rectifier
harmonics on a long transmission line. In those days, thyristors
were not available com-mercially (they were introduced in 1958),
but silicon power diodes were available in high power for
industrial applications.
The field of power electronics was then known as industrial
electronics. The term power electronics was introduced in the
beginning of the 1970s. My Wisconsin project consisted of some
theoretical study and experimental investigation with a model
distributed parameter (LC) transmission line in the lab. With the
help of a harmonic wave analyzer, I could demonstrate the
distribution of harmonics along the line and the reso-nance voltage
boosting effect with a par-ticular harmonic.
I returned to India in 1960 and joined the Bengal Engineering
College [now the Indian Institute of Engineering Sci-ence and
Technology (IIEST)], Shibpur, to start my career and begin my
doc-toral research in Ramey magnetic am-plifiers (MAs). My research
project was somewhat hybrid among MAs, power transistors, and
thyristors. The proj-ects were developmental, analytical, and
experimental studies of a magnetic servoamplifier for a
position-servo with
a two-phase induction motor and mul-tichannel telemetry encoding
systems [8], [9]. The U.S. National Aeronau-tics and Space
Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center, United States,
considered the encoding system for satellite-to-earth data
communication. I received my doctorate degree in 1966. From 1966 to
1971, I supervised several MA-based research projects on a
four-quadrant analog multiplier, a dc-to-dc converter, a magnetic
servoamplifier, and a digital voltmeter.
The year 1971 was historic in my ca-reer, when I emigrated to
United States with an ambitious goal in life. I joined Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, as a faculty member to
organize its power electronics teaching and research program with
the help of GE Corporate R&D (GE-CRD) (now GE Global Research
Center), Schenectady (Figure 9). Power electronics was an emerging
technology at that time with intense R&D activities by large
corporations, such as GE, Westinghouse, and Siemens. Coming from
India with an MA background, the work was quite challenging to me.
The only other university in the United States with a power
electronics program at that time was the University of Missouri,
Columbia. I found that the graduate stu-dents were extremely
brilliant in RPI and were excited to do research projects in the
emerging power electronics area. I completed a number of projects,
which consisted of developing a transistor ac switch and its
application in a matrix con-verter [19], Triac speed control of a
three-phase induction motor, a three-phase ac power control with
transistors, a thyris-tor self-oscillating inverter, etc. During
this period, I came in close contact with GE-CRD researchers in
power electron-ics. They offered me a part-time (one day/week)
consulting research project on a thyristor HF resonant-link
cyclocon-verter for a motor drive [24], which was quite challenging
for me. The project was successful, and I could for the first time
demonstrate that the cycloconverter could operate at a programmable
(lead-ing-lagging) line displacement power fac-tor (DPF) [as a
static VAR compensator (SVC) in extreme cases]. It was also the
M.S. project of a GE-CRD engineer who helped me complete the
project.
FIGURE 9 Doing research in the GE-CRD laboratory on DSP control
of EV (ETXII) project. (From left) Paul Szczesny, Bimal Bose, and
Hunt Sutherland [11].
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 15
I decided to transition to GE-CRD [11] in 1976 after a 16-year
university career. My main motivation was to learn power
electronics with hands-on ex-perience and work on some real-world
large industrial projects. In those days, GE-CRD was the worlds top
research center (called the ivory tower) in power electronics. It
was like Bell Laboratory where the transistor was invented. Pow-er
electronics scientists from all over the world used to visit us in
Schenectady. I could see so many world-class scientists across the
hall in Building 37, where my office was located. My first project
was an autosequential current-fed inverter analysis and simulation
with William McMurray (see William McMurray: The Guru of Power
Electronics). Bill was the founding father and guru of power
electronics, and his papers on force-commutated thyristor inverters
were classic contributions that set the stage for the modern power
electron-ics evolution. I used to worship him like God. From him, I
learned that research ideas do not necessarily come within the 8
a.m.5 p.m. work day in office. The thoughts linger most of the time
beyond the office hours, and often new ideas come when I am taking
bath, walk-ing alone in the evening, or even in the midnight when I
suddenly wake up with the flash of a new idea. There is no
dif-ference between scientific research and transcendental
meditation [11]. A substantial part of my time in GE (until 1987)
was involved with electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle
(HEV) projects. The EV project was the first major initiative by
the U.S. government after the Arab oil embargo in the 1970s. I was
the principal engineer for micropro-cessor/DSP control development,
which was quite a difficult subject for a power electronics
engineer in those days. Our first EV project (ETV1) was a splendid
success [21], and it was demonstrated before Queen Elizabeth II of
England. My last GE project was an EV drive (ETXII) with an
interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor drive [12] using
distributed TMS320 DSP-based control. Gradually, the IPM
synchronous motor for EV/HEV drives was accepted all over the
world. My other important projects in GE were control
development
of a linear inductor machine for railroad propulsion, a
microcomputer-based hy-brid (SPWM-SHE) PWM controller [22] of an
inverter, scalar decoupled control of induction motors, control of
SRM drives, sliding mode control of induction motors, maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) control of residential PV sys-tems [26], etc.
I noticed that my manager strongly discouraged simulation stud-ies,
which he thought were a waste of time. I do not trust simulation
results was his comment. He would only trust experimental waveforms
on a scope or a multichannel recorder when the invert-er is working
and the machine is run-ning. The company mandate was that if I
needed to study fundamentals related to a project, I must do it in
my home on my own time. Company time was only for problem solving.
Although I was very publication minded, publications were
considered a waste of time in the com-pany environment. Instead,
writing pat-ent applications was highly encouraged. Often, paper
writing was not permitted at all or was permitted with a long
de-lay after patent application. During my GE career of 11 years, I
lost practically 50% of potential research publications because of
this company policy. In this period, I continued as an adjunct
fac-ulty member of RPI, where I advised a large number of graduate
students and taught a graduate course on ac drives in the evening.
I published my first edited book, Adjustable Speed AC Drive Systems
(1982) [13], and my first authored book, Power Electronics and AC
Drives (1986) [14], in my GE days with great hurdles.
I had to work hard on the weekends for these books with the door
shut against my family members. The authored book was translated
into several languages immediately after publication.
I decided to return to a university career in 1987 after
spending 11 years in industry. The university is my origi-nal home,
and I love this career. I joined the University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, as the Condra Chair of Excellence (En-dowed Chair
Professor) in Power Elec-tronics with initial tenure granted to me.
Concurrently, I started working as a chief/distinguished scientist
in the new-ly established Electric Power Research InstitutePower
Electronics Applica-tions Center. Part of my responsibility as a
chief scientist was to promote pow-er electronics education and
research in the United States. In addition to my reg-ular graduate
students, I was fortunate to get a large number of visiting
profes-sors and research scholars from abroad to come and work in
my laboratory with financial support from their respective
governments. All of them were brilliant scholars. Unfortunately, I
was not very lucky to get mega-funded projects from the U.S.
government agencies. In fact, I hardly tried for it. I love the
university career for its freedom and prestige but hate to be a
super-salesman seeking re-search funds. In my opinion, the
govern-ment should maintain a roster of expert researchers in the
country and solicit their contributions instead of research-ers
searching for government funds. Some of my research contributions
in the University of Tennessee included a
WILLIAM MCMURRAY: THE GURU OF POWER ELECTRONICS
William McMurray (Figure S1) was a power electronics scientist
with GE-CRD for 35 years (19531986). He received the honorary
doctor of law degree from Concordia University, Canada, in 1986. He
be-came an IEEE Fellow in 1980 and a Life Fellow in 1994. He
received the IEEE Newell Award (1978), the IEEE Lamme Medal (1984),
and the IEEE Millennium Medal (2000) for his research
contributions. He authored the book The Theory and Design of
Cycloconverters (MIT Press, 1972) and was a contributing author in
the historic book Principles of Inverter Circuits by Bedford and
Hoft (New York, Wiley, 1964). Bill was a chain smoker. In the later
part of life, he suffered from emphysema, which was the cause of
his death in 2006.
FIGURE S1 William McMurray (19262006) [10].
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16 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE MARCH 2015
soft-switched inverter for motor drives, HF nonresonant link
power conversion for EV drives using a MOS-controlled thyristor
[25], fuzzy control of dc and induction motor drives, fuzzy control
of wind generation systems, neural net-work-based drive feedback
signal esti-mation for vector drives, neural control of space
vector modulations (SVMs) of two-level and multilevel converters
[28], [29], converter faults investiga-tion, automated IM drive
control design by expert systems, sensorless vector control of IMs,
and high-temperature superconductivitysynchronous mo-tor (SM) ship
propulsion with multilevel converters. A number of these projects
were government funded. We did a lot of pioneering work in the
application of AI techniques in power electronics [1], [27].
Unfortunately, however, the area did not pick up the desired
momentum possibly because of its general unfamil-iarity in the
power electronics communi-ty and very few industrial applications.
During my days in the University of Ten-nessee (19872014), I
traveled abroad extensively to give tutorials, IEEE Distin-guished
Lectures, invited seminars, and keynote addresses. During this
time, I also published two authored books [1], [15] and three
edited books [16][18].
Some of my key contributions can be summarized as follows
[33]:
I invented the transistor ac switch [19] and demonstrated it for
acac direct power conversion in 1973 (published in 1976). This has
been recognized as a key milestone contri-bution in matrix
converter research [20]. The IGBT-based ac switch is now
universally used in matrix converters. The matrix converter for
acac con-version was formally introduced later by Venturini in
1980.
I pioneered microprocessor con-trol of power electronics systems
[14], [16]. The first microproces-sor-controlled fully functional
commercial motor drive system paper for EV applications was
published in 1979 [21] after Intel 8080 was introduced in 1970. I
also introduced microprocessor (Intel 8086)-based SPWM (hybrid with
SHE) of fully functional voltage-fed inverter VFI for IM drives
[22]. Mi-croprocessors and DSPs are now universally used in the
control of power electronic systems.
I invented an adaptive hysteresis-band PWM current control
method of voltage-fed inverters used for IPM synchronous motor
drives in 1989 [23]. This method is now widely used for commercial
direct torque control (DTC) drives and other applications.
I demonstrated the first thyristor cy-cloconverter-based
ac-HFac-ac reso-nant link power conversion system for motor drives
that could operate at a programmable ( leading-lagging) power
factor at the line side in 1975 [24]. In extreme cases, it could
oper-ate as an SVC.
I proposed an HF active filter in the dc link to eliminate
electrolytic ca-pacitors in a voltage-fed converter system
[32].
I introduced the HF nonresonant link soft-switched power
conver-sion for ac drives [25].
I introduced the MPPT control al-gorithm in PV power systems in
1984 [26] (IEEE prize paper), which is routinely used today.
I pioneered AI (expert system, fuzzy logic, and neural network)
applica-tions in the control and estimation of power electronic
systems, which is now an emerging technology [1], [15], [27]. These
include ANN-based space vector PWM for two- [1] and multilevel
converters [28], [29].
I published the first textbook on modern power electronics and
ac drives in the English language in 1986 [14], [33].
I built the power electronics pro-gram in the University of
Tennes-see from zero-ground to the center stage of the world during
19872002. This provided the favorable base for building the present
national center for the smart grid project [known as the Center for
Ultra-Wide-Area Re-silient Electric Energy Transmission Networks
(CURENT)] by the NSF and the DOE (http://curent.utk.edu).
I promoted power electronics glob-ally through extensive
seminars, tutorials, books, invited presenta-tions, and keynote
addresses [30].
ConclusionThe article has provided a comprehen-sive and
personalized review on doing research in power electronics, which
in-cludes my experience and contributions during my career that
spans more than four decades, covering the entire period of the
modern power electronics evolu-tion. Although my experience has
been
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FIGURE 10 My ten-point instructions to young scientists.
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MARCH 2015 IEEE INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS MAGAZINE 17
highlighted in the article, it should be em-phasized that the
technology has been enriched by the relentless contributions of
many researchers over a long period of time. The article is
generally addressed to young researchers who are about to embark on
a new career. Research in the university and industry is generally
a vast topic and is covered here briefly, empha-sizing the salient
points. The advantages and demerits of both the career paths are
outlined. Doctoral research that includes the formulation of
project ideas, proposal preparation, execution of the project, and
writing papers for publication has been highlighted in the
discussion. Hopefully, my research experience, including my own
contributions, will be of interest and benefit to the readers.
Finally, I would like to conclude the article with some advice [31]
for young researchers (Figure 10). I have tried to follow these
instructions in my own career.
AcknowledgmentsI am deeply indebted to my graduate students and
visiting scholars who contributed so much for the develop-ment of
my career. Most of the names are cited with the references at the
end of this article. I am also grateful to Prof. T.H. Liu of the
National Taiwan Univer-sity of Science and Technology for
re-viewing the whole article and making some suggestions. The
presentation of a similar topic was given in his univer-sity with
his invitation [3].
BiographyBimal K. Bose ([email protected]) was a faculty member at
the Bengal Engineer-ing College, India, [currently the Indian
Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST)] from 1960
to 1971. From 1971 to 1976, he was an associate professor of
electrical engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, New York. From 1976 to 1987, he was a re-search engineer in
General Electric Cor-porate Research and Development (GE-CRD) (now
GE Global Research Center), Schenectady, New York. He has been the
Condra Chaired Professor (Chair of Excellence) at the University of
Tennes-see, Knoxville, since 1987. He special-izes in power
electronics, motor drives, and artificial intelligence
applications.
He has authored more than 250 papers, holds 21 U.S. patents, and
authored/edited seven books in power electron-ics. He is a
recipient of a number of awards, including the IEEE Power
Elec-tronics Society Newell Award (2005), the IEEE Millennium Medal
(2000), the IEEE Meritorious Achievement Award in Continuing
Education (1997), the IEEE Lamme Medal (1996), the IEEE In-dustrial
Electronics Society (IES) Mittel-mann Award (for lifetime
achievement in power electronics and motor drives) (1994), the IEEE
Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award (1994), the IEEE Indus-try
Applications Society Outstanding Achievement Award (1993), the
Calcutta University Mouat Gold Medal (1970), the IIEST
Distinguished Alumnus Award (2006), the D.Sc. degree (honoris
causa) from IIEST (2013), and a number of prize paper awards. IEEE
Industrial Electron-ics Magazine published a special issue (June
2009) Honoring Dr. Bimal Bose and Celebrating His Contributions in
Power Electronics with a cover photo. The IES Dr. Bimal Bose Energy
Systems Award was established in 2014, which is funded by the IEEE
Foundation and the IES. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE.
References[1] B. K. Bose, Modern Power Electronics and AC
Drives. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001.[2] B. K.
Bose, Power electronics and mo-
tor drivesRecent progress and perspec-tive, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 581588, Feb. 2009.
[3] B. K. Bose, How to do research in power elec-tronics and
motor drives, presented at the Seminar in National Taiwan
University of Sci-ence and Technology, Apr. 16, 2008.
[4] B. K. Bose, How to be an IEEE Fellow, IEEE IE Society
Newslett., vol. 52, pp. 67, Dec. 2005.
[5] B. K. Bose, IEEE medalsThe most covetable awards, IEEE PELS
Newslett., vol. 20, 1st. Qr., pp. 1113, 2008.
[6] M. Liserre, L. G. Franquelo, I. Nagy, and C. Wen, Honoring
Dr. Bimal Bose and celebrating his contributions in power
electronics, IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag. (IEEE IES Special Issue),
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 25, 1214, June 2009.
[7] B. K. Bose, How to get a paper accepted in transactions,
IEEE IE Soc. Newslett., vol. 53, pp. 67, Mar. 2006. (Also in IEEE
PELS Newslett., Second Qr., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 46, 2006).
[8] B. K. Bose, A magnetic amplifier telemetry en-coder circuit,
Proc. IEEE, vol. 52, no. 9, p. 1076, 1964.
[9] B. K. Bose, An improved telemetry encoding circuit by
square-loop cores and SCRs, Proc. IEEE, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 440442,
1966.
[10] B. K. Bose, Power electronicsHistorical perspective and my
experience, IEEE Ind. Ap-plicat. Mag., vol. 20, pp. 29, Mar./Apr.
2014.
[11] B. K. Bose, Eleven years in corporate environ-mentMy
experience, IEEE IE Soc. Newslett., vol. 54, pp. 68, June 2006.
[12] B. K. Bose, A high performance inverter-fed drive system of
an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine, IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appli-cat., vol. 24, pp. 989997, Nov./Dec. 1988.
[13] B. K. Bose, Ed., Adjustable Speed AC Drive Sys-tems.
Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1982.
[14] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and AC Drives. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1986.
[15] B. K. Bose, Power Electronics and Motor DrivesAdvances and
Trends. Burlington, MA: Academic, 2006.
[16] B. K. Bose, Ed., Microcomputer Control of Power Electronics
and Drives. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1987.
[17] B. K. Bose, Ed., Modern Power Electronics. Pis-cataway, NJ:
IEEE Press, 1992.
[18] B. K. Bose, Ed., Power Electronics and Variable Frequency
Drives. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 1997.
[19] V. Jones and B. K. Bose, A frequency step-up cycloconverter
using power transistors I inverse-series mode, Int. J. Electron.,
vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 573587, 1976.
[20] T. Friedli and J. W. Kolar, Milestones in matrix converter
research, IEEE J. Ind. Applicat., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 214, 2012.
[21] B. K. Bose, A microprocessor based control system for a
near-term electric vehicle, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 17,
no. 6, pp. 626631, Nov./Dec. 1981 (Also in IEEE IAS Annu. Meeting
Conf. Rec., 1979, pp. 743748).
[22] B. K. Bose and H. A. Sutherland, A high perfor-mance
pulse-width modulator for an inverter-fed drive system using a
microcomputer, IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 19, pp. 235243.
Mar./Apr. 1983.
[23] B. K. Bose, An adaptive hysteresis band cur-rent control
technique of a voltage-fed PWM inverter for machine drive system,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 37, pp. 402408, Oct. 1990.
[24] B. K. Bose and P. Espalage, High frequency link power
conversion, in IEEE Trans. Ind. Ap-plicat., vol. 13, pp. 387393,
Sept./Oct. 1977.
[25] L. Hui, B. Ozpineci, and B. K. Bose, A soft-switched high
frequency non-resonant link integral pulse modulated dc-ac
converter for ac motor drive, in IEEE IECON Conf. Rec., 1998, pp.
726732.
[26] B. K. Bose and P. Szczesny, A microcomputer based control
of residential photovoltaic pow-er conditioning system, IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appli-cat., vol. 21, pp. 11821191, Sept./Oct. 1985 (also
presented at the IAS Conf., 1984).
[27] B. K. Bose, Neural network applications in power
electronics and motor drivesAn introduction and perspective, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1433, Feb. 2007.
[28] S. K. Mondal, B. K. Bose, V. Oleschuk, and J. O. P. Pinto,
A neural network based space vector PWM controller for a
three-level volt-age-fed inverter induction motor drive, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Applicat., vol. 38, pp. 660669, May/June 2002.
[29] N. P. Filho, J. O. P. Pinto, B. K. Bose, and L. E. B. da
Silva, A neural network based space vec-tor PWM of a five-level
voltage-fed inverter, in IEEE Industry Applications Society Conf.
Rec., pp. 21812187, 2004.
[30] M. Liserre, Dr. Bimal K. Bose: A reference for generations,
IEEE Ind. Electron. Mag., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 25, 2009.
[31] B. K. Bose, Fulfilling my lifelong dream, IEEE Ind.
Applicat. Mag., vol. 19, p. 88, Sept./Oct. 2013.
[32] B. K. Bose and D. Kastha, Electrolytic capacitor
elimination in power electronic system by high frequency active
filters, in IEEE IAS Annu. Meet-ing Conf. Rec., 1991, pp.
869878.
[33] Wikipedia. (2015.). Wikipedia online encyclo-pedia.
[Online]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimal_ Kumar_Bose