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Does cannulation technique impact arteriovenous fistula and graft survival?
Maria Teresa Parisotto
Director, Nursing Care Management
Fresenius Medical Care – NephroCare Coordination - Bad Homburg - Germany
Present professional position and workplace:Director Nursing Care Management, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH, NephroCare Coordination, Bad Homburg – Germany Education / Past Experience:Graduated in Nursing in 1974 and in Nursing Care Management in 1976 in Milan, ItalyHead Nurse in a Dialysis Unit in Milan, ItalyMarketing Director Peritoneal Dialysis, Fresenius Medical Care Italy.Marketing Director Peritoneal Dialysis, Fresenius Medical Care Deutschland GmbH.Summary of main areas of interest and experience:• Vascular Access Cannulation and Care• Dialysis processes analysis• Safety in dialysisRecent pubblications:• Gauly A, Parisotto MT et al. “Vascular Access Cannulation in Hemodialysis Patients – A Survey of
Current Practice and its Relation to Dialysis Dose”, JVasc Access 2011; 12 (4): 358-364. • Parisotto MT, et al. “Cannulation technique influences arteriovenous fistula and graft survival”. KI
advance online publication 9 April 2014• Daniele Marcelli, Maria Teresa Parisotto, et al. “Implementation of a quality and safety checklist for
haemodialysis sessions”. Clin Kidney J (2015) 0: 1–6 doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfu145Marketing Director, • Co-editor of “Vascular Access Cannulation and Care – A Nursing Best Practice Guide for
Arteriovenous Fistula”. Joint EDTNA/ERCA and Fresenius Medical Care project.
● Vascular access management and cannulation are important issues in haemodialysis care.
● Some variability in cannulation practises exists between countries and centres.
● Observations of this survey provide a broad basis to further study the relationship between vascular access practices and patient outcomes.
● The first preliminary analysis already indicates that there is a relationship between vascular access cannulation practices and the probability of reaching an adequate dialysis dose.
Techniques for AVF cannulation are known to vary from clinic to clinic, mainly because of historical training approaches in the individual settings.Unfortunately the influence of cannulation technique on fistula survival has never been an objective of clinical research.
There are several questions never answered:• Which needle Gauge?• Puncture technique: which one is the best?• Bevel up or down?• Retrograde or antegrade arterial needle puncture?
Cannulation technique vs VA survival:Aim of the Study
• The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of needle gauge, cannulation technique, bevel direction, retrograde or antegrade arterial needle direction, blood flow and venous pressure on the survival of the vascular access.
Cannulation technique vs VA survival:Patients and Methods
Based on the April 2009 survey conducted in 171 dialysis units located in Europe, Middle East and Africa, a cohort of patients was selected for follow-up to investigate vascular access survival
Cannulation technique vs VA survival:Statistical Analysis
• Primary outcome in our analysis was the time of the first surgical access intervention resulting in the creation of a new access, where survey date serves as baseline.
• The observation period was 3 years (from April 2009 till March 2012).
• To adjust for individual patient differences, the following information was extracted from the clinical database: Patient age and gender, BMI, prevalence of diabetes and the use of ACE inhibitors, platelet anti-aggregants, salicylic acid and anticoagulants. Additionally the median blood flow prescriptions was documented at centre level at the time of the survey.
• Out of the 10,807 patients enrolled for the original survey, access survival data was available for 7,058 (65%) from Portugal, UK, Italy, Turkey, Romania, Slovenia, Poland and Spain.
• Mean age was 63.5+15.0 years; 38.5% were female; 27.1% were diabetics; 90.6% had a native fistula and 9.4% had a graft. Access location was distal for 51.2% of patients. During the follow-up, 51.1% were treated with anti-aggregantsand 2.8% with anti-coagulant.
• Prevalent needle sizes were 15 G and 16 G for 63.7% and 32.2% of the patients, respectively (14 G: 2.7%, 17 G: 1.4%).
• Cannulation technique was area for 65.8%, rope-ladder for 28.2% and buttonhole for 6% of patients, and the direction of arterial puncture was antegrade for 57.3%. The bevel direction was upward for 70.2% of the patients. The prevalent combination between arterial needle puncturing and bevel direction was antegrade with bevel upward (43.1%) followed by retrograde with bevel downward (27.1%). The proportion of the two other combination, antegrade and retrograde with bevel downward were 14.2% and 15.6% respectively.
KM vascular access survival according to VPParisotto MT et al. (2014). Cannulation technique influences arteriovenous fistula and graft survival. Kidney Int doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.96
Cox model with primary outcome vascular survivalParisotto MT et al. (2014). Cannulation technique influences arteriovenous fistula and graft survival. Kidney Int doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.96
Cox model with primary outcome vascular survivalParisotto MT et al. (2014). Cannulation technique influences arteriovenous fistula and graft survival. Kidney Int doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.96
In summary, the study revealed that area cannulation technique, despite being the most commonly used, was inferior to both rope-ladder and buttonhole for the maintenance of Vascular Access functionality. With regard to the effect of needle and bevel direction, the combination of antegrade position of arterial needle with bevel up or down was significantly associated with better access survival than retrograde positioning with bevel down.
Results referring to the type and location of access and the technical parameters (i.e. venous pressure) were as follows:There was an increased risk of access failure for graft versus fistula, proximal vs distal location, right arm vs left arm, and the presence of a venous pressure greater than 150 mmHg. The results on venous pressure are worth considering. A venous pressure of 200-250 mmHg is considered acceptable by the scientific community; the results of this study put these values under discussion. However, further investigations are required to clarify the topic fully.
Discussion: Needle Gauge & Blood Flow – the Chicken or Egg dilemma
• In our study, 17-gauge needle was associated with increased risk of early fistula termination. The same applies for blood flows below 300 mml/min.
• The question: Is it the smaller needle influencing the fistula survival or the use of smaller needles indicates an already existing fistula malfunction? Is it the low blood flow affecting the fistula survival or an already problematic fistula allows only the use of low blood flow?
Using as a test of significance the chi-square (P = 0.0009), there was evidence that there is a strong association between the rotation of the needle and the probability, increased by 40% (odds ratio 1.4), to develop complications during cannulation.
Bevel Up
Bionic Medizintechnick GmbH
Bevel Down
Antegrade Puncture
Retrograde Puncture
Effect of bevel direction in the arterial needle position (antegrade/retrograde)
1. Rope-ladder cannulation technique as preferred option and only when there is a limited area for cannulation sites, or for the potential self-care dialysis patients choose buttonhole
2. Arterial needle insertion in the antegrade direction (blood flow direction) and with bevel downward
3. In the case of arterial needle retrograde position, the direction of the bevel should be upward
4. 15 G needles are recommended 5. Blood flow ≥350 ml/m6. Venous pressure around 150 mmHg7. Correct haemostasis8. Patients education to care for the VA
Joint project of Fresenius Medical Care and EDTNA/ERCA to achieve enhanced multidisciplinary renal team practice in dialysis and develop a Vascular Access Best Practice Guide
Vascular Access Cannulation and CareA Nursing Best Practice Guide for Arteriovenous Fistula
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●Raise awareness of the importance for vascular access management as the “patient’s lifeline”
●Define vascular access cannulation practices based on clinical evidence to minimize complications
●Develop a best practice guide for vascular access cannulation and care
Project Objectives
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Project Coordinators
Jitka Pancírová(on behalf of EDTNA/ERCA)
Maria Teresa Parisotto(on behalf of Fresenius Medical Care)
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The Project TeamIain MorrisFrancesco PellicciaAlberto Garcia IglesiasJitka Pancirova
Frank Laukhuf (consultant)Raffaella Beltrandi
Nicola WardMihai Preda
Cristina MiriunisTheodora KafkiaRicardo Peralta
Iris RomashJoao Fazendeiro
Maria Teresa Parisotto
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Project Timeline
Project launch in Dublin and pre-project Survey
Presentation of survey results In Ljubljana
Project framework definition, preparation of the observational study protocol, selection of participating countries and centres
Data Collection and data analysis
Kick-off meeting in Bad Homburg – Germany
Development of the VA Best Practice Guide
Sep 2010
Sep 2011
Jan/Dec 2012
Jan/Dec 2013
Apr 2013
Apr´13/Aug´14
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Project Kick Off Meeting April 18-19th, 2013, Bad Homburg, Germany
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The tasks of the authors
• As “Subject Matter Expert ” define what should bein the Best Practice Guide (in scope, out of scope)
• Define each topic content • Create a comprehensive draft • Make sure what is written in the draft is correct• Do research to gather data per each topic• Use additional literature to confirm or change the original
statements
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Responsibilities of the nurse Assessment of the AVF Hygiene and infection controlCannulation techniques
Needle removal and haemostasisComplications: prevention and detectionDocumentation and reportingPatient education
In Scope
What should be covered by the Vascular Access Guide?
Patient self-cannulationPreparation for surgery and immediate post-operative care
Out of Scope
What should be covered by the Vascular Access Guide?
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1. Preface2. Executive summary3. Introduction4. Background5. VA for haemodialysis6. Arteriovenous Fistula7. Hygiene and infection control8. Arteriovenous Fistula cannulation
Best Practice Guide outline #1
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9. Complications of Arteriovenous Fistula (related to the fistula)10. Arteriovenous Fistula monitoring and evaluation11. Reporting of Arteriovenous Fistula incidents12. Patient education for the care of Arteriovenous Fistula13. From Empiric Evaluation to clinical research evidence14. Conclusions15. Appendix16. Index
Best Practice Guide outline #2
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Project Timeline
Project launch in Dublin and ore-project Survey
Presentation of survey results In Ljubljana
Project framework definition, preparation of the observational study protocol, selection of participating countries and centres
Data Collection and data analysis
Kick-off meeting in Bad Homburg – Germany
Development of the VA Best Practice Guide
Sep 2010
Jan/Sep 2011
Jan/Dec 2012
Jan/Dec 2013
Apr 2013
Apr´13/Aug´14
Sep 2014 Launch of the VA Best Pratice Guide: EDTNA/ERCA 2014
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Vascular Access Guide:The launch!
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Vascular Access GuideReading examples
Easy to usetables
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Vascular Access GuideReading examples
Highlightedboxes
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Vascular Access GuideReading examples
Clear illustrations
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Special thanks to:
RN Jean Pierre Van WaeleghemRN Victor MoscardóDr. Frank LaukhufM.Sc. Volker SchoderProf. Dr. Daniele MarcelliDr. Adelheid GaulyDr. Stefano Stuard…for contributing to this best practice guide!
Dr. Richard FluckDr. Maurizio GallieniDr. Otto ArkossyRN Emine UnalRN Natalie BeddowsRN Marjelka Trkulja