1 Does Net Zero Design LEED to Zero Cost? Presented to Society for College and University Planning July 12
Mar 30, 2016
11
Does Net Zero Design LEED to Zero Cost?
Presented toSociety for College and University Planning
July 12
Learning Outcomes
1. Identify building candidates at the master plan level
to optimize net zero design options.
2. Define performance goals that drive design toward
net zero.
3. Educate building occupants, facilities maintenance,
and administration to facilitate the shift to a net zero
paradigm.
4. Incorporate post-occupancy evaluations,
measurement, verification, and recommissioning to ensure a successful outcome.
Expanding Number of Zero Net Initiatives
• University of California Climate Neutral Action Plans– UCSB Student Services / Division of Student Affairs ZNE Initiatives
• California State University Sustainability Building Practices
• LACCD’s Sustainable Building Program
• DSA Grid Neutral Schools Program
• California Public Utilities ZNE Non-Residential Goals
– All new construction ZNE by 2030
– 50% of existing buildings ZNE by 2030
• Architecture 2030
• AB32 Global Warming Solutions Act
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/adaptation/index.html
California Warming
Plausible Increases in Los Angeles Average TemperaturesIPCC Scenario A2 IPCC Scenario B1
Based on 2009 Scenarios Project climate modeling
Anticipated Climate Changes in CA
Trends in Building Energy Use
National Historical Data for Non-Residential Buildings
Plug loads are driving increasing energy use
Trends in Building Energy Use
Trends in Building Energy Use
Energy Prices Rises and Volatility in California
Electricity and gas prices have risen at an annualized rate of 5-6% since 1970
Post Occupancy Performance Certification
• In the near future all green building certification programs will have some form of post-occupancy performance evaluation
• LEED – Disclosure of building performance
• Required for all certified projects
• Must allow USGBC access to utility data for at least 5 years
New ASHRAE Building EQ Label
• Achieving ZNE provides significant opportunity for LEED Credits
• EAc1 Optimize Energy Performance (19)
• EAc2 Optimize On-Site Renewable Energy (7)
• EAc3 Enhanced Commissioning (1)
• EAc5 Measurement and Verification (1)
• EAc2 Increased Ventilation (1)
• EAc7.1 Thermal Comfort – Design (1)
• EAc8.1 Daylight and Views – Daylight (1)
• ID ZNE (1)
• RP EAc2, EAc8.1 (2)
LEED NC Version 3 – Energy Performance Credits
0
20
40
60
80
100
LEED NC
LEED
NC
Po
ints
34 Points
ZNE
Climate Analysis
Performance Goals
Shoebox ModelingParametric Analysis
Detailed Modeling and Design
Whole Building Models
Post-Occupancy Performance
Integrated Design Process
Pushing the Envelope
Low Energy Systems
Energy Savings
Building Life Time Cost
100%
Minimum LCC
ZNE
Energy Savings at the Least Cost
• Energy efficiency and conservationshould come first
• Add on-site renewables when cost analysis shows it is cheaper than more aggressive energy efficiency
Transition to on-site
renewables
Energy Savings at the Least Cost
• Simulation tools are available which find the least cost curve
• Example here is from BeOpt developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
• Output is a set of alternative ‘measure packages’ for achieving ZNE
Lifecycle Cost Example
• What is the net present value of eliminating utility bills?
• How much capital investment is justified to achieve ZNE?
• Hypothetical new building in California:• 100,000 sf
• Construction cost of $300/sf
• Energy use intensity of 40 kBtu/sf/yr
• 60% electricity and 40% gas consumption
• Electricity cost of $0.14/kWh and gas cost of $1.00/therm
• Cost of photovoltaics is $5/watt
• Study period of 25 years
• Real discount rate of 3%
• ZNE achieved using energy efficiency and rooftop PV
Return on Investment
Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours,
time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions
The higher the increased project cost to achieve ZNE the lower the rate of return
To achieve an ROI of 3% the cost of ZNE would need to be approximately $5.6M
Efficiency vs On-Site Renewables
Assuming a budget of $5.6M for PV, the building must have an EUI of 16 kBtu/sf/yr to achieve ZNE
Assumptions: 50,000 sf building, 60% electricity, 40% gas, design costs are 6% of construction costs, construction cost is $400/sf, ZNE design time is 1,000 hours,
time period is 25 years, discount rate is 25 years, energy escalation based on DOE assumptions
The Path to ZNE
Making ZNE financially attractive is possible through aggressive levels of energy efficiency
None monetized benefits should also be considered:
-Healthy high quality spaces-Improved productivity-Employee recruitment and retention-Hedge against rising energy costs
Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yrPV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yrPV Covers 50% of roof area
Grid NeutralEUI = 25
Net Zero EnergyEUI = 40
200
150
100
50
0
PV
PV Solar Budget
Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr)
PV
Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVSingle Story Building
Grid NeutralEUI = 25
Net Zero EnergyEUI = 40
200
150
100
50
0
PV Solar Budget
Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr)
PV
Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVTwo Story Building
Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yrPV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yrPV Covers 50% of roof area
Grid NeutralEUI = 25
Net Zero EnergyEUI = 40
200
150
100
50
0
PV Solar Budget
Roof EUI (kBtu/sf/yr)
PV
Physical Limitations for Building Integrated PVThree Story Building
Building Consumption=40 kBtu/sf/yrPV Generation=60 kBtu/sf/yrPV Covers 50% of roof area
Watch the Plug LoadsPost Occupancy Performance
Owner/PM
A/E
GC
O&M
The
Commissioning
Process
Watch the Plug LoadsPost Occupancy Performance
• Commissioning
• Conduct design reviews
• Verify Training for Operators and Occupants.
• Perform a Post Occupancy Review by 10
months after completion.
• Measurement and Verification
• Develop M&V Plan
• Measure actual energy use
• Verify actual versus predicted energy cost
25
San Diego Community College DistrictPropositions S and N Construction Bond Program
$1.555 billion construction bond program provides for
80+ projects at City, Mesa and Miramar Colleges, and six Continuing Education campuses:
State of the art teaching and learning facilities
Major renovations and modernizations
Campus-wide infrastructure projects
Green Building Policy
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Overview
26
Global warming, diminishing resources and
escalating costs of energy and rubbish
disposal require that management at all
levels focus on the efficient and effective
use of energy and resources.
Environmental sustainability is an
essential goal of the District.
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Environmental Sustainability Policy
27
• The Board of Trustees is committed to environmental stewardship as a fundamental operational objective and integral to fulfilling our educational mission.
• The Board recognizes its fiscal responsibility to use taxpayers' dollars wisely for the best long-term, long-range investment.
• The goal of this policy is to provide working and learning environments that are:
– Efficient in use of energy, material and water
– Easy to maintain and operate
– Thermally, visually and acoustically comfortable and healthy
– Safe and secure
– Sited in an environmentally responsible manner.
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Green Building Policy
Exceed Title 24 of California Code of Regulations energy efficiency standards by at least 10%.
10% of the energy utilized by the project must be renewable with at least 5% generated on site.
Divert at least 75% of construction anddemolition debris from landfills.
Pursue formal LEEDTM certificationwith LEEDTM Silver as a minimum standard;Gold or higher where applicable.
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Green Building Policy: Goals
29
•Incorporate life-cycle costing that includes initial construction costs, operating costs, maintenance repair and replacement costs
•Integrated systems design
•Perform commissioning and facility performance evaluations
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Green Building Policy: Methodology
30
• 50 year design life
• 100,000 square foot classroom building
• Design and construction cost - $30 million
• Capital Renewal: 2% of current replacement value
(APPA benchmark)
• O&M Budget $5.69/square foot
• Inflation: 3%
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Total Cost of Ownership Example
31
SavingsD&C: $30M Total NPVCap.R: $101M $5M $1.1MO&M: $149M $15M $3.4MTotal: $280M $20M $4.4M
Total Cost of Ownership
53%
36%
11%
Save 5% in Cap. Renewal
Save 10% in
O&M
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Savings in O&M and Capital Renewal
http://www.sdccdprops-n.com/BUILDING%20STANDARDS/SDCCD_BIM_Standards_Ver01.pdf
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
BIM Standards
33
BIM was used to optimize efficiency by making sure that at key times of the year the panels on a classroom building with sloped roofs would not be in the shade.
This example shows shading on the building in the afternoon on December 1st.
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
BIM: Sustainable Design
34
• Will be first LEED Platinum project for a
community college in San Diego County
• Passive cooling & lighting systems
• Green roof and green screen
• Reclaimed water
• Solar chimney
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station
San Diego Community College District Propositions S and N
Miramar College Parking Structure & Police Station
SOLAR CHIMNEY
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Mo
nth
ly H
eat
ing,
Co
olin
g an
d F
an
Ene
rgy
(kB
tu/s
f)
Mechanical System Only
Mixed Mode Natural Ventilation System
GREEN WALL
CAMPUS PLAN
Bus Stop
Bus Stop
Metro Station
Student Union
Project Site
NORTH
SUSTAINABLE
STRATEGIES:
-MIXED MODE HVAC
-NIGHT FLUSHING
-EXTERIOR SHADING
-DAYLIGHTING
-PHOTOVOLTAICS
SUSTAINABILITY
Exposed Concrete Frame Works As Thermal Mass:
It stores The Heat During The Day,
Night-Flushing Cools It Down Over Night
Perspective Views Of Concrete Frame
Operable Windows For
Natural Ventilation
Will Support Night-Flushing
Concrete structural system
SUSTAINABILITY
Large North
Facing Glass
Walls
Section Cut:
Three Story VolumeDaylighting strategies
Borrowed Light
Through
Extensive Interior
Glazing.
North Facing
Skylights
Roof Mounted
PV Panels
Sunshade Structures
On South and East Facing
Glazing
Clerestory SkylightSkylight With
Bench-Seating
Ecotect Model With Daily Sun Path
SUSTAINABILITY
Light monitors
angled and
oriented correctly
so that no direct
sun enters the
space
Analysis of Initial Design
Daylight In Multi Purpose Space
Analysis of Corrected Design
SUSTAINABLE
STRATEGIES:
-EXTERIOR SHADING
-DAYLIGHTING
-PHOTOVOLTAICS
Exterior sun shade structure- prevents heat gain, glare
Interior light shelf-reflects daylight deeper into the room
ORIGINAL SUNSHADE REVISED SUNSHADE
WITH LIGHT-SHELF
SOUTH FACING SKYLIGHT,WITH PV INTER LAYER CLERESTORY DESIGN
ATRIUM DESIGNDAYLIGHT FACTOR FOR 1ST FLOOR
SOLATUBE APPLICATION- BRING DAYLIGHT TO FIRST FLOOR
ISSUES:- ADDITIONAL SHAFT SPACE- FIRE RATED SHAFT, NEED FIRE DAMPER
Rec Center 1Activities Gym, Weight Rooms,
Squash/Racketball Courts and Offices
Rec Center 1Pavillion Gym
Rec Center 2Multi-Activity Center
UNIVERITY OF SANTA BARBARA RECREATION CENTER
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
6/1/
2005
10/1
/200
5
2/1/
2006
6/1/
2006
10/1
/200
6
2/1/
2007
6/1/
2007
10/1
/200
7
2/1/
2008
6/1/
2008
10/1
/200
8
2/1/
2009
kBtu
Sit
e E
ne
rgy
(k
Btu
)
Pool Heating
Pool Pumping
Rec 2 building
Outdoor Lighting
Rec 1 building
Outdoor Lighting
Sports Lighting
PoolClosed
SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES:
-NATURAL VENTILATION
-RADIANT FLOOR
-DAYLIGHTING
-EXTERIOR SHADING
-PHOTOVOLTAICS
-SOLAR THERMAL SPACE HEATING
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Sep-07 Dec-07 Mar-08 Jun-08 Sep-08 Dec-08 Mar-09 Jun-09 Sep-09
Ro
llin
g 1
2 M
on
th E
ne
rgy
Use
Inte
nsi
ty (
kBtu
/sf/
yr)
Energy Consumption for Existing Berkeley Libraries
West North South Central Claremont
EUI Performance Design Goal = 20 kBtu/sf/yr
WIND DRIVEN NEGATIVE PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION AROUND THERMAL CHIMNEY
INTERIOR DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH AIR
6060
Thank You
Questions?