Intro What’s the matter with German MPs & PGD? What’s the matter with German voters & PGD? Summary/Conclusion Does deliberation reduce the gap between citizens’ and legislator’s ethical preferences? First results from a large-scale survey experiment Kai Arzheimer Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (1/32)
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Does deliberation reduce the gap between citizens' and legislator's ethical preferences? First results from a large-scale survey experiment
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IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Does deliberation reduce the gap between citizens’and legislator’s ethical preferences? First results
from a large-scale survey experiment
Kai Arzheimer
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (1/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
What is this all about?
I Germany has recently moved from a complete ban onPreimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) to a slightly moreliberal regime
I But even this modest liberalisation was unexpectedI (Slightly dated) circumstantial evidence suggests that the
general public holds more liberal attitudes on this issue thanMPs
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (2/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
What is this all about?
This study tests . . .I Whether there is indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and
citizens’ preferences re PGDI Whether this can be narrowed by making citizens reflect on
arguments from a parliamentary debate
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (2/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
What is PGD?
I A procedure used in the context of In Vitro (extracorporeal)Fertilisation (IVF)
I IVF usually results in several fertilised egg cells (blastocysts),which are cultivated for five to six days outside the body
I Blastocysts are visually assessed for viability before 2-3transferred to uterus
I PGD = Additionally testing blastocysts for severe geneticdisorders before implantation
I Widely available in Belgium, Netherlands, UK; complete ban inAustria, Ireland, Italy
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (3/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
What is PGD?
I A procedure used in the context of In Vitro (extracorporeal)Fertilisation (IVF)
I IVF usually results in several fertilised egg cells (blastocysts),which are cultivated for five to six days outside the body
I Blastocysts are visually assessed for viability before 2-3transferred to uterus
I PGD = Additionally testing blastocysts for severe geneticdisorders before implantation
I Widely available in Belgium, Netherlands, UK; complete ban inAustria, Ireland, Italy
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (3/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Why should this matter?
I Currently more than 50,000 women undergoing the procedureeach year, resulting in at least 170,000 testable blastocysts(possibly many more)
I Numbers likely to rise further (demographics and fertility)
I PGDI Can increase the generally low success rate of IVFI Can massively reduce the risk of miscarriageI Can thereby reduce costs & reduce the burden on women’s
healthI But is deemed ethically controversial
I Huge commercial interestI A a good proxy for other bioethical issues, whose salience will
increaseI An example for programmatic overlap of New Left/Centre Right
positions on the liberal/authoritarian dimension
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (4/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Why should this matter?
I Currently more than 50,000 women undergoing the procedureeach year, resulting in at least 170,000 testable blastocysts(possibly many more)
I Numbers likely to rise further (demographics and fertility)I PGD
I Can increase the generally low success rate of IVFI Can massively reduce the risk of miscarriageI Can thereby reduce costs & reduce the burden on women’s
healthI But is deemed ethically controversial
I Huge commercial interestI A a good proxy for other bioethical issues, whose salience will
increaseI An example for programmatic overlap of New Left/Centre Right
positions on the liberal/authoritarian dimension
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (4/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Why should this matter?
I Currently more than 50,000 women undergoing the procedureeach year, resulting in at least 170,000 testable blastocysts(possibly many more)
I Numbers likely to rise further (demographics and fertility)I PGD
I Can increase the generally low success rate of IVFI Can massively reduce the risk of miscarriageI Can thereby reduce costs & reduce the burden on women’s
healthI But is deemed ethically controversial
I Huge commercial interestI A a good proxy for other bioethical issues, whose salience will
increase
I An example for programmatic overlap of New Left/Centre Rightpositions on the liberal/authoritarian dimension
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (4/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Why should this matter?
I Currently more than 50,000 women undergoing the procedureeach year, resulting in at least 170,000 testable blastocysts(possibly many more)
I Numbers likely to rise further (demographics and fertility)I PGD
I Can increase the generally low success rate of IVFI Can massively reduce the risk of miscarriageI Can thereby reduce costs & reduce the burden on women’s
healthI But is deemed ethically controversial
I Huge commercial interestI A a good proxy for other bioethical issues, whose salience will
increaseI An example for programmatic overlap of New Left/Centre Right
positions on the liberal/authoritarian dimensionKai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (4/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
1. Headed by (Kauder) leader of Christian Democrats inBundestag & Göring-Eckardt (Green frontrunner and leader ofcaucus in 2013), both vocal Christians
2. Headed by Hinz (Greens) and Röspel (SPD), both known forrestrictive views on stem cell research
3. Headed by Hintze (CDU) and Flach (FDP), both known forhaving liberal views on stem cell research
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (10/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
I GenderI Affiliations with churches & other religious organisationsI Affiliations with medical professions & disability groups
I The public?I Relatively little media coverageI Small number of surveys shows low levels of information . . .I . . . but remarkably liberal preferences
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (11/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A model for the legislative vote on PGD (second round)
I Gender: (male)I Party affiliation: (CDU), SPD, CSU, FDP, Greens, LeftI Denomination: (not stated), Catholic, Protestant, none/otherI √ number of affiliations with Christian groupsI √ number of affiliations with disability groupsI Connection to medical sector: (no)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (12/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
I Christian charities and other groups: 22% have at least oneaffiliation (population: less than 10% say religion is “veryimportant part” of their lives)
I Disability groups: 7% have at least one affiliationI Medical sector: few doctors, but about 6% have some
connection
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (13/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
I Mainstream Christian Democrats: 40% support, but BavarianChristian Democrats (CSU) only 17% support for liberalisation
I SPD: mostly in favour, and FDP (almost) unanimously in favourI Greens and Left (!) do not differ significantly from CDU MPs
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (16/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Why bother?
I PGD not a very salient, but potentially very relevant (see above)I Surveys commissioned by media around the 2011 vote
suggested support of up 80 per cent for liberalisation . . .I . . . that was passed with a relatively small majorityI To overcome impasse, Bundestag needed external trigger & free
voteI Christian Democratic/Green coalitions now more common at
state level, perhaps even an option for 2017I How would citizens chose?
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (17/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
How would citizens chose . . .
I . . . if properly sampled?I . . . if given an extended set of choices?I . . . if confronted with arguments from parliamentary debate?
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (18/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Data collection
I Funding by German Research Foundation (DFG)I Ca. 2,000 face-to-face interviews (CAPI) conducted by Infratest
over a five-week period in summer 2016I Moderate oversampling of East Germans
I Short, neutral primers on IVF/PGDI 2 × 2 design
I Let respondents chose between 3 options / 5 optionsI Before / after asking them 16 arguments from the plenary
debateI Additional options:
I allow PGD for any (potential) carriers of genetic disorders (UK)I allow PGD for everyone (Belgium)
I Other batteries
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (19/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Data collection
I Funding by German Research Foundation (DFG)I Ca. 2,000 face-to-face interviews (CAPI) conducted by Infratest
over a five-week period in summer 2016I Moderate oversampling of East GermansI Short, neutral primers on IVF/PGDI 2 × 2 design
I Let respondents chose between 3 options / 5 optionsI Before / after asking them 16 arguments from the plenary
debateI Additional options:
I allow PGD for any (potential) carriers of genetic disorders (UK)I allow PGD for everyone (Belgium)
I Other batteries
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (19/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Background information on IVF/PGD
317100245
WAS IST KÜNSTLICHE BEFRUCHTUNG UND PRÄIMPLANTATIONSDIAGNOSTIK?
Die künstliche Befruchtung kann Paaren
helfen, Kinder zu bekommen.
Dabei werden Eizellen im Reagenzglas mit Samenzellen zusammengebracht. Wenn die
Befruchtung gelingt, werden die befruchteten Eizellen nach einigen Tagen in die Gebär-
mutter der Frau eingepflanzt.
Eltern, die an einer Erbkrankheit leiden oder die Veranlagung dafür tragen, geben diese mit
einer gewissen Wahrscheinlichkeit an ihre
Nachkommen weiter. Manche Kinder sind gesund, manche sind nur Überträger der
Anlagen, wieder andere erkranken selbst. In einigen Fällen sind diese Erkrankungen so
schwer, dass die Kinder noch im Mutterleib oder kurz nach der Geburt sterben.
Seit einigen Jahren gibt es die Möglichkeit, die künstlich befruchteten Eizellen vor der Einpflanzung in den Mutterleib auf Defekte am Erbgut zu untersuchen.
Dies bezeichnet man als Präimplantationsdiagnostik (PID).
Hierfür wird dem Embryo ca. 3 Tage
nach der künstlichen Befruchtung eine
Zelle entnommen und auf genetische Defekte untersucht.
Anschließend werden der Frau nur
gesunde Embryonen eingepflanzt.
Embryonen, deren Erbgut erkennbar geschädigt ist, werden weggeworfen.
Liste 1
SamenspendeEizellspende
Befruchtung im
Reagenzglas
PID ist die Suche nach
Gendefekten bzw. Erbkrankheiten …
… bei Embryos, die
durch künstliche Befruchtung
entstanden sind und
sich im Achtzell-Stadium befinden
(ca. am 3. Tag).
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (20/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
The experimental component
Group I1st measurement
3 options
Confrontationwith arguments
Group I2nd measurement
3 options
Group II1st measurement
5 options
Confrontationwith arguments
Group II2nd Measurement
5 options
Rando
misation
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (21/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Did they have any previous knowledge?
IVF
%never heard about it 6.2heard a little 41.2heard a lot but gave little thought 43.2gave a lot of thought 9.4
PGD
%never heard about it 29.8heard a little 36.7heard a lot but gave little thought 26.7gave a lot of thought 6.8
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (22/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Did they have any previous knowledge?
IVF
%never heard about it 6.2heard a little 41.2heard a lot but gave little thought 43.2gave a lot of thought 9.4
PGD
%never heard about it 29.8heard a little 36.7heard a lot but gave little thought 26.7gave a lot of thought 6.8
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (22/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What were the arguments, and where did they come from?
I Lengthy plenary debate before final voteI 16 arguments in favour/against liberalisation, boiled down to a
single statementI Respondents asked to think about each statement, then
measure agreement
I ExamplesI “Legalising PGD will lead to discrimination against handicapped
people”I “PGD is a lifeline for couples in a very difficult situation”I “It’s a slippery slope: Any liberalisation will eventually to more
and more testing”I “PGD can prevent unnecessary suffering”
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (23/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What were the arguments, and where did they come from?
I Lengthy plenary debate before final voteI 16 arguments in favour/against liberalisation, boiled down to a
single statementI Respondents asked to think about each statement, then
measure agreementI Examples
I “Legalising PGD will lead to discrimination against handicappedpeople”
I “PGD is a lifeline for couples in a very difficult situation”I “It’s a slippery slope: Any liberalisation will eventually to more
and more testing”I “PGD can prevent unnecessary suffering”
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (23/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
How long did respondents take to evaluate the arguments?
0
.05
.1
.15
.2
De
nsity
0 10 20 30 40Time to evaluate arguments (minutes)
Median: 4:30 min ; Mean: 5:10 min
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (24/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Did they find it difficult to make up their mind?
0
.1
.2
.3
Fra
ctio
n
very easy very difficultEasy/Difficult to decide?
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (25/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What do citizens want?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
I Party ID, education, age group, denomination, (gender): no(significant) differences
I But strong effect of self-stated religiosity
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (26/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What do citizens want?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
I Party ID, education, age group, denomination, (gender): no(significant) differences
I But strong effect of self-stated religiosity
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (26/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What do citizens want?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
I Party ID, education, age group, denomination, (gender): no(significant) differences
I But strong effect of self-stated religiosity
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (26/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Religiosity and citizens’ preferences
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
Pro
ba
bili
ty
not at all veryreligiosity
Predictive Margins with 95% CIs
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (27/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still mattersI 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberalI Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “more
conservative” +69 secondsI “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),
“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change
(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still matters
I 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberalI Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “more
conservative” +69 secondsI “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),
“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change
(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still mattersI 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberal
I Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “moreconservative” +69 seconds
I “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)
I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still mattersI 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberalI Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “more
conservative” +69 seconds
I “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)
I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still mattersI 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberalI Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “more
conservative” +69 secondsI “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),
“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)
I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
Does deliberation make a difference?
%complete ban 13.6stillbirth/death 26.3severe genetic diseases 60.1
%complete ban 12.1stillbirth/death 27.0severe genetic diseases 60.9
I Citizens still more liberal than lawmakers, religiosity still mattersI 9.8% become more conservative, 8.7% become more liberalI Think: “more liberal” respondents +29 seconds, “more
conservative” +69 secondsI “Severe genetic diseases” is most stable choice (91.7%),
“stillbirth” least stable (78.5%)I “stillbirth” → “severe genetic diseases” is biggest change
(18.6%)
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (28/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What if we give them more choices?control experiment
I γ = 0.63 (p<0.00)I Majority (54%) for liberalisation beyond current status quoI But support for “stillbirth” also halved - anchoring?I Preferences just as stableI No relationship between time of deliberation ↔ more
liberal/restrictiveI “Everyone” most stable (93%), followed by “ban” (83%), others
74-80%
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (29/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
A large-scale survey experimentFindings
What if we give them more choices?control experiment
I γ = 0.63 (p<0.00)I Majority (54%) for liberalisation beyond current status quoI But support for “stillbirth” also halved - anchoring?I Preferences just as stableI No relationship between time of deliberation ↔ more
liberal/restrictiveI “Everyone” most stable (93%), followed by “ban” (83%), others
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Summary
I Citizens more liberal than lawmakersI Religiosity the only relevant factor (so far)I Willing to engage with arguments, but little changeI Experimental variation of policy options suggests further
willingness to liberalise
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (30/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD?
yes2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGD
regime? yes3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants as
those of their MPs? yes/no4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by making
citizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs? yes/no
4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by makingcitizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime?
yes3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants as
those of their MPs? yes/no4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by making
citizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs? yes/no
4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by makingcitizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs?
yes/no4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by making
citizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs? yes/no
4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by makingcitizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs? yes/no
4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by makingcitizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate?
no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
So . . .
1. Is there indeed a sizeable gap between MPs’ and citizens’preferences on PGD? yes
2. Would citizens support a further liberalisation of the PGDregime? yes
3. Are citizens’ preferences shaped by the same determinants asthose of their MPs? yes/no
4. Can the gap between citizens and MPs be narrowed by makingcitizens reflect on arguments from a parliamentary debate? no
Kai Arzheimer Bioethical Preferences (31/32)
IntroWhat’s the matter with German MPs & PGD?
What’s the matter with German voters & PGD?Summary/Conclusion
Outlook
I Other factors?I Related policies/valuesI Personal experienceI ?
I What next? Turn this project into proper manuscripts(hopefully soon)