DOCUMENT RESUME - ERIC · DOCUMENT RESUME. ED 054 703. 411. FL 002 628. AUTHOR Price, James D. TITLE A Computerized Phrase-Structure Grammar (Modern. Hebrew): Part …

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 054 703 411 FL 002 628AUTHOR Price, James D.TITLE A Computerized Phrase-Structure Grammar (Modern

Hebrew): Part II, A Complex-ConstituentPhrase-Structure Grammar of Modern Hebrew Syntax.Final Report.

INSTITUTION Franklin Inst. Research Labs., Philadelphia, Pa.SPONS AGENCY Office of Education (DPEW), Washington, D.C. Bureau

of Research.BUREAU NO BR-9-7722PUB DATE Jun 71CONTRACT OEC-0-9-097722-4411NOTE 295p.

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

ABSTRACT

MF-$0.55 HC-$9.87Algorithms; *Computational Linguistics; *ComputerPrograms; Deep Structure; *Grammar; *Hebrew;Instructional Materials; Language Patterns; LanguageResearch; Language Universals; Morphology(Languages); Phrase Structure; Semitic Languages;Sentence Structure; Syntax; Tables (Data); TeacherEducation; Transformation Generative Grammar;*Transformation Theory (Language)

The second part of the four-part report of researchon the development of a computerized, phrase-structure grammar ofmodern Hebrew describes the application of a generalizedcomplex-constituent-phrase structure grammar to modern Hebrew. Thisvolume discusses the details of the grammar: limitations, input andoutput, symbols, rules, tree diagrams, word classification, syntax,and orthography. An appendix provides a Heben-English dictionary.The grammar presented here provides new material for teacher trainingin the form of a transformational-type, theoretical model of modernHebrew that Views the language as an integrated whole. By studyingthe language this way, teachers of Hebrew can-acquire a betterunderstanding of the deep structure of the language. The 'formalpresentation of the grammar, however, may not be the best form fortraining teachers. For related reports see FL 002 627,-FL 002 629,and FL 002630.. (Author/VM)

e54,17

TtIc VI, NDEA, Section 602 PA-48 Bureau#9-7722---)

FINAL REPORT

Project No. 097722

Contract No. DEC-0-9-097722-441i

Frankl n Insti tute Report No

A COMPU ERRED PMRASE7STRUCTURE GRAMMAR (MODERWHEBREW)

PART II U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE

OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

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James D. Pri ceFrankl n Insti tute Research Laborato i es

20th :and Race StreetsPhiladelphia, Penn. 19103

Offi o ducalbfop:-

Inetitik _-e Aati on

teN FINAL REPORT(=>

r-. Project No. 097722

Contract No. OEC-0-9-097722-4411c=,c=3 Franklin Institute Report No. F-C2585-2L.4.1

A COMPUTERIZED PHRASE-STRUCTURE GRAMMAR (MODERN HEBREW)

PART II

A Complex-Constituent Phrase-Structure

Grammar of Modern Hebrew ,9,ntax

James D. PriceFranklin Institute Research Labo atories

Philadelphia, Penn. 19103

June 1971

The research reported herein was performed pursuant toa contract with the Office of Education, U.S. Departmentof Health, Education, Welfare.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

Office of EducationInstitute of International Studies

ABSTRACT

This is the second part of a four-part report of research forthe development of a computerized phrase-structure grammar of modernHebrew. This part describes the application of a generalized complex-constituent phrase-structure grammar (defined In Part I) to a specificSemitic language (modern Hebrew). The grammar consists of one initialsymbol, 73 intermediate symbols, one variable symbol, and 20 terminalsymbols, a set of 29 subscripts on the symbols, and a set ef 76 replace-ment rules (with a total of 179 optionai. variations). Each element ofthe grammar is defined in detail and illustrated with examples.

The rules of the grammar were tested by means of a computerizedalgorithm for generating sentences in Hebrew (described in Part ITI) andby means of a ecmputerized algorithm for analyzing sentences in 1 ,brew

(described in Part IV). These tests uncovered numerous deficiencies inthe rules of the grammar most of which were corrected in this presentversion. Of the 179 optional variations of the rules, 111 were tested.Since it was not possible to test all the rules in the scope of thepresent project, lt is likely that additional deficiencies will be found.The tests demonstrate that this specific set of rules is essentially cor-rect but that there is need for further research in.certain areas outlinedin the text. The tests also demonstrate that the generalized grammar issuited for mechanization on a computer and that It is adequate for defin-ing the syntax and orthography of Hebrew. The results of this researchgive good reason to believe that the generalized grammar can be success-fully applied to other Semitic languages such as Arabic.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Grateful acknowledgment is given to Prof. Esra Shereshevsky,Chairman of the Department of Hebrew and Near Eastern Languages andLiteratures, Temple University, who served as consultant on this project.He was very helpful in clarifying many details of the rules of eyntax andorthography. In addition, he carefully read the manuscript of this partof the report and pointed out numerous shortcomings and errors.

Acknowledgment also is given to the Dropsie University, whichprovided, under subcontract, the classification of Hebrew words containedin Appendix A and described In Section 2.4 of this part. The work wasperformed by Mr. Ezra Cohen under the supervision of Dr. Federico Corriente,Professor of Semitic Linguistics. Mr. Cohen also made numerous helpfulsuggestions about the classification of words and about the rules ofgrammar.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PART II. A COMPLEX-CONSTITUENT PHRASE-STRUCTURE GRAMMAR OFMODERN HEBREW SYNTAX 2-1

2.1 Introductory Considerations 2-1

2.1.1 Limitations of Grammar 2-1

2.1.2 Input to the Grammar 2-2

2.1.3 Output of the Grammar 2-3

2.2 The Formalized Grammar of Hebrew Syntax 2-4

2.2.1 Symbol Subscripts (A) 2-4

2.2.2 The Symbols 2-102.2.3 Replacement Rules (n) 2-43

2.3 Examples and Illustrai-ions 2-129

2.3.1 Tree Diagrams of Computer Generated Sentences . . 2-1292.3.2 Tree Diagrams of Computer Analyzed Sentences . . 2-177

2.4 Classification of Hebrew Word 2-204

2.4.1 Root 2-2042.4.2 Syntactic Function (A) 2-2042.4.3 Function Class (C) 2-205

2.4 4 Syntactic Gender (G) 2-205

2.4.5 Preopositional Class (R) 2-206

2.4.6 Voice (V) 2-206

2.4.7 Inflection Class (U) 2-206

2.4.8 Stem (S) 2-206

2.4.9 Stem Class (F) . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2102.4.10 Number-Gender Transform (X) . . . . ... . . . 2-2102.4.11 Feminine Singular Class (H) 2-210

2.4.12 Historic Period 2-210

2.4.13 English Meaning 2-213

2.5 Conclusions 2-213

WORD( A - HEBREW-ENGLISH DICTIONARY

lit

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

The Transliteration

List of Intermediate Symbols (x)

List of Terminal Symbols (T)

Stem Forms for Verbal OOO OOOOO

Stem Forms for Nonverbals

Stem Forms of Irregular Nonverbals

Number-Gender Transforms

6 6 6 6 6 6 .

Page

2-1

2-2

2-3

2-4

2-5

2-6

2-7

2-5

2-11

2-16

2-207

2-208

2-211

2-212

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig, No. Page

2.1 Structure of Preposition-Pronoun Phra_e 2-53

2.2 Structure of Adjective Phrase Apa

) 2-56

2.3 Structure of A_ class 2 2-57

2.4 Structure of A__ class 1 2-58pa

PART II

A COMPLEX-CONSTITUENT PHRASE-STRUCTURE

GRAMKAR OF MODERN HEBREW SYNTAX'

This part of the report describes a comDlex-constituent phrase-structure grammar of modern Hebrew syntax, a grammar essentially completeIn that It describes the basic structure of the syntax of modern Hebrewsentences, but incomplete in some finer details that can be included laterby adding more rules to this foundation. The grammar provides newmaterial for training teadhers of Hebrew consisting of a transformational-type theoretical model of modern Hebrew-that views the language as anintegrated whole. A study of the language from this point of view-twillenable teadhers of Hebrew to acquire a better understanding of the deep:;tructures of the language and of the associated process,as then has beenavailable to them in the past. However, the material is organized as aformal presentation of the grammar, which is not nece sarily the bestform for training teachers.

The first section contains Introductory mate'rial. The secondsection presents a formal and detailed description of ehe grammar. Thethird section contains tree diagrams of sentences generated or analyzedby meavis of a computer, making use of the computerized version of thisgrammar. The sentences serveas examples and illustrations of the rulesof the grammar as noted throughout the text.

2.1 Introductory Considerations

This section provides introductory material that defines thelimitations, input and output requirements of ehe grammar.

2.1.1 Limitations of Grammar

The grammar in its present form Is-limited to the syntax

of sentences. It is recognized that there are structural relationships

1The material In Part II Is based on Chapter IV-of J. Price's The DeveZop-ment of a Theoretical Basi-e for Machine Aids for Translation fom Hebrewto E51glish, a Ph.D. dissertation z.;,7-mitted to Dropsie University (1969).Extensive revisions have been made as a result of the research and com-puter tests conducted on this project.

2-1

between sentenees2 that determine such things as the use of the-articie3,the inflection of pronouna, the use of demonstrative pronouns, the use ofqualifiers such as aii, some, and so- forth. Rules for these inter-seetencerelationships may be written at a later time, since the grammar incorporatesthis capability.

The grammar contains-phrase-structure rules of the deep struc-ture4 of the language, and phrasea-structure rules for generating surfacestructures. The subscripts-of the complex constituents provide thecapability of performing operatione similar to Chomsky's transformations.Soae constituents could have been derf.ved from "kernel sentences", butrules were not written for such derivation. These rules were not writtenfor two reasons: (1) because they would not serve the purposes of thepresent research, or (2) further study is required. In these cases, therules of the grammar define a relationship between constituents thatassumes such an underlying derivation. Often the text associated withthe rule discusses assumed derivations.

Finally, the grammar does not treat man cominon syntacticidioms,5 one important exception being the idiom of possession. Rulesfor syntactic idioms may be written at a later time.

Because of these limitations, the grammar will generate only asubset of the possible sentences In Hebrew. However, mith the capabilityof multiple branching, self imbedding, and unlimited compounding, thegrammar will generate an infinite variety of sentences within the frame-work of this subset of modern Hebrew.

2.1.2 Input to the Grammar

The input co the grammar used in its generative mode is theequivalent of the output of an English-to-Hebrew transfer grammar. This

-The eclat= Hebrew grammarians, being concerned chiefly with questionsof phonology and morphology, made comparatively slight reference tomatters of syntax. Even M.Z. Segal in Zhe Grammar ofinshnaic Rebrewdoes not consider the fact thet syntax should ge beyond the bounds.ofa sentence. The first explicit Inquiry Into this questionigeems to bethe-murk of Z.S. Harris in "Discourse Analysis",Laseseve Vol. 28, 19520pp. 1-30;474e4940 and in his more recent series DiscOurbe AncaysisReprints ;Mbuton, The Hague, 1963.- U. Ornan in his ditsertatien TheNominca krCese in Modern RebreW, 1965, conetders some Of theee problemsfor Hebrew.

3See U. Ornan-s Chapter on the article In his The NorninaZ Phrase inModern Hebrew,_190.5.

diecussion:of.-surfacestructure:and 4eep structUre in language-see-Sleam,-Chomaky/isZVetactic Structuroa4,-..11014t.on.- The:Hague,- 1957, Seealso SectionA..11-of.:Part'-I.of

5Examples of syntactic idioms yoUld ba_the idiom for age ( + nuMber(+ SEW) the idloils.for time, money, date

2-2

and sti forth.

transfersemanticsentence

grammar supplies the Hebrew dictionary equivalent of the Englishunits, and answers questions about the deep structure of theto be generated, such as

Is the sentence a declaration, question, command?

are there dependent circumstances?

is the voice6 active, passive, reflexive, and so forth?

These deep structure decisions seem to be related to the struc-ture of language in general and not confined to the syntax of Hebrew inparticular. Therefore, It Is proper to assign these decisions to thetransfer grammar rather than to the syntax grammar. For this reason,an educated human acquainted with grammar, but not necessarily knowingHebrew, may serve as manual input for the syntax grammar in place of anon-existent computerized English-to-Hebrew transfer grammar.

The input to the grammar, used in its analytic mode, Is theequivalent of the output of an analysis'grammar of Hebrew orthography.For each input constituent it defines syntax category, class, number,gender, person, mood, tense, etc. Such a grammar exists7 and ultimatelywill be used to supply input data. However, at this stage these dataare supplied manually.

2.1.3 Output of the Grammar

The output of the syntax grammar used InIts generative modeis a sequence of terminal symbols vith computed values fop their complexdescriptors. These symbols serve as input for the grammar of orthography,the output of which is a sequence of inflected words In the correctorthography and syntactic order of:modern Hebrew. In addition a treediagram Is produced that defines the complete syntactic structure of thegenerated sentence. See Section 2.3.1 for Isamples of the output of thegenerative mode. The sample sentences are referred to throughout thetext to Illustrate the rules of the grammar. Since each sentence illustratesthe operation of many different rules, the sample sentences are placed inone'section rather than scattered throughout the text.

6In the Case of volde the correct stem of_-_the verb must be selected fromthe dictionary which AlSo supplies verb: type and other syntactic deacrlp-tors. Thus a transitive verb maY -be Class:3 in the active voice,'Class4 in the passive voice, and Class 2 in the reflexive 3704.ces See Section2.2.2.4.18 for description of verb class..

7See J. Priceis dissertation. Appendix II, And his "An Algorithm forAnalyzing Hebrew Words", CompUter Studies in the BUmanities and VelibaiBehaviorl Vol.. II, No. 3 Qctober, 1969.

2-3

The output of the grammar-used in its analytic mode is a list ofanalytic statements about the sentence, together with a tree diagram ofthe computed syntactic structure of the-sentence. See Section 2.3.2 forsamples of the output of the analytic mode.

The Hebrew sentences are written in transliterated Englishcharacters. The transliteration Is different than the one commonlyused in order to provide a set of characters for use on a computerthat has an unaMbiguous one-to-one correspondence with the Hebrewcharacters. Table 2-1 contains the transliteration.

2.2 The Formalized Grammar of Hebrew S ntax

The complex-constituent pbrase-structure grammar ofimodernHebrew syntax consists of a set of subscripts (A), a set of variablesymbols (r), a set of Initial syMbols (0), a set of intermediate syMbols(X), a set of terminal symbols (T), and a set of unordered replacementrules (n).

There are 21 subscripts90 one variable symbol, one initialsymbol, 73 intermediate symbols, 20 terminal symbols, and approximately179 replacement rules9. The following sections define, describe, andillustrate these constituents of the grammar in detail.

2.2.1 Symbol Subscripts (A)

The constituent elements of the grammar are defined as complexbecause they have up to Menty-one Independent grammatical attributes.9These attributes are expressed by a set of subscripts(A) on the syMbolsof the grammar. The subscripts are written below the line and enclosedin parentheses. Example:

(mf kb c Zydngprav itswjhx)

The subscripts provide the grammar with the capability of per-forming operations similar to Chomsky's transformations. Subscript c(symbol class) provides for selecting' alternate.forms of a symbol that,in some Cases, imply different deep structure derivations. These impliedderiVations are discussed in'the text at the appropriate places.

9The generalized grammar lists 29 subscripts. Subscript w actually :Is40- wl, w2.; w3, and *74; other subscripts that serve bookkeeping functionsare not treated in this Section.

9Actually there are only 76 ruleg. The 179 accounts for:the optionalvariants of these =ilea.

102-4

HebrewLetter

X

,3

3

1

1

11

Table 2-1

THE TRANSLITERATION

English HebrewLetter Letter

A C. 5

D

-Z

X

6

2-5

n

EnglishLetter

C.0

The set of subscripts and the associated attribute is a- followsl

A : m--optional/mandatory

f--compounding pattern

k--number of times compounded

b--connective type

c--symbol class

2,--negative class

y--negative/positive

d--indefinite/definite

n-7nuMber

g--gender

p--person

r--prepositional modifier class

a--verb modifier class

v--voice

i--mood

t- tense

s--stem class

w--root

j--state

h--fem. noun class

x--nuMber gender transform

The subscript for a given attribute always occupies the same positionwithin the parentheses.

2-6

12

The attributes of a constituent element may be one of thefollowing types:

(1) nonoperative(2) fixed(3) a dependent variable(4) an independent variable

If an attribute of a given constituent is noncperative, the associatedsubscript of the symbol is zero. If the attribute is fixed, the asso-ciated subscript is a numeral (or in case of subscript w, transliteratedHebrew letters). If the attribute Is a dependent variable, the associatedsubscript Is a lower case alphabetic. If the attribute is an independentvariable, the associated subscript is 9. For example, in the symbol

F(109c)

the first attribute m has a fixed value of 1; the second attribute f Isnonoperative; the third attribute k Is an independent variable to whichany valid value may be assigned; the fourth attribute c Is a dependentvariable, the value of which Is dependent on another symbol.

Attributes that are fixed or nonoperative are not changed byoperations of the grammar. Attributes thaf- are independent variablesmust have values assigned to them from a source external to the grammar(I e., by input specifications). Attributes that are dependentvariables have computed values assigned to them by.the grammar. The useof dependent variables gives the grammar context-sensitive capabilityfor governing the concord of redundant semantic information distributedthroughout a phrase.

The fixed values of the subscripts are associated with thegrammatical attributes as follows:

Subscript

f:

k:

Value Attribute

0= the syMbol is omitted1= the symbol is mandatory9= the symbol is optional

0= no compounding permitted1= compounding pattern I required2= compounding pattern 2 requireti

etc.

-0=2=

etc.

syMbol appears oncesyrdbol repeated twice in given pattern

2-7

Subscript Value Attribute

b:

Y:

d:

n:

P:

r:-

0= doe6 aot apply1= conjunctive compounding ("and")2= disjunctive compounding ("or")3= disjunctive compounding ("either or ")4= negative disjunctivl compounding

("neither nor ")

1= symbol class 12= symbol class 2

etc.

0= no negative permitted1= class 1 negative permitted2= class 2 negative permitted

etc.

0= posittve, syMbol is not negated1= negative, symbol 16 negated

0= does not Apply/collective1= indefinite2= definite

0= no nuMber attribute/ambiguous1= singular2= dual3= plural

0= no gender attribute aMbiguous1= masculine2= feminine

0= no personal attr*bute/ambiguous1= first person2= second person3= third person

0= does not apply1= Preposition Class I required2= Preposition Class 2 required

etc.

0= does notapply1= Verb Modifier Class 12= Verb Modifier Class 2

etc.

2-8iL

Subscript

V:

1:

t :

S :

W:

Value Attribute

0= does not apply1= active voice

passive voice3= reflexive voice

0= does not apply1= indicative mood2= imperative mood3= subjunctive mood

0= does not applypast tense

2= future tense3= present tense4= past continuous tense5= future continuous tense (Mishnaic

Hebrew only)6= pluperfect tense (Subordinate7= future perfect tense clauses only)

0= does not apply1= Stem Class 12= Stem Class 2

etc.

This subscript designates'the root lettersof a terminal symbol. In certain syntacticalcontexts the root letters of symbols must besame. Specific values of w are designated byup to four transliterated Hebrew letters.

0=Q@L=etc.

does not applyroot for "to kill"

j: 0= does noL apply1= absolute,state2= construct state3= suffix state

h: 0= feminine singular nominals use H1= feminine singular nomlnals use T

x: 0= does not apply1= number-gender transform 12= numbergender tranSform 2

etc.

2-9

2.2.2. The Symbols

The grammar has four sets of syMbols

r variable symbols-0 : initial sytbolsx intermediate symbolsT : terminal symbols

2.2.2.1 Variable Symbols (r)

The grammar has one variable symbol, F, that represents anyother syMbol in the grammar. Tt Is used for writing rules that covera wide range of symbols, such-as rules of negation, rules of compoundingetc. One rule on F replaces many redundant rules on other symbols.Specific uses of F are given in the section on rules.

2.2.2.2 Initial Symbols (o)

In the construction of a sentence, the grammar begins withone of the.set of initial sytbols. Initial symbols have attributes thatare fixed or independent variables only, and they appear only on theright hand side in replacement rules. The Hebrew Grammar has only oneinttial symbol (Se) which az:ands for a completed sentence. The symbolhas three classes:

Class 1: completed declarative sentenceClass 2: completed interrogative sentenceClass 3.: completed imperative sentence

All sentences aresection on rules.

defined under-one of these three classes in the

2.2.2.3 Intermediate Symbols (x)

Intermediate symbols are used'by the grammar during the con-struction of a sentence. The Hebrew grammar has 73 intermediate symbols(Table 2.2). Specific definitions of the symbols are given in 'the rectionon rules.. The names of the symbols do not always reflect the identityof the distinctive linguistic feature associated with the symbol. Like-wise, the rules of the grammar do not always clearly identify the valueof the feature associated with the various options of the rule. Morework is required to clarify some of these details.

2-1016

SymbolNo . ofCl asses

A 1

Apa 3

As 2

Ba 2

Baa 3

ab 1

Bac

ad 2

Bae 3

Baf

Bba 5

Bbb 2

Bbc 2

2

Bp 2

5

pd 2

Ea 1

1

Tabl e 2 . 2

LIST OF INTERMEDIATE SYMBOLS ,x)

Descri pti on

Post-Nominal Adjective Phrase

lBasic Post-Nomina Adjective PhraseAdjectival Possessive Phrase1-999 Number Phrase

Units Number Phrase

Tens Number Phrase

Teens Number Phrase

Multi-tens Number Phrase

Hundreds Number Phrase

Thousands Number Phrase

1-99 Number Phrase

100-999 Number Phrase

1000-9999 Number Phrase

Definite Number Phrase

1-9999 Num er Phrase

Adverb Phrase

Copulative Adverb Phrase

Basic Participle Phrase

Participle Phrase

2-11

Table 2.2 -- Continued

No. ofSymbol Classes Description

Epa 2 Absolute/Construct Participle Phrase

Epb

2 Construct Participle Phrase

Kc

4 Circumstantial Dependent Clause

Kd

K11

Na

Nap

ip

No

op

Pa

Npb

Npc

NPx

13

Bp

Nv

Nw

2 Discourse Clause

4 Interrogative Clause

1 Conditional Clause

2 Subject-Object Dependent Clause

3 Basic Noun Phrase

3 Appositional Phrase

2 Indirect Phrase

2 Direct Object Phrase

2 Object Phrase

1 General Noun Phrase

3 Regular Noun Phrase'

Simple Noun Phrase'

Appositional Noun Phrase

5 Copulative Phrase

1 Possessive-Pronoun Noun Phrase

4 Subject Phrase

3 Infinitive Construct Phrase

1 Infinitive Absolute Phra

Symbol

Rd

Rg

Ro

No. ofClasses

3

3

I

Rsp

2

S 3

Sa

Saa

4

Sab

6

Sac

1

Se

3

Sd

2

Si 3

Sqo2

Sro

2

Srt

2

Va 1

Vaa1

V_ 1

Vbb 1

Vc

3

V 8111

V 3


Description

Baste Demonstrative Pronoun Phrase

Relative Pronoun Clause

Direct Object Pronoun Phrase

Subject Pronoun Phrase

Basic Sentence

Independent Clause

Possessive Independent Clause

Definite Independent Clause

Indefinite Independent Clause

Completed Sentence

Dependent Clause Sentence

Interrogative Sentence

Objective Interrogative Ph ase

Objective Relative Phrase

Indirect Relative Phrase

Verb Phrase

Seven-Tense Verb Phrase

Verb-Mood Phrase

Three-Tense Verb Phrase

Emphatic Verb Phrase

Verb Modifying Phrase

Direct Object Verb Modifying Phrase

Indirect Object Verb Modifying Phrase

2-13

No. ofSymbol Classes

Vme 4

3-md

Vmi 3

5mr

Vp

1

1qo


Description

Discourse Verb Modifying Phrase--

Double Accusative Verb Modifying Phrase

Verb Modifying Phrase (Ind. Rel Claus

Verb Modifying Phrase (Obj. Rel. Clau-e)

Verb Phrase

Objective Interrogative Verb Phrase

Vrb 1 Verb Phrase (Obj. Rel. Clause)

Vri 1 Verb Phrase (Ind. Rel. Clause)

X 3 Prepositional Phrase

1 Prepositional Pronoun Phrase

2.2.2.4 Terminal Symbols (T)

The terminal symbols of the grammar are those for which thereare no replacement rules. The final product of the grammar is a set ofterminal symbols arranged in sequence as a sentence. The terminal symbolsrepresent the words of a sentence with all their grammatical attributesdefined. The Hebrew Grammar has 20 terminal symbols10 (Table 2.3).Specific definitions of the terminal syMbols for the Hebrew Grammarsymbols are given in the sections that follow.

The terminal symbols become the Input data for the grammarof Hebrew orthography. Combined together in their generative mode thetwo grammars produce sentences In modern Hebrew in their correct inflectedorthography.

"Present evidence indicates that this number.can be redUced:to 16. Bythe proper use of subscript j In the rules-, a separate Symbol for the :construct state of nouns, numbers, participles, and infinitives is notneeded.

2-15

Table 2.3

LIST OF TERMINAL SYMBOLS (T)

No. ofSymbols Classes Description

A 1 AdjectiveB 6 Number AbsoluteC 8 ConjunctiveD 6 AdverbE 8 Participle Absoluteg- 8 Participle ConstructH 1 Definite ArticleI 6 Number ConstructJ 1 Noun ConstructL 5 NegativeN 3 Noun AbsoluteO I Object ParticleP 13 PrepositionQ 2 Interrogative

.R 5 PronounT 8 Punctuation MarkU 7 Particle

8 VerbW 8 Infinitive AbsoluteY 8 Infinitive Construct

2-16

2.2.2.4.1 Adjectives (A)

Adjectives are usually defined as words that modify nouns,but more specifically they are words that are found in the followingsyntactic constructions:

(a) N -I- A

(b) N HYTI(is) + A

An adjective Is the name of a value on the scale of some semanticdimension of the noun which It modifies. For example, the phrasea small boy implies that boys have the semantic dimension size, and Itstates that the boy in question Is characterized by the value "small"on the scale. The scale may be Illustrated as follows:

SHALL LITTLE BIG LARGE

Semantic Dimension "Size"

Value names (adjectives) usually come in pairs, a value andits symmetric opposite.

Example: little -- bigsmall --- large

The negative of a value usually implies its symmetric opposite:

Example: not little 4- bignot small largenot big littlenot large small

Adjectives have attributes m, f k, b, oi X, y, 014; n, g, j,h, and 07. The attributes d; n, and g (definiteness, number, and gender)are dependent variables that are governed by the noun which it modifies.They nay be compounded; negation Is with LWA.

Example: @WB--goodYPR--niceGDWL--big

Adjectives are found in the construct state, however,- the syntax'ofadjectives construct Is not included In the grammar at this time. Numbers are treated as a separate synbol. Adjectives presently are In oneclass. Future- researdh may define syntactic classes among the adjectivessimilar to those foUnd in other languages.

2-17

In general, the classification and order of Hebrew adjectivesis approximately the same as in English. Those adjectives that appearclosest to the noun in English also appear closest to the noun in Hebrew,so rhat adjectives that come first in English come last in Hebrew."

2.2.2.4.2 Numbers Absolute (B)

Numbers do not take the same syntactic constructions asadjectives. They are inflected very similar to nouns and the constructnumber (I) Is syntactically equivalent to a construct noun (3). However,numbers exhibit some unique differences from nouns and are thus treatedas a different symbol In the grammar. Numbers appear in the followingsyntactic constructions:

(a) B + (N)(b) N + B

where B may be a nuMber phrase.12 Numbers have the attributes rn, o, n,g, and j; they are different from nouns in that they are not compoundedand are not negated except in special cases. The attribute n (nutber)is usually fixed and the attribute g (gender) Is usually a dependentvariable under control of an associated noun. However, the eyntacticgender of a number Is sometimes opposite to that of its inflectionalform.

There are six classes of numbers:

- Class 1: one--(AXWAXT)-Class 2: two--(SNYYM/STYYM)- Class 3: three through nine-Class 4: ten-Class 5: hundred-Class 6: thousand

All nutbers from 1 to 9,999 are formed by coMbining thesenuMbers. Higher numbers pose no problem, but were nbt included atthis time.

The numbers one and two form unique constructions and followa separa e rule governing gender. The number ten is unique In that itssingular form means 10 and Its plural means 20.

"Hall= B. Rosen, A Textbook pf Israeli liebrew,-The University of ChicagoPress, Chicago (1969), p. 48.

12The term "phrase" is used throughout the text to mean a group of oneor more words that serve a unique syntactic function.

2-18

The numbers three through nine form a unique class in that

their masculine plural inflection means the appropriate multiple of ten,

1. e., the plural of eight means eighty.

The nuMbers 100 and 1000, together with all their multiples,are ambiguous in the gender attribute, as are all multiples of 10.

Numbers absolute are-used to quantitate Indeterminate objects,

that Is, they are used to specify the nuMber of members of a class not

previously defined. Numbers construct are used to quantitate determinateobjects.

Examples: ARBOR YLDYM7-- four boys (absolute)ABBOT HYLDYM-- the four boys (construct)

2.2.2.4.3 Conjunctives (C)

The conjunctives comprise a set of constituent elements that

perform one of two syntactic functionst

(a) connect two elements of the same type in the syntacticconstruction

F + C + F

(b) precede particular elements in the syntactic construction

C F

The members of the set of conjunctive elements are'datermlned on thebasis of their common syntactic constructions and attributes, notaccording to classical grammatical classification. Mere are eightclasses of conjunctives:

-Class 1: W.--pand

-Class 2: AW--or- Class 3: KY-7-that (Classical Hebrew only)-Class 4: KAMwhen; @RMbefbre; OD--unti AXRY-7afterletc.

-Class 5: LMON---4n order that-Class 6: YONbecause; OQBbecause (Classical Hebrew only)- Class 7: LAMWR--saying- Class 8: ABL--but; ALA--butl LKNtherefbre

Conjunctives are never compounded-and Classes 1, 2 and 8 are

never negated The other clasSes are negated with LWA. The results ofthe present researdh indicate that more work is required to more accurately

classify the conjunctives.

2.2.2.4.4. Adverbs (D)

Adverbs usually are defined as words that modify verbs, adjectives,

or other adverbs. The definition is inadequate for this grammar, con-sequently, Hebrew adverbs are divided into classes that are defined In

2-19

25

accordance with their syntactic function. Adverbs are found in thefollowing syntactic constructions:

(a) D + V(b) V + D(c) A A- D(d) D + D(e) N D

Adverbs have the attributes m, o, end y. The terminalsymbol D may not be compounded, however, adverb phrases may be. Negationis by Class 1 Negative (LWA). There are six classes of adverbs:

Class 1: Temporal adverbs. These words are names ofvalues on the scale of the semantic dimensiontime; they answer the questien--When? andthey modify only verbs or equivalent. Thefollowing is a list of some temporal adverbs:

ATMWL ---- yesterdayHYWK ----- todayKORB tonightKBR alreadyMXR tomorrowMERTYYM the day after tomorrowMYYD immediatelyMQWDM firatOKSW nowOTH nowFOM once (indefinite, does not mean

at a single time)TMYD alwaya

Class 2: Locative Adverbs. These words are names ofvalues on the scale of the semantic dimensionplace; they answer the question -- Where? andthey modify only verbs and nouns or equivalent.The following is a list of some locative adverbe:

HNH ---- here (indicating direction)KAN ---- here (indicating position)MYMYN -- at the rightMSMAL at the ZeftPH here (indicating positionSM there(indicating position)

Class 3: QualltatiVe adverbe. These words are names ofValuesion various scales ef semantic dimensionsthat defitie quality er manner'of actihn; they

2-20 26

Class 3: answer the question -- how? -- and they modify

(coned) only verbs or equivalent. They may be modifiedby class 4 adverbs. The following In a list of

some qualitative adverbs;

AMMMBAMT ----BWWDAY --XYRM ----YXD -----PTOWM ---TKWPWT

trulytruly, reallycertainly, surelyfreely, vainlytogethersuddenlyfrequently

Class 4: Intensity adverbs. These words are names ofvalues on the scale of the semantic dimensionintensity; they answer the question -- to whatdegree of intensity? -- and they modify adjectives,Class 3 adverbs, and verbs or equivalent. TheThe following is a list of some intensity adverbs:

BYWTR -la -YWTRKAD--PXWT

Class 5; Pluperfecttense verbHebrew.

axceedingly- rather (as rather freely)- more- very- less

adverb MS13 that transforms a pastinto the pluperfect-tense in Classical

Class 6: Future perfect adverb LKS13 that transforms afuture tense verb into the future perfect tensein Classical Hebrew.

2.2.2.4.5. Participles Absolute (E)

The participle absolute is a special grammatical inflection

of Hebrew verbs that may serve in two syntactical constructions:

(a) It may take the place of a noun in which case itdenotes the doer of the verbal action of its root.

In this construction it may take direct and indirectobjects like Its corresponding verb.

"Note that the plasSification of MS and LKS as adverbs is arbitrary.

Others classify them as conjunctions.

2-23.

27

It may take the place of a verb in present tense con-structions.

Participles have attributes m f., k, b, c, y d3 n3 g, p,r, a, v, j, h and x. When serving as a noun, the attribute of definite-ness (d) ls operative; It is negated by a Class 1 negative (LWA), andit may be in the construct state. When serving.as a verb, the attributeof definiteness (d) is non operative and the symbol is negated by aClass 2 negative (AYN).

There are eight classes of participles that are the same as theclasses of verbs. Reference Is made to the description of verbal symbolsfor a definition of these eight classes.

2.2.2.4.6 Participles Construct (G)14

Participles that serve as nouns may appear in the constructstate. Because the participle construct has distinct orthography anddistinct syntactic constructions, it is treated as a separate symbol.In all other respects the participle construct is the same as theparticiple absolute (E). The participle construct is found in thefollowing syntactic constructions:

(a) G + N(b) G + R

Participles construct have the same attributes and the sameclassus as participles absolute.

2.2.2.4.7 Definite Article (H)

The definite article is a prefixed word used to specify theattribute of definiteness for the word to which ft Is attached. Thedefinite article appears In the following syntactic construction:

(a) H + N(b) H + A(c) H + E(d) H + B

(e) H+R, c=1(f) but nOt P + H, c<4

l4See Section 2.2.2.4, footnote 30.

2-22..

The definite article has attributes mr, c, 2,, and y. It is not compounded;

it carric.s the negative of the symbol to which it is attached.There is only one class of the definite article which consists

of the one Hebrew prefix word H--the.

Hebrew has no indefinite article. See Section 2.2.3.5.6 for

a discussion of undeterminated nouns.

2.2.2.4.8 Numbers Construct (I)"

Numbers, like nouns and participles, have a construct state

that has distinct orthography and distinct syntactic constructions. In

all other respects numbers construct (I) are the same as numbers absolute

(B). Numbers construct are found in the following syntactic constructions:

I + NI + B

where I is not a number phrase. A construct number is not compounded or

negated.

There are six classes of n'aMbers construct that are identical

to the classes of numbers absolute (B). Reference is made to thedescription of numbers absolute for a definition of the classes.

2.2.2.4.9 Nouns Construct (J)16

Nouns have a construct state that has distinct orthography and

distinct syntactic constructions. In all other respects nouns constructare the same as nouns absolute (N). Nouns construct are found in the

following syntactic constructions:

(a) J + N(b) J + R(c) J + J

There Is only one class of nouns construct; it is identical

to Class 1 of pouns absolute (N). Reference ts made to the descriptionof nouns absolute for a definition of the class. Proper names do not

have a construct state.

The construCt state of a noun is used to indicate some'rela-tionship between the noun and the word immediately following. The

relationship can usually be expressed in English by ehe word of%

15 See Section 2.2.2.4, footnote 10.

16 See Section 2.2.2.4, footnote 10.

2-23

2.2.2.4.10 N*egatives

The negatives comprise a small set of words used to negatewords, phrases, and clauses. They themselves are not negated and arenot compounded. They appear in the syntactic construction:

L + F, 0 0, y 1

where F represents any symbol in the grammar that may be negated.

There are four classes of negatves: class is determined bythe variable Z.

-Class 1: LWA--this Is the most widely used negativein Hebrew. It regularly negates most singlewords (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc.). Itregularly negates verbal clauses in theindicative mood. It regularly negates nounclauses with pronominal subject (nonpersonal).It is the negative answer to questions oftruthfulness, the positive answer to whichIs KN.

-Class 2: AYN--thls word regularly negates noun clauses,being the negative form of YS--there ts.

Example: AYN HYLD BBYYT--The boy ss not in the houseAYN HYLD AWKL---The boy is not eating

When the subject of the clause is a per onalpronoun, the pronoun Is suffiked to AYN.

Example: AYNW BBYYT--Re is not in the houseAYNH AWKLT--She is not eating

AYN is also used to negate preshnt tense verbphrases. In this case a pronoun is suffixedto AYN that agrees with the subject in number,gender, and person.

Example: HYLDYM AYNM AWKLYM- -The children arenot eating

AYN. also can take the place of the negatedpresent tense copulativei in which case apronoun is suffixed to AYN that agrees withthe subjedt In number; gender, and person.

Example: HYLDYM AYNM BBYYT--The children arenot in the house

2-24

-Class LBLTY--that not--this Is the regular negativeof infinitives construct.

-Class 4: AL--this word regularly negates jussive andsubjunctive verbal clauses, and it Is used inconditional sentences.

2-25

2.2.2.4.11Moims Absolute (N)

Nouns usually are defined as names of persons, places and things.In this grammar nouns are defined as the names of classes of objects(either concrete or abstract) and the names of individual members of theclasses. They are found in the following'syntactic constructions:

(a) N +A(b) N + HYH (i ) + A

(c) N + V

(d) V + N

(e) P + N

(f) 0 + N

(g) + N

Nouns have attributes rijf,kjbjajitjy,d,njgjp,jjhj.r. The attributes n,q,and p (number, gender, and person) are usually dependent variables thatare governed by the contextual environment of the symbol. For example,when N is the subject of a verb, V, attributes nj g, and p of bothsymbols must agree; when N is modified by an adjective, Aj attribute djnj and g .must agree.

Traditionally, nouns were not recognized to.have the attributeof person. However, a rigorous analysis of the Hebrew noun demonstratesits existence. The rule has been that the subject must agree with theverb in number and gender. However, this rule does not prevent the un-grammatical sentence.

HYLD AKLT HTPWX

(the boy ate the apple)

where the subject (HYLD-the boy) agrees with the vel,b CAKLT--ate) innunber and gender, bothbeing masculine singular. However, the sentenceIs ungrammatical becabse the verb is second person-. Evidently,, agreementbetween subject and verb is requited for the Personal attribute. Whenthe subjeCt is a pronoun the personal attribute has-been recognized andagraement is required With the verb.

Two other facts demonstrate that nouns have the personal attribute.First, pronouns, which have the personal attribute, may replace nouns ina sentence. One would expect a pronoun to agree with the noun to whichit refers, in number, gender, and person. Second, nouns are commonlydivided into the names of persons, places, and things. The fact that thereare personal and nonpersonal nouns implies that nouns have the personala.t t rib ute .

2-26

There are three classes of nouns:15

Class 1: nonpersonal nounsthis class consists of a large setof names of nonpersonal "things" both concrete andabstract, not including proper names. Nouns in thisclass may be collective, definite, or indefinite, whendefinite they require the definite article. They maybe singular or plural, and they usually have a construedeclension. They usually are third person.

Class 2: places namesthis class consists of the set of names cplaces and countries. Nouns in this class are alwaysdefinite but never take the definite article. They areusually third person. They do not have a construct de-clension, and are singular only.

Class 3: personal namesthis class consists of the set of propenames of persons. Nouns in this class are always defirbut never take the definite article. They may be firstsecond, or third person, depending on the context. Thehave no construct declension and are always singular.

2.2.2.4.12 Object Particle (0)

The object particle is the Hebrew word AT which is the untr;lated sign of the direct definite object. It appears In the followinjsyntactic constructions:.

V + 0 + N , d=2

(b) V + 0 + R, d=2, cr =3

The symbol has the attributes ml c, k, anded. There is only one class and only one word in the

It is not cooas s

2.2.2.4.13 Prepositions (P)

A preposition is broadly defined as a word that expresses threlationship of its object to some other constituent member of the serence. Prepositions are found in the following syntactic construdtions

1,5Research in semantic classificatichwill result in a more complexdescriptor sy.71-em for nouns.

2-27

(a) P + N

(h) P + R

(c) V + P

(d) but not P + H, r<4

Prepositions have attributes m, Co X, yo r4 and j and they are not com-pounded. The attribute r is a dependent variable under control of agoverning verb (Where one exists), in other constructions it is an in-

dependent variable.

In all cases, class is specified by the variable r.

There are thirteen classes 17 of prepositions.

-Class 1: the inseparable preposition L--to/for

-Class 2: the inseparable preposition B--in

-Class 3: the inseparable preposition K--like/as

-Class 4: the inseparable preposition M--from (non-emphatic)

-Class 5: the preposition MN--from (emphatic)

-Class 6: Al--to

-Class 7: OL--on

-Class 8: 014--with

-Class 9: this class held vacant for computer programming reasons

-Class 10: LPNY--before

-Class 11: BPNY--in the presence of

-Class 12: AMYafter-Class 13: prepositions not governed by verbs

BLY-without

17Further research in the classification of prepositions as they relateto verbs will result in a more complex descriptor system for preposi-

tions.

2-r28

2.2.2.4.14 Interrogatives.(Q)

The interrogatives comprise a set of constituents that intro-

duce adverbial interrogative clauses. They are found in the following

syntactic construction:

Q Sa

Interrogatives have attributes m and a only; they are not compounded or

negated.

There are two classes of interrogatives:

-Class 1: this class consists of the prefixed word, H, which isan untranslated sign of a r!uestion. It is used to;intro-duce adverbial interrogative,clauses.

-Class 2: this class consists of the interrogatives18

MTY--when?

AYK--hoW?

ENB--hoW much?

11421--why?

MDWO--why?

etc.

Interrogative pronouns are not included in this set of constituents.

2.2.2.4.15 Pronouns (A)

Pronouns constitute that set of constituents that take theplace of nouns. They are found in the following syntactic construc-ti0ns:19

(a) R + HIZH(s) 4- A

(b) R_ + Va

(C) V + Rb

"Further research is required to correlate the classification of theInterogatives -lith their corresponding adverb phrase or equivalent.

19A11 listed syntactic constructions may-mot apply to every pronounclass.

2-29

35

(d) P R

(e) 0 4- R

(f) N R, c=1,3

Pronouns have attributes m, f, k, b, c, n, g, p andj in general. In certain constructions they may be compounded and theymay be negated. There are six classes of pronouns:

-Class 1: demonstrative pronouns. This class is always definiteand always third person (d=2, p=3).

Example: ZH--this(m) ZWT--this (f ), ALH--these .(m,f)

-Class 2: subject pronouns. This class is limited to nominativecase constructions only

Example: ANY--I, ATYou, etc.

-Class suffix pronouns. This class is usually ltmited to gen-itive or accusative case only, in constructions (c),(d), (e), and (f) above. These pronouns are suffixedto the word they modify. Suffix pronouns are not compounded or negated. Example: Y--me, T--youl, etc.

-Class relative pronouns.29 This class consists of the twoloords S, and ASR--that/Which. FOr these pronouns, theattributes cli n, q, and p are ambiguous; the words areundeclined.21

-Class 5: interrogative pronouns. For these pronouns, theattributes 4 n_ q and p are aMbiguous; the words areundeclined. Example: MY--who?. MH--what?, AYZH--which?,,etc*

-Class 6: pronouns of vagueness. . For these pronouns the attributesn land g are ambiguous; they are nondeterminate (d=0)

and third person (p=3).

"Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses; it is the relative clausethat is found in the above listed syntactic constructions.

21.Because of this, Y. Hayon classified these as_RelatiVe Markers. See

his "Relative Clauses with Vefbal Predicates," Hebrew COmputationalLinguistics, Bunetin No. 3, Bar-Ilan UniversitY, RaMatGan, Israel,January 1971, p.35.

2-30 36

MYSTWA-so eone

LAAX10--no one

MSHWA--something

(LA-)KIWM--nothing

Attribute j is zero for Classes 1, 2, 5, and 6. Class 4pronouns (the relative) may govern a Class 3 (pronoun suffix). However,j functions differently for Class 3 pronouns than for any other classof words in the language. For all other words that possess the attribute(nouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs, participles, infinitives, the relative5, prepositions, and YS, AYN, SL, and AWT) it specifies a construct statefor the given word when it governs a pronoun suffix; also for some of thewords that possess the attribute (nouns, adjectives, nudbers, participles,and infinitives) it specifies a construct state for the given word whenit governs a noun phrase (or equivalent) in a generative relationship.For the pronoun suffix, however, j governs inflectional variants thatthe pronoun assumes in varying contextual environments.

2-31

Punctuation Marks (T)

Punctuation marks have attributes M and C only. They are not

compounded or negated. Each one has its awn unique syntactic structure.

There are eight classes each consisting pf one punctuation mark:

-Class 1: left quote "_-Class 2: right quote "-Class 3: comma 0-Class 4: colon :-Class 5: question mark 7-Class 6: period .-Class 7: exclamation mark !-Class 8: maqqaph

2.2.2.4.17 Particles (U)

Particles coastitute a set of undeclined words each of which

is found in its own unique syntactic structure. The classification of a

a constituent as a particle is arbitrary as in the case of the con-

junctives. since each constituent is independent of the others, it

is merely a matter of convenience that they are represented as particles.

Particles have attributes mi c, 2,, and y; they are not com-

pounded. There are seven classes of particles:

-Clas 1:

-Class 2:

-Class 3:

the pos essive particle SL.

Example: SLY-mine, SL HADAM--the man'

the subjunctive particle NA, untranslated. Itis sometimes appended to a verb to indicate

the subjunctive mood. It is not negated.

the copulative particle YS--thre is. This word

could be defined as a verb. However, since itis undeclined, and it is unique in its syntacticstructures, it is classified as a particle for

convenience. Its negative form is AYN--there

is not.

-Class 4: conditional particle, LW--if. This particle is

used in past conditional sentences. Its negativeform is LWLY--if not, fhe next particle class.

-Class 5: negative conditional particle, LWLY--if not.This particle is the negative form of Class 4

particle above. The separate form-is usedsince the Class 4 particle does not followthe regular negative construction.

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38

-Class 6: conditional particle, AM--if. This particleis used in future conditional sentences. It

follows the regular construction.

-Class 7: locative particle, H. This particle is suffixedto definite nouns of place to indicate the loca-tive sense.

Example: RHYTH--to the house

The word could have been classified as a prep-osition. But since it is uniquely differentfrom all other prepositions, it is classifiedas a particle for convenience.

2.2.2.4.18 Verbs (V)

Verbs are broadly defined as words expressing action, state,

or being. More specifically they are defined as words that are found

in the following syntactic construction:

N + V + Vmsp

Verbs have attributes m, f, k, b, c, 9, y, n, g, p r, a, 7.),

t, 8, w, and j. They do not have the attribute of definiteness (d).

Attributes m, f, k, b, y, i, t, s, and w are independent variables that

are specified external to the grammar. Attributes c, k, r, a, and 0

are independent variables specified by the Hebrew dictionary. Attributes

n, g, and p are dependent variables governed by the correspondingattributes of N in the syntactic construction.

sp

Verbs have only two tense inflection forms: the past tenseand future tense. The present tense is expressed by the participle.All other tenses are expressed by the use of auxiliary words with one

the three above. For this terminal symbol, only two values ofattribute t (tense ) are assigned:

t=1 (past tense inflection)t=2 (future tense inflection)

There are eight classes of verbs:

-Class the C ulative Verb HYH--to be

This verb is found in the following syntactic constructions:

N + V + Nsp 1 p

N V + Asp I p

For this class, attribute r is nonoperative (r=0)

2-33 39

The copulative its equivalent) is used to make the following statements:

(a) N1

(b) N = N-1 2

(c) N1 s N2(d) N e N

-1 -2(e) A(N

1) = a

which are interpreted as follows:

(a) N exists

(b) N is identical to N2

(c) N is a subset of N2

(d) N is an element of N2

(e) Attribute A of N1 is the value ai

These statements are used in defining objects. They constitute

an important group of deep structure "kernel" sentences, from which a

variety of surface structures are derived.

-Class Intransitive Verbs

These verbs teke no direct objec- and are found in the follow-

ing syntactic construction:

N V2sp

Attribute r is nonoperative (r=0). This class contains the verbs that

express state of action or being.

Examples: 22

AXL----toDYBR---toHXBYR7-toXSB----toYSB----toYSN----toOMD---to

HAMYN--to

eatspeakgrow patethinksit, to dweZZsleepstandcomplainbelieve

Throughout the.text the Hebrew words are listed'in their third person,

masculine, singular, past tense inflection, whereas the English

equivalent is listed as the infinitive.

2-34 40

This class con ains the reflexive transformation of Class 3 tansitive

verbs.

Examples:HTLBS--to dress (oneself)HTOKB--to tarryHTOM--to advance (oneself)HTRU--to take a bath

This transformation has the following derivation:

N + V + Nsp 3 op

Nsp + V3 + Self

4-

sp -I- V2 (Refl.)

This class also contains the passive transformation of Class 3 transi-

tive verbs.

Examples:DWBR---t:0 be spokenHWLBS--to be dressedHWPCQ--to be stoppedNWGN---to be played (of music)NIX1X---to be taken


N + V Nsp op

sp+ V

2(Pass.)

In this .transformation some of the deep structure information is lost,namely the identity of the original subject 04 )

sp

-Class 3: Transitive Verbs.

These verbs take a direct object and are found in the following

syntactic construction:

+ V + Nsp op

Attribute r is nonoperative (r=0).

2-35

Example .DYBR---toHBYN---toHLBYS--toHPCYQ--toMYC---toLBS----toLYWH---toLQX----toNYGN---toNCH----toCYDR---toOYKB---toQYBL---to

toSTH----to

speak (language, words, etc.)understand (something)dress (person, thing)stop (something)dial (telephone, number)wear (clothes), to put on clothes)accompany (someone)take (something)play (music)try (something)arrange (something)hinder (someone), to delay (something)accept (things), to receive (things),welcome (persons)drink (something)

This class also contains the causative transformation of intransitiveClass 2 verbs.

Examples:HAKYT,--to fted (someone)HOMYD--to cause (someone) to standHWSYB--to cause (someone) to sit


-Class : Indirect Object Verbs.

These verbs.require both a direct and an Indirect object tocomplete the sense. They are found in the following syntactic construction:

NsgV4+ N

op+ N

ip

N +V +Z+ Np -4 op

Attribute r Is operative; it governs attribute r of Nip Examples ofverbs governing Nip with preposition

NTN----to giv (someone) (something)SYLM---to pay (someone) (something)CYPR---to tell (someone) (something)"HRAH---to show (someone) (something)

2-36 42

Examples:HKNYC--toHE4Y0---toHGYD---toHSYB---toHCBYR--toHBYA---toCYPQ---toBYSL---to

put (something) in (someth-ng)offer (someone) (something)tell (someone) (something)return (someone) (something)explain (someone) (something)bring (someone) (something)furnish (someone) (something)cook (something) for (someone)

Examplesofverbsgoverning_Ni with preposition MN(r=5):

BYQS--to ask (something) from (someone)QYBL--to receive (something) from (someone)

Example of verbs governing Nip thwi preposition OM(r=8):

SYXQ--to play (games) with (someone)

This class also includes the causative transformation of Class 5 verbs.

Example:HGYO (1) L (2)--cause (1) to reach (2)


N + V + Nsp

sp-V cause + N

op lp

5:tpositiona1 Verbs.

These are transitive verbs that take a direct object with a

preposition. The sense of the verb is determined by the preposition,

but the preposition is not always translated23 Into English. This class

is found in the following syntactic structure:

N + V + Nsp 5 ip

Attribute r is operative and governs attriblite r of N.

2 In some cases the preposition must be translated by a different

preposition in English; for example: KYYK OL PLWNY--he smiled at

someone, where the preponition OL -- on becomes at in English; these

should be noted in the dictionary. Note also that a distinction should

be made between intransitive verbs (Class 2) that are modified by

adverbial prepositional phrases and transitive verbs (Class 5) that

govern the object with a preposition. The distinction is that Class 5

rbs undergo the passive transformation whereas Class 2 verbs do not.

2-37

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with fhepreposition L (r=1):

HTLBS--to dress (oy -11') for (occasioXYKH---to wait for nmething)@LPN---to telephone (someone)EiL&L---to ring (someone) (on the phone)TTAMYN--to believe (something)

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with theP eposition B (r=2):

HBY@---to@YPL---toSYM---toZUL---toHSTMS--toNYGN---to

look at (something)treat (patient)play with (toys)belittle (someone)use (something)play (musical instrument)

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition MN (r=4,5):

AKL---to eat (something)PXD---to be afraid of (something)YRA---to fear (someone)NRTO--to recoil from (something)NCWG--to retreat from (something)

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition AL (r=6):

HTYYKC--to refer ,to (something)XYYK----to smile at (someone)

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition (OL (r=7):

XSB----toHTGBR--toHOPY0--toDYBR---toHTOKB--to

H&Q0R-7toPYQD---toWYTR---toMax@--toNYGN---to

think about (somet-hing)overcome (someone)influence (someone)talk about (sOmething)lobai (enlarge) upon (something)complain about, (something)regret (something)command=-(someone)give up (place)decide (question)play (MUSical instrument)

2-38 44

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition OM (r=8):

GWR----to en with (someone)

Example of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition LPNY (r=10):

YSB----to study under (someone)

Examples of verbs governing the direct object with thepreposition AXRY (r=12):

RDP-7--to purPsue (someone)xYPC---to seek (something)

This Class also includes the passive transformation of itself(Class 5 verbs). This transformation is the distinction between Class 2verbs that may be modified by an adverbial prepositional phrase andClass 5 verbs that govern an object with a preposition. Class 2 verbsdo not undergo the passive transformation. The transformation has thefollowing derivation:

N + V +sp

N + V5(pass) + Nipsp

This class also includes the passive transformation ofClass 3 verbs.

Example:DWBR---to be spokenHWBN---to be understoodHWLBS--to be dressedHWPCQ--to be stopped


Ns-

+ V + N

N V5

paAs) + N.sp

2-39

45

7Class Fur ose Verbs.

These verbs express purpose, ability, etc. , and require aninfinitive to complete the sense. They are found in the followingsyntactic construction:

N + V- +.Nsp 6 v

The value of attribute subscript r must be 1 for both V and Nv.

Examples:HSKYM---toR&A-----toHCPYQ---to

-Class 7: Discourse Verbs.

agree to Nvwant to Nmanage to 111,be able to S

These verbs express the act of speaking, thinking, wishing,

and the like. They are found in the syntactic construction:

Examples:

N + V7+ S

sp

AMR---toSAL---toBYQS--toXSB---toONH---to

say Sask Sask Sthink Sanswer S

-Cla Double Accusative Verbs.

These verbs require two accusatives to complete the sense andare found in the following syntactic construction:

N +V+N + Nsp 8 op op

Attribute r Is nonoperative (r=0).

Examples of verbs with one accusative of person and one of thing:

LYMD---to teach (someone) (something)StYWH---to enjoin (someone) (something)AYZR---to gird (someone) with (something)OY@R---to crown (someone) with (something)

2-404 6

Examples of verbs with one accusative of thing and-one

m. erial:

XGR---toWIPH--to@WX---toO@R---toZRO---toOSH---to

BNH---toMYLA--to

wrap (something) with (something)cover (something) with (something)plaster (something) with (something)encircle (something) with (something)sow (something) with (something)make (something) of (something)fbrm (something) of (something)build (something) of (something)fill (something) with (something)

This class also includes the causative transformation of transitive

Class 3 verbs.

HRAH----to show (someone) (something)HWDY0---to cause (someone) to know (something)

(Classical Hebrew only)MAYS---to cause (someone) to put on (clothes)HYCYR---to cause (someone) to lack (something)HAKYL---to feed (someone) (something)HSQH----to cause (someone) to drink (something)


N_ + V + NOp

2.2.2.4.19 Infinitives Absolute (W)

+ N + Nop op

Infinitives absolute are cognate adverbs formed by a specialinflection of Hebrew verbs. They have attributes m, c, k, y, r, a, s,

w and j, Iufinitives absolute have the unique syntactic construction

(a) V + W(b) W + V

where attributes s and W are dependent variables governed by V. in

which case they emphasize the certainty or endurance of the verbal

action. They are also used as an alternate of the imperative mood of

the verb.

2-41

47

There are eight classes of infinitives absolute that corre-spond exactly to the eight classes of verbs. Reference is made to thedescription of verbs for a definitiun of these classes. The infinitiveabsolute is not used in modern Hebrew.

2.2.2.4.20 Infinitives Construct (y)24

Infinitives construct are verbal nouns formed by a specialinflection of Hebrew verbs. They have attributes m, c, 9,, y 10, 46w and j. 'The infinitive construct expresses the abstract concept ofthe deed of the verbal action of its root. It may govern a direct objectlike the active voice of the finite verb. The infinitive constructphrase may take the place of a noun in a sentence.

There are eight classes of Infinitives construct that corre-sponds exactly to the eight classes of verbs. Reference is made to thedescription of verbs for a definition of these classes.

This completes the description of the terminal symbol.

775See Section 2,2.2.4 footnote 10.

482-42

2.2.3 Replacement Rules ()

the form

The replacement rules consi t of an unrl-dered set of rules of

A = B + C (i)

which is read "replace A with B + C". The symbol left of the equal

sign is referred to as the left member of the rule (A above): and thesymbol(s) right of the equal sign are referred to as tbe right member(s)

of the rule (B and C above). The plus sign (+) indicates that the symbols

are linked together in a sequential string. Given a sequential string ofsymbols, a replacement rule may operate on the string if the left member

of the rule is identical to one of the symbols in the string. The rule

operates on this symbol by replacing it with the right member(s) of the

rule. Fo, example, given the sequential string of symbols

A + D (ii)

the above rule (i ay operate on symbol A to produce the new string

B + C + D (iii)

The grammar continues to apply replacement rules until the string

contains only terminal symbols.

Each nonterminal symbol of the grammar represents a phrase

of the language. The rules define the content and structure of a

given phrase in terms of its constituent terminal symbols and/orintermediate phrases in their proper sequential order. Usually the

unique linguistic feature associated with each symbol may assume several

values, in which case, an alternate version of.the rule is given for

each value. In the generalized grammar (see Part I), rules of this

type are written in the form

+ C

= + D

B + D

In this section the rules are written in the expanded 'orm

A1

B + C

A2

= C D

A3+ B + D

Each alternate 7ersion of the rule is usually &lined and illustrated

separately.

2-43

There are two types of rules in the grammar:

(1) rules on variable symbols, i.e., rules having avariable symbol (F) as left member;

(2) rules on fixed symbols, rules having aninitial symbol or intermediate symbol as leftmember.

Since the grammar has complex constituents, the subscripts of thesymbols enter into the computations. A rule in the grammar may operateon a symbol in a string under defined conditions. Each of the twotypes of rules has its own defined conditions for operating on a symbol.

2.2.3.1 Conditions for Operation of Rules on Variable Symbols

Replacement rules on variable symbols may operate on asymbol in a string under the following condition:

Fixed attributes (numerical subscripts) of the leftmember of the rule must be the same as those of thesymbol in the string.

If the left member of the rule meets this condition it operates onthe symbol as follows:

(1) the variable symbol in the replacement rule isdefined as the symbol of the string.

(2) the values of the dependent attributes of thereplacement rule are defined by the value of thecorresnonding attribute of the symbol in thestrint, indluding zero and nine.

(3) the value of the independent attributes of eachfixed non-compound symbol in right member of therule are defined from input data.

4- the symbol of the string is replaced by the rightmembers of the rule.

For example; given the ring

A DL1413) (112309)

and the replacement rule

F(112cky ) F(110

+ C9.y) (1012)

+ F(111cZy)

2-44

(iv)

The rule meets the condition for operating on symbol D cf the string,

so the rule operates as follows:

(1) the variable symbol F is defined as D

(2) the values of dependent attributes are defined as

= 9

the value of the independent attribute y is defined

by the input (say y = 0), and the rule is interpreted

as

D(112309)

D C(110300) (1012)

+D(111309)

(4) the newly interpreted rule operates en symbol D of

the string to produce the new string

A(1413)D(110300)

C(1012) 111309)

Rule (v) is an example of a general compounding rule that can operate

on a large variety of symbols.

2,2.3.2 Conditions for Operation of Rules on Fixed Symbols

Replacement rules on fixed symbols may operate on a symbol

in a string under the following conditions:

(1) the left member symbol of the rule must be the

same as the symbol of the string

(2) the fixed attributes (numerical subscripts) of theleft member of the rule must be the same as those

of the symbol of the string

(3) the left member of the rule must not have dependentattributes (alphabetic subscripts) that correspondto a nonoperative attribute, or to an undefinedindependent attribute of the symbol of the string

.(i.e., subscript 0 0, 9).

If the left member of a rule meets these conditions, it

operates on the symbol of a string as follows:

(vi)

(1) the values of the dependent attributes of thereplacement rule are defined by the value of thecorresponding attribute of the symbol in thestring.

the value of the independent attributes of eadhright member syMbol of the rule are defined frominput data.

the right member symbols of the rule replace thesymbol in the string.

For example, given string (tv) and rule

A = B(lfke

+ C(19k

(viii)(lfkc) ) c)

The rule meets the conditions for operating on symbol A of the string,so the rule operates as follows:

Rulerule

(1) the values of dependent attributes are defined as

covers

f = 4

k = 1

c 3

the value of the independent attribute of symbol Cis defintia by the input (say f = 2), and the ruleis interpreted as

A, = B + C _ _

0_413) (1413) -(1213)

the newly interpreted rule operates On symbol A ofthe string to produce thenew string

(1413)+ C

(1213)+ D

(112309)

illustrates the generative power of the grammar. The oneall permutations of the values or subscripts f, k, and c.

2 2.3.3 Rules on "ariable Symbols

Rules on variable symbols have a variable symbol (F) as leftmember. They are.used to express general syntactic constructions thatare common to manTsymbols in the grammar. One rule on F replaces manystructually identical rulls on other symbols that would be requiredotherwise. There are three sets of rules oh varia-Jle symbolS.

2-46 52

(1) Mandatory-Optional Rules

(2) Negation Rules

(3) Compounding Rules

2.2.3.3.1 Mandatory-Optional Rules

All symbols in che grammar have the mandatory/optionalattribute (m) which is always a fixed value of 9 (optional) or 1

(mandator Y). Optional symbols may be omitted or made mandatory under

control of input data. The following rule enables the grammar tomake this choice.

F(Ofkbckydngpravitsw) = * (1.1)

where * signifies deletion of the symbol from the string. This is the

only rule of the grammar that operates on nonmandatory symbo4s (i.em41); all other rules have mandatory left members.

2.2.3.3.2 Negation Rules

Many symbols in the grammar have the negative/positive

attribute m. Negative symbols (y = 1) are negated by preceding the

syMbol with the proper negative. The following rule performs this

operation:

= F(1f0bcklcingpravitsw)

L(10001k)

+ (2.1)(1f0bcZOdngpravitsw)

This is the only rule in the grammar with a negative symbol

as left member, thus it must operate on all negative symbols in a string.

The class of the negative L is defined by the value of dependent

attribute St. Note that this rule only operates on noncompounded symbols

= 0). For examples, see Figure 2.4 and sentence 23.25

2.2.3.3 Compounding Rules

Certain symbols in the grammar rules may be compounded after

specified patterns. The compounding of a symbol is governed by the

values of attribute subscripts f, k and b. Attribute f specifies thecompound pattern applicable to the symbol and its value is fixed in all

grammar rules. Attribute k specifies the number of times a symbol is

compounded and its value is defined by input data. Attribute bspecifies the connective pattern applicable to the symbol, and Itsvalue is specified by input data.

25Sentences used for examples are all contained in Section 2.3.1.

2-47

Compounding rules are the only rules of the grammar thatwill operate on compound symbols, i.e., symbols with k O. The only

exception is the optional-mandatory rule (1.1). There are four com-pounding patterns in Hebrew. These are defined in the next sections.

Com oundiE-1._.2_a_tt..y.1

Many syntactic constituents of Hebrew require agreement of

their attributes when they are compounded. Usually they are compoundedafter the following pattern:

F and F

F or F

either F or R

neither F nor F

F, F, F and F

F, F, F or F

either F, F, F or

neither F, F, F nor F

The following rules govern this pattern:

F (112ac2ydngpravitsw)= F

(1000cZydngpravits-

+ C(10001)

+ F(1000cZydngpravitsw)

F1122c

= FZydngpravitsw) (1000cZydngpravitsw

+ C(10002)

+ F (1000ckydngpravitsw)

(11kbcZydngpravitswF(100Oc9ydngpravitsw)

T(10003) (11,k-1,bckydnpravitsT k>2..b<2

F(11k3cZydngpravitsw) =

c(10002)

F (11k2Zydngpravits )

(11k4c2ydngpravitsw)F(liklelldngpravitsw

For examples see Figure 2.2, Sentences 6,9,10,11,12.

2-48

(3.1)

(3.2)

(3.4)

(3.5)

Com oundin Pattern 2

A subject phrase of a sentence may consist of a single nounpl-'ase (or its equivalent) or a string of noun phrases. The subjectphrase must agree with its associated verb phlase in number, gender,

and person. However, if the subject phrasa consists of a string ofnoun phrases (or their equivalents), interesting permutations may occur.For instance, if the number attribute of the subject phrase is singularit may consist of one noun phrase of singular number, or it may consistof a string of singulars joined by "or", such as:

(1) singular

(2) singular or singular

(i) singular, singular, or singular

If the subject phrase is plural, it may consist of one plural nounphrase, a string of plural or s:Lngular noun phrases joined by "and,"or a string of plural noun phrases joined by "or," such as:

(1) plural

(2) plural/singular and plural/singular

(3) plural/singular, plural/singular,...and plural/singular

(4) plural or plural

(5) plural, plural,...or plural

If the subject phrase has the first person attribute, it mayconsist of one first person pronoun, or a string of noun phrases

r equivalent) joined by "and" or "or," only one of which is a firstperson pronoun. The others may be of second or third person. Example:

We, you and the children

If the subject phrase has the .secOnd person attribute it mayconsist of a single second person pronoun, or a string of noun phrasesor equivalent) joined by "and" or "or," at least one of which is a

second person pronoun. The others may be second or third person, butnot first person. Example:

you, the women and the children

If the subject phrase.has the third person attribute it mayconsist of a single third person noun phrase (or equivalent) or astring of noun phrases of third person only. Example:.

they, the women, the children and the furniture

If'the hrase has the feminine gender,'it may consistof a single phrase (or equivalent) or a string of femininenoun phrases.

2-49

If the subject phrase has the masculine gender, it mayconsist of a single masculine noun phrase (or equivalent) or a stringof noun phrases of masculine gender or of mixed gender. The followingrules govern this pattern:

(1221c2,ydnogopo a sw) F (100Ockydnigipiravitsw) (3.6)

+ C (10001)+ F

(1000cZydn_g2p2ravitsw)

(1222o2,ydn g_p ravitso o o

= F

+ C

(1000cZyd-

(10002)+ F (1000ctydn2g2p-r -I s.

.ravitsw)

F (12kbckydn g p ravitsw) (1000c2ydn1g1p1ravitsw)o

+ T (10003)+ F (12,k-1,bckydn g p

2ravits ), k>2, b'c2

2 2

(3.7)

F (12k3c2ydn p ravitsw)= C

(10002)+ F (12k2c2,ydn g p ravitsw)

o o o o o

F = F(12k4ckydn g p ravitsw) (12klcildn g p ravitsw)

o o o o o o

(3.9)

(3.10)

These rules are of the same form as those for compounding class 1 ex eptfor the following constraints:

(1) for the attribute of number:26

(a) if b = 1; then no>1

(b) if (b = 2, and no = 1); then ni = n2 = 1

(c) if (b = 2, and no>1); then n

(2) for the attribute of gender:

or n2>1 or both'

if go = 1; then gl = 1, or g2 = 1, or both

26In these statements, "b" refers to subscript b of the left handelement of the given rule.

2-.50

(b) if g = 2; then gl = = 2

for the attribute of person:

(a) if po = 1; then pl = 1 or p2 = 1

(b) if po = 2; then (p1#1, and p201), and

(p1=2, or p2=2, or both)

( ) if po = 3; then pl=p2=3

For examples see sentencc A (symbol NAF1).

Com oundin Pattern 3

There are syntactic units that require agreement of theattributes when compounded in a given context. They are separated by

commas but are not connected by conjunctions. This is true of noun

phrases in apposition. The rules for this pattern are:

F(13kbc2ydngpravitsw) (1000bc2.ydngpravits )

+ T(10003)

+ F(13,k1,bcZydngpravitsw)

k>2,

(132bckydngpravitsw) (1000c9ydngpravitsw)

+ T(10003)

+ F(100Ockydngpravitsw)

Rule (3.11) operates only when k is greater than 2..

.aavITIALaa_Ettern 4

3.11)

(3.12)

There are syntactic units which require agreement and

which are not separated by commas nor joined by conjunction when

compounded. These are the construct nouns, construct participles and

adverbs. The rules are:

3.13)-(14kbcRydngpravitsw)

= F(1000kcZydngpravitsw)

F(14 k-1,bckydngpravitsw

2-51

k>2

F (142bctydngpravitsw)F(1000kcZydngpravitsw

+ F(100Ckc9ydngpravitsw)

Rule (3.13) operates when k is greater than 2. This completes the

rules on variable symbols. For examples see sentence 1 and 3.

2.2.3.4 Rules on Terminal Symbols

(3.14)

By definition terminal symbols are those for which there

are no replacement rules. A string of terminal symbols produced by the

grammar represents (the words of a sentence in the grammar, with eachword in correct syntactic order and completely described gramiaatically.

A string of terminal symbols serves as the input data to

the word generating grammar which operates on the symbols to produce

the correct orthography of the sentence.

2.2.3.5 Rules on Intermediate Symbols

The rules on intermediate symbols constitute the greatest

number of rules of the grammar. They are presented so as to define

the basic constituents first. An attempt is made to arrange the rules

so that all symbols in a given rule are previously defined. Occasionally

this is not possible, but in these cases reference is made to the

subsequent section in which the symbol is defined. The rules onintermediate symbols are presented in the sections that follow.27

2.2.3.5.1 Prepositional-Pronoun Phrase (Z)

The prepositional7pronoun phrase consists of a preposition (P)

and au objective pronoun (R). For example: the preposition ALY(to)

with the pronominal suffix KM (you) forms the compound wordALYKM--to

you. There is only one class of this symbol. The rule is:

(4.1)(100010yongpr)

P(100011y0000r) I4000300Ongp)

The preposition (P) cannot be compounded and-it takes a Class 1

negative (LWA). The pronominal suffix cannot be compounded or negated;

its attributes of number, gender, and person are dependent variables.

See Figure 2.1 for illustrations of the structure of this phrase.

271t is assumed, without being explicitly stated in the rules, that the

root letters of the terminal symbols are Independent variable, unless

stated otherwise.

2-52

P R - 3

P - 1 R 3

LY (to m )

Figure 2.1(A)

Z - 1

P - 1 R - 3

L - 1

I

P1

L 1 P -LWA A&LM (not beside them)

Figure 2.1(B): Structure of Preposition-Pronoun Phrase

2-53

2.2.3.5.2 Objective-Interrogative Verb Phrase go

The objective interrogative verb phrase is used as thepredicate of an objective-interrogative phrase (see Section 2.2.3.5.7).This set of rules provides the proper transformation to remove thedirect object from the predicate of the interrogative sentence (see

Section 2.2.3.5.71).

The rules are:

= Vvqo(100010yOngpr3vit) 13( 10001037Ongpr2vit)

Vq (100010yOngpr4vit) Vp(100010yOngpr5vit)

vvclo(100010yOngpr8vit) p(100010yOngpr3vit)

2.2.3.5.3 The Basic Post-Nominal Adjective Phrase (Apa)

The basic adjective phrase usually expresses qualitative"or indefinite quantitative29 attributes of nouns or their equivalent.It has attributes 4, n, and 2_, and has three classes. Class 1expresses the noncomparative degree and consists of an.adjective andan optional adverb modifier." See Figures 2.2A and 2.4 for Illustra-tions of the structure, also sentences 4, 7 and 8.

The rule is:

Apa(100010ydng)= A (100011ydng)

D(9490400)

(6.1)

The adjective (A) is the name of some value on the scale of

a semantic dimension. It usually represents a range of values, whichcan be narrowed down by the use of the oPtional adverb (D). This maybe illustrated as follows:

28The basic post-nominal adjective phrase should also include definitequantitative attributes, including either cardinal or ordinal number.These will be included later.

"See also Section 2.2.3.5.6 for a discussion of the indefinite articleand use of AXD"The modifiers of adjectives other than Class 4 adverbs must be Includedin these rules.

2-54

Ve y small Very large

SmallA

LargeA

Semantic Scale "Size"

Class 2 expresses the comparative degree and consists of anadjective, the preposition M/MN--from, followed by the thing beingcompared. See Figure 2.3 and Sentence 2 for illustrations of thestructure.

Example: DWD GDWL MN SAWL DavLd is greater than SauL

The rule is:

=Apa(100020ydng)

A + X(100010ylng) p(119990000009)

r= 4,5

The constituent (X0 is a prepositional phrase that is introduced bythe preposition M or MN, and is described in.Section 2.2.3.5.38; theobject of the preposition is a noun or equivalent.

(6.2)

This class is used to compare nouns with respect to their valueson the scale of some common semantic dimension. This may be expressedas

A(n1)

and it may be illus rated as follows:

ni n2

Small Large

Semantic Scale "Size"

Class 3 expresses the superlative delree and consists of anadjective, the preposition B -- in, followed by the thing being compared.

Example: DWD HGDWL BYSRAL -- David is the greatest in Israel.

The rule

=Ac(100020y2ng)A

100011y2ng

.2-55

+ Xp(119990000002)

(6.3)

APA1

A-1 D-6

A-1 D-6

@WBWT MAWD

THE PHRASE-- very good (fem. p

(A)

APA31

A-1 XP2

H-1 I Z-1

I P-1 Rr-3

1

I I

I _

H-1 A-1 P-1 R-3

HGONUT BHN

THE PHRASE-- the smallest (ones ) of them"

(B)

Figure 2.2. Structure of Adjective Phrase (A )pa

2-56

L-1

7L-1

A -1 Y.01

P-1

Kr r

r:PA

H-I

LWA

GOWLH

WHYLDH

HZWT

THt

PHRASE--"NOT

LARGER

THAN

THOSE

GIRLS"

Figure

2.3.

Structure

of

A.

2 57

class

2

A P A l

I T I I T

I T-1 I C-1 I1 I I I I

I 1

I I I I I 1 I I

A-1 3-6 I A-1 D-6 I A-1 D-

I I I I I I 1 I

I II I I

I I I I I T I 1 I I

H-1 I T I H-1 I I I H-1 I II 1 I T T I I 1 r I IT I T T T I I I I I

I T I I T I I I r I II I T I T T I I I I 1

T I 1 T I I r 1 I I I

I I I I T. I I 1 I I I

I I T I I I I I 1 I T

H-1 A- 1 D- C-I H - 1 A-1 0-6

HYPWT MAWD, HGDWLWT MAWD WHQ@NWT MAWD

(A) THE PHRASE--"the very nice, the very large and the very small (fem. pl.)"

N (.7

7 T I T

T C-;) T

r ... T I I

. rT T T I I I I I

T 4 - 1 P-F r A - 1T T r T T r T I

T I IT I T r T T I T T I

H- I I y I H- 1 I I I H 1 I r1 I T I T I I I I IT I T I -,- r I I I I IT I T T 1 I I I I II I I r I I I I T IT I T T T i. I I I I I

I T I I T I T II I T T T I I I T 1 r

H - I L - 1 - r T - 7 H- 1 r 1 C-- A - 1 P-E:

HYPWT MAWD, HGDWLWT MAWD AW HQ@NWT MAWD

(B) THE PHRASE--"The very nice, the very large or the very small (fem. pl.)"

Figure .2.4: Structure of Apa Class

2-58

The constituent ) is a prepositional phrase that is n-

troduced by the preposition and is described in Section 2.2.3.5.38.See Figure 2.2B and Sentence 1 foc illustratioas of the structure.

This class is used to compar ncYJn with a whole class ofnouns with respect to their viaues on the scale of some common semantic

dimension. This may be expressed as

,...n ...n

AN)

2.2.3.5.4 The Post-Nominal Adjective Phrase A )

Adjectives do not have a dual inflection. The post-nominaladjective phrase corrects for this by converting any required dualphrase into the plural. This permits a plural adjective phrase tomodify a dual noun according to actual practice. See sentences1, 2, 4 and 7 for illustrations of the structure of this phrase.

Example: OYNYYM @WHIM -- good eyes

The rules for this correcion are:

4p(100010ydng)

Ap(1000106d2g)

= Apa(100090ydng) 1-12

= A -' pa(100090yd3g)

2.2.3.5.5 The Adjectival Possessive Phrase (As)

(7.1)

(7.2)

A noun may be-modified by an adjectival possessive phrase todescribe ownership. The adjectival possessive phrase is introduced bythe possessive particle SL. There are tow classes of this symbol. ForClass 1, the possessor is a pronoun. See Sentences A and 23 for illus-trations of the structure of this phrase.

Example: BYYT SLW -- his house

The rule is:

_(10001000) (10001000) R(10003000999)(8.3)

The prenomival suffix may not be compounded, and its attributesnumber, gender, and person are indpendent variables.

2 9

For Class 2, the possessor is a noun or equivalent.

Example: HBYYT SL MILD HTWB pjLe_spoc boy house

The rules is:

As(10002000) = 11(10001000) NP( 10001009999)

For the noun phrase (Np), the attributes of number, gender,

person, and definiteness are indpendent variables. The noun phrase

is not compounded since it is expected that the possessive particle

(SL) will be repeated before each member of a compound possessive.

Exa ple: HBYYT SL AULD WSL HYLDH -- the house of the boi and girl

It is not expected that this phrase is negated. The negative

is expressed by other means. The noun phrase (Np) is defined in

Section 2.2.3.5.26

followsThe deep structure derivation of this constituent is as

SL N (Class 2)

1N2

SL R (Class 1)

2.2.3.5.6 The Basic Noun Phrase (Na)

2)

The basic noun phrase serves as the nucleus of the simple

noun phrase. There are three classes of this symbol: (1) the indefinite

noun phrase, (2) the definite noun phrase, and (3) the proper noun

phrase.

The indefinite noun phrase consists of an absolute state

noun (N) only. See Sentences 1, 4, 5 and 7 for illustrations. The

structure is:

1a(100010ydngp) = N(10001160ngp)

d02,

=-a(100010ylngp)

N(100011yOngp)

B(10001000ng)

2-60

(9.1)

(9.2)

Rule (9.2) states that an indefinite noun may be expressed by a nounfollowed by the number one.31

Example: AYS AXD -- a man; ANSYM AXDYM -- some men

The definite noun phrase consists of the definite article (H)

and an absolute state noun (N). The structure is:

=Na(100020y2ngp)H(100011y)

N (10001000ngp)

The phrase contains Class 1 nouns only i.e., no proper nouns.the definite artlele carries the negation for the phrase.

(9,3)

Note that

Proper nouns are definite withno written definite article.The structure of the proper noun phrase is:

Na(100030y2ngp)= N (149991y0ngp)

c01 (9.4)

Provision is made for a string of proper nouns compounded after Pattern 4.See Sentences A,1,2,3.6,7,8, and others for illustrations of this phrase,

follows:The deep structure derivation of this constituent is as

Given: N = n., -...n....n2,3

nj

where 1, 2, ...j...J are proper names of the elements.

(a) Na= N(collectively), d=0, n=1, c=1

(b) aN, d=0, n=1, c=1

-) Na

N, d=0, c=1

(d) Na = 14., (1=2, n=1 c=1

(e) Na b

= N_ N. d=2, n>l, c=1

(f) Na

= d=2, n=1, c>1

Rule 9.2

Rule 9.3

Rule 9.4

Rule

31See Ornan, The Nominal Phrase in Modern Hebrew., Chapter 2 on

He discusses the use of AXD as an indefinite article, He also

'yamma', -- some with 'exed?' as an indefinite article. 'However

neMinal pOsition seems tci take it a member of the qualifier 'ph

Along with 'all,' "eve_ "- some," etc., which must be added to

graMMar.

2,61

9.1

articles.Includesits pre-

asethe

Where these statements are interpreted as follows:

(a) Na

is Class N collectively.

(b) Na

is an unnamed element of N.

(c) Na

is an unnamed subclass of N.

(d) Na

is a previously referenced element of N.

(e) Nais a previously referenced subclass of N.

(f) Na

is the element of N whose name is 1.

2.2.3.5.7 Objective-Interogative Phrase (Sgo

The objective-interogative phrase is the predicate of anobjective-pronoun interogative clause in which the direct object of

the verbal is questioned (see Section 2.2.3.5.71). The phrase has

two classes. In Class 1 the subject of the verbal is not named; in

Class 2 the subject is named. The rules are:

q0 (100010yOngpr) Vq9(119910y0ngpr9999)(10.1)

sgo(l00020yOngpr)

= Nsp(12999099ngp)(10.2)

Vcio(119910yOngpr9999)

See Sentence 6A for an illustration of the structure of this

phrase.

2.2.3.5.8 The Genitive7Pronoun Phrase (Ns

A noun may be modified by a possessive pronoun as follows:

the noun must be in the construct state.(J) with'an attached pronominalsuffix.

Example: CPRW -- his book

The attached pronoun may also express other genitive relations.

Example: MWTW - his death

See Sentence 23A for an illustration of this phrase.

2 -62

There is one class of this symbol. The rule is:

. J. __Ns(100010y2ngp)

=(100011yongp)

+ R(10003000999)

The noun may not be compounded and its attributes of number,gender, and person are dependent variables. The pronoun may not becompounded and its attributes of number, gender, and person areindependent variables.

The deep structure derivation of this constituent is as follows:

V = Subject governs object by genitive relationship.

N + V + N21

See Section 2.2.3.5.5.for a special alternate derivation forthe relationship of posession, and see Section 2.2.3.523 for adiscussion of the more general case.

2-63

2,2.3.5.9 The Basc Demonstrative Pronoun Phrase (Rd )

The basic demonstrative pronoun phrase consists of an definitedemonstrative pronoun, a definite demonstrative pronoun, or a definitepersonal pronoun. There are three classes of this symbol: (1) theindefinite basic-demonstrative pronoun phrase, (2) the definite basicdemonstrative pronoun phrase, and (3) the emhatic'definite basicdemonstrative pronoun phrase.

The indefinite basic demonstrative pronoun phrase is used inplace of a nout where the noun Is to be distinguished from others of thesame class.

Example: ZH HYLD -- this is the boy

The rule

Rd(100010ydngp) = R(100011yOng3) (12.1)

The definite basic demonstrative pronoun phrase may modify adefinite noun,3'2in which case the demonstrative points to objects nearin space, time, or thought. It is equivalent to the English this. SeeSentences 8,9, and 12 for Illustrations of this phrase.

Example: HYLD HZH -- this boy

The rule is:

R-d(100020y2ng3) (100011y) + R(100010Ong3) (12.2)

In addition to the demonstrative pronoun, the definite persenalpronoun may serve as a definite demonstrative pronoun phrase, in whiChcase it points to objects remote in space, time or thought. It Is equiValent to the English that.

Example: HYLD HHWA -- that boy

The rule is;

Rd(100030y2ng3)H(100011y)

+ R(100020Ong3) (12. 3

These phrases are limited to.third person contexts. The symbols may notbe componnded.

'32The alternate construction YLD ZH -- this boy, is not included in the

. grammar as yet.

2-64 7

The deep structure derivation of this consti uent is as follows:

Given: N = n2' 3

nI

is

n is

N -s- Rd

N + Rd=

N + Rd

near

far

..

n21.

4.

wn ... }i

n

...n,1njo

4,

(Rule

(Rule

(Rule

12.1)

12.2)

12.3)

2 2.3.5 10 Direct Object Pronoun Phrase R

The direct object pronoun phrase consists of the sign of thedirect object (0) and a pronominal suffix. The direct object pronounserves as the direct object of a verb. It is listed separate from thedirect object noun phrase (N0) since it occupies different structuralpositions in verb phrases. See Sentences 10 and 12 for illustrations ofthis phrase.

There is one class of thiy- symbol. The rule is:

1o(100010y2ngp)0(100011y)

R(100030 ngp)=

2.2.3.5.11 The Units Number Phrase ( aa)

(13.1)

Reference should be made to the section describing terminalsymbol B which contains initial remarks on numbers.

'Units nuMber phrases contain number 1 through 9 and consistof one singular declension of NuMber Classes 1,2, or 3. Reviewing thecontent of ehese number classes,

B = 2(2)

B(3)

= 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9

2-6571

There are three classes of this symbol. Class 1 consists ofthe number 1. Class 2 consists of the number 2. Class 3 contains thenuMbers three through nine. The rules are:

Baa(100010001g)

= B (l00010001g)Baa(100020002g)

= B (100020002g)

Baa(1000300031) B(10003C0012)

-aa(1000300032)B(1000300011)

Compounding is not permitted. The numbers (B) are required infhe singular declension, except 2 which takes the dual (SNYYM/STYYM).Agreement is required for gender for numbers 1 and 2, but nuMbers 3-9have opposite gender agreemsnt. That Is, a true masculine context re-quires these numbers in feminine declension, and the true feminine con-text requires the masculine. declension. Rules (16.3) and (16.4) correctfor this requirement.

2.2.3.5.12 The Tens Number Phrase (Bab)

-Tens number phrases consist of the number 10. For structuralreasons, this number Is handled as a separate symbol. In the singularform the word means 10, and in the plural form the word means 20. Onlythe singular form (10) is Included here. The rules are

= BBab(1000100031) (1000400012) (15.1)

= BBab(1000100032) (1000400011) (15.2)

Note that the feminine declension appeare in a masculine con-text ;Ind the masculine appears in a feminine context? These rules corm-pensate for this condition. No compounding Is permitted.

2.2.3.5.13 The Teens Number Phrase (Bac)

Teens Nuniber Phrases consist of the nuMber 11 through 19,whichnumbers have a peculiar construction. They are composed of singularconstituents from NuMber Clasr,es 1, 2, 3, and. 4. Reviewing the contentof these number classes.

1)1

B = 22)

B(3)

= 3 4

B(4)

= 10

2-66

13,9

There are three classes of this symbol. Class 1 contains the huMber 11.The rule is:

+ BBac(100010003g)= B

(100010001g) (100040001g)

Example: AMIN OSR--eieven (masc.)

AKT OSKYH--eleven (fem.)

Class 2 contains the number 12.

Bac(100020003g) = B(100020003g)

Bac(100020003g) 1(100020003g)

Example: SNYM OSR--tweL masc)

STYM (fem.)

The rules are :

B (100040001g)

B(100040001g)

(16.1)

(16.2)

(16.3)

Note that SNYM/STYM Is interpreted as plural rather than dual and it may

be either absolute or construct.

Class 3 contains the number 13 through 19. The rules are:

Bac(1000300031)

Bac(1000300032)

B(1000300012)

(1000300011)

+ B-(1000400011)

+ B(1000400012)

(16.4)

(16.5)

Here again the constituents 3-9 take the gender declension opposite tothe context, but the special word from 10 agrees with the gender cf thecontext.

Example: SLWSH OSIt-thirteen (masc.)

KMS OSRYH--fifteen (ftm.)

2.2.3.5.14 Multi-tens Number Phrases (Bad)

Multiples of ten are expressed as follows:

ten (pl.) = twentythree (pl.) = thirtyfour (pl.) = fortynine (pl.) = ninety

2-67

These nutbers have the masculine declension only but appear in-contextsof either gender: they are ambiguous in the gender attribute.

There are two classes of this symbol. Class 1 contains thenumber 20. The rule is:

Bad(100010003g)

Example: CSRYM---12oenty (masc./ fem.)

1 00400031) (17.1)

Class 2 contains the numbers 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90.The rule is:

B-ad(100020003g ) =(1000300031)

Example:. ARBOYM--forty (masc./fem.)

(17.2)

2.2.3.5.15 Hundreds Number Phrase (Bae)

The number 100 is expressed by the feminine singular declensionof MAR. The number 200 is expressed either by the feminine dual MANYYMor with the feminine construct of 2 (STY) and the plural MAMT. All re-maining multiples of 100 (3-9) are expressed with the masculine singularconstruct of the multiple and the feminine plural of 100.

Examples: 100 = MAH200 = MAMYYM or STY MAWT300 = SLWS MAWT400 = ARBO MAWT900 = TS0 MAWT

Since the masculine singular absolute form is identical with the masculinesingular construct form, It Is not clear, at this point, chat the nutbers3-9 are constructs. However, the parallel condition In multiples of 1000(see Section 4.2.3.5.16), clearly uses constructs; therefore, it is proper'to interpret the same uumbers as constructs In this context. Likewise,it is consistent with the use of the construct of 2 in the nuMber 200.

There are three c1asse E, of this symbol. Class 1 contains thenumber 100. The rule Is:

-ae(100010003g) (1000500012) (18.1)

Class 2 contains the number 200 which has two alternate forms.

The rules are:

2-68

_e (100020003g) B(1000500022) (18.2)

-ae(100020003g) = 1(1000200032) +

(1000500032) (18.3)

Class 3 contains the numbers 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and900. The rule Is:

a (100030003g) 1(1000300011) B(1000500032) (18.4)

No compounding ia permitted, and the phrase is ambiguous forthe gender attribute.

2.2.3.5.16 Thousands Number Phrase (Baf)

This phrase contains the number 1,000 and multiples of 1,000.

The number 1,000 is expressed by the masculine singular form ALP. Thenumber 2,000 is expressed either by the dual ALPYYM or with the masculinecontruct of 2 (SNY) and the plural ALPYM. All remaining multiples of1,000 (3-9) are expressed with the feminine construct of the multiple and

the plural of 1,000.

Examples: 1,000 = ALP2,000 = ALPYYM or ONY ALPYM3,000 = SLWST ALPYM9,000 = TSOT ALPYM

There are three classes of this symbol. Class 1 contains the

number 1,000. The rule is:

af(100010003g)= B (1000600011) (19.1)

Class 2 contains the number 2,000 which has rwo alternate forms.

The rules are:

Baf(100020003g) B(1000600021) (19.2)

-af(100020003g) (1000200031)+ B

(1000600031) (19.3)=

C7.Ass 3 contains the nunbers of 3,000, 4,000, 5 000, 000,

7,000, 8,000, and 9,000. The rule is:

Baf(100030003g) 1(1000300031)

B(1000600031) , (19.4)

The phrase is ambiguous for the attribute of gender. The masculine form.of 1,000 is u ed throughout, and the feminine construct form of nutbers

2-69

75

3-9 are used. No compounding is permitted.

2.2.3.5.17 The 1-to-99 Number Prase (Bba

This phrase contains the numberd 1 to 99. There are fiveclasses of this symbol. Class 1 contains the numbers 1 to 9. The ruleis:

Bba(10001000ng) = Baa(1000900Ong)

Example: SLWSH-- hree (masc.)Class 2 contains the nuMber 10. The rule is:

Bba(100020003g) 3ab(100010003g)

Example: OISR-ten (fem.)

Class 3 contains the nuMber 11 to 19. The rule is:

(20.1)

(20.2)

Bba(100030003g) = Bec(L0090003g) (20.3)

Example: AIM OSR--eZeven (masc.)

Class 4 contains multiples of 10 only, not Including 10. Therule

Example:

numbers

Bba(100040003g) Bad(100090003g)

TSOYM--ninety (masc. /fern. )

(20.4)

Class 5 contains multiples of 10 plus units, not includig thein Classes 1 through 4 above, that lit

the rule Is:

21 to 2931 to 39etc.91 to 99

Bba(100050003g) 7Bad(100090003g)

C 10001)

+ Baa(100090009g)

2-70

(20.5)

Example: SLWSWA WAXD--thirty-one (masc.)

OSRNM WTS0--twen -nine (fem.)

2.2.3.5.18 The 100=to=999 Number Phrases ( bb)

This phrase contains the numbers from 100 to 999. Thereare two classes of this syMbol. Class 1 contains the number 100 and itsmultiples up to 900. The rule ist

Bbb(100010003g) Bae(100090003g)

Example: SLWS MAWT--three hundred (masc./fem.)

(21.1)

Class 2 contains 100 or multiples of 100 plus any number from1 to 99, not including numbers in Class 1 above. That is

the rule is:

101-199201-299etc.901-999

bb(100020003g) Bae(100090003g) + C(90001)

+ ba(100090009g)

Example: SLWS MAWT COTSOYM--three hundred ninety (masc./fem.)

SLWS MAWT TSOYM WAXD-7three hyndred ninety-one (masc.)

2.2.3.5.19 The 1-999 Number Phrase (Ba)

(21.2)

This phrape contains the nubbers from 1 to 999. The symbolhas two classes. Class 1 contains the nuMbers from 1 to 99. The rule is:

Ba(10001000ng) = ba(10009000ng) (22.1)

The class 2 contains the numbers from 100 to 999. The rule is:

...,Z100020003g) Bbb(100090003g) (22.2)

2771

2.2.3 20 The 1000-to-9999 Number Phrase (Bbc)

This phrase contains the numbers 1,000 through 9,999. Thissymbol has two classes. Class 1 contains .the number 1,000 and multiplesof 1,000 up to 9,000. The rule is:

Bbc(100010003s) = Baf(100090003g)

Example:SLWST ALPYM--three thousand (wasc./fem.)

(23.1)

Class 2:contains 1,000 or multiples of 1,000 plus the numbers1-999, not including Class 1 above. That' is

1,001 to 1,9992,001 to 2,999etc.9,001 to 9,999

The rule la:

= B CBbc(100020003g) af(100090003g) -(10001)

Ba(100090003g)

Examples:

(23.2)

SLWST ALPYM SLWS MAWT--three thousand and threehundred (=big.)

SLWST ALPYM SLWS MAWT WOSRYM--three thousand threehundred and twenty (airibig.)

SLWST ALPHYM WSLWS MAWT WSLWSK 0SRthree thouscrldthree hundred and thirteen(masc.)-

No compounding is permitted.

2.2.3.5.21 The 1-to-9999 Numbers Phrase (Br)

This phrase includes all nnmbers from 1 to 9,999. There.aretwo classes of this symbol. Class 1 contains numbers 1 to 999. Therule is:

Bp 10001000ng a(1000900Ong)(24.-1)

Class 2 contains the numbers 1,000 to 9 999. The rule is:

Bp(100020003g)

= Bbc(10009000ng)(24.2)

Further rules.may be written for numbers greater than 9,999by continued expansion of the previous techniques. However, no furtherrules are written here." One of the two classes of B will generate thestructure for any nuMber from 1 to 9,999. See sentence 26A for an ex-ample of the structure of this phrase.

2.2.3.5.22 The Simple Noun Phrase (Npb)

The simple noun phrase serves as the nucleus of the regularnoun phrase (Npa). It consists of a noun (or its equivalent) and itsoptional post-nominal modifiers. (Pre-nominal modifiers are added at ahigher structural level.) There are three classes of this phrase. InClasses 1 and 2, the nucleus of the phrase is a noun; In Class 3 thenucleus is a verbal noun (participle). The difference between Classes1 and 2 is that Class 1 contains an optional adjectival possessive phrase,whereas Clas6 2 contains a possessive noun phrase (Ns), that Is, possessionis expressed by a pronominal suffix.

Class 1 consists of a basic noun phrase (Na) followed byvarious optional post-nominal modifiers such as an adjective phrase (Apa demoiLstrative pronoun phrase, and an adjectival possessive phrase CA8See sentences 2, 3 and 5 for examples of this phrase. The rule is:

_Npb(10010ydngp) Na(1299900dngp)

+ Ap(9199909dng)

-___+ Rd(9000900dngp)

A8(9199900)

(25.1)

The adjective phrases (Ap,As) may be compounded after Pattern 1, ifpresent. The compounding of Ap produces a string of adjectives all ofwhich modify Na, The order of the adjectives usually follow the naturalorder of adjectives in English so that those most remote from the nounin English are most remote in Hebrew, that is, those that cothe first inEnglish come last in Hebrew. Usually the range of remote adjectives governsthe range of near adjectives as follows:

(((((N)A1)A2)A3)An)--Heb ew order

(An (A3 (A2 (A1 (N) ) ) ) ) --English order.

7a3It appears that the number43hrase should:also Include the ordinal numberphrase. The internal syntaxOf ordinal numbers IS the same as cardinals

- except fer numbers 1-79. HoweVer, the external syntax Is somewhatdiffereftt

2-73

The rules on Npbdo not reflect this feature of the language.

The basic noun phrase (Na) may be compounded after Pattern 2which requires agreement of the attribute of definiteness for each com-pounded constituent,'and which permits certain permutations of nuMber,

gender, and person. This permits the construction of the followingequivalent phrases:

HYLDYM H@WBYM--the good childrenHYLD WHYLDH H@WBYM--the good boy and girlHYLDYM WHYLDWT H@TOYM--the good boys and girls

In each case the basic noun phrase Is masculine, plural, anddefinite, and the adjective agrees in these attributes. Note that themixed gender Is treated as a masculine.

The adjective phrase is optional. It- may be compounded afterPattern 1, and it must agree with the basic noun phrase in number,gender, and definiteness. The demonstrative pronoun is optional. It

cannot be compounded, but it must agree with the basic noun phrase, innumber, gender, person,'and definiteness. The possessive phrase Isoptional and may be compounded after Pattern 1.

Examples:YLDYMboysYLDYM NBYM--good boysHYLDYM H@WBYM HALH--these good boysHYLDYM HAMM SL HAYSthe man's good boys


Given: a set of objects with attribute A

N(A) m {n1, ..n ,...n

N posses e Nax

Na = n

A(Nri) m ai

1

A

2-74

Class 2. consists of the alternated form in which a-genitivepronoun phrase (Ns) is used as the nucleus. In this case, the adjectivalpossessive phrase (As) is not used. Also, it is doubtful that a demon-strative pronoun Is used In this case.

Example:CPRW H@WB--his good book

The rule Is:

Mpb(100020y2ngp) = Ns(100010y2ngp) Ap(91999092ng)

(25.2)

In this case the phrase always is definite. Attributes n g, and pare dependent variables. The adjective phrase Is optional, but whenused It may be compounded after Pattern 1.


Given: a set of objects with attribute A

N(A) = fn1,

Na e N

A Na =

Nxpossesses Na

A

Class 3 consists of the alternate form In which the nounphrase is replaced by a participle phrase (E ). The rule is:

Npb(100030ydn= E

p(100090ydngli)(25.3)

Attributes y, d, n, gt and p are dependent variables. The participlephra6e is hot expected to be modified by ad ectives, etc., because themodifiers would tend to be aMbiguous.

EXample:AWMI4t TPWCYM @WMeaters of good appUs =but not

good eaters of apples

participle Phrase Is defined in Section 2.2.-3.5.60

2-75

2.2.3 5.23 The Regular Noun Phrase (N )pa

The regular noun phrase serves as the key building block ofthe general noun phrase (Np) and consists of a simple noun phrasefollowed by an optional loCative adverb, and preceded by an optionalnumber phrase and an optional construct noun.'4 There are three variationsof these combinations that constitute the three classes of this symbol.Class 1 is used when no construct nouns are required; It contains anoptional number phrase followed by a simple noun phrase, followed byan optioal locative adverb. See sentences 1, 4 and 5 for examples ofthis phrase The rule Is:

Np (1000100dngp)

Bp(90009000n8)+ N

pb(1000900dngp)

+ D(9499200)

(26.1)

Attributes n, g p, and d are dependent variables. The number phrase(Bp) is optional, but, when present, it must agree in number and gender.It may not be compounded. The adverb is optional, but may be compoundedafter Pattern 4.

Example:SLWSH YLDYM @WBYM sm---three good boys there

The adverb (D), here and In the following rules, is not per-mitted to be negated. The negative would be expressed by a relativeclause.

Example:ASR LWA SM--who is not there

The structure is covered elsewhere.

Class 2 is used when construct nouns are required; it containsan optional number phrase followed by a construct noun followed by anoptional sequence of construct nouns, followed by a basic noun.phrase(Na), followed by an optional locative adVerb. .See sentences 1, 2, 3and 10 for examples. The rule,IS:

pa(1000200dngp) -Bp(90009000ng) j1000100Ongp)

+(94991000999)

NPb YY

+ D(1000900d99 (9499200)

The rules on the regular noun phrase should include the syntaxof qualifiers such as Pall," "some,P etc.

2-76

(26.2)

The first construct noun is madatory and its attributesof number, gender, and person are dependent variables; It cannot be

compounded. The second construct noun is optional, and.may be compounded

after Pattern 4. Attributes of number, gender, and person are independent

variables. This structure permits an unlimited sequence of construct

nouns.

Example:BTY MLK YSRAL---the houses of the king of Israel

The deep structure derivation of the relationship of 3 with

the word that follows it is:

V = Subject governs object by genitive relationship.

This derivation may be repeated to produce strings of 3 such as

1 2+ + + + N

1n

In this case the range of the remote governs the range of the near 3,

-as follows:

The number phrase (BD) is optional, but, if present, it must agree iv

number and gender. It cannot be compounded, and does not require the

definite article. The simple noun phrase (No) is mandatory and itsattribute of definiteness 16 a dependent vara_able but number, gender,

and person are independent variables. The locative adverb is optional.

Example:SLWST BTY MLK YSRAL SM---the three hou es of the

kink ofIerael there

This construction also permits adjectives which modify the construct

noun (J) to appear in the simple noun phrase (N ).pb

But these tend

to be ambiguous.

Example:SLWST BTY HMLKYM MGDWLYM---three big houses of

the kings, or three housesof the great kings

2-77

83

The deep structure derivation of this constituent Is as follows:

N =

Na N

,1111Mani,O0Onj

True

Class 2

J

Loc N

F4lse

Class 1

2-78

Npb

Npb

In class 3, a definite number phrase (Be) standE in place ofa nound phrase, in which case the number may be definite. If the phraseis definite the first number of a sequerice has the definite article.

Example:HSLWSYM WORBH OLW LYRWSLM---the thirty-four went up

to derusaZem

The rule Is:

Npa(l000300dngp) Bc(l000900dng)

The definite number phrase (Be) is defined In Section 2.2.3.5.37.

(26.3)

2.2.3.5.24 The Appositional Noun Phrase (N )-pc

The appositional noun phrase is used In the appositional phrase.There is one class of this phrase consisting of a regular noun phrasethat may be compounded after Pattern 2. The rule is:

= .Npc(l000lOOdngp)

N--pa(12999l9dngp)

Attributes a; n, g, and p are dependent variables.

(27.1)

The use of this phrase enables the construction of appositionalphrases that agree with the associated noun phrase in number, gender, andperson, and that have complete freedom of permutation within these limits.For example, it enables the construction of the phrase

HYLDYM, AWRY WDN---the boys, (fri and Dan

where the plural noun phrase (the boys) is-modified by the plural appo-sitional phrase (Uri and Dan) which is made up of two singular propernouns. See sentence A for an example of this phrase.

2.2.3.5.25 The Appositional Phrase (Nap)

The appositional phrase may follow a regular noun phrase (Nto further modify:It. There are three classes of this phrase. ClassP1 consists of an appositional noun'phrase (Np) set off:by commap. Seesentence A for an example.

Example:HYLD, AWRY,---the boy, Un

2-79

The rule is:

Nap(1000100dngp 10003)+ N

1399119dngp)

+ T(10003)

(28.1)

The appositional noun phrase (Npc) may be compounded after Pattern 3.

Attributes 6!, n, 6r, and p are dependent variables.

Class 2 consists of a prepositional phrase (Kp). See sentences

1 nd 101 for examples.

Exa:aple:HYLD BBYYT - - -the boy

The rule is:

-he houee

.Nap (7_000200dngp) Xp(149990900009)

(28.2)

Compounding is permitted after Pattern 1. Attribute r Is an independentattribute.

Class 3 consists of a relative clause. See sentencec 10, 11and 12 for examples.

Example:HYLD ASE BA---the boy who came

The rule Is:

Nap(1000300dngp) (1199909dngp)

(28.3)

Compounding is permitted.after,Pattern 1. Attributes d, n, gr, and p

are dependent variables.

2.2.3.5.26 The General Noun Phrase (N )

.The general noun Phrase conalsts of the regular noun phraseand an optional appositional phrase. There Is only one class of thissyMbel The rule IS:

Np(1000100dngp) Npa(1000900dngp)+ N

ap (90009002ngp)(29.1)

At ributes d; n, g, and p are dependent variables.

2-80

The appositional phrase is always definite. Compounding is not permitted

for either noun phrase. From this one phrase all possible noun phrase

constructions are made. All example sentences contain illustrationsof this phrase.

2.2.3.5.27 This section is not used.



2.2.3.5.30 The Adverb Phrase (D )

The adverb phrase often is used to modify a verb. A fewadverbs may modify a noun phrase, and a few adverbs may be used tomodify adjectives or other adverbs. Reference is made to the sectiondescribing terminal symbols for a discussion of adverbs.

It appears that members of different adverb classes may standtogether without connecting words or punctuation, but members of thesame class must have a connecting conjunction between them.

Examples:MLAB MAWD SM HYWM---very PAU. there tobut: HNH WSM ---here and there

The adverb phrase is not negated, but individual constituentadverbs may be negated with a Class 1 negative (INA). There are five

classes of the adverb phrase. Class 1 is the temporal adverb phrasewhich expresses time relationship and modifies verbs only. It consists

of a sequence of temporal adverbs. The rule is:

Dp(1000100)= D

(1199119)

The adverb may be compounded after Pattern 1.

Example:ATMWL, HYWM, WIXR---yester

(33.1)

today, and tomorr

Class 2 is the locative adverb plirase which expresses spatialrelationahip and modifies verbs and noun phrases. It- consists Of a

sequence of locative adverbs. The rule IS:

DP(10 0200)

= D(1199219)

2-81

(33.2)

The adverb may be compounded after Pattern 1.

Example:YSB SM----he sat thereHYLD SM---the boy ther

Class 3 consists of the qualitative adverb phrase. The rule is:

Dp(1000300)

= D(1199319)

(33.3)

Class 4 is the intensity adverb phrase. Adverbs of intensitymay modify adjectives and themselves.

Exampl :

@WE MAND----very goodHRBH MAND---very muchMAWD MAND---pery much

The present phrase covers the last example only. The others are in-cluded In their respective rules. See sentence 5 for an exampie ofthis phrase. The rule Is:

Dp(1000400) = D(1000419)

+-(9000400)

Further compounding of this phrase seems unlikely.

(33.4)

Class 5 consists of a prepositionnl phrase that answers thequestion when, where, or how, further research is required to definethis relationship. For the present the following rule covers thesituation. See sentence 10 for an example.

D = Xp(10005000) p(119990y00009)

(33.5)

2.2.3.5.31 The Basic Participle Phrase (Ea)

The participle Is a verbal noun that may stand in place of a

noun in many constructions. As a noun, the participle may take thedefinite article. As a verb, it expresses the present tense and u-asnot take the definite article. This phrase is used to define thestructure of the definite and indefinite participle. There is one classof this phrase. For the indefinite participle the rule is:

(34.1)Ea(100010ydngpravO0sw)

= E (100011y0ngpra1O0sw d # 2

For the definite participle the rule is:(34.2)

E + Ea(100010y2ngpravO0sw) (100011y (1000100OngpravO0sw)

Spe sentences A, 403, and 26A:for examples.

282

2.2.3.5.32 The Verb-Mood Phrase (Vb)

Modern Hebrew has three verbal moods: indicative, imperative

and subjunctive. The indicative and imperative have their own dis-

tinctive inflectional forms but the subjunctive mood has lost its

distinctive form and appears identical to the indicative future tense.However, there are structural distinctions which identify certain

occurrences of the subjunctive mood.

The verb-mood phrase has one class that produces the structure

of (1) the Indicative Verb-Mood Phrase, (2) the Imperative Verb-Mood

Phrase, and (3) the Subjunctive Verb-Mood Phrase. Most example sen-

tences illustrate the use of this phrase.

The Thdicative Mood of verbs may appear in any tense, nuMber,

and person. It takes a Class 1 negative (LWA) and it requires no

auxiliary constituents to identify it. The rule is:

Vb(100010yOngpravlts- )= V (100011yOngpravltsw

(35.1)

The Imperative Mood has retained its distinctive inflectional

form in modern Hebrew. It appears only in sccond person conjugations

and takes a Class 1 negative (LWA). Imperative verb phrases are used

in Imperative sentences (See Section 2.2.3.5.76). The rule is:

=b (1000113yOng2rav22sw)

V(100011yong2rav22sw)(35.2)

The Infinitive Absolute may also serve as an imperative. In

this construction the Infinitive Absolute takes a Class 1 negative (LWA)

and it may govern a verb modifying phrase. The rule Is:

b(100010yOng2rav22sw) W(100011y0000ravO0sw)(35.3)

The Subjunctive Mood as considered here covers all three

persons and includes in a rather general way the cohortative and jussive'

of Classical Hebrew. The subjunctive mood has lost Its distinctiveinflectional form in modern Hebrew and it usually appears identical

to the future tense. HOwever, it retains two structural distinctionswhich identify the subjUnetive mood in certain cases: (1) the particleBA following a future tense verb (either indicative or imperative)

signifies a subjunctive mood. The particle.NA also Changes an imperative

to the force of a subjunctive mood. : (2) _The tiegativ'AL precedingafuture tense indicative verb signifies a subjunctive-mood. The negative

AL never precedes an imperative form.. OthersubjUnctives are:Indis-tinguishable from a future tense,Indicative verb. :The treatment ofsubjunctives at this level does not include=verb. modifying phrases.TheSe are coVered in a later section. The structure of the subjunctive

verb phrase is

2-83

:= __Vb(100010yOngprav32sw) (l000l4yOngpravl2sw)

U(100020^)

vb(1000100Ongp av32s

= V(10001000ngprav22sw

A- 11(1000200)

V - V-b(10001010ngprav32sw) (1000141Ongprav22sw)

(35.4)

(35.5)

35 6

Rule (35.4) states that a subjunctive mood future tense verbis represented by the future tense indicative inflection of the verbfollowed by the particle IVA; the negative is expressed by the Class 4negative AL.

Example:TBWA NA pleaRe comeAL TBWA NA please do not come

Rules (35.5) and (35.6) state that an alternative representa-tion of the subjunctive mood future tense verb is the imperative in-flection of the verb followed by the particle NA-for positive statementsor the imperative inflection of the verb preceded by the Class 4 nega-tive AL for negative statements.

Examples:BWA NA please comeAL BWA please do not comebut not: *AL BWA NA---please do not come

2.2.3.5 The Three-Tense Verb Phrase (Vbb)

Hebrew haS three tense inflections for the verb. The pasttense is.expresSed by the inflection known as the perfect tense inclassical Hebrew...-. The future tense is expressed by the inflectionknown_as the imperfect tense in-_classical-Hebrew. The present ter:Sedoes notjlave a distinct.tenseinflectiont is -expressed by-the -

'_Thisphrase With the approPriate emphaticsand.auxillariesIs used to ekpress-the seVen.tense6_of modern Hebrew. See sentences Aand, 4 for illurat.ions oftbig phrase. The rules are:.

b(100010yOngpraVitsw

Example:KTBH-----she wroteYKTWBW---they win writeKWTB ---(they) are writing

2.2.3.5.34 The Emphatic Verb Phrase (Va)

Classical Hebrew verbs have three states of emphasis:

(1) emphasiS of certainty, (2) emphasis of duration, and (3) no special

emphasis. This phrase expresses these three states of emphasis. These

states of emphasis are expressed by modifying the three-tense verb phrase

(Vbb) with an Infinitive Absolute (W) of the same root and stem. The

Infinitive Absolute, when used in this construction, is known as a

Cognate Infinitive. This construction is not used in modern Hebrew.

There are three classes of the emphatic verb phrase.

Class 1 expresses emphasis of certainty and consists of a

Cognate Infinitive immediately before the finite verb.

Examples:SMWR SMR -----he surely keptSmWR YSMIR----he surely will keep

the rule is:

=v wc(100010yOngpravits ) (10001000000rav00sw)

+ Vbb(100010yongpravitsw),t = 3

(37.1)

Class 2 expresses emphasis of duration and consists of a

Cognate Infinitive immediately following the finite verb.

Example:SMR SNWR-----he continually keptYSMWR SMWR---he win continually keep

the rule is:

Vca vo 020yongpravitsw) bb 100910yongpravitsw)

+ W(20001000000ravO0sw), t = 3

(-37.2)

ClasS 3:-expresSes no special emphasisland contains a finite

verb only, no Cognate infinite Most example sentences contain illus-

trations of this phrase. The rule 10:

2-85

100010yOngpravitsw(37.3)

In this phrase, attributes r, a, v, 8, and W are dependentvariables for both verb and infinitive. This Is the only phrase thatrequires agreement of stem (s) and root (w) for its constituents. Inaddition, attributes n, g, p, i, and t are dependent variables for the

verb. No compounding is permitted.

The Cognate Infinitive does not take a negative. The nega-tive, when present, precedes the verb.

Examples:SMWR LwA smR he :,urely did not keepLWA YSMWR SMNR he will not continually keep

The Cognate Infinitive may modify a verb of any mood and of

past, present, or future tense inflection. Note, however, that theCognate Infinitive may appear in a verb phrase of any tense whenaccompanied by the appropriate auxiliaries.

Examples:SMWR SMR - he surely kept (past tense)SMWR YSMWR he surely will keep (future tense)SMWR SWMR he surely is keeping (present tense)HYH SMWR SWMR he surely was keeping (past

(past continuous)YHYH SMWR swmR he surely will continue keeping

(future continueus)MS-SMWR SMR after he had surety kept

(pluperfect)LKS-SMWR YSMWR after he will have surely kept

(future perfect)

These additional tenses are generated at a higher structural leveldefined in the next section.

2-86

2.2.3.5.35 The Seven-Tense Verb Phrase ( Vaa

Hebrew has seven verbal tenses but only three tense inflections.Three tenses are expressed by the three tense inflections of the verb

without auxiliary words. The remaining tenses are expressed by the threetense inflections with auxiliary words. This phrase converts the sevenverbal tenses into their corresponding inflectional tense plus any re-quired auxiliary. Most example sentences contain illustrations of this

constituent. There is one class of this phrase. The past, present, andfuture verbal tense are expressed by an emphatic verb phrase V ) of the

same tense. The rule is:

Vaa(100010yOngpravitsw)= v

c(l00090yOngpravitsw

Examples: KTB--he wrote (past, non-emphatic)

KTWB YKTWB--he surely will write (future, elphatic

KWTB--he is writing (present, non-emphatic)

.1)

The past continuous verbal tense is expressed by the past tense(non-emphatic) of the auxiliary copulative verb (HYH) plus a present tenseemphatic verb phrase (Va). The rule is:

Vaa(100010yOngpravi4sw

+ Vc(1°00900Ongpravi3s

100030yOngpOlvi(12,HYH*))

Example: HYH KWTB --He was writing

The past continuous tense is not used in classical Hebrew.

(38.2)

The future continuous verbal tense is expressed by the futuretense (nun-emphatic) of the auxiliary copulative verb (HYH) plus a presenttense emphatic verb phrase (V

c). The rule is:

aa(1000lOyOngpravi5sw

+ Vc(1000900Ongpravi3sw)

c'(100030yangp lvi2(12,HYH*))

Examples.: YHYH KWTB--he will continuously write

YHYW KWTBYW--they will continuously write

12-87

(38.

The future continuous tense is used in Mishnaic Hebrew only.

The pluperfect verbal tense is expressed by the adverb MS (seeSection 2.2.2.4.4, note at end) plus a past tense emphatic verb phrase(Vc). The negative, when it occurs, appears before the adverb. Therule is:

VaaD(100071y)

+ Vc(1000900Ongpravilsw

Example: MSKTB - -after he had -en

The pluperfect tense is used in subordinate clauses only.

(38.4)

The future perfect verbal tense Is expressed by the adverb LKSwith a future tense emphatic verb phrase (Vc). The negative, when itoccurs, appears before the adverb. The.rule is:

=vaa(100010yOngpravi7sw

D(100061y)

+ Vc(10009000ngpravi2sw)

Example: LKSYKTWB-- fter he will have written

The future perfect tense is used in subordinate clauses only.

For the special case of present tense, active voice, indica-tive mood of the copulative verb (t=3, v=1, i=1, a=l) the copulative isomitted. See sentence 1DD for an Illustration of this phase. The ruleis:

Vaa(l000100Ongpr111(38.6)

For the special case of present tense, active voice, indicativemood, third person of the copulative verb (t=3, v=1, i=1, p=3, a-I) thecopulative may be .ceplaced by a subject pronbun. See sentence 1DDD foran illustration of this phrase. The rule is:

=10001000ng3r1113swR0.000200Ong3)

2-88

.7)

2.2.3.5.36 The Verb Phrase Va

The verb phrase consists of a verb of any mood, tense, empha-

sis, number, gender, and person. However, Hebrew verbs do not have adistinct inflectional form for the dual number as in the case of nouns.The dual number for verbs takes the plural inflection of the verb. This

phrase converts the dual number into the plural for verbs. Most examplesentences contain illustrations of this constituent. The rules are:

Va(100010yOngpravitsw) Vaa(100010yOngpravitsW nO2 (39.1)

Va(100010y02gpravitsw Vaa(100010y03gpravitsw(39.2)

2.2.3.5.37 The Definite Number Phrase (Be

In certain contexts a number phrase may have the attribute ofdefiniteness, in which case the definite article precedes the number

phrase. There are two classes of this phrase. Class 1 is for indefin-

ite number phrases. The rule is:

c(1000100dng) = Bp(10009000ng)d 1 (40.1)

Class 2 Is for the definite number phrase. The rule is:

Bc(10002002n

H(1000100) Bp(1000900Ong)

See Section 2.2.3.5.23 in the material on Rule (26.3) for the use ofthis phrase and an Illustration.

2.2.3.5.38 The Prepositional Phrase X )

Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition (P)

a noun phrase or its equivalent. There are three classes ofClass 1 is the prepositional phrase containing a noun phraserule is:

Xp(100010y00000 1'(100011y0000r) Xp(11991009999)

(40.2)

followed bythis phrase.(N ). TheP

(41.1)

Example: AL HBYYTto the house

Attributes y and r are dependent variables. The preposition carries thenegation, when present, with a Class 1 negative (LWA); It may not be

Cr

2-89

compounded. The noun phrase may be compounded after Pattern 1; its at-tributes k, c, d, n, g, and p are independent variables.

A special variation of Class 1 is the prepositional phrase con-sisting of a noun followed by a Class 7 particle (H-locative particle).This particle implies "motion toward" and has the force of a preposition.

Example: OLH YRWSLYMH--he went up to Jerueriem(equivalent of: OLH LYRWSLYM)

OLH HOYRH--he went up to the city

The rule is:

Xp(100010y00000 a (100091y2999) U(1_00700)' r-1,6 (41.2)

In this case the moun must be definite. See sentences A, 1, 2, 3, etc.,for examples.

The noun Is not compounded or modified. It is limited-to nounsof place, but presently no semantic descriptors distinguish, such nouns inthis grammar. When semantic descriptors are adapted to this grammar, thatlimitation can be placed on the above rule.

Class 2 is the prepositional phrase containing a pronoun inplace of the noun phrase.--15 The rule is:

XP(100020y00000 (100010y09990

Example: ALYHM -to them

(41.3)

attributes y and r are dependent variables. See sentence 23 for an ex-ample of this constituent.

Class 3 is the prepositional phrase containing a relative pro-noun clause R ) in place of the noun phrase. The rule is:

X 0 = Pp(100030y0000 (100011y00000

+ R5(11999009999)

Example: AL ASR BWNH BTYM--to the'one who builds houses

(41.4)

dbThere is some question that the prepositional phrase (Z ) should be in-cluded in X in all cases. Further study is required.

2-90

Attributes y and r are dependent variables. The relative pronoun clause

(R ) is defined in Section 2.2.3.5.67; it may be compounded after Pattern

1 and its attributes k, c, d, n, g, and p are independent variables. The

noun phrase and the relative pronoun clause may be compounded after Pat-

tern 1. This permits the omission of succeeding appearances of identical

prepositions in a compound prepositional phrase.

Example: BBYYT, A&L HOSt, WOL GBOH--in the house, by the tree

and on the hill

AL HAYS, HASH, WHYLDYM--to the man, woman, and children

The first example illustrates a compounded prepositional phrase using

different prepositions. This is accomplished by compounding the phrase

at a higher structural level. The second example illustrates a com-

pound preposition phrase using the same preposition. This is accomplished

at this present level by compounding the noun phrase or relative clause.

2.2 3.5.39 The Direct Object Phrase (N0)

The Direct Object Phrase serves as the direct object of a verb.

There are two classes of this phrase. Class 1 consists of the sign of

the direct object (0) and a definite noun phrase (N ). The rule is:

=No(100010y2ngp)0(100011y)

+ Np(10001002ngp)

Example: AT HYLDYM H@WBYM--the good children

(42.1)

No compounding is permitted. Negation is carried by the sign of the di-

rect object (0). The noun phrase (Np) is always definite, and its

attributes n, g, and p are dependent variables. See sentences A, 6,

8, and 12 for examples of this constituent.

Class 2 consists of the sign of the direct-object (0) and a

definite relative clause al ). The rule is:

N (100020y2ngp) (10001y) 1g(10009002ngp)(42.2)

This phrase does not include the direct object pronoun phrase

(Ro ) which has different syntactic structures.

Example: AT SAKL AT HTPWX--the one who ate the apple

2.2.3.5.40 The Copulative Adverb Phrase (10pd

Adverbs of Class 1 aAd 2 may appear in the predicate positionof copulative sentences. There are two classes of this phrase. Class1 consists of a Class 1 adverb (temporal). The rule is:

= DDpd(100010y) -(119911y)(43.1)

Example: HHG HWA HYWM--the holiday is today

Class 2 consists of a Class 2 adverb (locative ). The rule is:

=-pd(100020y)

D(119921y)

Example: HBYYT HYH 574--the house was there

(43.2)

Compounding is permitted after Pattern 1. Negation, when present, usesa Class 1 negative (LWA).

2.2.3.5.41 The Subject Pronoun Phrase (

The subject pronoun phrase may serveThere are two classes of this phrase. Class 1noun and an optional appositional noun phrase

as the subject of a verb.consists of a subject pro-N ). The rule is:Pc

Rsp(10001002ngp) = R(10002000ngp)

Npc(93991002ngp)

Example: ANY DWD HMLIC--/- David the king

Attributes n, g,phrase (Np,L) maySee sentences 2,

Class 2

(44.1)

and p are dependent variables. The appositional nounbe compounded after Pattern 3, and it ts always definite4, 5, and 6 for examples.

consists of a demonstrative pronoun. The rule is:

sp (10002002ngp) R (1299100Ongp) (44.2)

Attributes 71, g, and p are dependent variables. COmpounding Is permittedafter Pattern 2. Negation does not occur at this structural level.

2.2. 5.42 The Subject Phrase

The subject phrase serves as the subject of a'verb. There arefour classes of this phrase. Class 1 consists of a noun phrase CHThe rule is:

2-92

-sp(1000100dngp) = Np(1299100dngp

Example; SNY YLDYM @WISYM- -two good boys

(45.1)

Attributes d, n, g, and p are dependent variables. Compounding is afterPattern 2. Negation Is not permitted at this level; when it occurs, ittakes place at a higher or lower structural level. See sentences A, 1,3, and 23 for examples.

Class 2 consists of a subject pronoun phrase (R__sp

N p(1000200dngp)= R

p(12999002ngp)

Example: ANY SAWL MLK YSRAL --I Saul king of Israel

The rule

(45.2)

All members of this class are definite (d=2). Attributes 7.73 g, and pate dependent variables. Compounding is after Pattern 2. No negationis permitted at this structural level. See sentences 2, 4,.5, and 8for examples.

Class 3 consists of a subject-object dependent clause (Kn)which is defined in Section 2.2.3.5.68. This clause has the generalform

(the fact) that S

where S is a sentence. The rule is:

Ksp,10003002113) n(1000900) (45.3)

Here the attributes are limited to third person, masculine, singular,definite. No compounding is permitted. .

Class 4 consists of an infinitive construct phrase N whichis defined in Section 2.2.3.5.54. This phrase, in general, conXists ofan infinitive construct and Its object, if any.

Example: LAKWL TFWX!--to eat an apple

The rule is:

N = Nsp(1000400d113) v(1000900000099) (45.4)

The attributes are limited to third person, masculine, singular. No com-pounding is pirmitted at this level.

2-9'

2.2.3.5.43 The Object Phrase op

The object phrase serves as the direct object of a verb. Thereare two classes of this phrase. In Class 1 the object is indefinite, itconsists of a noun phrase N ). The rule Is:

Nop(100010ydngp)= N

p(119910ydngp)d112

Example: STY YLDWT @WBWT - -two good girls

(46.1)

Attribute y is a dependent variable. Attributes n, g, and p are indepen-dent variables. Compounding Is after Pattern 1. See sentences 5, 10,and 11 for examples.

In class 2 the object Is definite, it consists of a directobject phrase The rule

Nop(100020y2ngp) = N (119990y2ngp)

Examr)le: AT HYLDYM H@WBYM--the good children

(46.2)

Attribute y Is a dependent variable. Attributes k and c are independentvariables. The attribute definite/Indefinite is limited to the definitecase (d=2). Compounding is after Pattern 1. See-sentences A, 6, 8, and12 for example.

2.2.3.5.44 The Indirect Phrase (Nip

The indirect phrase consists of those phrases which may serveas indirect object (or the equivalent) of a verb and which occupy thesame structural position in a verb phrase. There are two classes of this .

phrase. In Class 1 the direct object is a noun, it consists of a pre-positional phrase (X ). The rule is:

N. =ip(100010y00000 Xp(119990y00000 (47.1)

Example: LYLD H@WB-7fcr the good boy

Attributes y and r are depen4ent variables, k and c are independentvariables. Compounding LS akter Pattern 1. See sentence 10, 11 and 12for examples.

In Class 2 :he indirect object Is an infinitive, it cons stsof an infinitive phrase (Nv) which is described in Section 2.2.3.5.56.The rule is:

2-94

Ntp(100020y00000 (119990y000099)

Example: LAKWL AT HTPWX7--to eat the apple

Attribute y is as dependent variable, attributes k,pendent variables. Compounding is after Pattern 1.

(47.2)

and a are inde-

2.2.3.5.45 The Copulative Phrase (Npx

The copulative phrase serves as predicate in a copulative sen-tence the general structure of which is

is Nsp px

There are five classes of this phrase. Class 1 consists of an adjectivephrase A ). The rule is:

Npx(100010ydngp) = Ap(119990y1ng)

Example: YPII MAWD - -very pretty

(48.1)

Attributes y4 n, and g are dependent variables, k and 0 are independentvariables. In this structure the adjective phrase is always indefinite(d=1). Compounding is after Pattern 1. See sentences 2 and 2a for ex-amples. This class is used to generate kernel sentences of the form

A(Nsp

= A

which Is interpreted "Nsp possesses semantic dimension A the value ofwhich is A ."

.Class 2 consists of a copulative adverb phrase Therule is:

Npx(100020ydngp)= D

pd(149990y)

Example: SM-th

(48.2)

Attributes k And a are independent variables is a dependent variable.Compounding is after Pattern 4. This class is used to generate kernelsentences of the form D(N ) =

dwhich Is Interpreted "Nsi3possess the

Dtime/space) dimension of8Ehe vaiue of which Is D "

2-95

Class nsists of a noun phrase (N ). The rule is:

Npx(100030ydngp)= Np(129910ydngp)

(48.3)

Example: BWNH BTYM--a builder of houses

Attributes y, d, n, a, and p are dependent variables; k Is anindependent variable. Compounding Is after Pattern 2. This class is usedto generate kernel sentences of the form N(Nsp) = Ne, which is interpreted"Nsp possesses a name dimension the value of which is Np." See sentence1 fot an example. At a lower structural level this name dimension ismore exactly defined.

Class 4 consists of a subject pronoun phrase (R The rulesp

Npx(100040ydngp) -sp(129990y2ngp)

Example: AT - -you (fem.)

Attributes y, n, g, and p are dependent variables, k andvariables. Personal pronouns are definite (d=2) by natureis after Pattern 2. This class is used to generate kerneltheform Nsp =Rsp which is interpreted "Nsp is identical

Class 5 consists of a prepositional phrase (X ).

Npx(100050ydngp) xp(119990y00009)

Example: BGN HMLK---7..n the king s garde

(48.4)

are Independent. Compoundingsentences of

to

The rule is:

(48.5)

Attributes k, a, and r are independent variables. Attribute y is a de-pendent variable. Compounding is after Pattern 1. This class is usedto generate kernel sentences of the 'form D(N) 7- Xp which is interpreted"Nsp possesses the time/space/quality dimension the value of which isdefined by Xp." See sentence 23 for an example.

2.2.3.5.46 Dirett,Object Verb7Modifying Phrese V )ma

The direct-object verb-modifying phrase modifies Class 3 verbs.,These verbs require a.:direct object which may be apronominal suffix (R),adirect object pronOun..phraser-(R-0),Oran object phrase ,(Nop.). The Phrasealso mayjlavecertain-.eptional a4verb phreees (rip). -.There arethreeclaSses of:this phrase,-,Classl consistsof a pronominal suffix as thedirect object. it is use&in classicalAlebrew__only. The rule ip:

2-96

Vma(1= R

000100Ongp03) (1000300Ongp)+ R

p(9499909)

Example : (KTE)W SM--(he wrote) it there

(49.1)

In Class 2 the direct object is a pronoun phrase. It is used

when the direct object has been previously named. The rule is:

Vma(1000200Ongp03) o(10001092ngp) p(9499909)

Example: (KTB)AWTMSM HYWM--(he wrote) them there today

See sentences 6a, and 10 for examples of the structure.

(49.2)

In Class 3 the direct object is named; the phrase consists of

an object phrase. The rule is:

vma(1000300Ongp0

= Dp(9499909)

+ Nop(11999099ngp)

+ Dp(9499909)

Example: (KTB)AT HCFR SM--(he wrote) the book there

See sentences A, 5 6 and 8 for exam les of the structure.

(49.3)

In all classes, there are no dependent variables. The adverbphrases, when present, may be compounded after Pattern 4.

2.2.3.5.47- Indirect-Object Verb-Modifying Phrase mb)

The Indirect-Object Verb-Modifying Phrase modifies Class 4

verbs. These verbs require a direct object and an indirect objec'i; to

complete their meaning. The direct object may be a pronominal suffix(R), a direct object pronoun phrase (R0), or an object phase (gop).

The indirect object is an indirect phrase (Nip). In addition the verbmodifying phrase may contain optional adverb phrases (DO. There are -three classes of this phrase. Class 1 is used in classical Hebrew whenthe direct object is previously named; the direct object Is a'pronominalsuffix. The rule ipl

V + Dmb(10001000ngpr4)

= R(10003000ngp ) p(9499909)

N ' Dlix.(117999090000r) -p(9499909)

2-97

(50.1)

Example: (NTN)W LYLDH HYWM--(he gave) it to the girl today

Class 2 is used when the direct object is previously named;the phrase has an object pronoun phrase as the direct object. See sen-tence 12 for an example of the structure. The rule is:

. D _

Vmb(10002000ngpr4) -p(9499909) Ro(11991092ngp)

+ N. + D-ip(11999090000r) -p(9499909)

(50.2)

Example: (NTN) AWTM LYLDYM SM--(he gave) them to the chil _enthere

Class 3 is used when the direct object is named; the phrase hasan obje t phrase as the direct object. The rule is:

V-mb(1000300Ongpr4) Dp(9499909)

+ Nop(11999099ngp)

Nip(11999090000r+ D

-p(9499909)

(50.3)

See sentences 10 and 12 for examples. Attribute r is a dependent varia-ble; its value determines the preposition in Nip. All other attributesare independent variables as indicated.

2.2.3.5.48 Discourse Verb-Modifying Phrase V )-mc

The discourse verb-modifying phrase modifies Class 7 verbs andcontains optional adverbs, direct object, and indirect objects and adiscourse clause (Kd). There are four classes of this phrase. Class 1is used (classical Hebrew only) when the verb has a previously nameddirect object; the direct object is a pronominal suffix. The rule is:

V Dmc(1000100Ongp07) = R(1000300Ongp) p(9499909)

+ K-d (1199909)

(51.1)

Class 2 is used when the verb has a previously named directobject: the direct object is an object pronoun. The rule is:

vmc(10002000ngp07) Ro(11991092ngp) + D

p(9499909)

+ Kd(1199909)

2-98

(51.2)

104

Class 3 is used when the verb has a direct object not previous-

ly named. The rule is:

mc(10003000ngp07)= 1p(94999U9) + Nop(11999099ngp)

+ D-p(9499909)

+ Kd(1199909)

See sentences 26a, 26b, and 26c for examples.

Class 4 is used when the verb has no direct object. The ruleis;

(51.3)

mc(10004000ngp07)= D

p(9499909)+

Kd(1199909)(51.4)

In all classes, all attributes are independent variables. Theadverb phrase, when present, may be compounded after Pattern 4, othersymbols (except R and Kd) may be compounded after Pattern 1.

The syntax of discourse verbs should be studied further. Some

verbs may gove,-n an object with a preposition. This present classifica-tion does not define how discourse verbs gove an object.

2-99

2.2.3.5.49 Double-Accusative Verb-Modifying Phrase Vmd)

The double-accusative verb-modifying phrase modifies Class 8

verbs and contains two accusatives. The first accusative may be a pro-

nominal suffix (R), an object pronoun (R0), or an object phrase (Nop);the second accusative is a noun phrase (Np), There are three classes

of this phrase.

Class 1 is used (classical Hebrew only) when the verb has apreviously named direct object; the direct object is a pronominal suffix.

The rule is:

Vmd(10001000ngp08) = 11(10003000ngp)+ D

-p(9499909)

+ Np(11991099999)+ D

p(9499909)

Example:OSM ZHB - -he made th--m ofgOld

(52.1)

Cla s 2 is used when the verb has a previously named direct

o_ ect. The rule is:

=Vmd(10002000ngp08) Dp(9499909)

Ro(11991092ngp)

+ Np(11991099999)+ D

p(9490909)

Example:OSH AWTHM ZEB-----he made them of gold

(52.2)

Class 3 is used when the verb has a direct object no previously

named. The rule is:

7md(10003000ngp08)= Dp(9499909)

+ Nop(11999099ngp)+ N

p(11991099999)+ D

p(9499909)

Example:

(52.3)

OSH AT HICRBYM ZHB---he made the cherubim of gold

In all classes, no attributes are dependent variables. The adverb

phrases may be compounded after Pattarn 4, all others (except R) maybe compounded after Pattern 1.

2-100

2.2.3.5.50 The Verb Modifying Phrase (Vm)

The verb modifying phrase modifies a verb, infinitive, or

participle. There are eight classes of this phrase, one for each verb

class.

Verb Class 1, copulative verbs, is modified by a copulative

phrase (N ) and by optional adverb phrases. The rule is:px

Vm(10001000ngp01) Dp(9499909) Npx(11999099ngP)

Dp(9499909)

Example:

(53.1)

(HWA) RYLD ASR AWKL TPWX SM---(he is) the boy 'whoeats:apples there

See sentences 1, 2, and 23 for examples of the structure. Attributes

n, g and p are dependent variab7es; k, c, and y are independent yariables

throughout. Attribute d is an independent variable for Npx. The adverb

phrases may be compounded after Pattern 4, the copulative-ph ase after

Pattern 1.

Class 2 verbs (intransitive ) require neither direct object nor

indirect object. They may be modified by an optional adverb phrase. The

Tule is:

=Vm(10002000ngp02)Dp(9490909)

Example:

(53.2)

(YSB) SM OL HKSA HYWM---(he sat) there on the chatoday

See sentences 3 and 7 for examples of the structure.

Class 3 verbs (transitive) are modified by a direct object verb

modifying phrase (Vma). The rule is:

Vm(10003000ngp03) = Vma(1000900099903)

For e amples see Section 2.2.3.5.46, and sentences A, 5 and 8.

(53. 3)

Verb Class 4 is modified by an indirect object verb modifying

phrase (Vmb). The rule is:

= VVm(10004000ngpr4) mb(10009000999r4)

2-101

(53.4)

For examples see Section 2.2.3.5.47 and sentences 11 and 12. Attribute

r is a dependent variable, its value determines the preposition associated

with the indirect object.

Verb Class 5 takes a direct object with a preposition which

contributes to the meaning of the verb. Thus the verb modifying phraseis a prepositional phrase (X0. The rule is:

V = D + Xm(10005000ngpr5) p(9490909) p(119990900000

+ Dp(9499909)

Example:

(53.5)

(SXQ) BKDWR HAWM---(he played) wi,th:the ban tOday

See sentences A, 4, 7, and 9 for examples of the structure.

Verb Class 6 requires an infinitive phrase (Nv) to complete the

meaning. The verb modifying phrase consists of an infinitive phr.ase and

optional adverb phrases and prepositional pronouns. The rule is:

V = D + Pm(10006000ngp06) p(9499909) -(100010000001)

+ N + Dv(100090000099) p(9499909)

Example:

(53.6)

R&YTY LLKT RBYTH--I wanted to go home

See sentences 5, 7, and 26a for examples of the structure.

Class 7 verbs are modified by a discourse verb modifying phrase

(Vmc ). The rule is:

Vm(10007000ngp07)= V

mc(1000900099907)

See sentences 26a, 26b, and 26c for examples of the structure.

(53.7)

Class 8 verbs are modified by a double accusative verb modifying

phrase (Vmd). The rule is:

Vm(10008000ngp08) = Vmd(1000900099908)

For examples see Section 2.2.3.5.49

(53.8)

2.2.3.5.51 Objective Relative Clause Verb Modifying Phrase (Vmr)

Relative clauses contain a relative pronoun and a verb phrase.

When the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb, the verb modifying

phrase has the same structure as the regular verb modifying phrase (Vm).

But when the relative pronoun is the object of the verb the structure

is different. The following sections describe the structure of objective

relative clause verb modifying phrases. The key difference between theobjective relative clause verb modifying phrase and the regular verbmodifying phrase is that the former contains no direct object. There are

five classes of this phrase, one for each applicable verb class. For

verb Class 1, the rule is:

-mr(1000100Ongp01)Dp(9499909)

For verb Class 3 he rule is:

Vmr(10002000ngp03)= D

p(9499909)

See sentences 6a and 10 for examples.

For verb Class 4, the rule is:

Vmr(10003000ngp04)Vma(10009000ngp03)

For verb Class 5, the rule is:

= Dmr(1000400Ongpr5) p(9499909)

For verb Class 8 the rule is:

m r(10005000ngp08)Vmb(1000900Ongp04)

(54.1)

(54.2)

(54.3)

(54.4)

(54.5)

Verb Classes 2, 6, and 7 do not take a direct object and are

therefore not included in this phrase.

2.2.3.5.52 Indirect Relative Clause Verb Modifying Phrase (Vmi)

In relative clauses containing verts that take an indirectobject (Verb Class 4) the relative pronoun may represent the indirect

object. For example:

SLW NTN AT HCPR-(literally: who to him he gave the book)(translated: to whom he gave the book)

2-103

The indirect relative clause verb modifying phrase modifies the verb in

such relative classes. There are three classes of this phrase.

Class 1 is used when the verb of the relative clause has apreviouly named direct object (classical Hebrew only). The rule is:

(55.1)

Vmi(10001000ngpr4) R(10003000999) Dp(9499909)

Example:(SLHM NTN)W HYWM---(to whom(pl.) he gave) it today

Class 2 is used when the verb of the relative clause has apreviously named direct object. The rule is:

Vmi(1000200Ongpr4) (11991012999) + 0p(9499909)

Example:

(55.2)

(SLHM NTN) AWTM SM HY --- whom (pi.) he gave)

it there today

Class 3 is used when the verb of the relative clause has adirect object not previously named. The rule is:

= D + Nop(11999099)mi(10003000ngpr4) p(9499909)

+ Dp(9499909)

Example:

(55,3)

(SLHM NTN) AT HCFR---(to whom (pl.) he gave) the book

See sentences lia and 11c for examples of the structure. In all casesfor this phrase, attributes n, g, and p are dependent variables.

2.2.3.5.53 Predicate Phrase (Vp.

Predicate phrases serve as the predicate of a sentence. Theyconsist of a single verb-tense phrase (Va) and a verb modifying phrase(Va), either simple or compounded. An optional adverb phrase (Dv) mayprecede the verb. There is one class of this phrase with two rules.For phrases using verbs of Class 1, the rule is:

= DVp(100010yOngpOlvit) p(9499909)

+ V -4- V(100010- OngpOlvit99) m(12999000ngp01)

2-104

(56.1)

Example:(HYLDYM ) i1N YLD AXD WSLWS YLDWT---(the children) are

a boy and three 2is

Attributes n, g, and p are depeildent variables for both verb

and verb modifying phrase; attributes y, and t are dependent variables

for the verb. The verb is not compounded, but the verb modifying phrase

may be compounded after Pattern 2 as illustrated Aove.

For phrases using verbs other than Class 1, tIte rule is:

(56.2)

p(100010yOngpravit) p

+ Va(100010yOngpravit99)

+ Vm(11999000999 a ), a 0 1

Example:YSB OL HKSA BBYYT SM---he sat on the chair in the

house there

In this case attributes y, n, g, pi v, i, and t are depeudent

variables for the verb only; attributes r and a are dePendent variablesfor both the verb and the verb modifying phrase (where a 0 1). Attributes

n, g, and p are independent variables for the verb modifying phrase, andthe phrase (Vm) may be compounded after Pattern 1. Illustrations of this

constituent may be found in almost every example sentence.

2 2.3.5.54 Objective Relative Clause Verb Phrase (Vrb)

In objective relative clauses the relative pronoun is the direct

object of the verb and the verb modifying phrase has no direct object.These verb modifying phrases (Vmr) are described in Section 2.2.3.5.51.

The rule for the objective relative clause verb phrase is:

=Vrb(100010yOn

Vgpravit) a(100010y0999ravit99)

Vmr(1199909Ongpra)

See sentences 6a and 10 for examples.

2.2.3.5.55 Indirect Relative Clause Verb Phrase (Vri

(57.1)

In indirect relative clauses, the relative pronoun is the

indirect object of the verb and the verb modifying phrase has no indirect

object. These verb modifying phrases (Vmi) are described in Section

2.2.3.5.52. The structure of the indirect relative clause verb phrase is

2-105

Vri(100010yOngpr4vit) = Va(100010y0999r4vit99)

Vmi(11999090ngpr4)

V - Vari(100010yOngpr5vit) 0 10y0999r5vit99)

(58.1)

(58.2)

Z(1199109Ongpr)

See sentences lla and 11c for examples of the structure.

2.2.3.5.56 Infinitive Construct Phrases (NO

Infinitive phrases serre as verbal nouns.36 The infinitiveemphasizes the deed rather than the doer, in contrast to the participle

(verbal noun) which emphasizes the doer. The infinitive may have a

named subjecc, and it must have a verb modifying phrase of the same

class as the equivalent finite verb.

Example:BYWM OSWT YHWH ALWHYM AR& WSMYYM (Gen. 2:4)---In the day of Iahweh7God's making the earth2nd heavens

In the example, Yaktoeh-God is the named subject, and the object of the

deed (making) ill earth and heavens.

Infinitive phrases have the same attributes as nouns (number,

gender, person), however, these attributes are all ambiguous for the in-

finite. The infinitive construct (Y) and the verb modifying phrase eachhave additional attributes, some of which are required to agree (class,and preposition class), but these attributes are not sensitive to theexternal context of the phrase. There are three classes of infinitiveconstruct phrase: (1) the indefinite infinitive construct phrase, inwhich the subject is not named, (2) the pronoun suffix infinitive constructphrase, in which the subject is named by a pronominal suffix attached to

the infinitive and (3) the definite infinitive construct phrase, in which

the subject of the deed is named by a subject phrase (Nsp).

The Infinitive construct phrase may serve in a noun phrase as

outlined previously in Section 2.2.3.5.42. In this capacity the infinitiveconstruct phrase may be found as subject of a verb, genitive of a construct

noun (example above) and object of a preposition.

36 Further study should be made of the use of the infinitive constructin its use as subject of verbs, object of verbs, and'object of

prepositions.

2-106

112

Infinitive construct phrases are negated with a Class 3 nega-

tive (LBLTY) before the infinitive construct (Y).

In Class 1 the infinitive construct phrase has no named subject

of the deed.

Example:LWA ADO &LT WBNA (1 Kings 3:7 )I know not to0 171,

out or come in

The rule is:

v(100010y000ra )Y(100 93y0000ra)

-I- Vm(11999090999ra)

(59.1)

The infinitive must have a verb modifying phrase (Vm) which corresponds

to the equivalent finite verb. In the above example, both infinitivesare of Class 2 which require no verb modifying phrase. An example of an

infinitive phrase with a verb modifying phrase is

YMAN ADWM NTWN AT-YSRAL OBWR BGBWLW (Num.20:21)---Edom refused Israepassc4e border.

In this example, the first infinitive (to give) is Class 8 which requires

a double accusative verb modifying phrase. In the second accusative asecond infinitive (to pass) appears in place of a noun, which infinitivealso requires a verb modifying phrase. For further examples see sentences

1, 7, and 26a.

In Class 2 the infinitive construct phrase has a named subjectexpressed by a pronoun suffix attached to the infinitive.

Example:YDOTY AT HTRGZAr ALIT (Isaiah 37:28)---/ know your raging_

against e.

The rule is:

y-v(100020y0000 a (1000093y0000ra)

1- F.-(10003000999)

+ Vm(11999090999ra)

(59.2)

In Class 3 the infinitive construct phrase has a named subject

of the deed in the form of a subject phrase Nsp).

Example:LWA@WE HYWT HADM LBDW (Gen.2:18)-4V

is not good.

2-107

ii

The subject man is named in the phrase. The rule is:

(59 3)Nv(100030y0000ra)

=(100093570000_

+ N + V3p(11999099999) m(11999090999ra)


N + V + Vs In

+ = Nv(class 3)

+ R + Vm = Nv(class 2)1-

+ + Vm = Nv(class 1)

Note that the subject of the "kernal" sentence is transformed

from a nominative construction, that governs the verb, to a genitiveconstruction governed by the infinitive construct. The transformation

shifts emphasis from the subject of the action to the action itself.

3.5.57 The Infin tive Absolute Phrase N

Infinitives absolute may serve as nouns37 while at the sametime governing a direct or indirect object. An infinitive absolutephrase may serve as subject of a sentence.

Example:AKWL TFWXYM RYA BRYA---eating apples 2,s healthy

It may also serve as an object of f, verb.

Example:ANY AWHB AKWL TPWXYM---1- like eating apples

The infinitive absolute governs a verb modifying phrase (Vm). The rule i

(60.1)Nw(100010y0000ra) = 14(119993y0000ra Tir

m(10009000000ra)

Negation is with a Class 3 negative (LBLTY) and the infinitive may becompounded after Pattern 1.

7Further study should be made of the use of the infinitive absolute inits use as subject of verba, object of verbs, and as imperatives.The use of the Infinitive Absolute Phrase is confined to Biblical Hebrew.

2-108 114

2.2.3.5.58 The Construct Participle Phrase (Evtv

The construct participle governs its object in the genitive.

Example:AWKLY TPWAYM-----eaters of apples

It does not appear that verbs which do not take an object will be used

as a construct participle. Likewise, it does not appear that construct

participles are used in verbal noun expressions requiring indirect

objects or modifying prepositional phrases. Therefore, it seems that_

only transitive verbs (Class 3) may appear as construct participles,"

and these may appear only with a simple noun phrase as object. There

are two classes of this phrase.

Class 1 is used when the participle has a named direct object.

The rule is:(61.1)

_ = G _

Epb(106010ydngpr31) (119992y0ngp031)Npa(1199909d999)

Attributes ni q, and p are dependent variables for the participle (G),

and d is a dependent variable for the noun phrase (Npa). The participle

is limited to ehe active voice. Negation is expressed with a Class 2

negative (AYN).

Class 2 is used when the participle has a previously named

direct object. The rule is:(61.2)

Epb(100020y2ngpr31 )= G (100092yCWw031)

+ R

Example:QW@LYHM their killers

In this case the attributes are the same as above except that the phrase

is always definite (d = 2), and the pronoun may not-be compounded.

For the deep structure derivation of this constituent see

Section 2.2.3.5.59

2.2.3.5.59 The Absolute/Construct Participle Phrase (Eva)

The participle is a verbal noun and may serve the function of

either a verb or a noun. As a verb it represents the preent tense and

governs objects in the same pattern as a regular finite verb. In this

capacity the participle always appears in the absolute state, not in

the construct. This verbal function of the participle is covered under

38 Class 4 and 5 verbs a e found ir this construction also, but without

the usual preposition following G.

2-109

the section on present tense verb phrases and Is not under considerationhere. This section deals with the use of the participle as a noun.

As a noun, the participle represents a person or thing asbeing in fhe exerc se of an activity. The emphasis Is on the doer ratherthan the deed, in contrast with the infinitive which emphasizes thedeed. As a verbal noun, it may govern an object in the same manner asa verb.

Example:HAWKLYM AT HTPWXYM- - --Those e ting the apples

However, for those verb classes which take a direct object, the constructstate of the participle (G) may govern the object.

Example:AWKLY HTPWXYM-----the eaters of the apples

These two examples illustrate the two classes of participlephrases, (1) the absolute participle phrase, and (2) the constructparticiple phrase.

The absolute participle phrase is nearlY identical in structurewith the present tense verb phrase. However, this phrase appears inplace of a noun, and in that context it must hava a verbal noun meaning.The present tense verb phrase has is own structural context and meaningwhich cannot be confused with the participle phrase.

The participle phrase may stand in place of a noun (N). It

may be either definite or indefinite.

Class 1 consists of an absolute participle phrase. The rule is:

(62.1)

Epa(100010ydngprav ) a(100092ydngprav009)

Vm(11999090999ra)

Attributes y, d, g, and p are dependent variables for the participle (E);r and a are dependent variables for both the participle and the verbmodifying phrase (Vm).

Class 2 con I ts of a construct participle phrase. The rule is:

(62.2)

(100020ydngpr31)= Epb(100090ydngpr31)

2-110


N Vsp

+ + V

1 im

R + V (pre ) + V.

1+ E +Vrn

1 imG + N .

1

-pb(1)

G + R = Epb(2)

2.2.3.5.60 The Participle Phrase (Er

= Epa(1)

Epa(2)

The participle phrase consists of an absolute/constructpaT-ticiple phrase. However, the participle does not have a dual inflection,therefore, a dual participle must be-converted to the plural. The rules ofof this section perform this conversion. The rules are:

E , n 0 2p(1000lOydngp) = Epa(100090ydnIsp999)

Ep(100010yd2gp) = Epa(100090yd3gp999)

2.2.3.5.61 The Possessive Independent Clause ( )Saa

The possessive Independent clause is an idiomatic constructionfor expressing possession. There are four classes of this clause. Class1 consists of those clauses that emphasize the possessor. The rule is:

(64.1)

969) t03

Example:LYLDH HY-H HCPR HYWMthdHeit-: . ) had the book t

(63.1)

(63.2)

saa(100010yOngp0Ovit)= Xp(119990000001)

4- DP

V-(10010yOngOlvit99)

+ Nsp(12999099ngp)+

See sei ence 131c fo an example of the structure,

C1ass2consIsts*of those clauses that emphasize, he thingposses ed. The rule is:

ii

=saa(100020y0.i6pOlvit) Nsp(12999099ngp)

(64.2)

+ Va(100010yOngpOlvit99) Xp(119990000001)+ D

p(9499909)'

t 3

Example;HCPR HYH LYLDYM SM---the children had the book (!) there

Class 3 consists of those clauses in which no emphasis isexpressed. The rule is;

5aa(1000030yOngp0Ovit) Va(100010yOngpOlvit99)=

+ Xp(119990000001)+ Nsp(12999099ngp) + D _

-p(9499909)'t 0 3

Example:

(64.3)

HYH LYLDWT CPR the girls h d a book

In all cases the verb is the copulative. The possessor isexpressed by Xp which may be compounded after Pattern 1, aad which islimited to the preposition L (r=1). The thing possessed is expressedby Nsp which may be compounded after Pattern 2. Attributes n, g, and pare dependent variables for the verb and the thing possessed (Nsp).

In the special case of Fresent tense, active voice, indicativemood, the copulative is usually expressed by the particle YS or itsnegative AYN.

Examples;(YS) LYLD TPwx----the boy has an appleAYN LYLDH CPR----the girl does not have a book

The rules are:

aa(10004000ngp0011j)= U

(9000300)(64.4)

+p(1 -9990000001)

+ Nsp(12999099ngp)

+ Dp(9499909)

(64.5)aa (1000401Ongp00113) L(100012)

+ p(119990000001)+ N

sp(12999099ngp)+ D

p(9499909)

The particle YS is optional, however it is usually used incommon practice. See sentences 101a and 101b for examples of the str cture.

-2-112

118

2.2.3.5.62 The Definite Independent Clause Sab

The Definite Independent Clause has a named subject withinthe structure of the clause.

Examples:HYLD AKL AT HTPWX-----the boy ate the appleHYA AKLH AT HTPWX-----she ate the apple

The subjects (the boy, she) are named, thus the clause is

called definite--because the subject is named, not because the subjectshave the attribute of definiteness. The rule is:

5ab(100010yOngp0Ovit_ Nsp(12999099ngp)

A- Vp(119990y0ngp99vit)

(65.1)

Attributes n, g, and p are dependent variables for subjectphrase and verb phrase; y, v, i., and t are dependent variables fpr theverb phrase only. The noun phrase may be compounded after Pattern 2,the verb phrase after Pattern 1. See sentences A, 1, 2. and 4 forexamples.

The above rule covers the general case for the definite Inde-

pendent clause. However, in the special case of the present tense,active voice, indicative mood, verb Class 1 (copulative), classicalHebrew only, the definite independent clause may be expressed with theword YS before the subject in positive declarations.

Example:YS YHWH BMQWM HZH (Gen.2 :16)---The Lord is in this

place

The rule is:

N*ab(.1.0002000ngp00113)

= tf 9000300 sp(10009009ngp)

I- Vp(1199900Ongp01113)

Sce sentence ldd, lddd and 2b for exai:'i.es of the structure.

(65.2

Likewise, for all verb classes of the above special case, for

both modern and classical Hebrew, the negative definite independent clauseis expressed with the Class 2 negative (AYN) before the subject.

Example:AYN HYLDWT YWSBWT OL HKCA---The girls are not sitting

on the chair

2-113

119

The rule is:

l)e(1000301Ongp00113)L(100012)

+ Np(10001009ngp)

+ Vp(11999000ngp99113)

See sentence le for an example of the structure.

(65.3)

However, when the subject Is a pronoun, it may be suffixed to

I3 39 and it is always suffixed to AYN.

Examples:YSK AWKL TPWX You are eattng an appleAYNYNY AWKL TP'M / am not eating an apple

The rules are:

sab(10004000ngp00113) U(1000300 (10003000ngp)

_

Vp(1199900Ongp99113)

L = Rab(1000500Ongp00113) (100012) (10003000ngp)

__Vp(1199900Ongp99113)

(65.4)

(65.5)

In modern Hebrew, for all verb classes of the above special

case, where some emphasis is desired and the subject of the verb is

named, YS or AYN appears before the verb with a pronoun suffix which is

in col ord with the subject.

Examples:HYLDWT YSNM YWSBWT OL HKCA---The girls are sitting

on the chairHYLDYM AYNM YWSBYM OL HKOA---The boys are not

sitting on the chair

The rules are:

-sab(10006010ngp00113)

Np(10001002ngp)

+ L(100012)

+ R + V(10003000ngp) p(1199900Ongp99113)

(65.6)

9 This st ucture is found in Biblical Hebrewi YSK MWSYO BYDY AT YSRAL

(Jud.6:36); YSKM OWSYM XCD AT ADWNY (Gen.24:49). However,ir is used

modern Hebrew only for emphasis.

2-114 2

ab(1000601jngp00113)= N

p(10001002ngp)+ U (1000300)

R(10003000ngp)

+ Vp(1-999000ngp99113)

(65.7

Note that the subject noan Is definite. See sentence lee for an example

of the structure.


VN + + R + V (p es.act.ind.) = (class 7)

IP3 P b

I

+ U3

-E R + V (p e .act.ind ) Sab(class 4).P

N + Vsp

= S b(class 1)

a

N ' V neg.)../sP

+ R + V (pres.aet.ind.) = (class 6)

+ V (pres.act.ind.) = S (class 5)L2 ab

+ V (pres.act.ind.) + N

N +

Px

+ T + V = Sab (class 2)

V1(neg.pres.act.ind.) Npx

N N

L2 ÷ N 4- V = S b (class 3)a

2 2.3.5.64 Independent Clauses Sa

Au independent clause is an expression of a complete thoughtand as such it serves as the governing element of a sentence. An inde-pendent clause may stand alone, whereas other clauses (dependent, rela-tive, etc.) must appear in some syntactic relationship to the indepen-dent clause or one of its constituents. There are three classes ofIndependent clauses described herein:

(1) the possessive independent clause(2) indefinite independent clause,(3) the definite independent clause.

The rules are:

a(100010yongpo0vit

Sa(100020yOngp0Ovit)

a(100030yOngp0Ovit)

See sentences 101a, 7, 23, A, 2,

-aa(100090yOngp0Ovit)

ac(100010yOngp0Ovit)

Sab(100090yOngp0Ovit)

and 4, for examples.

(67.1)

(67.2)

(67.3)

2.2.3.5.65 The Objective Relative Phrase (Sro

The objective relative phrase modifies a relative pronoun in

au objective relative pronoun clause. There are two classes of this

phrase. In Class 1 the subject of the verb is not named.

The rule is:

= _ _

Sro (1000010yOngp) Vrb(119920yOngp99999)

Example:(S)AWTW AKL ----whiih he ate

See sentence 10 for an example of the structure.

2-116

(68.1)

In class 2 the subject of the verb Is named. The rule Is:

(68.2)

5ro(100020yOngp)= N

+ Vrb(119990yOngp99999)

Example:(S)AWTW HYLD AKL----- -hich the boy ate

See sentences 6a and 10a for examples of the structure.

2.2.3.5.66 The Indirect Relative Phrase (Sri

The indirect relative phrase modifies a relative pronoun in

an indirect relative pronoun clause. There are two classes of this

phrase. In Class 1 the subject of the verb is not named. The rule i

(69.1)

-ri(100010yOngpr)= V

ri(119990yOngpr9999)

Example:(S)OLW YSB-----on which he sat

See sentence lla for an example of the structure.

In Class 2 the subject of tae verb is named. The rule is:

(69.2)

8ri(100020y0ngpr)Nsn(12999099ngp)

Vri(119990y0ngpr9999)

Example:(S)OLW HYLD YSB---on which the boy sat

See sentence llc for an example of the structure.

2.2.3.5.67 The Relative Pronoun Clause (Rg)

The relative pronoun clause is iniroduced by a relative pronoun.The clause may modify a noun phrase in the attributive position or it

may stand in place of a noun phrase. The.relativepronoun clause has the

same attributes as a noun. There are three classes of relative pronounclauses:

(1) The Subjective relative pronoun clauseIn which the relative pronoun is subjectof the verb,

2-117

(2) the objective relative pronoun clause Inwhich the relative pronoun is object ofthe verb, and

the indirect relative pronoun clause inwhich the relative pronoun is the indirectobject of the verb.

The rules are:

R R-g(100010ydngp) (100041y0000)

1- Vp(1199909Ongp00999)

Example:SAKL AT RTPWX --who ate the apple

Rg(100020ydngp)R (100041y0000)

+ Ro(100010y2ngp)

4- Sro(10009090999)

Example:SAWTW AKL which he ate

Rg(100030ydngp)= R

(100041y0000)+ (100010yOngp)

Sr1(10009090999)

Example:

(70.1)

(70.2)

(70 3)

SOLW YSB n which he sat

See sentences 12a, 10, and lla respectively for an example of each class.


+ Vsp

R ± V = R (class 1)

1242-118

R +R + (N )+V3+*4 -o sp

1

Vmr

R4+ R +

ro

N+V-+N + N.sp 4 op ip

R4+ Z + (N

sp) + + N

op

1V + Vmia

V

= R (class 2)

R + Z + S = R (class 3)ri4 8

2.2.3.5.68 The Subject-Object Dependent Clause (Kn)

The subject-object dependent clause Is an independent clauseIntroduced by a Class 3 conjunction (KY--that) or by a relative pronoun

(5). The clause may be used as the object of verbs of discourse (Class7) in the predicate of copulative sentences. Clauses Introduced by KY

may L used in place of the subject of some verbs. There are two classes.1 ;Biblical Hebrew only) is introduced by the conjunction KY. The

K = C (1000300)n(100010y) a (119990y099900999)

Example:KY AKL AT HTPWX-----that he ate the apple

(71.1)

Class 2 (_odern Hebrew) is introduced by the relative S. The rule is:

(71.2)Kn(100020y)

R(1000400) a(119990y099900999)

S

Example:SHYLD AKL AT HTPWX---that the boy ate the apple

See sentences 26b and 26c for examples of the structure.

2.2.3.5.69 Circumstantial Dependent Clause (

Circumstantial dependent clauses express attending circum-stances such as time, purpose, result, cause, and reason. The clausesare introduced by key words which identify them. There are four classesof circumstantial dependent clause treated here.

(1) time dependent clause(2) purpose-result dependent clauses(3) cause-reason dependent clauses, and(4) the circumstantial dependent clause.

Class 1 contains time dependent clauses that express circum-stantial time relationships. These clauses are introduced by Class 4conjunctions (KASR--when, @RM--before, OD--until, AXR--after, etc.).These words express time relationships and are often -lassified asadverbs, but their structural function is that of a conjunction. Thestructure of the time dependent clause is:

= C SKc(100020y) (1000400) a(119990y099900999)

Example:

(72.1)

KASR AKL AT HTPNX---when he ate the apple

See sentence 7 for an e ample cf the structure.

Class 2 consists of purpose-result dependent clauses that ex-press circumstantial purpose or result relationship. These clauses are

2-120 126

introduced by Class 5-con unctions (LMON---in order that, BOBWR--in order

that)." The rule is:

c(100020y)C(1000500)

+ S-a(119990y099900999

t=2,5(72.2)

The tense of the independent clause Sa is limited to futuretenses only (t=2,5).

Example:LMON40 YWSB OL HKSA---in order that he sit on the chair

See sentence 7g for an example of the structure.

Class 3 contains cause-reason dependent clauses that expresscircumstantial cause or reason relationship. These clauses are intro-duced by Class 6 conjunctions (YONbecause, OQBbecause). The structureof the cause-reason dependent clause is:

1c(100030y)C-(1000600)

+ Sa(119990y0999009 9=

Example: 41

YON AKL TPWX---because he ate an apple

See sentence 23 for an example of the structure.

(72.3)

Class 4 consists of circumstantial clauses. A prepositionalphrase may serve the same function as a dependent clause. In such cases

it specifies accompanying circumstances.

Example:BBWKR HYLD AKL AT HTPWX---in the morning the boy atc

the apple

The rule is:

Kc(100040y) p(119990y00009)

See sentences 8, 9, and 13 for examples of the structure.

(72.4)

2.2.3.5.70 Conditional Clauses (Kk)

Conditional clauses serve as the protasis of conditional sen-tences There is one class of the clause with variation of structuredue to tense and negation.

40 Modern Hebrew uses KD.Ycorrected.

41Modern Hebrew uses MPNY Sbe corrected.

introduce this clause.

-introduce this clause.

2-121

The rule must be

The rule must

The past conditional clauses serve as the protasis of past

conditional sentences. It consists of an independent clause (Sa) intro-

duced by the particle LW-- (negative LWLY).

Example:LW HYLD HYH @WB- the boy had been good

The rules are:

Kk(1000100000000001) (1000400)-- (73.1)Sa(1199900099900911)

Kk(1000101000000001) ij(1000500) (1199900099900911)(73.2)

The independent clause must be past tense indicative mood. It

may be compounded after Pattern I.

Future conditional clauses serve as the protasis of future

conditional sentences. The clause consists of an independent clause (Sa)

introduced by the particle AM--if.

ExampleAM HYLD YHYH the boy z1'ilZ be good

AM HYLDH LWA TWIT_ @WBH----if the girl will not begood

The rule is:

Kk(100010y000000002)

The independent clause must bebe compounded after Pattern 1.of the structure.

(73.3)

= U S-(1000600) a(119990y099900912)

future tense indicative mood. It maySee sentences 7c, 7d, and 7e for examples

2.2.3.5.71 Interrogative Clause

There are five classes of interrogative clauses (1) the adverbialinterrogative clause which asks the circumstances of a sentence; (2) the

subject-pronoun interrogative clause which questions who or what is thesubject of the verb; (3) the object-pronoun interrogative clause whichquestions who or what is ehe object of the verb; (4) the indirect object-pronoun interrogative clause, which questions who or what is the indirectobject of the verb; and (5) the true-false interrogative clause.

The adverbial interrogative clause consists of an independentclause introduced by an interrogative adverb (Q).

Example:MTY,KTB AT HCPW-- --when did he write the book?

2-122

The rule is:(74.1)

Ki(100010yOngp0 (1000900)Sa(119990y000999)

See sentences la 7a b and 26a for examples of the structure.

The subject-pronoun Interrogative clause consists of an inter-

rogative pronoun and a verb phrase (Vp) for which the pronoun is the

subject.

Example:MY AKL AT HIP ?-----Vho ate the pie?

The rule is:( 4.2)

(1000500)+ V

A(100020yOngp_) p(119990yOngp0999)

See sentence 2a for an example of the structure.

The objective-pronoun interrogative clause consists of aninterrogative pronoun and an objective interrogative phrase (S ) of

which the pronoun is the object of the verb.10

Example:ME KTB?---- hat did he write?

The rule is:(74.3)

K.I (100030yOngpr) R(1000500) +Sro(100090yOngpr)

See sentence 6a for an example of the structure.

The indirect object-pronoun interrogative clause consists of

an inte%.rogative pronoun introduced by a preposition, and an object-interrogative phrase (Sgo

), where the preposition governs the meaning of

the verb.

.Example:

The rule is:

OL MR HYLD YSB? - - -upon what did the boy sit?

-i(100040yngpr )=

(100010000000 (1000500)

Sgo(10090yOngpr)

See sentence ilc for an example of the structure,

2-123

(74.4)

The true-false inter ogative clause consists of an optional

Class 1 interrogative adverb (H-) and an independent clause.

Example:(H)KTB AT HCPR?---did he write the book?

The rule is: (74.5)_ S

Ki(100040yOngpr)= Q

-(9000100) a(119990yngp00999)


D (7) Sa

fp

sp

Sa

= K.(class

± V

ii.+V N (?)Sp 3 --- op

R

(N ) Vsp

-1- So

= Ki(class 2)

K. class 3)

sp 4 op ip

P + R + N +sp op

1.

p + R-5

Sqo

K (class 4)

2.2.3.5.72 The Discourse Clause (Kd)

The discourse clause modifies verbs of discourse. There aretwo classes of the discourse clause: (1) indirect discourse clause and(2) direct discourse clause.

The Indirect discourse clause consists of an independent clauseIntroduced by the conjunction KY (classical Hebrew) or by the relativepronoun S (modern Hebrew).

Example:AMR SKTB AT }ICPR--4ie caid that he wrote *he bvok

The Indirect discourse clause is indentical in structure tothe subject-object dependent clause (Kn

The rule is:

K --d(100010y)Kn(100090y)

See sentences 26b and 26c for examples of the structure.

(75.1

The direct discourse clause consists of a string of completedsentences bounded by quotation marks.

Example:(AMR), "ANY KTBTY AT HCPR. --(he said); '"1744,24Ote

-the:book

The rule is:

K Td(100020y) -(10004)

+ T(10002)

10001)+

c (119990y)

2-125

(75.2)

See sentence 26a for an example of the structure. Discontinuous directdiscourse is not included in the grammar at this time.

2.2.3.5.73 The Dependent Clause Sentence (Sd)

The dependent clause consists of an independent clause precededfollowed by a dependent clause. The rules are:

= K +Sd(100010y000000010 1199909)

T(90003)

+ Sa(119990y09990091t)

Sd(100 20y0000000it) Sa(119990y0999009it)

+ T( 0003)

+ Kc(1199909)

(76.1)

(76.2)

Class 2 is used when emphasis is placed on the dependency.

See sentences 7, 8, 9, and 13 for examples of ale structureof Class 1, and sentence 23 for Class 2.

2.2.3.5.74 The Basic Sentence (S)

The basic sentence is the main constituent of the completeddeclarative sentence and the completed imperative sentence. It isfound in the context

S.

s!

There are three classes of the basic sentence: (1) the simple sentence,(2) the dependent clause sentence, and (3) the conditional sentence.

In Class 1, the simple sentence consists of an Independent clauseonly. This clause may be compounded after Pattern 1. There are no re-strictions on the clause attributes. The rule is:

(100010y0000000it)=

a(119990y0999009it)

See sentences A, 1 2, etc., for examples.

(77.1

Class .2 consists of a dependent clause sentence. The rule is:

(77.2)-(100020y000000010 d(100090y000000it)

See sentences 7 8, 9, and 23 for examples.

2-126

For Class the past conditional sentence consists of a past

conditional clause for a protasis and a past continuous tense independent

clause for an apodosis. The future conditional sentence consists of a

future conditional clause for a protasis, and a future tense independent

clause for an apodosis. The rules are:

(100030y0000000i1) Kk(1199109000000001)

+ T + S-(90003) a(119990y099909i4)

(100030y000000012) Kk(1199109000000002)

T S-(90003) a(119990y099909i2)

(77.3)

(77.4)

For conditional sentences in which the protasis is negated,

Kk is negative (subscript y=1); for those in which the apodosis is

negated, Sa is negated (subscript y=1).

See sentences 7c, 7d, and 7e for examples.

2.2.3.5.75 The Interrogative Sentence (Si)

The interrogative sentence consist* of an inter ogative clause

with optional dependent clauses. There are three classes. Class 1 con-

sists of an interrogative clause with no dependent clauses. The rule is:

(78.1)

5i(100010y) K1(100090y09§99)

See sentences la, 2a, 6a for examples.

Class 2 consists of an interrogative clause with a preceding

dependent claus . In this case emphasiS, if any, is on the question:

The rule is:(78.2)

_ T51(100020y) _(1199909 -0004)

4- Ki(100090y09999)

See sentence 7a for an example.

Class 3 consists of an interrogative clause followed by a

dependent clause. In this case, emphasis is placed on the dependent

clause. The rule is:

K00030y,

=i(100090y)

See sentence 7b for an example.

2-127

(78.3)K

10004) e(119990909999)

2.2.3.5.76 The Completed Sentence (Sc)

The completed sentence is the initial constituent of the grammar.It consists of one of the three types of sentences of the language andthe appropriate sentence ending punctuation mark. There are three classesof completed sentences: (1) the completed declarative sentence, (2) thecompleted interrogative sentence, and (3) the completed imperative sentence.

The completed declarative sentence consists of a basic sentence(S) followed by a period. The rule is:

(79.1)

c(100010y)= C

1=1,2,3

Compounding is notin the indicative,tive sentences are

_90008)+ S

(100090y000000099)+

10006)

permitted. The completed declarative sentence may besubjunctive, or imperative mood. Nonemphatic impera-terminated with a period.

See sentences A, 1, 2, etc. , for examples.

The completed interrogative sentence consists of an interr ga-tivesentence(S.)followed by a question mark. The rule is:

(79.2)T

c(100020y)= C

-(90008)= +

-1(119990y) -(10005)

e sentences la, 7a and 7b for examples.

The completed imperative sentence consists of a basic sentencein the imperative mood followed by an exclamatioP mark. The rule is:

Sc(100030y)c(90008)

See sentence lb for exampl

(79.3)T

-(100090y000000022)+

(10007)

This completes the description of the replacement rules; italso completes the formal description of the syntax grammar.

2-128

2.3 Exam les and Illustrations_

This section contains tree diagrans of Hebrew sentences that

were produced by means of a computer usig the computerized algorithms

developed on this research project. They serve as examples and illus-

trations of the grammar rules of _Jdern Hebrew syntax.

2.3.1 Tree Diagrams of Computer Generated Sentences

This section contains tree diagrams of Hebrew sentences

generated by means of computer using the computerized algorithm for gen-

erating Hebrew sentences described in Part III of this report. They are

referenced throughout the preceding text to illustrate fhe application of

rules of the grammar. Reference numbers are in the upper ri ht of the

diagrams.

The sentences were generated to demonstrate to the use of the

grammar and to test the grammar rules. A total of 47 sentences weregenerated of which 42 are correct and 5 contain errors requiring modifi-

cation of the grammar rules. Some of'fhe sentences illustrate classical

options available in the grammar. The errors are usually neted on the

diagram. In generating these sentences 111 of the 179 rules on non-

terminal symbols were tested, and 41 of the 65 rules on terminal syMbois

were tested. These 65 rules define the class variations of 20 terminal

symbols 17 of which have been tested for at least one class.

2-129

courvALENT G&154 SENTENCE-D< CHILDREN. URI AND REBECCAH. ARE SITTING UN A c.I*I AND READING THEIR BOOKS A

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCi;

SC1

--_-_-_-_-__ --------------s- 7-6

SA3

sA61

I

NPA1i1

NP1

INAP1

tI

VA1xr

r / I I INPB1 I-3 NPC1 T-3 VAAI

r t I I Ir I I x II r I I I

NA2 1 NPA1 I vc3/ I

x - I II

iI

x I z I t r z xF.11 N-I I I C-I / I VBBI

I x I I t t x II x I 1 r I z rt / I I I t 1 II I I WPM I NPBI r LAII X I I I I I II I I r I 1 I rI I t t t r 1 1

/ r I NA3 I NA3 i E-S1 r i i 1 I I /I 1 1 I 1 I I rI I r I r I I Ir 1 I 142 1 N=2 1 1r I r t 1 'z I II I I . I I I I Ir I t r r I z I

I -1 i r t I 1I II I I I I II I z r x I II I I z r I II r x r r t xx 1 I I I 1 xr x r t I I II I I : r I r I

r x r I I x z /r I t r / I t . xt I r I I I I ir r x I 1 I r x

H-I N-1 T..3 N.02 C-1 N-2 13 E-S

RESULTANT HEBREW SENT NCE

rVMS

rrr

XP1I

IP-IrIxI

z x I r rt I x r1 N431

x I I

EA1 0-1 NPII I I I X Ir x I I 1 rr I I I I 1r NA1 1 E-3 x NplixI I I i I 1

1 1 I I I I I

r r r r I r rr N-I r I 1 NPRI I

1 I I I r r I

I I I r t rr I r I I z I rr r r 1 r NA2 II I I I I r I rr r I. r t I

I I I I I I I I r xr I I x x 14-x U-1 R-3 xx z I z r x I x r xI r I x I I r x z II t I 1 x I x I t I

r I x x I r I 1 xI t I x x T I I r II I I I I I / I I I/ I . r x I z r r r I

1151 N=I C-1 E-3 DI H-1 Nri U-I R-3 1-6

VP,

c-1

r

_

I .1I VA1 VM3z I It r Ir x I

I VAA1 VMA3r x tr z 1

I t z rNPI r VC3 NOP?

I t t II I I rI I

NPAI VEIL NOI

HILDVM. AWRY URBAN. YWSBYN OL MICA WRURAYM AT HCPRYH sum.

2-1

EPUIVALENT rtimLIsP SENTENCE-CHAIM NACHMAN 1IYALIK WAS A GREAT POET IN THE LANO OF ISRAEL.

TREE nrApRh4 ne mEnRrid sFNTENCE

NSPI

NPI

NPf11

NA3

N-3I

SC

r

s-11 T

I I

T

soil I

I r

I r

Y I

solt r

I I

r

I I

Vol I

I It

N-3 N-3 N-3

T I T

VA1 VM1 Ii I I

T I 1

T T I

VAAT NPx3 I

I I rI r II I I

VC3 NP1 I

I I 1

r r1 r I

VBRI NPA1 NAP2I I I

T T rI I I

VP!! NPRI wPIY T 1

I T I I

Y-1 NA1 API P-1I I I I

T I r I7 7 I II N-1 APAI I

7 1 I I

I I I I

T I I I

3 I IT I t tI T I I

r I I7 I I

r r I I

I I I I

I 7 1 1

I 7 1 I

I I I r1 r 1 II t I I

V-1 N-I A-1 P-1

REsuLTANT HreRrw sENTFN E-

NYMN RYALVO HVH MSIOR

r

AR, VSRAL.

EnuIvAtrNT ENGL TSM cENTENVAS CM 4IM 410144 4 IV Als cqrar 13F.1 rki THE LAW) Or ISZAEL1 IA

Tqf: 074r3/AM nF 1EPW SENTeNCE

SC2I

I ISI1

7-31

7

17

7I

KIL' I

I r7

T I I2-1 SA* I

y TI

7 I I7 7

7

I qi 1

I Tr

I I7 I I Ir tec.nt VPI 7

I 7 I II 7 r._ IT T T I 1

T N01 V41 vmt I

7 7 5 I r

t 7 I I I7 T T 1 7

I NPai VAIII NPX 3 IT I T f I7 I I I I1 7

T I II NPP1 Vr3 NP/ 1

7 7 y I I7 7 T -_-.. 7

T T 7 I I 1

I NA3 Vicil NP II VAP2 II 1 T 7 I 7

1 1 T 7 I II 7 T 1 r rT N-I V21 NPI1 XPI IT 1 5 T 1 1

T------ _ - _ --- T ------ /

T. I 7 T 5 1 I I T I7 I I V-1 N41 4PI .-/ N01 1

7 1 T I T I I 1 I 1

I 1 I r 7 7 t I 7 Ir I 7 I y T I t 7 I7 I 7 I I AP 41 I 412112 IT I 1 7 1 I 1 7 7 7

I X T 7 7 1 t IT 1 I I I I I T I IT I 7 r T r A-1, I. 1-1 NFA1 7

I I 7 1 T 7 I t 7 7 II I I I T 1 7 r 7 7 7

I I 1 7 r 7 1 1 I I 1

I 1 7 7 I 1 I I I ;443 X

I I T 1 7 1 1 I 7 I 1

I 1 7 I r r z 1 T I t7 I 7 T 7 r I 1 7 t r7 I 7 I r 1 7 7 t 1-.3 7

7 I 7 7 7 7 I I I I II 1 7 7 I 1 I 1 T 1 I7 7 1 7 1 I I I I I 1

2-1 t -7 N-3 N-7 V-1 N-1 A-I 2-1 V-3 7-5

44 XYYM NXMN qYALYr IYM risuRR 5r1111L 8A/6 YS? AL/

2-132

138

1-1UIvAL-NT r!N1LT', rE,1Tr4r,

C:qTr. 0TYALTh Pr t ,PTAI rOFT ToP rlfr IANT OF IScA(1! 111

TPEE r,Arok nr PCPRr 1,*TENCE

S73

LP1

vFAI

NFT1

t%A 3

V" 1

N-T

vo.

f! P

tMlul

A-I

R'7.1.41_v4T Mnt774; r7N!:E-

xvYm ArmN Y41Vfl fJ.vc4 M ?R Cl. RA R Ylq41.0

This Illustrates the imperative sen ence. ,The hYH is the impe a Iva :MITI,4

---

J-1

2-133

::10rVALrNT rvrA TS"t!ACI TYL' ILL A CI-EAT-POET /N THF LAND OF ISRAEL. IE

trwt, rtarphy PF

'7'71

NCE

sA01

vAP,1

T-F

1

111

.. r III

N5! v! 71J r 1 ro;;732 I

1 IT I I

1 1

M-3 V."I

7 V t T I I IT V-! J't --I HP1 1

T IV

T r I I

T t ' T T I r

T T T T I I

T

T

tT

',-1r

"'ILT

I

I

mph,r

T

IT T f r I I

I 7 T T I r I T

t T T tkI f J-1 NP11 1

T I 7 r T zI

r I I i

T. I T T I T

I I T 1 1 N43 1

T r I 1 I I T I

T / t I 1 1 1

T.I

rI

V

T

r

T

Ti

T

I

I

I

IN-1

I1

T T T ' I I T rT T ' r I I I rI T T I I I I t

N-3 N-T N-T V-t N-1 A-1 0-1 J-1 N-3 T-6

W-S4LTINT L-

XTYM 1Vti_Tri TAITH uSuan rpL4L 'ARi YSIAL.

2-134

ERUaALENT ENGLISH '3ENTENCF-CHAIM NACHMAN titYALIA IS A GREAT $0ET IN THE LAM, OE IS4AEL. 100

TREE 11ASRAW 1F 4ERREW SENTENCE

1I

SI TSI I1

lc

I 1

sAr r

TI

TI

r I

SAP? I

I I'I

I 1 I

NSFhl 101 II. T

I I I

I I I

NPI Vml T

I TI

I r r

I I I

NPA4 NPY3 I

I I (

I I I

I I /NPR1 NPI T

I I /

I T

/ r r T

14A3 NPAI NAP2 r

I T r 1

I t r I

I I I I

N-3 NPel XPI I

I t I I

.#. 1

I I I I I r I I

T I I NAI API P-1 NPI I

I 1 I I I I I T

I I T I T I I r

I r r I T I I X

I I I N-1 *FA1 I 1...FA2 r

I r r I 1 r t I

I I r T I __---- I

I I I I I I r I T

I I I I AI I JI MPS' I

I 1 r r I I I I rI I 1 I I I T I I

I I I I I I 1 1 1

7 I I I I I I NA3 I

I I I I / I I 1. r

I I I T 1 I I I I

I I I I I r I I T

I I 7 I I I I N-3 II I I T I / I I

I I I I r I I rI I I I I I I I

N-3 N-3 N-3 N-1 A-1 Pwl J-1 14-3 1-6

RESULTANT HEBREW ENTFNrL

XYYP1 WYNN PTALYQ PSIAR GDWL BARI YSPAL,

2-135141

EnLIIVALFNT F1kr.lIi4 SENTENCE-ENAIM NAcN144. PIvALIK IS A FREAI POET IN THE LAND OF IS E . !ODD

TREE FIArRAN OF wErk1:4 SENTENCE

1-6

1

I

PSP1I

1-

T

VP1t

I I

NF1 VAI

I T I

I I I

I

NPA1

T

v4A4I

NPA3

I I I

T II

I I I I

NPB 1 VC! NP1 I

I T I IIII

HAII

Il

T

I

--T

wooliI

.. -- .....-

I

NanII

1

r

I

Ii

I I I I

N-3 /-7 'PI 1 API

I I I I

I. I

7 I T I I I I I I

I I I r NA 1 API P-1 NP I I

I I I T I T 'I I I

I I I I I T I I I

T E I T I I I I - I

I I I I N-1 AFA1 I NPA2 1

I 1 I T I T I I

T 1 7 T I I I

I I I T I I I I I

T I I I I A-1 I 4-1 NPP1

T I I T I t I I I I.I I 7 y I 1 I I I

r I I r I I I t I

I I I I Y T I I N43

I 7 7 7 I I I I 1

I I I T . T I I I I

II

I

I

7

1

I

I

,

I

1

T

I

I

I

1

I

N-3

I I 7 T I I I I I

I I 1 T r I I 1 I

I I T I I I I I I

N-3 N-3 N-I R-11 N-I A-1 4-1 N-3

RFSLLTANT HFEW 5ENIFNCE-

Yv1I4 NYMN PYAL70 NWA M,OR D WL PARA VSRAL.

23.36

142

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCECHAIM NACHMAN SIVALIK IS NOT A GREAT POET IN THE LINO OP ISRAEL. IE

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCE

SC1

I t

S-I TII I

t t

I 1

t

NA1 API

APA1

A-I

A-

t

N-

RESULTANT HEBREW_ ENTENCE=

NAP?

P-1

t

r

I

r-,.......

NP

t

NPA2t

t

I

t

t

t

I

I

1 I t z

1 J.I NPII I

t I t t

I t .t t

t t t t

r t NA3 rt I I II I I Iz I . I t

I I N-3 I

/ I I I .-

I I I 1

I I t: I

P..I J.I N.*3 :1.6

AVN KITH NXMN OTALTO MSOR am& SARI V_ AL.

_IUIVALENT EN1GLI54 SENTENCE-CMAIN NACHMAN RIYALIK TS NOT 4 GREAT POET IN TlE LAMO OF ZSRAEL. 1EE

TREE DIAGRAM OF HERREN SENTENCE

set

1 I

S- li T-Sr I1 I

r r

SA -1. I

T r

I I

I 1

c4,46 I

rI

x I I x iNPI L-1 R-3 VPI I

I T I r rI I r I II r r x I

NPAI I T VMI IT I I I Ir r I T rx x I I I

NPSI I I NPX3 I1 I I / Ix x r x x

I I I xINAtx x I NPI

I I I Ir I tI I I I

N-3 I I NPAI/ r r I

x I rx I r I II T I I NPS11 1 r r x

I I I rr I x I I I II 1 I I T NA1 APIr x / I I I I

I I T r r 1 1

I I I I I I I

I I I I T N--I APA1T I I I I I rI I I I T I /

I x I I I I I

..r I I 1 I I A-1I r x r r r I

I I I / I I I

I I I ,1 I I I

I I I 7 T I I

r r T T T I /

I I I I I I I

I x T I I 1 I

T x 1 1 1 1 I

/ I I I T I I

I I I T T I rI I I I I I /

N-3 N-3 N-3 1-4 R-3 N-.1 A-I

RESULTANT HEPPE", SENTENCE-

XVYP4 terMN STAL :LYN

I

NAP2x

/

rirY/

Ix

II

XPII

Ir

iI I I

P-1 NP1 xI I I1 x II I I/ mpAz r/I

x Ir

I I x 1

I J-1 NP31 I

x x x II / I II I I II I NA3 x1 1 I II I : x x1 I T II r 04=3 rr r x 1r I I 1r I I I

P-I J-I N-3 T-.6

MSURR COWL GARB -YSRAL

2 1

144

C^uIv4i,NT cviTF14,r-He ti n4^aT'7 THal 4LL T4F °OFT54

rra IF 4ETR''W sNTNcF

-------------- -----------

T I

NSoT VolT I

T

T I T

qsol Vll vIT I T

I I IT t T

rt-T 'tali! NoT14. I IT I T

T I T

T Ve.I aolT 1 T

T 1 T

T I T

T vnIt APa,. T T

I I

T I TT $17.1 A-IL Y'lT r r 7

I t IT T I T. T

T V-1 T m-I NolI I T I T

T I I r T

r I T t T

T T 7. Nra?T I T T

T I T T

T r T T.

T r I T ..it NO.111

I r I

T. T 7I r T

IT I 7I r T

T LI /

C r

1 T

I I T

I 1 T

I I I

I I T I

T I I T. 7 t Iq....,. 1-1 -1,.1 0=1 ..)1 .4.".1 -t-I.

I

1-1.-I .ta..1

t I

I I

T T I

I I tr I I I

cUL7aNT

44a HY's

2-1395

EQUIVALENT ENGLIsm cElkivFNrE-wHO wAs BRLATEQ 7NAP ALL THE POETS? 2A

TREE DIAnRAiA OF HERFW SFNTENCE

SC?

SI!

KT2

R-S vP1

VAI vm!

vAAI NPYI7

VC3 Apt

vast ARA?

T-F

I I r i t

I VBI A-t )(Pt I

T I I I II1 I -.--- - I

I I I I T I

I V-1 I p-I !API I

T r I T t I

I I T T T I

t r r T T 1

I I I I NPA2 I

I I T i T rT I I I I

I I I I r t I

I I T t J-L MPS/ /

I I I I t r I

I 1 I T I I I

1 1 I T T I I

I I I I I NA2 t

1 1 I / I I I

I I I I I ------ I

I I r I I I I

I I T I I H-I N-I I

I I I I I I 1 I

I I I T I I X I

I I t I I I I I

T 1 I I I t t I

1 I r r I t I

1r t I I I / I 1

I I I I I I t I

R-S V-I A-1 P-1 H-t N-I T-5

RESuLTANT HEPRI4 SENTFNCE-

HvH GOWL MKL HM VM?

2-140146

F''UI4Atr. ir j4 r.ENIFNCE=Hr s 7PEATrR IrW4t; do. THr POETS.

T'ZFE 'RFC lr rw srAirEmeE

5.-1

1 IS-1 T-fi

1 tr 1

r ISA3 II II Ir I

FAII.T. It r

r1 r I I

U-1 R-3 vol II T /r t i

I I I II I v41 II I I I7 I I Ir I I 7

T I NPYI 7

I I r rI r I Ir I I I7 I g4PI Ir I I II I I

I TI 1 APA2 1

I t t III ___--- IT I 7 I rI I A-I XPI 1

I I 7 I II I 7 II I I I I I

I r p-I Ne't r7 1 r I 1 1

I I 17 I T II I I I I II I I T NPA2 1

I I T T 7 II I 1 r I1 I 7 I I 7 IT r T 7 ..11 NPR! 1

T I I 7 1 7 7

.7 I T T I I 1

I I r 1 I II 7 7 I I NA2 rT r 7 I I I II r I I I I -

T r I I 7 I 1 II I 7 T 7 H-1. INII rI I 7 I T I I II I I T I I I II 7 T T 1 I 7 1

I I T I T t r II I T T I I r rI I. 7 I I r t tr I I T I I t I

U-II IR.3 A. : P-I J*I 1.1.,.I 4=1 T-fi

TIFSUITANT HrPk714 rENTFNCE--

Y!Nw ,rwi mtg. HMSWRPYM.

2-141 4

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-HE LIVED IN A SMALL VTLLADE.

TREF DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCE

SCI

1 IS-I T-61 I

I Ir I

SA3 rI

I II xSABI I

x I------ ir x I

NSP2 VPI rx r rI 1- rI x I I

RSP. VAI VMS rI x I

r I x i1 r r x

R-2 vAA1 XPI z

x x r IrI ------ Ix x I I r

VC3 P-1 NP4 I

r x I r rr r 1 r

r x I r rT MB! I NPA4 rI i r x II 1 1 1 xT I / I x

Vol I NPO4 /x r r rx r rx I r r x

I V-S I NA4 API rr i I I I I

I x r x i xx x I I x rI I 1 N-4 APAI II x r I r I

x r x r r /1 7 x r r I

x I r I A-I rr r I r r r

x r I r rr I r I I

1 x I / I II x r I I r

r 1 r x xI I t 1 I x

R-2 V-S P-I A-I 1-6

RESULTANT HEBREW SENTENCE-

HOA rse BKPP OPN.

EnUIvALENT rPIGLIS4 sENTENCE-Hr WILL LT VF TN A ILL VILLAnr. 11

717E4 Ar.' fly iCrrW srN'rEpc E

srl

T INSPT VP I

r ITT 7 T

RSR I V I I VP5I I II I IT I I

R-? VA 4 I XP1I I III ------I I I T

T VC 3 P-1 41P1I r I T

T I T T

r I T

VB11 I I N pa 1

T r T T

T I I It I T T

T V I T 6 PoiI I I rI I T

r I I T

I 1/--5 7 N41r r r II I T IT I I. T

I I I N-1I I I II I T T

I I I T

I I 7 7

I r I . T

. I I T rI I T T

I I I II I I II I T rT I 7 T

R-7 V-% P-1 N-1

Rr TUL T ANT HFrPrw 7Ey TFNCk:-

ClUIVAT rNGLISLI cENTENCE-pr Ic LIv/Nr; A roALL VILLAGE.

TREE rTAre.r, OF NEnRrW %FNTENCE

sr

I I

S-1 T-ET rT r

r I

ftv I

r I

rT I

cA*I rT i

I

T I rNre VPI I

T IT

T 1 I I

RSPI VAT VP5 I

I 1 T 1

T 1 T T

y I T rR-7 visAI XPI rI i I I

T. I IT I r r 1, vC3 P-I N0I 1

I 1 T I I

T 1 T T I

I 1 T I rI +/R.pi / rpAt rT r T T rT I T I r

I 1 I T I

T EAT I" rpRt tI I I I II 1 I IT I T I T I

I E -S I N41 An 1 I

1. 1 T I T Ir I I T I I

I I T T I rT 1 T P-I APAI rT I 7 I T I

I I T T I II T 1 T tI I r A-1 1

I 1 I T I tT 1 1 T 1 tT / T I I I

T 1 T, T T I

T I T T r I

T I T I T I

I t T T I I

P-r E-1, F-I N-I A-I 1-6

ULTANT mr.pitrii SENT CE-

HLA Y6S1.1 hAPII 0

foe

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-HE USED TO SI4 ON A SMALL CHAIR.

I

S-1IIz

TREE DIAPRAM

SCII-,-

OF HEBREW SENTENCE

I

T-6Izx

SA3 II I

I

xSAB 1

Irz

I I:_--- I

I I I

NSP2 VPI /

Ir,.. I _-_-__Iz

I I I zPSP1 VA1 VM5 I

I x r zz z z I

I I t I

P-2 VAA1 XIII I

/ I 1 II------ 1

I I z I I rI V-1 VC3 P-I NP1 I

I I I x x zI I I 1 I zx z I I / I

I I V1381 I PAPAL Ix 1 x I I I

I I I I I I

I I x r z x

I I EA! I NPR1 zI I I I I I

I I I I I

I 1 I I I I I

z z (-1 I NA1 API I

I I I I I I 1

1 I I I z I I

I I I t I I I .

r z I I Pit APAI zx I I I I I I.

I I I r z I x

x x z x r r z .

x x I I I A-1 I

1 I I z I I I

I I I I I I I

I I 1 I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I r I I zI x x z I z zI I I r T I I

R-2 V-1 (-1 P-I N-I Al T-6


HWA HTH TWSB OL KC% aaN.

2-145

Fr'UTV4LrNT rE4TrNCEdr WIL1 Er*.TT*P6W-L' ,_:VE TN A CMAILA. V AGE-.

-Ptr nTar.w.

SclT-

I

rr

PF PEnkrV SFCTENCE

I,

T-6tI

I.T.

SA3T

I

t

II

I

shelr

I

1II

1 T I

NSP7 VP1 I-

I I 1

T I

r I T /RSP1 VAt v* I

T 1 T II I I I

T I T r

P-17 VAhl Yol I

T 1 T I

I tI

T I T T t 1

T V-1 "T. P-1 W-1 II 1 T T T /t T I I I II t T T I Iit 1 v-1,,1 I NP61 II I T I r II r -.. T T /r x T r T 1

I 1 Lri r NPrl I

I I I t I II I I I II I T T T II r -=-1 T hl API II I I I I -I II I I I T r I

T I T I I r I1 I T 1 N-1 APAI 1

I I r I I / Iy I T 7 I I II I t 1 T T IT I T T T A-I

I I ' r I

I TV V I

1 I 7 T I II 1 T I T IT I I T I II I I I I II I T T r I

R-7 V-1 -,-! :*-1 A-1 T-6

7Cr'T'-NCE-

444 Y4v4 -KPq liN.

2-146

1Z2.,

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-HE GREATLY LOVED TO STUDY LAW.


.-

x x

5-1 T-6x zI I

I xSA3 I

I I

x xrx

SC V7

I I I

NSP2 VP1 I

I r x

I z

I I I I

RSP1 YAI VM6 I

I x I i

x I x

I t I / I I

R-2 VALI DP6 P-4 NV1 I

X 1 t I x xI t x

z I I I z I

1 VC3 0-6 I Y-3 VM3I x z z I I

x x I z x rz x x 1 z xX VBB1 I I I VMA3X 1 2 1 I z

1 I I z r x

r x r x x x/ ver I I I NOP1

1 1 I I I

I 1 I I r I

1 i I t I xI V-5 I I X NP1I x x I I x

z x I 1 1 rx x x I T Ix x I I I NPA1X x t I I z

x x x I 1 1

x x x r 1 X

x 1 1 I I NPB1I I 1 I I I

I x x x I I

x x x I x I

1 / , I I x NA1.1 I 1 t I X

I I x 1 I x

I x I I X I

I X I I I N-1I I x 1 I x/ x I I I T

X I x I I I

R-2 V- 0-6 P-4 T-3 N-1

RESULTANT HEBREW E VENCE-

MNA AH6 MAUD LLMWD TURN.

2-147

EQUIVALENTBUT HE ALSO

OW, FATENCE-OVED 4E FIELDS AND THE FORESTS.

TREE OIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCE

Sc

4RESULTANT HEBREW SENTENCE-

AL HWA AMR GM AT OWT VAT HYORYM.

I sA3 rx I xI I 1I 1 II SA81 rI I 1r- -1- xr x 'I II NSP2 VP', rx I r xx I Ix 1 I I II RSPI VAI VM3 r

2 x x r xI x z I2 x x r r- x xx R-2 VAAt r C-1 r x/ z x x I x Iz x r x x I rx x x x x x Ix 1 VC3 vMA3 I VMA3 II I x I I x zz r r r r xz x x x r x x xx 1 V881 OPV NOP2 I NOP2 II x I I r I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I 1 1I I v01 0-4 NO1 i NO1 xx I r r r I x xx x x x xI r .

- x t x I x x rx I V-3 I 0-1 NP1 I 0-1 NP1 x .

x r I r I r I x I rI I x r x I I I I II x x I I I I r I r2 x I I I Mph I I NPAI Ix r x x x I I x r Ix I z r r t x I r Ii x x x x i I r tx x x I I 1P81 r x NPINI 1

I I I I I I I I I II I I I t z r I. z II I I I I I x r r rt x z ., I r NA2- x r NA2 zx r I I I I -.I- x I II z -.I x I.- -- _ _ x z . zx x I x x 1. I I / r I I

. t r I r I . 14-,.1 N-1:_- -I I N- N-1, II I I I

. t .

I 1 I I I rr- x r- x I r I r x ../ I zx x x .x I I r . I ..x. I. .1

I x_ x r T t- . 1 x I I I II I I r I r x -t I z I .1I I ', /- .1 I I -,i I I I' I. II I I I I I I I I- :Ix. 1 I__

C-8 R-2. .V-3 0-V 0-1 -N-1 C-I. .0-1. H-I N-1 -T-6

1 54AL HWA AMR GM AT OWT VAT HYORYM.

ERUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-FUT wHAT CID HE LOVE'?

TREE DIAGRAH OF HERREK SENTENCE

SC2

_T I t

C-0 sNI T-5, i r I

I I 7

I r I

T KI5 I

T I t

T -- T

I X / I

7 R-5 SO02 I

T 1 1 T

T I I

I I r t I

7 I NsF2 v004 T

T I I I I

T I I I 1

I I I T I

7 I RsFi VP 1

I 1 I I 7

I I I 7 7

I 1 I I I

r I R-2 VAI I

1 r r r I

I I I I i

I 1 I I 7

r r r vAll.l Ix r I t I

7 I I r 7

i -1 r I T

I I I VC3 I

Y t I t 7

I I T r Ix x I I 7

r I T VRRI 1

T I 7 I I

I I 1 T 1T I I t I

t I I vgis I

I 1 I I I

I I r I I

T I t 1 II 7 I V-.I T

I I I I t

7 7 I 1 .I

I I I I I

I 1 t I r

t I r I I

' T I I T I

I I 7 I I

C-5. R-5 R-2. V-I I-5

RESULTANT HESREW SENTENCE-

AFL AgH HWA AHe?

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-WHEN BIYALIK GREW UP. HE WrNT TO STUDY IN A LARGE ACADAMY.

TREE DIAGRAN OF HEBREW SENTENCE

SC1

/I

5-2T-E

xt

I rt x

sot z

t z. I

t I I IKC1 T-3 5A2 I

r I T

-- - 1 I

t I t I I

C-4 SA3 / SAC) I

x x I I IT I / / II I I t I

I 5Ae1 t VP1 I

z I I x x

I I x

r x r I r 1 -

I NSP1 VP1 I VA1 VP15,i

t I z r I x II I 1 I I Ix r I z t r x rI NP1 VA1 I VAA1 P=.1 NV1 I

I I i r r r t II I I I I I II I I I t r x x x

I NPA1 vAAt r VC3 r v-6 vms Ix x r I r I I x z

I I I I I I I I II I I r r r r r rx MPG) VC3 I VBBI I r xPt r1 I x I r x r z rz I I I I r t z

I I I x x x I I x I1 NA3 VSel r vNt x I P-1. Awl x

r x I x x I x I z rx z I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II N-3 Vel x v-6 I x I NPA1 I

I I I I I I I x I x

1 x x z I I x x I I

x x I r x x x I I x

I x V-2 I r x r x NPR' x

I x I r I x I I x I

I I I I I I I I 1

I i i I I I I I I I /

/ I I I T T I / NA1 API /

I I I z I I I t I t I

I I i I I I I -z I t I

I I I / I I_ I I I /

I I I I r x x x N-t APA1 I

I / I r r x x x . t I x

x r 1 1 I x 1 x x T II I I I I I I I t 1

I r I I I I 1 1 I Al I

I I I I I I I I I r x

x x I r I r I i t I I

I I I I I I I x I I I

I I I I r x x x r x x

x r x I I z z x I x x

x I I .I x I I I I r I

x r x x I r r I. z z z

C-4 N-3 V.-2 T-3 V-.5 PI Y-5 P-1 N-1 11...-1 T-5

RESULTANT HEBREW SENTENCE--

KASR BYALVO GOL. HLK LLKWO N -WOLF!.

2-150

EGUIVALFNT FNOLISH SCNTENCE -WHEN RIVAL K CREW UP0 DID HF 00 TO STUDY IN A LARFE ACACANY7 7A

TREE nTAs Ar OF PEARFW SFNTENCE

SC2

ST?T-5

I T T I

KC1 T-7 KT1 I

t 7 7 tI

IT I I T / r

C-4 5A3 t G-I SA2 Ir I T T I r

T I T I I I

'I I T T I /I SABI T T SAC1 Ir I r T / Ir----- I T I II / I T I I rI NSPI VPI T T VP1 I

I I r 7 T r /I I T T I I

T I T T 1 I 1 I

NPI VA1 T I VA1 VME II I I I I I I

I I I I T I I

I I 7 I 7 T I I / .

I NPAI VAAI T T VAAI P-I NV1 II 1 r i T T I . I II I I I T I I II I I T T I I I I II NPR' VCS T I VC3 I 15 VHS /

I r I T T I / / I 1

I I / T T I . I I I II I I T I I I r r I

I NA3 VBRI r t WART I x )(PI 1

I I I I I I I I 1 II 1 I I I I I I II I I I T 7 1 r r I II N-3 VR1 T I VRI I 1 P..1 NP1 z

I I I T T I I 1 I I /r r / r / I I I T I 1

/ 1 I r T r / I T I IT I V-2 I I V-6 I I I NPA1 I

I I I T T T I I I "I II 1 1 T I I I I I I Ir I I I r I I I r I I

I I I I T I I I T NPR1 /

I I r I I I I r I T /I I I I T I I I r Ir I 1 T T I r I r I I rI I I I T I I I T NA1 API II I I I I I I I I I I II 1 I I I I I I- I / I Ir I - I 7 1 1 r 1 r 1 7 /7 / I r I I I I I ISNL1 APAR /r I 1 I I I: 1 / I T I . I

r 1 I 1 I I / 1 y y I7 r 1 . I. I 1 1 I 1 I I1 1 I 1 7 r I r I A-1 I

I 1 'I 7 I T I I T I I II I I r I 7 r 7 I . I I It I I I / 1 I I 1 I II I I I I I r I I I T II I 1 I I I .1 r t I r. /I I 1 T 1 / I I I I I I

C-4 V-2 . 1,3 0=1 I.16 P-1 r-s- P-1 N-1 All 7-5I I 1 I 1 I T I I 1 I

RESULTANT HC9REW ENTFNCS-

KASR BYALVO 6DLr PHLK LLMI.0 YSVPP G 104?

(Glasical)'

2-151

157

EGOIVALENT EN6Lism sENTENct-WHEN RIVALIm GREw LOD. D/o HE GO 10 STJG

TREF cIA3RAN OF 4ERREW sFNTENCE

C2

IN A LA9GE ACADANy7

T

vciI __

ISI?I

T I

T-3 KitI I

I

/T-SI1

1

I

1

IT t r 1 .

C-4 SA3 I 0-2 5A2 II I r II I 1

i I 1

Ix

5A91 I r SACI II I I II r I II T t I

Nspi vPi / I VP1 II I I

I T

1r

NPI VAI1

1

I r rI T vAlT I rr I T

t I 1

IvmSr

r t

I

t1I

1

NpA4 vAA1 r r VAAI P-1 NVI I

I I T t t r I 1

I. I T I I I ...... I

I r I T / t I t I

Npill VC3 I I vC3 I y-5 VmS 1

I I T t / r r I T I

/ I I I T 7 t I 1 II I I t t I 1 I I II NA3. vrimi I I V99I t I )1.91 IT r I i T r I I I IT / . t T I, 1 1 1 1

I I 7 I I I I I I 1 II N-31 vRI T 1 VIII I I

1,-1 Npl I

y I I T I I I 1 I r Ir 1 I T T I t I I I I/ I 1 I I i I t r I I/ / v-I T I V-I I I I N rI 1 I I r I z I r I II I I t I 1 I 1 r I I

I I I r I I I I 1 I II I I I I 1 r I I NFB1 It r t I r I I 1 I 1 /I I T T r I I I I 1

I I I I T I T 1 I I I I/ I I I I I X 1 I NAI API IT I I I T t 1 1 I I I II I I I I I I 1 I I I I

T I I I I t 1 I I I. 1

I / T I T I 1 I I N-I APAI

I I I I 7 I I I I / I I

1 r I I I I I I T I r II I 7 I I F I I I I I I

t r t T I : I t r I I A-I I

I 1 I T I I I r t I I I

I 1 I T t I I I I T I I

I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I I

t r I T r I I I I I I I

I I I I I r I I 1 I I Ir I I T 7 I I 1 r T I I

I x I I I 1 1 . 1 I . I I Ic-9- N-3 -1 -T-.1 0-2 1/71. P-1 7-9 . P-I' N- A-1 F-9

RESULTANT HERRFU sENTCNCE-

R WilLy0 ROL. NAN 41K LLMWD SYcYGH SOVLNT

(Modern)

2-152

IAA

E0-11.vALENT F43LIS4 SENTENCE-CM GIYALIN CO 10 stun,' IN A LARGE ACAOAAT WHEN Mr CREW UP/

TNFE 0IANRAx OF HEARcw ScNTENCE

SC2

rI

1T3 T-5tI

I I 1 I

41% T-3 4CI I

I r z T

t 1

T I t I T I

2-7 sAg t c-11 sik? t

I 1 I I t I

t t I I t I

I I T r I I

r sA31 t I SAC1 I

T I t I I I

I I T I T

r I I I T t t

7 NSP4 VP1 I I VP1 I

T r t t I I It 1 T r I r

I I I T T t r I

t NP4 VA1 Wo' I t VA1 II r t T I I I I

I I I I I r II / I I T I .I I I

r NPAI VAAI P-I NVI I I VAAI I

I I I I I I I t IT I I I I T T II I I t T r I t r I

I 4P,11 007:1 T T-5 VMS I r VC3 I

I I T 7 I I T 1 I I1 1 7 7 T r 1 t t 1

I I I I T I I t t 1

I NA3 VBE41 I T 11,1 r I VB81 I

I r r T 1 T T t I I

I I r T T I t T It I r I I I t I t I I/ N-3 VEtl r T P-1 NPI r . I Nel 1

1 / I I T I I t I 1 I

I I 7 I t I I I I I I

I I T T I I I I I I I1 I V-I r . T AINAI I I lifl I

I I I I I I t t I I I7 I 7 r r I I . I 7 I II 1 T r T I t t r t t

1 I I I I g NpOl I t I II I I I T I I I t r I

T. I 7 r T I I t t I

t t I T I r t I. I I t

I I T T 1 t NA1 API t r 1 t

t I I t I I I. I t T t t

I I T I 7 I I I 7 I I II I I I I T / t I I I I7 I I I 7 I APAI I I I

I I I I T T I t r I I

I I I I I I I I I T II I t I T I I I T 1 t

I / I I T T I A-I I I t

I x I I T I I I I T t

I I I I I I I t t 1 x 1

T T t 1 r 1 I I I I II I I I r T I g I- I 1 7

T I T / 1 T I t I I I II I I t I A 1 I I I I tI I I T V I I I 1 I I I

2-7 1,43 V-I F,-I -5 0-1 4-I A-I T-3 C-4 V-I I-5

RESULTANT HESRFW SEN NCE-

HAP h/ALTO MLR LLMWD bv5 H'CEWLH- I4A5R On 7

15

70

CP:urvAL,-Nr CmIcISH SENTrNCE-Tr FIYALIY uAn 6101.w 11P. NE WOULD HAVE GONE TO STUDY TN A LAR5E ACAnA 7C

TrtrE rrA-;pt.. r 1-1c,Rrw srwrrs,rr

SC 1

r

s-1 T-57 I

u. t

I T I I

tort T-3 sAz r

I I 7 I

I I

7 r r 7 r

LI-I. 5A3 I 5AC1 I

y 1 T T /

I I I T 7

T I 7 T

I SCI1 VP1 I

T I T I II------ I

I I I I T I r

I NSP1 %/PI I VA1 VMG /

T I T r 7 1 r

r I I I r I

T I T r . 1 I I I

I NP1 WA1 I VAA1 P-1 NV1 I

I I I I I I I . I

I I I r T I 1

I I T 1 T i t I T

I NPA1 VAA1 I VC3 T Y-S VMS 1

7 I I T 7 I 1 I I

I r 7 T I I x r I

T I I I I I r I r

y NPR! Wel T VOP1 T I XPI I

7 I T I I T I I r

T I I I T I I I

I I I I Y r x 1 I I

I NA3 V13741 I VP1 I r P-1 NP1 I

7 I I I I 1 I I I 1

I I I t I r r I I /

I I 7 I I I I I r r

I N-3 V9I r V-6 7 r r NPAt I

I I I I I r I I 7 r

T r / T 1 I r t / I

T I T I T I I I I I

T I W-7 I T r I 1 NP9t I

I I I T T r I I I I

I r I T I I r I r1 I T 1 T , I T 1 1 I I

I I I I I r 1 1 NAI AP1 I

I I I I I r I I T I T

7 I 1 r 1 1 r / I I

I I I I I I I 'x t I T

I I, I I I I I r m,1 APA1 - I

I I T T I i T / I I I IT I I I r I I- I r I

I 7 I T r r I. I I I

I I I I I I I I A-1 I

T._ I - I I I I T, T I t

I T I l' , t r I rI I 1 I I r _-T -- -I

I I I I I I t I 1 I I

I r 7. .7 I I r I 1 1 I

7 I I 7 I I 1 I1

I. I

T I T T I I I r 1 1:.-4J-4 N-3- V-7 7-.11 N-11 A-I T-5'.

GU/ VALFNT ENGLI54 SERIENCE..IF BI VAL IR MAO NOT GROWN UP. ME WOULD NOT HAVE GONE TO STUDY IN A RIG ACADAMY. 7D

TREE OIAGRAH OF HEBREW SENTENCE

Set

----- ----------- ------ 3. -----

u-s7

rT-3 SA2

I I IT I t

I I I r5A3 I SAC1 tI I I I1 t I I1 t t I

SABI* I VDI II I I I

r II i I I r

NSP11 VP1 I VA 1 VM6 II 7 I rI I I T

I / I INP1 Vat I Vailr I I T

I 7 I I/ I I T

NPA.1 VIII r VC3I I r rI r I II I I I

NPOI RC3 I VBR1I 7 I rI I I T

I r I INA3 VRR1 I villI I t rI I I II 7 I r

N-3 - VP1 t v-1I r I I I

I I II r I I II 7 1/=1 I L-1I I t I II I I I II I I I II I r r t1 1 I I rI, I I I T

I I t I II I I T rr r I I I

T 1 1 1 II I I I T

t I I I T

I I I I T

I I I T7 1 I I /I r I I Ii I I I TI I I I T

IU-5 N=3 V-1 1-3

I. II

I I rP-1 NV1 II I II. II I I II I-3 VHS II I II I II x rI I XP 1I I I1 II 1 I II I P-1 NP 1

. 1 1 I 1

I I I II I I II I 7 NPA 1I r I II r 1 I

I I I r II I I NPR 1

I I I II I I rI I I I I II I r I Ni l AP II I I I I II I I 7 I II r I r r rt r I T. V--1 IPA 1/ I I r I IT I I I I. I II / I I 7 I II I I I I I-1 II I I 1 r 1 II t I t 1 r rI I I I I I II I I I I I /1 / I I 1 I II I I I I r rI I I I T r I. .

L I V- P-1 I-5 P-1 N - 1 A=1 T-G

RFSUL TANI HEBREW FENIENCE!'

LULA RIALY0 SOL, L A HLK LLMWD R 1514 GCWLH.

162

ZOUIVALENT FNGLISH SENTENCE-'IP RIYALIN WILL NOT GROW UP. HE wiLL NOT GO TO STISOY I4 A LActoE AcAnAmy. 7E

TREE OIARRAM or LIERREW SrNTENCE

SC1

T I

5-3 T-6I 1

I

I T I I

KKI 1-3 5A2 1

T T r I

T I I

I 1 T I I

U-6 5A3 I SAC1 /

T I T r 1

I 1 T / I

T I Y I 1

I SABI T VP1 I

I I T I III --------- --- /

T / X I I I I

/ NSPI VRI T VAI VPG I

I I I r T I .1

I I I T I I

I I I T / I 1 I

T NP1 VAI T VAAL P-I NVI II I X I r I I IT I T 1' I I /I 1 I I T t . I r IT NPA1 VAAI T VC3 Y-S VMS 1

I 1 T T T x 1 1 I

I I r r r r I I I

I I I T I I I I I

I NPRI VC3 I VRRI 1 I XP1 rI I T 1 I I r r I

I i r I I I r ----- rI 1 1 r r r r I I I

I NA3 VERI I VRI I I P-1 NPI I

I I I I r I z I I I

I I T I I i I I I I

T I I r I I I I. I rr N-3 VR1 I V-1 I I I NPAI I

I I I r r i I I I II I r I I I I r ir I I I I I I I x I IT I V-I I L-1 I I I T. NPRI I

I I r T I I I I I I IT I I I I X I r II I I I I I I I X r I r x

r I L-T r r r r r r I NA1 API I

I I I r 1 I I r T r I I /I I I r I I I / r r r I IT 1 1 I r r I I I r / i rT I I I I I I I r I oi-1 APAI II I I r T T I / r r i T II 1 / r T r I I - r r I I II I T I I I I I I I 1 I iI I I r / r I r I I r A-I I1 I I I r I I / / r I I II I I I I I 1 I I r r I II I I I I r I I 7 I I I II / r T r I I I I T r r /r I I I T I I r I I I r II I I I 1 I 1 I I I I II I r r / r I I 1 I I I I

u-A N-3 L-I V-I 7-3 L-1 V-1 P-I Y-S P-I N-1 A-I 7-6

REsuLTANT mrgor ENTFNCE-

AM OYALYO L. TOOL.: LA YYLK 4LMWD RYSYS4 GOWL4.

2-156

162

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-IF RIVAL-IP WELL GROW UP. HE WILL GO TO STUDY IN A LARGE ACADAMV.


Mkt

U-6I

IIIIIII

IzzII/IIIIzI/1zIIIzt

IIIzIzxzrzvxI/'1xItzxzx

U=6

S=3

5A3ItI

5A8II

1-I I

NSF/ VP1z zz zI I

NPI VA1I Ix Iz z

NPAI VAA1I II 1I I

NP81 VC3I I

xz

6613 VIIIII

I II I

x zN-3 V81

x II rI Iz 11.-II zz zI zI Iz Iz zz tz IX Iz zI I

z zx II Iz zz zz zz zz r

N-3 V=I

RESULTANT

AP 8VALY0 YGOL.

SCI

T=.3 SAZr

I SAC1I I

r I

I /I VP1I III I I/ VA1 VM6I I Iz zI I I II VAA1 P-1 NVII x I II I I .

z I I I I

I VC3 I V=S VMSI I / I 1I I I I zI I I I zI V001 I I IPII / r t zz z t 1z z t z z

. / V81 I I P-1x I z x rI I I z z1 z I z zI V=1 I I I

I I I x zr z 1 z zz z 1 r zz r z z /

z I I z zz I I / I

x x I. z zI I I I I

z z r r zz I I I I

t I I I zx z z I zI I I I Iz z z z zI I I I zz r I z zI I I x iI I I t zz z z I 31

z I z z zt z z z zI I I I Ir z t r t

TUI V-1 P-I T=S /11

NEOREW SENTE CE=

YYLK LLMWO BYSTASH 8OWLH.

INP1

zIz

MIA//zz

PPM!z=== =

z zNA1 API

z zz zI z

116.1 APAIz zI tz tI A=Iz tz zt _ zz 1z zI Ii x

N711 A=1

T=6

r

IzI

zzzI

I

zII

zIII

zzzIzIzIIzzrzz

. z1=6

2-157 163

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE=IN ORDER THAI. 8rIALIK GROW UP, HE WENT TO surly., IN A LARGE ACADANT.

IFIC2

I------I

C-5It

I

I

I

r

T

I

I

I

IT

I

IIT

T

I

T

I

I

Ir

II7II

I

7II

1II1IiIzI

11tIIIIrII

C,-5

TREE DIAGRAM

IS-2

7

rI

SO17

r7-3II

I ISAS I

1 II tt i

5A8I I

I r. r

I I IN5P1 VP1 I

I r I

I I II I I

NPI VA1 I

I I rI r rI I I

NPA1 VAA1 I

I I 7I T Ir 1 I

NP81 VC3 II I I

t I r-2 I I

NA3 VBISI II r I1 I 7I 1 I

N-3 V8I I

I z zI I II I II V-1 I

1 1 1I I II I II t zr r t1 I rI I Iz z 1I z zI I 1I I zt I rz i zz z zz z TI I rz I rI 1 zI z 1

N-3 V=1 7=3

OF HEEIRFW SENTENCE

SC I

rSAZ

1Ir

SAC1I

Ir

VP1I

I IVA1 VMS

I III I I

VAA1 P=1 NV1I I It 1I I I

VC, I V-S7 I II I I7 T I

VEIBI I I

I I I7 I II I Ivi I II I II I II I I

W-1 I 1r z z7 I 1z r t7 I sI I 1I I 1I I Ir z zz I Ir r II I I1 z zI I I1 I Ir z zI z i1 I zt z zr 1 II I Ir z 1r 1 11 1 t

W-1 P=1 V=5

I

firms

I

II

BPII..........I

P.=1II1I

zIIzIII1IrIzIIt/IIIzIzz

P-1

1NP1

t1I

NPA1zIr

pmetI

rNA1

I1r

m-1I1IIIIIII11

N-1

rAPII1I

APAII1;

11-1zII1I1z

A-2

r7.8

IrrIIIi/rI1IIIiIIIIrrztzIzIIIIIIIIIIIIIrzI

TIIIriIIrIIIzI

zzIrIz1

7=11

RESULTANTJ1E8REV SENTENCE-

LPON BVALTU YGDL. HEM LLMWO OVSVPH GDWLH.Should be:

SBYALYQ YODL, HLK LIABID WYSYSH GDULH.

2-1513

75,

16 4

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-IN THIS ACAOAMT HE WROTE THE FIR I POEMS.


SCI

/I

S-2 T-6I

I

z z

z zsix I

r I

1...

x

x x z

MC4 SA3 z

z I z

z z z

I z z

%PI SAO& I

z x x1zz

I I x i x

z z x

r z z I zNPA1 RSP1 VAI VM3 I

I I I I I I

I I I I I I

I I I I I I

I NPO1 R.-2 VAAI VMA3 I

x r x I z x

I 4. r z x z

x z r z r z z

x NA2 R02 r VC3 MORI I

z x x r z x z

I I r t z

z I z I / z r z

i H-1 N-1 H-V R-I I VMS& NO1 z

I x r r z x z z z

z x x r r 1 z z

I I I z x x z z z rI x r z I z VS1 0-1 NP1 I

x x I z x x z r z z

z x r x I r I I x z

x x I z / x z x x x

x z r x x z V-3 I NPA1 I

: I I I I I I II. z

x I I I I I I I I I

I I T z z I z z z z

z I r I z z z r NPR/ I

I z I x I z z x z z

x z r I z z z z x

I x z z I x x I 1 II I I I I I I I NA2 API I

I I X 1 I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I / I

I I I I I I I I M-1 N-I APAI I

I I t I I I I I I / / I

I' I I I I I I I I I z z

x r z I z z I z I I I

z I x z z z r x I A-1 z

I z I r x x x z I z I z

x z I x I I x z t r z

z x I I x I z z I I I r z

z x I I z I z z I I -1 I I

I T I I I I I I I I I I

I I

I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I / I I I I I I I I I

r z z z z z z I z z

I x z I I I I I I I I I,P-I N-I H-11. R-1 R-2 V-3 0-1 H-1/ N-1 H-1 A-1 T-S

p-1 Npi w5P2 VP1

RESULTANT HEBREW ENTENCE-

STSYSH MIMI HWA Kill AT H TRIM HRASNNTM.

2-159

EGUIVALENT ENGLIsm SENTENCE-IN THESE POEMS HE WROTE AROUT THE SUN AND THE MOON.


sc

I IS-2 T-6

1 II II r

sott

I

KC4II

x

xi,'x

t xP-1 NP1

I 1x II rI NPA1I xI x

I r1 NPRIr rI I-1 x It NA2 R02x x II -1- --t I I rI H-1 N-1 H-1,r I I rI z z I

r r r xr I I zx I I rr I r Ir I I x7 I I x

1 I I Ix x r x

I I t It t r r

r x r tr I X II r I rI I r xI I t xx x x It x 1 II I I x

x I I Iz I xr t t

P-1 N-1 H-G

RESULTANT HEBREW

BS.YRYM HALM HWA KT DL

INSP2

z

Ir

RSPIIt

IR-2zI

rI

1

II r

R-1 It r

r Ir tr It Ir II IT I

I Ir x

I rI x

I tI x

r tr x

z xI II Ir II rr II I

R-I R-2

SENTENCE-

HSM5 WOL

xSA3r

I

I

SABIt

t

VA1x

I

IVAAL

x

I

IVC3

Iz

I

VBB1III

VB1x

r

Iir-sIz

zIz

t

x

IxxxxIIIV-5

HYRX.

x

VP1I

IrI

rP-I

It

x

1

xIx

I

xz

tIrz

zI

IxII.1

X

IP-1

INPI

xI

rNPA1

rIx

NPBIIII

NA2r______

t

H-1z

r

II1Ir

H-1

x

VMSI

X1

XPI/

IM-1Ir

xrIr/

N-I

IC-1Itx/IrtIrrIII/rI

IxIrrrII1x'IC-1

II

I1

p-tIIx/

1xII

Iix

Itxx

rrIxzIII

P-1

2-160

166

UITIVAL7NT rk!GLI''',u'et."TrN^F-

Hr

RTF ABOPT Tar TIrims Ave FORrSTS WHICH HE SAW IN THE VILLAfEt

T.7LE nTATRA!, eT pEoRrk sir1rr4CF

TCI

----- ======

TI

NE07.

.01

TT

T-----------------

1I

7.

TS0

1-

.

AVul5

TI

1

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TT

t

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7

R-11

VAAI

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./

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......

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_I

II

I.

I'

TVC3

T.

1:-1,

rI

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1 6 8

EAUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCZ-

HE WROTE ABOUT THE FIELDS AND FORESTS WHICH HE SAW IN THE VILtAGE.

10A

TREE DIAGRAM Of HEBREW SENTENCE.

S-I

SA3

SABI

NSP2

VP1

_ ------ _

R.SPI

VAI

VR5

XP1

C-I

----

---

----

II

IP-I

NPI

II

II

II

II

II

II

I

II

NPA1

NAP3

1

II

II

II

II.

II

II

II

II

INPB1

R62

1

Ir I

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IR-4

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NA2'

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1z

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IL

LA

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ri

rI

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r1

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TI

II

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RSP1

VA1

VMR2

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1I

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1

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tI

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r1

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11

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II

II

II

II

Ir

II

rI

II

II

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R-2

VAA1

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II

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II

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rI

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____

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T-6

RESULTANT HEBREW SENTENCE-.

HWA KIP OL HISOWT VOL. HYOPYM ASR HWA RAH AWIM BAPR.

Should be:

HWA KTB OL HORT WOL HYORYM SHWA RAH BKPR.

10"

C:O

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-HE WROTE MANY POEMS ABOUT THE LAND OF ISRAEL AND THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. 11

TREE DIAGRAM Of HEBREW SENTENCE

SC1

SA3

tSA/11

NSP2 VP12

t I I

RSP1 VA* Vm4I 2 r

2 x I2 x I

R-2 VAAI VMS3I I I2 2

2 x T II VC3 NOP! NIPII I x z

I I I

T I t 1

I VOBI NPI I

I I 2 2

I I 1 2

z I x I

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I V-% J-1 NPOI P-1 N 1I I x I I I

2 I 1 1 I II I I I 2 r

2 z I NAI I NPA2I I I I I I

I I x I t

x z 1 1 I t 1

I I I N-M 2 a-1 Npsi

T-6

x

t

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c=1 x z

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x x x

r xrir I

z 1 1

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1 1 x 1

I r x x

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I I_ I

I t I

I I 2 2 2

I I J.-I NPOI I

2 x I z z t x I I t I It 2 x x 1 I t x x t 1 I1 2 1 I 2 I .. t x x I t

r I 7 I I I NA3 I I I NA3 I

r x x x I I t I t I 2 I

z I I z I x x X r I 2 Ix z 1 1 I I I I t r x

x I I t t x N..3 I I I N-3 t

I I I x / 1 z z 2 x I I2 I t I 2 x I t I I x 1

x 2 t I t t I t I I x I

R-2 V-4 .11 N-1 P-1 J-I N-3 C-1 P-I J-I N-3 7-6


MJA KIM HRBH STRIP, OL AR6 YSRAL WOL OH ISRAL.t

1712-163

EQUIVALENT ENOLISH SENTENCE-Hr LOVED THE LAND OF ISRAEL ABOUT WHICH HE WROIE PAN/ PaEms. Its

TREE pitinnsoi OF HERREN SENTENCE

SC I1

II

S-IT-6

II

II

II

513 I

II

I1

II

SARII

III

7 II

NSP2 VPII

r II

TI

/ I II

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I I II

1 I II

I I tI

R-2 VAAI VHA3 I

I I I1

I 1 II

I I II

I liC3 NOP2I

I I II

7 I II

I t Ir

I va01 No I

T I II

I II

I 1 I I1

I Vol 0-1 NP1 I

I I I II

I I II

I I I I II

I V-I I MPAP NAP3 I

I I I T 3 t

r I 1 I i

1 I t I I I I

I I I J-I NPOl 003 I

I I I I I 1 I

I I I I I1

I t I I I I 1 I

I I I I 443 Re.N SIM I

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I 2 I N-3 I YRII I

I I I T I I I 1

1 I I I T I I

r I 7 7 I r I I 1

I I . I 1 I r leAl 0113 I

I I I I I I / I 'I

I I I I I I 1 1

I I I I I I / I I I

I I I I I I VAAI 2-1 NOP1 I

I I I I I I I t 1 I

I I I I 1 I 1 I - 1

I I I r I r / I / I I

I I 1 I 'I I VC3 P-1 R-3 /MI I

I I i I I I1

I 1 I I

I I 1 I I I I- I E I /

I I I I ./ I I I . I I I

r 1-'. r 1 I I vest I i NPAZ I

I. I. I I I I I I I / I

I-- ,I 1 I 1 I -I 1 I I

I 1 I t -I I I I. I 1-. -1 I _

I 1 -I I I-. I VIII I I NPRI .I

I- I .. K t I .1 1 1 I I . I I

I 1 I I 1 I- I 1 .. I I I I

I :I- -I I -I. I II-

I- -I I I

I I I 1 I r v-i 1 - x r- Nal 1

7 . 1 1 1 I 1 I .. 1 I ./ I

I t.. t I. I I- I ..I I -I '1

I. I -' I I I I I I- I I - I I

I I I I- I I, I I I' . 1 t.. -I

I '.I I I I I-- I I, I -.I -II

I ..- I I / I -I I- I . I I I /

/- I- I ' .I -1 I I I I- . I., I- I

0-2 -V-I.- 0-l- J-I N-.3 . V*1. I...1 0-.3.. J-1.: l'I I-6.

RESULTANT HEBREW SENTENCE

44 ANA AT ARA YSRAL A W O QLYH-HRBH SYRYM.

;This is CIessical m d rn Hebrew trete s =no /INWEJ,

iru1liA1r10 r!.T.LIsIJ 'EKTFNr(-APOUT UPAT rtr HE WPITF MANY PoENS2

TRFE FrArrIP" CF HE.RFW 5FHTFNCE

sr2

1-5

T i T T

P-I vizi:" I

T / T 1

T T 1

I I I 7 I

T I NSP, VTL I

I 1T T I

T I I I

T I y 7 T T

T / v,;P! V41 VPT3 I

I I I I T II1 T T -- -..----- t

T 1 1 T ! I

T 1 R-7 VAAI Z-I NOP1 /

T I T T T I I

T I I 1 z t

T I T I I T I II 1 I VC, P-1 NP1 I

T I T . I I I I : r

T r I I T 1 1 I

r I I T T I I I

I t I "t T 1 NPA2 r

I r T I I I I 1

I I I T 7 r _____- r

I 1 T T 1 t t

T I I I I J-1 NPE11 T

I I T I I r I I

T ': I T I I 1 t r

I I T I I t I I I

T I 7 V:1 1 I I NA1 T

T I T T r r t t

I 1 I I 7 I r t t

T I T I 1 1 I r

I 1 I T T 1 1 N-I I

T I T t T T r I I

I r I T T I I I T

T. I T I I I 1 I I

P-I R-5 4-' V-1 13-1 7-3 J-I N-1 1-5

RrsuLTANT 4r. 7w v- Cc_

OL NH 4WA KT1 OLV4P HR1r1 SvRYM?

Error. There should Iv no mow.

2-3_65

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-THE STUDENTS LEARNED THE PoFHS AND KNEW THEM BY HEART.


SC 1

12

NSPI VPI

I

NPII r

I

I 1 7

NPAI VAL Vm3I I I

I I 1

I I I

NP81 VAAI vHA31 I I

I I x

I I 1

NA2 VC3 NOP2I r x

I 1

I I 1 x

m-1 N-1 VSBI NO1I I I I

I I I

I I I I I

I 1 VR1 0-1 NP1I 1 i r I

I I r t r

1 1 x I I

x 1 V-3 t NPA1I I I T /

I I I x I

I t 1 I I

r I x I Npmt

I I r

C-1 I 1

t T r

/ I

x x I r

I VA1 VM4 I

1 I 1 r

I I x I

t I I I

vm:I

z I

1 I

r vAA1

x x r

I I I r x

I VC3 ROI NIRI I

x I I I t

I x x t

I 1 1 I I I

I VBB1 0-2 R-3 XPI 1

I I I I I I

I I 1 r x

I x I t I 1 t

P-r t NP1 IIvex/

I I 1 I I 1 I

I I t t r x I

t r I I I t r

I V-4 I / x mph I

I 1 1 1 t t I

I t r x r I x

x 1 t I x x I

I I I I I NPR'

I 1 / I I x x x x t t

/ r .x / ___________ 1 I I I I I I

x I I I I / t r I 1 I I I

1 I x r NA2 Roz T t T I I NAt r

I I x I I I 1 r t r I 1 I

I 1 x I r I r 1 x r I

I I I I 1 I 1 1 I x 1 I I I I

I 1 x / H-I N-I H-I R-I I I I I I N-1 I

1 I x I I t r I r 1 I I I I I

I I t 1 I I I 1 1 I I I I I I

I I T t t t I 1 1 x 1 I x 1 I

I I I 1 x t I I I x I x x x 1

I I r t I I x I I I I I x 1 I

x I x .1 I r 1 I I I I x I I I

t 1 I x x r r r r r I r 1 t I

H-I N-1 V-3 0-1 H-1 N-1 H-I R-I C-I V-4 0-2 R-3 P-1 N-1 7-6


HILMYOYM LMOW AT HSTRYM HALH WYDOW AWTM OA PH.

2-166

17

EQUIVALENT ENBLISH SENTENCE-THL STUDENTS WHO LEARNED TNE POEMS mmEW THEM B7 MINI. 12A


SCI

--------------- ----- = --

S-I 7-6

sair

1. I

EI I

NSPI VP1 I

I r rr------ --- - I

I I

NPI VA1

I I

I

I I 1 I

NPAI NAP3 VAAI VMB2 I

r I I I I

I I I I

t / I I I I

NPO1 RGi VC3 ROI NIPZ I

t I I I I I

II I I

r I t 1 t 1 1 1

NAZ R-s vPI VOII1 0-1 R-3 XPI 2

t I t x i t t 7

====== 11 I I

I 1 I i 1 t I

H-I N-1 I VAV VM3 VBI I /

I I I I I I I X

I I I I I I I I

I I I x x I x I

I I VAAt. VHA3 V-I t t

/ I r t 1 r 1 1

x x t I I 1 I 1 1

i I r t r x r x I

t t I VCIT NOP2 I I I I

7 x I I I I I I I

1 i I 1 I I I I I

I I I I I I I I I

I I I VOB1 N01 'I I I I

1 I I T. / 1 I I I

2 2 I I 1 I I I

I I I I I I I I I I

I I I VC1 0-1 NP1 I 2 I I

I g I I I I I I I I

r Y I t 1 I I I I I

I I I I I 1 I I I I

I I 1 v-t I NPAI I I r t

1 1 I I I t I / I. x

x 1 1 t I t r r x I

r I x x I I t I t x

I I i t I NP01 1 I I I

I / I t 1 t I I I I

I / I I t r 1 t x

t I x t I x I t I I I

I I , z x 1 NA2 R02 I I I I

I I I I I I I r 1 I I

1 I I I I I I I I

I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I z

1 t r I I H-I N-1 14-1 R-t I I I I

I I x r r x r x x t r t I

I t i i t I I I I I t I I

I t I I I I I I 1 I I I I

I I I / I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I / I V I I I

t I / t I / x I t i r I t

x I t t r t I I I I I I I

H-1 N-V r.l 0,1_1 0-1 H-I N-1 H-1. R-I V-I 0-I R-3 P-1 T-61

.

VM,

1

-i


HILMv0vm A R MOW AT 1451RYM HALH YOOW AWTM 01 PH.

ThiS is Classical. Modern Hebrew prefers 1 W.

2-167

N-I

EQUIVALENT ENGLISH SENTENCE-IN THE YEAR 1924 RIYALIK TRAVELED TO THE LAND OF ISRAEL.

TREE DIAGRAM OF HERREW SENTENCE

SC1

1 I

S-2 T-6I ,

-

1I

I I

SDI I

1 I

rt I I

MC4 SA3 /

I I I

I I

I I

XP1 RAR1 z

1 I rr

I I I I I

P-I NPL NSPU vPI I

y I I / I

r / I

I I I I I

NPA2 NPI VAI VMS rI I I I I

r I r x

/ x r I I r T

r J-1 NPR1 NPAP VAAL XPI I

1 1 I I r r I

I I I t T --.-- T

I I r r I I x rx z NA3 NPF311 VC3 P-I NPI I

I I x I r I I z

z I t I I I I I

x I / x I r r x

r I N-3 NA3 VAG1 I NPA2 x

7 I / I I I I I

t I I I T I ------ I

I I r z I r I I rz I r N-3 VRI. t J-I Alper rI I I I I r x I I

I I I r T I I I 1

I / I I / I 1 I I

1 I I I V-1 r I NA3 T

I I t I r I I / I

r I r I r / I z I

I x r I I I / I I

I I 1 r r r r N-3 I

T I r 1 I I I r rI z r x I I I I t

I I I I I I x 1 T

P-1 J-1 N-3 V-I P-I J-I N-3 I-16

RESULTANT HEMMEN SENTENCE-

BTNT 1924 BYALY0 NCO LARS ISRAL.

176

2-168

rrL1iVLrNT F:WICI.TL1 jr4q LiFeT li1F

IPFF

rrNrr-41- riFATH. Rcratr: THF WAS

SC1

_FT LIKr HIM IN ISRAEL, 23

T I

, T-br r

T t

T I

I

I r

I

1 r I I

S43 T- 7 K C3 t

I I T T

I I 1

7 T I r I

q'ilill / C-6 5.42 T

T I T r r

t I I r

r I I I I I

NSP1 vP I 1 t r AC I I

T I I I t I

I 1 r / rI T , I r r I

NP1 vAi v-s I T VP I I

T I T t 1 I r

1' T T 1 I --- --- . ____ ...I T T I T I I

NPia 1 VAA1 'ir'I I r WAI 1 VM1I I r I T I I T

T 1 r I I I

I I T ' t I I T I I

J-7 HP91 yr'. v-I vPI I I vA41 NPx 3 I

T I T I I T T T I I

T I T 7 I T T z I

I T F I 1 I T t T

Nt 7 vtal PPP I T T vr 3 NP1 r

T I t T t I r t r r

t I I I T r IT I 1 7 T T r T I I r

I H-1 N-1 VII ' Nr 12 I T v011 NP AI NAP2 I

7 T T T I T I T T / z 1T 7 I I I I T I I I I .

I r I r r T r T T I I I

1 I 7 v-. Tl I r vP I Np131 xP9 T

T I T T ' I T i I i II I T T r r : 1 __ - IT I I I ' T I E. T. T I r r T

T I I T J-1 R-3 I I v-1 N AI XP2 XP1 I

I I I I ' I t r 7 T 1 z i II I T T r r r I I II I T T. T I T T T r 1 I r z IT I 7 T 7 1 I I L-1 I N-1 2-1 P-1 NPt I

T I T r F 7 I I I I r I I I r zT I I I I I I I I I r 1 _____. z 1 rI I . T I I r T I I I 1 I i'

T I I I T I T I t I r I P-1 R-3 I NPA1 IT I I T T T I I r r I I I I z 1 r

I I T I T I I I t r I I x r I I I

I I I r I T I r r r I I I I 1 i 1

I I I T T I I I r r r r 1 I / NP131 IT I T I T t I r I I I I I I I IT I T I T I I I T T T I z I r r rI I I I I t I r r I I 1 I 1 t

T I I I 1 7 T 1 T I I I I I I NA3 I

T I T . I I I r I 1 I I 7 I I

I I I T 1 t E r I T T . z r I z zr 7 7 r I I 7 I 7 r T I I 1 I I rT 7 I T. I I I I T r r 1 i I r N-s 1

r I I T 7 T I I I r I 1 I I r I IT I I r T T I I r I I 1 I I I 1 I

T I I T Y I I r r I I I I I I z IJ-1 H-I N-I V-,F P-1 J-1. R-1 I- I C-g L-1 V-1 N-1 P-1 R-3 62-1. N-3 16

T?7,11..Irtior C' 7,1 Tr -

K_ RTHYrY(M KW L "vTd. KY LWA HY,1 9SW KMWMW 1174L.

In iS Classical. Modern Hebrew uses -w 2-169

77

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P-1 N-2 L-1 V-1 N-I T-6

RESULTANT HEP EW CENTENCE-

LYWCP LWA YHVH XDR.

if

181

3 2 Tree Diagrams Of Computer Analyzed Sentences

This section contains tree diagrams of Hebrew sentencesanalyzed by means of a computer making use of the computerized algorithm

for analyzing Hebrew sentences described in Fart IV of this report. The

sentences were generated to demonstrate the use of the grammar in its

analysis mode. A total of 26 sentences were analyzed. The sentences

usually correspond to those generated by the algorithm for generating

Hebrew sentences. However, in some cases they are alternate versions.

2-177 188

HEBREw SENTENCE A;.ALYZEU--XYYM NXMN W(ALYQ0 'NH t,,Swt04 GLAL BAi;R YSRAL.

TREE DIA(,HAM OF 1,E HEW SENTENCE No.

N-1 A-1 P-1 J-1 N-31 I I I I

I I I I 1

I I I I I

1 I I I NA3I I I I I

I I 1 I I

I I I 1 I

I I I J-1 NP31I I I I I

I I 1

I I I I

I 1 I NPA2I I I I

1 I I I

I I 1 1

I 1 P-1 NP11 1 I I

I I

I I I

1 A-1 XP1I I I

I

I I

I APA2

HEBREW SENTENCE ANALYZED--Ham xYYm NxMN B- Au HYH M5wRR GOWL BAR& YSRAL?

TREE DIAGRAM ur HEBREW SENTENCEI01.

w-2 N-3 N-3 N-3 V-1 N-1 A-I P-1 J-1 N-3 T-51 I 1 I 1 i I I I 1 1

I I I I i x 1 Ix 1 i I I x 1 I I1 N-3 VUI 1 I I I NA3 1

I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II I I I I I I t 1

1 1 1 1 I I I I II NA3 4431 I 1 1 J-1 NPB1 II I I 1 1 1 I I II 1 1 I I 1 ----- 1

I I 1 I i I 1 1

I NPII1 vc3 I I I NpA2 1

i i I i 1 I I 1

A 1 I I I I I Ii I I I x I I II NPA1 VAAI I I P-1 NP1 Ii I r I I x I IA r I I 1 I

I I I I I 1

NP1 I I A-1 xpt It 1 1 1 1 I II I I I 1

I I 1 I 1 II I I I APA2 II r I I 1 1

1 1 I I 1 x

I 1 I 1 I II I I NA1 AP1 1

I : 1 1 1 a

1 I 1 1

I I I x I1 1 I NPB1 I

1 x I I II I 1 I 1

I 1 t 1 1

1 1 I NPA1 iI I 1 1 I1 t 1 I 1

I I I I 1

1 I I NP1 1

1 I I i I1 x I I II r 1 I . 1

I I I NPX3 1

J. I i I I1 I 1 i 1

i I 1 1 I1 I vA1 VM1 I1 1 I I II t ______ 1

I I 1 1

I NSP1 VP1 1

1 1 1 1

1I

I ISABI I

1 1 1

I I I1 1

1

U-2 SA3 I1 1 1

, 1

t IKul I

I x

I I1

isix T-5

I I

5C 2

4-D-1

2-179

HEBREk, 3ENTENCE ANALYZEO-X7TM NXMN BYALTP MTH MSWRR GDWL BARI YSRAE!

TREE DIAGRAM UF NEUREW SLNTENCE 102

N-3 N-3 N-3 v-1 N-1 A-1 P-1 J-1 N-3 7-71 I I I

II

III

IIx

Ixx

II2

N-3 VO1 1 I I I NA31 1 1 I I1 I I I 1I I 1 I I

NAJ VOB1 I 1 x J-1 wn1I I 1 I 1

I I I II I I I 1

NPO1 VC3 I I I NPA2I I I I 1 II 1 x I I II I I I I I

VAAL I I P-1 NP1 IIII

I1

t

1

x

1

I

I

2 Ix

1

NP1 1 1 A-1 XP1 I

I 1 I 1 I

I

iIx I

1

II1

x

I

ItII

APA2xII

IIIi

I NA1 API I

1 I I I1 ------ II I I

I

tNP61

II

tIx

I1

1t

I

xNPA1

1

I1

I 1 1Ix

1

1 11-11

II

I I I

I I I

I 1 I

I NPX3 II 1 II I II I 1

VAL VM1 1

I I I1

NSP1 VP1

5A01

5A3

S-1 T-7

SC3

4-D-6

2-180

HEBREW SENTENCE ANALYZED--XYYM NXMN UYALTO YHYH MSWRR ODWL BARA YSHAL.

TREE DIAO AM OF HEBREW SENTENCE 103.

N-3 N-3 N-3 V-1 N-1 A-1 P-1 J-1 N-3 T-61 I I I I I I 1 I I

I I I I z I 1

I I I I I I I I

N-3 VB1 I I I I NA3 I

I I I I I I I I

1 I I I I I I I

I I I I I I r 1

NA3 V1.031 I I I J.-1 NPB1 I

I 1 1 I I I 1 1

I z 1 1 I ------ I

I I I I I I I

NPB1 VC3 I I I NPA2 I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

NPAI VAA1 I I P-1 NP1 I

I 1 I I 1 r I

z r I I I

I 1 I I I I

NP1 I I A-1 XP1 I

I I I I 1 I

I 1 I I

I I I I I

I I I APA2 I

1 I 1 1 I

1 I I I I

I I I I I

I 1 NAi An 1

1 I I I I

I I I

I I I I

I I NP5I I

I 1 I I

1 I I I

I I z I

I I NPAI I

I I I I

I I I I

I I I I

I I NP1 I

I I I I

I I I I

I I 1 I

I I NPX3 I

I I 1 I

I I I I

1 I 1 1

I. VAI VMI I.

I I I LI

I

I I I

NSP1 VP1 I

I I z

I

1 I

SAB1 z

z I

II

I I

SA3 I

Iz

I. 1

II

S-1 T-6I

I

5"

2-181

TREE DI AN Atil OF 4EFIREW SENTENCE NO. 2

R-2 V-1 A=1 P-1 ..1-1 H-1 N-1 T-6I I I I I I r x

I I I I I ---- -- I1 I I I I I I

RsP T VIII I I I NAZ II I I r r x Ir x 1 I x r Ir x I I I I II VBB I I I J-1 NPEll II I I I I I II I I I II 4 T I I Ir VC 3 / I NPA2 I

1 r T L I II I I I I rr I I I I 1

r VA AI T P-1 NP1 Ir 1 r T. X II I r tr I r T x

r I A-I XP1 I17 1 r r t

_

r I -___ 1

NSF? VP)

-

T-6

2-182

HB4EW SENTENCF ANAL YZED--MY HYH GDWL ?4)(1- HMSWRIZYM?

T4EE EITAr_'qAM oF LIEBREW SENTENCE NO. 201

V- A-1 P-1 J-1 H-1r I r t r iT I I I Ii 1 I 1 I T

1 ---- VS1 I I t NA2T I T 1 I rI I 1 I I/ 1 I 1 I II Vt3iii. I I J-1 4P141I I 1 1 1 Ir r x r ____...._I 1 1 x rI VC3 I I MP A2I I 1 I II I I I II 1 I I- II V.AA 1 I P- 1 NIP 1

I I / T I1 r 1 MPS..s=

II I A-1 XP 1T 1 I II rI I II I Apia 2T I II I II I Ir I Aril1 r rI I _II I II I NPX 1I I II r II . I II VAT Vm 1r I. I'1I I-.5 .VP 1I I

.11LP.PM=

TS

Jet? II.

TSII T-5

r

SC22-183

i-lE3REW SENTg:NCE AXIAL Y7E0--FIWA YSH r4Tki.

TREE DIAGRAM OF HCBREW SENTENCE 4NO,

R-2 V I P-1 N-1 AI 1-6I I I r I II I I I I II I r I T I

RSP I V81 r r AP41 II I I- I I II I I I I II I I I 1 I

VBB1 I N41 API II I r r rI 1 1I 1 T I

I VC 3 I NFE: II I II I I I II I I I II VA Al t NPA1 II I I I r1 1 1 II r I I rI I P-1 tki?1 Ir I I I rI I ---,--- It I I II 1 XPI II I I rI I I II I I rI VA1 VM5 rI I I t1I

NsP2I

vP1

IrI

SAR

SA a;

SC I

T-6

2-184

HEBREW 5ENTFNCE ANALYZED--4AA YYSP RKPR

TREE OTVIRAtIo OF 4ERRFW SENTE

1-2 V-1 P $ N 1 A L T-6

T / I r I I

T r I T 1 I1 I I r I I

RSPI YBI I I APAI rI 1 r I I I1 I I I I I/ I 1 I I I

I VBBI I NA! API II I -..i I I rr 1 I 1--

II I I T II VC3 I NPB1 II1 1 I I 1

I I I I I

I VAAI 1 NPA1 I

I I I I II I I I II I T T I

x x P-t Np 1 rI. I T x Ir I ______ /I I I rt I ,CP1 /

1 x I rI I t I1 I I I1 VAI VM5 IT I I I

Ii T

rNSP2 VPI I

I 71.010.. II

SA81

ISA 3

I

S71T"6

. . .SC I

-2-185

%C.;" 401

1-1F_34E11 SF.MTENCE ANALy7E0-...HWA TWSB KPR GaN.

TREE DIACRAN OF HEBREW SENTFNCE NO. 402

R-7 E-I P-I N-I A-I T-6

t t t T rI x I T I 1

I I t t I x

RSPI I 1 I APAI I

I I 4 I I rI 1 1 I r I

I I I I I I

1 I I NAI API I

I I I I I I

T. I 1 I

I I r I I

I I I NPPI I

I I t I I

I I I r II I I r rI I I NPAI I

I I x I r

r I x r It I 1 T 1

1 I P-1 NPI x

I I r x x

x x II I -t I

I 1 XPI I

I r r tI , I 1 I

I I I x

I EAI T II r T I

I 1 I II I I I

I VBBI I I

I I r II I I rI I r tr VC3 T I

I 1 1 I

I 1 I 1

1 r I I

/ VA Al r I

I I I.

1 I I

r I I

I VAI VMSI I I I

II

I I I

N VPI tI I

rI

T-6

SC I

HEBREW SENTENCE ANALITEDRNA HTH TWSB OIL ACA O4N.

TREE OIAORAH OF HEBREW SENTENCE NO. 403

4- V-1 E-1 P-1 N- 1 A-1 T-62 z I z r z tt z I I z t zt z 2 I z r I

RSP1 Val z t I ARAI 2

I I z z r i zz z I z I / zI t z I z z 2I VBB1 r z HAI API Iz I i I r I II I I i . ------ rI I I r r z2 VC3 I I NP81 rz z z z z zt 1 z t tt- z z t r II VAA1 z z NPA1 zz z I z t zz I r z r zI z / I r II I I P-1 NPT I2 I _. I t r , rI z I rz z I / rI t I XPI zI f z I z zt z z 2 r2 I I I rt z EAI VHS zz I z I 5z I __ zI I. z I2 I EFA1 1

I I i II I I II i i II I EPI tz z / zz z z , /I- I .1

) 1tI APB3I. z t zz z I zz z I rz t NRA1 I1 z I 1

z z t2 z i - z2 I POI Iz z I zz z. t zz z t z.2 z NPX 3 - I

I 5 I I1 I tI . I I II VA1 VM1 t

2 I .- I I

I zI I I

NSP2 VF1 I

I I II

I1

SABI I

II

II

SA3 I

tI

I I

21

S-1 2-6I I

SC1 2-187

198

HEBREWH WA y

TENCE ANAL YIE0--YbiS8 OmPR QaN

TREE DI AGR Am OF HEBREW SENTENCE NO. 404

R-2 V I E 1 P 1 M I A-1 1-62 I 1 I I x 1t I r 1 X I 1

I 1 1 1 I I I

RSP1 VB 1 1 1 I. AP, I II I r 1 2 I I

I / t 1 1 r I

1 1 1 I I r xI VBEll r I NAI APII I x t 1 I1 x r t .01 x 1 tI VC 3 I 1 NP61/ I 1 1 P 1

1 I r I 1 1

I I I / 1 xI V AA L I I HP A I I

r 1 t I X 1

1 I 1 I D I

1 I I 1 I rI I X P-1 NP 1 I

I I I r I I

I x t 1

V AII , I

NSP2 VP4

sABI

SA3 1,

6

sc 1

HEBREW SENTENCE kiALYZED--HwA AHB LLmwo TwRH.

TREE DIAL,RAm OF HEBREW sEriTc.NCE No.

li..2 V-1 P-1 Y-1 N-/ T-b1 I I I I 1

1 x I x I I, 1 I I 1 I

$.SPI VB1 I I NA1 I

I I I I 1 1

I 1 I I T II 1 1 I 1 I

I vB81 I 1 NPB1 1

I I I I 1 1

1 I 1 x I I1 1 1 I 1 1

I VC3 I 1 NPA1 I

I I I I I I

1 I 1 I I I

1 I 1 *. 1 1

VAA1 I I NP1 I1 I 1 I 1

I I I I I

1 I I 1 1

I 1 I I NOP1 1

I I I 1 1 I

1 1 1 I I I1 I I I I I

1 I 1 1 VMA3 1

I I x 1 I 1

I I I 1 I 1

I I I I I 1

I I 1 Y-I VM3 II I I 1 . 1 I

I 1 I 1

1 I I I I

1 1 P-I NVi 1

I I 1 1 1

I I 1

1 I 1 1

1 VA1 VM6 II I I X .

1

I I

NSP2 VP11 I

SAB/

SA3

.5-1 T-6

SCL

2-189

5.

HEDREW 50,,TENCE kuALYZED--AUL HWA AHD GM AT HSDWT.

TREE DI AGRAM OF HEBREW SENTLNCE No. 6.

C 6 F0-2 V-11 I II I I'I I II RBP1 VB1I I I1 1 II I II I VBBII I I1 I xI I II I VC3 II 1 I zI I x II i I 1I I VAA1 I

I I I II I I Ix x x I 1I I I 1 NO1-I I I I 1 xI I I I x xI I I I 1 1I I I DP1 NOP2 1I I I 1 I 7

1 I I 1I x I I zI I I VMA3 I

I 1 I I I

x I I I z

0-1

NA2

NPB1 X

NPA1

NPI

I. z I 1x I VA1 VM3I z I II x

I NSP2 VP1

I SABII

5A3

571I ,

sci

2-190

HE8kEW SENTENCE ANALVZED--HLK LLMwU 13YSTFil1 GDWL110

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEbREW SENTENCE No. 7.

V-1 P-1 Y=I P-1 N=I A=I T-6I I r I T I Ii I I / I / II I 'I I I I I

VS1 I I I I APAI I

1 I 1 I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I

Vb131 I I I NAI API II I I I I I III I I --...--- I1 I I 1 I I

VC3 1 I I NPLI1 I

I I I I I II I I i I 1

1 i r I I 1

VAAL I 1 I NPAI 1

I 1 I 1 1 II I I 1 I I1 z r I I 1

i I I P=I NPI I

I I I I I II I I II. I I I II I I xPl II I 1 I II I I I II I I I I1 I Y-1. VM5 I

I I r I II x .....- 1

I 1 I II P1 NVI II I I II II I I

VA1 VM6 I

X I Ix

I 7

VPI A

I I

I I

I I

SACI .I

I I

,I II I

SA2 I1 II II I

S=I T=6I I... .... .

SCI

2-191

HEBHE:o. SELTENCE A.4ALYZED--HtIL.K Ludiar; UYSYLIH CWWLHI

Ti:EL bIA AM OF HEWiEW SETUC No. 701.

_1V-1 P-1 Y-.I PI N-1 A-1 1-5I 1 1 I I I I I1 I I I - I I I II I 1 I 1 I I II WI I r I I APA1 1

1 I 1 I I i I 1

r 1 1 I 1 I I II I 1 I I I I 1

I VUBI I I I NAL API I

I 1 I 1 I 1 1 1

I 1 1 I 1 ------ 1

1 I I 1 1 1 /I VC3 I I I NPB1 I

I I I I 1 I II I I I I I 1

I I 1 I 1 I I

1 VAA1 I 1 I NPA1 I

I I 1 1 1 I I1 1 I I I I T

I I I 1 I I II I I I fal. NPI iI I I I I i IIa'

II

II

II

------I

II

I I I I XP1 I

I I I 1 1

I I I 1 I1 1 I I 1

I I y-1 VMS I

I I I I 1II ------ 1

1 I 1 1 I

1 I P:. NV1 I

I I I I I

I

I1

II

VA1I

VM6

Iir

1 1 1

VP11

SAC'I

(4-1 SA2

SC2

T.

I

T-5

2-192

203

HEBREw SENTENCE AALTZED--HAm HLK LLMwD PYSYBH GOwLd?

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCE No. 702.

w 2 v-1 -1

1

z

1 VB1

1 VBB1

VC3

VAAL

1P-1

VA1 VMS

VP1

5AC1

Q-2 5A2

I NPA1

P-1 NP1

XP1

Y-1 VMS

NV1

SC2

_2-193

T-5

4WENimM.1!

204

HEBREW z,LI,TENCE AHALYZED--HAA byALYCm HEK ELm4o bYSTOH GOLH

TREE D1AGAM oF HEuREw .E.I'TLACE No. 703.

km 2 t,-3 V-I P-I 1-1 P-1 N-1 A-1 T-5I I I I I I t I I1 1 x I I I t I I1 1 I I I I I 1 t1 NA3 Val I I 1 1 ApAl I

I 1 I 1 1 I I I II I I I II I I X I r I 1 II Npat v6131 I I x NAI AP1 1

1 1 I I I x I 1 II I x I I I ------ 1

I I I I I I 1 I1 NPAI VC3 I I I NPB1 rI I I I I I I I1 1 I I 1 I I II I I I 1 I I II NP1 VAAI I I I NPA1 1

1 I I I ,_' x 1

I I I I I x -1I I I I 1 I rI 1 I 1 P-1 NP1 I

I I r I I 1 I I1 I I I 1 ----- x

I 1 I I 1 I II I 1 I. XP1 II 1 I 1 I II I I 1 - II 1 I I 1 1

I I I Y-1 VM5 I

I I I I I IIx I ----- II I I I I II I I P-1 NVI. I

I I x I I III I ------ II I I I II I VA1 vM6 I

I 1 I I Ix 1 x

x 1 I I1 NSP1 VP1 I

I I I II----.- II I II SABI II I 1

.I I II I 1.

Clew sA3 I

1 I zI

11

KII II II II I

511 1-5I I--

SC2

205

HEBREW SEi.TENCE ANALYZED--HWA KTB AT HSYRYM HRASwNyM.


k 2 V-1 0-1 H-1 N-1 H-1 A-1 1-6I I I I 1 I III ------ II I I I /

KSPI vol 1 I A-1 1

1 x 1 1 x II x 1 I I I1 I I I I x

1 v6B1 I I APAI 1

1 I 1 I 1 I1 x I 1 1 1

1 I I i I z

1 vO3 1 NA2 Apl1 I 1 x x

1 x I1 1 I I

1 VAA1 1 NPBII 1 1 1

I I x I1 I I II I 1 NPAII 1 I II 1 I II I I II 1 0-1 NP1I I I I II 1 Ix I I II I N01 II I I x

i I I rI 1 I x

x I NOP2 x

z I I x

I I I x

I z I Ix I vmA3 I

1 1 I II I I x

I I I I1 VAI vM3 1

I I I Ix I.x I I

NSP2 VP1 I

I I I

.. x

i 1

SW II 1I xI I

SA3- 1

I II I1 I

S-1 T-61 I-

-. --I

SCI

2O62-195

HEBREW SENTENCE A0JALYZED--HWA RT0 OL HSMS.


R.2ki1 P-1 H-1 N-1 1.61 I I I I 1

1 x I ------ 1

I I x I IRSP1 VB1 I NA2 I

I I x I II ; I r II I 1 I II VBB1 I NPB1 I

I 1 / I I1 I r I xI I I I 1

I VC3 I NPAI I

I I I x 1

x x I x II I I I II VAA1 Pl. NP1 I

I I I I I1 I ------ xI I x II I XPI I

I I 1 I1 1 I x

I I I x

I VA1 VMS I

I I I Ix x

I I INSP2 VP1 I

I I I

I

I I

SAB1 I

I I

I I

I I

SA3 I

I I1 II I

5-1 T6I 1

HEBREW SIITENCE ANALYZED-HTLMYDYM LmDw AT HSYRYM HALM,


H 1 N-1 V-1 0-1 H-I N-1 H-1 1-6I 1 I I I L I I III ------ ------ I/ I I I I I

NA2 V51 1 NA2 H02 1

1 1 I I I III I . ... ... ----- II I I I I

NP51 VBB1 1 NP51 I

1 I I I II I I I II I I I I

NPA1 VC3 I NPA1 1

1 I I 1 II I I I IL I I I I

NP1 VAA1 01 NP1 I

1 I 1 1 III -, .. --__ 7 II I I II I NO1 r

1 I II I I II I I II I NOP2 /

1 I / II I I II I I II I VMA3 II I 1 II I I II I I II VA1 VM3 II I I II----..-- _ .. II 1 1

NSPI VP1 I

I I II

I I

sAer 1

I I

I t

y ISA3 1

1 I

1 r

i1 .

s-.1 T-6I I

-_---_-.........-.-...-._--._

SC1

2-197 208

HEBREW SENTENCE AiiALTZED--YDqw AWTM OL PH.

TREE IAGRA'm OF HEBREW SENTENCE No. 121.

V.I R-3 P-I N-1 T-bI I I I I I

1 I I I

I I I I 1

11E11 1 I NAI I

I I I I I

I I I I I

I I 1 I I

V8131 I I NPe1 I

I I I I I1 I I I I1 1 I. 1 I

VC3 I I NPA1 I

I I I I I

I I I I I

I I I I I

VAAL I P-I NP1 I

1 1 I 1 III ------ II I x II x xPl I

1 I 1 T

1 1 1 I

1 I 1 I

1 R01 NIP1 rI I I 1

I II x II VMEI2 I

I I I

I I I

I I I

VA1 VM4 I

I V I

--_ - I

I 1

VPI. I

I I

I I

I I

SAC1 I

x Ix I

SA2

S-1 T-6

SC1

HEBREW SENTENCE ANAL.YZED1:ITALY° NCO LAR& YSRAL.

TREE °IAGRAM OF HE HEW SENTENCE NO. 13.

N 1 I/1 PI ..1.1 1\11. Twb1 x 1 1 I I. 1 I 1 7i 1

1 I I I I rNA1 VB1 I I NA1 I

I I 1 x I II 1 1 J I II I I 'r I I

war imez I J.1 NPB1 x

x I r 1 I I

x I I I 1

NPA1 VC3 1 NPA2 1

x I 1 I. z

I z I 1 1

I z 1 x INP1 VAA1 P.1, NP1 z

I x x I II 1 ...-___. I1 x x zI z xpr Iz 1 1 x

x I x x

I I 1 z

x VA1 VM5 I1 I I Iz z

I I 1

NSP1 VP1 x

1 I xI

x x

SAB1 z

I x

x Ix 1.

SA3 I

I Ix z

I ISuA. 1....6

z zMMM MMM MM

Scl

2-199

HEBREW SENTENCE ANALYZEO-KL HYHDYM ,3KW OL MWTW.

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SErrrENCE No.23.

61,1 H-1 N-1 V-1 P.'1 R-3 TE)I 1 I I I I I I

I I x ----- r1 I I I I I

I NA2 01 I NS1 I1 I I I z tI 1 I I z I

I I I I I r

-I NPB1 VBB1 1 NPB2 I

I I x x x I

I I I 1

I I I 1 I

NPA2 VC3 I NPA1 I

I I I 1 zI I I I1 I I x I

NP1 VAA1 P1 NP1 Iz I i I I

x t Ix I I rI I XP1 I

X x 1 zx x I Ix z I Ix VA1 VM5 zx I I I

I I

1 I INSP1 VP1 I

I I 1

xI I

zIxxzIII

SABI

SA3

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HEBRE:14 SENTENCE ANALYZEO=HAM ATH tsJI LRAH AT BYT HKNCT?

TREE DIAGRAM OF HEBREW SENTENCE No. ZO.

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2.4 CLASSIFJCATION OF HEBREW WORD

This section describes the work performed to classify the 1040

most common Hebrew words as listed by Rosen." The words were classified

according to the following categories which are required by the grammars

of Hebrew orthography and syntax:

(1) Root(2) Syntactic Function(3) Function Class(4) Syntactic Gender(5) Preposition Class(6) Voice(7) Verb Class(8) Stem(9) Stem Class(10) Number-Gender Transform(11) Feminine Singular Class(12) Historic Period(13) English Meaning

The following material explains these categories in detail.

Appendix A contains a liLing of the classification of the words. The

classification was prepared by Dropsie University. It serves as adictionary for the Hebrew grammar.

2.4.1 Root

Most Hebrew words are constructed from triliteral roots consist-

ing of consonantal characters that usually remain throughout the vaiious

stems and their inflections. A few Hebrew words appear to have bil teral

roots and a few have quadriliteral roots. Certain one-syllable wordswhich only occur prefixed or suffixed to other words may be considered to

have uniliteral roots. Hebrew dictionaries list the words in alphabetic

order according to their classical roots. In most cases the present rootclassification is in agreement with the commonly accepted roots. In a

few cases where the inflections of a word are quite irregular, artificialroots have been supplied so that the algorithm for generating Hebrew words

will be able to compute the co-rect spelling of all the inflectional forms.Four root letterb are provided; an asterisk (*) is used where a root letter

is laclUng, so that triliteral roots are recorded as MLK*. Words that do

not follow the HebYew system of inflection are not included in the data.

2.4.2 Syntactic FunCion (A)

This category corresponds to the classification of terminalsymbols previoUsly described in Section 2.2.2.4 and listed in Table 2-3;it defines the word's function as a symbol in the grammar of syntax.

"Haiim B. Rosen, A Textbook of IsraeU Hebrew, The University ofChicago Press, 1969.

2-204

Only the following classi ications are used:

A - Adjective

B - NuMber

C Conlunctive

D --Adverb

L - Negative

N - Noun

O - Objective Particle

P - Preposition

- Interrogative

R - Pronoun

U - Particle

- Verb

This does not include the definite article (H), punctuation(T), contructs (G, T, 3, and Y), and verbal nouns (E and W, which areclassified at verbs);

2.4.3 Function Class (C)

This is a sOcategory under syntactic function; it correspondsto the classes of the various terminal symbols as outlined in Section

2.2.2.4. For example, the classes of nouns are:

Class 1 - improper nouns

Class 2 proper place names

Class 3 - proper personal names

2.4.4 Syntactic Gender (G)

This category applies to nouns only; for all Other words its

value is 0. It defines the gender of adjectives; verbals, and pronounsthat may modify the given word in a sentence (i.e, its syntactic

gender). For some words-the infleCtional gender does not correspond

with the syntactic gender. This is correCted by the nUmber-gendertransform defined later.

2-205

2 -6

2.4.5 Prepositici al Class (R)

Some verbs In Hebrew govern an object with a preposition (seeSection 2.2.2.4.18). This category corresponds to subscript r of thegrammar symbols; it specifies the preposition typ2 required to completethe meaning of such verbs, and it specifies the class of prepositions.See Section 2.2.2.4.13 for the classification of prepositions. Forother words this category Is listed as O.

2.4.6 Voice (V)

This category specifies the voice of verbals. It correspondsto subscript v of the grammar symbols. The voiue of a verb is oftenspecified by the derived stem. However, since there are numerousexceptions, this category is required. For nonverbals this category islisted as O.

2.4.7 Inflection Class (U)

This category specifies the inflection pattern to be used bythe algorithm for generating Hebrew words. The words are categorizedas follows:

Class 1 - Verbs

Class 2 - Participles

Class 3 - Infinitives

Class 4 - Nouns, NuMbers, Adjectives

Class 5 - Pronouns

Class 6 - Prepositions, Object Particle

Class 7 - Others

2.4.8 Stem (S)

This category specifies the derived stem form of the given word.The forms are different for verbs and nonverbs. Table 2-4 lists stem formsfor verbs; Table 2-5 lists the stem forms for nonverbs. Uninflected wordsfollow the stem formn of Table 2-5 in accordance with the masculine singularabsolate inflection. The tables specify the general form of the stem inthat the numerals stand in place of the corresponding root letter. Thusthe numeral 2 stands in place of the second root letter, and the form HIM,when applied to the root BDL* produces the stem HBDYL.

2-206

Table 2-4

STEM FORMS FOR VERBALS

[StemCode

StemForm Stem Name Mode VLice

02* 12W3 Qal Simple Passive

03 N123 Niphal Simple Passive

04 1Y23 Piel Intensive Active

05 1W23 Pual Intensive Passive

06 HT123 Hithpael Simple Reflexive

07 H12113 Hiphil Causative Active

08 HW123 Hophal Causative Passive

09 1W22 Polel Intensive Passive

10 HT1W22 HitEpolel Simple Reflexive

11 123 Qa1 (ciaEl yiqta1) Simple Stative

12 123 Qal (cia;a1/yicicel) Simple Active

13 123 gal (cia;e1/yiqa1) Simple Stative

14 123 Qa1 (qatal/yicr01) Simple Active

*- -For Participles only

2-207

Table 2-5

STEM FORMS FOR NONVERBALS

StemCode

StemForm

Example

01 1234 MLK king

02 12Y3 SOYR goat

03 12W3 OMWQ deep

04 1W23 OWLM eternity

05 1Y23 AYLM dumb

06 1Y2W3 QY@WR smoke

07 A1234 A&BO finger

08 Al2W3 AGRWP fist

09 111234 HNPH a swinging

10 H12Y3 HBDYL difference

11 H12W3 HRDWP oleander

12 M1234 MAKL food

13 M12Y3 MZBYX altar

14 1412W3 mxcwa want

15 T1234 TPAR(T) glory

16 TIM TLMTD pupil

17 T12W3 TGMWL benefit

18 N1234 NpTL tortuous

19 1234Y RGLY footman

20 N12W3: NPTWL(YM) wrestling

21- S1234 SIMB(T) 'flame

22 1234N :SLXN. talo-le

23 1234WN, ABDTO dOsructipn

Table 2- (continued)

STEM FORMS FOR NONVERBALS

StemCode

StemForm

Example

24 1(23)4 AYS man

25 (123)4 AYSH woman

26 12(34) AXWT sister

27 1(23)4 AB father

28 1(234) PH mouth

29 1(234) BYYT . house

30 1(234) BT daughter

31 1234(Y) SARYT remainder

32 1234(W) MLKWT kingdom

33 123(4) QNAY infant

34 12(34) AMH mother

35 1(23)4 YWM day

36 1(23)4 KLY vessel

37 HT1234W HTLKDWT cohesion

38 1(23)4 KMW like

39 12(34) AKD one

40 Al2Y3 AB@YX watermelon

41 123W4 BQBWO bottle

42 123Y4 KR@YC ticket

In table 2-5, Stem Forms 24 through 42 (with a few exceptions)represent stems that are inflected in an irregular fashion. Table 2-6lists the stem form for every inflection of these irregular forms.

2.4.9 Stem Class (F)

This is a subcategory under Stem. This classification isrequired to account for variant stem forms within a given stem category.All words in this present work are classified as category 1. Additionalwork Is required to catalogue stem variants, particularly for the Niphal,Hiphil, and Qal Stems of the verbs.

2.4.10 Number-Gender Transform (X)

For some Hebrew nonverbal words the inflectional number andgender do not correspond with the syntactic number and gender. Thiscategory provides the code for transforming syntactic number and genderto the corresponding inflectional number and gender. This eliminatesthe need for new stems to account for all observable perturbations.Table 2-7 lists the transformations associated with each code. The tableis interpreted as follows: Code 0 means that no transformation is re-quired; Code 2 means that syntactic feminine singular is changed toinflectional masculine singular, otherwise no change (example: AEMO,A&BOWT--finger); Code 6 means that syntactic feminine is always changedto masculine (example: 0YR, ORYM--city); Code 11 means that syntacticnumber is always changed to dual (example: OYYN--eye).

2.4.11 Feminine Singular Class (H)

The feminine singular absolute inflection of some Hebrew nouns,adjectives, and participles has the suffix H. The others have T. Thiscategory specifies which is the be used for a given word. For Code 0the suffix is Hi for Code 1 it Is T. For verbs the code specifies thesuffix used with the participle. This category eliminates the necessityof providing alternate stems for each case.

2.4.12 Historic Period

Four code numbers s -ify the use of a given word in fourhistoric periods: Classical, Mishnaic, Medieval, and Modern, respectively.Code 0 means that the word is not found in the literature of the associatedperiod; Code 1 means that it is found. For example, the Code 0101 meansthat the word is found in Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew literature only.

Table 2-6

STEM FORMS OF IRREGULAR NONVERBALS

Sem Gen . Absol ute Construct

Si ng Dual Pl ur Sing Dual Pl ur

24 m 124 134 134 124 134 134F 124 124 134 124 124 134

25 m 34 34 34 34 34 34F 124 124 124 14 14 14

26 m 123 124 124 123 124 124F 123 123 124 123 123 124

27 m 124 124 124 1234 124 124F 124 124 124 1234 124 124

28 N. 14 12 12 12 12 12F 12 12 123 12 12 123

29 m 1234 14 14 124 14 14F 1234 1234 14 124 124 14

30 14 12 12 12 12 12 12F 1 1 12 1 1 12

31 14 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234F 1234Y 1234Y 1234Y 1234Y 1234Y 1234Y

32 14 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234F 1234W 1234W 1234W 1234W 1234w 1234w

33 M 1234 123 123 1234 123 123F 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234

34 M 12 1234 1234 12 1234 1234F 12 12 1234 12 12 1234

35 m 1234 1234 134 1234 134 134F 1234 1234 134 1234 1234 134

36 M 1234 124 124 1234 124 124r 1234 1234 124 1234 1234 .124

37 m HT1234W HT1234W HT1234W HT1234W HT1234w HT1234W

F HT1234W HT1234W HT1234W 11T1234W HT1234W HT1234w

38 M 14 1234 1234 123 123 123F 14 1234 1234 123 123 123

10 H 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234

F 124 124 1234 124 124 1234

40 m Al2Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y 3 Al2Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y3A.12Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y3 Al2Y 3

Table 2-7

NUMBER-GENDER TRANSFORMS

Code Masc. Fern

S DP11

2

4

5

6

7

9

10

11

I

L _1

223. 2-7212

2.4.13 English Meaning

The last classificati provides the equivalent English meaning.Words with alternate meanings require duplicate entries.

2.5. Conclusions

The generalized complex-constituent phrases-structure grammar,as specifically applied to modern Hebrew herein, was found to be suitablefor accurately defining the syntax and orthography of a Semitic language,and to be suitable for mechanization on a computer. This was demonstratedby the high degree of success achieved in producing a computerized algorithmfor generating Hebrew sentences (described in Part III), in producing acomputerized algorithm for analyzing Hebrew sentences (described in PartIV), and in testing the rules of the Hebrew grammar hy means of thecomputer. Of the 47 sentences generated, 42 were grammatirally correct,two were correct except for a superfluous period, and three containederrors that required further modification of the rules. In the processof generating these sentences, a large percent-ge of the rules weletested, and In numerous cases the rules were modified to correct deficien-cies and errors in their original version.

The results of the test indicate that the grammar of Hebrewis essentially correct, but that some of the rules are in need of furtherdevelopment. In all cases, where errors occurred, they were due to thecontent of the rules and not to the form of the grammar. There are threeareas where further development is needed in the syntax grammar. First,the remaining rules, which have not been tested, should be verified bymeans of the computer. Second, in the case of some symbols, the specificlinguistic feature and its associated semantic values are not clearlydefined (for example, quantification). It is evident that in some ofthese cases, existing rules must be reorganized to simplify and facilitatesuch a clear definition. Finally, in some cases, certain linguistic fea-tures and classifications have not yet been included in the grammar (for

example, qualifiers). These features should be included as they are de-fined.

The results of this research provide good reason to believe thatthe generalized grammar can be successfully applied to other Semitic lan-guages such as Arabic.

2242-213

PART II

APPENDIX A

HEBREW-ENGL1SH DICTIONARY

PART II

APPENDIX A

HEBREWENGLISH DICTIONARY

This appendix contains a dictionary of the 1040 most commonly

used words in modern Hebrew. The words are classifiad for use in the

complex-constituent phrase-structure grammar of modern Hebrew defined in

the main body of this part of the report. The classification system is

described in Section 2.4.

The words are listed first in alphabetic order by root to provide

a Hebrew to English Dictionary, Because of the transliteration (see

Table 2-1) used for the Hebrew characters, the order is not that usually

found for Hebrew.

The words also are listed in alphabetic order of the English

equivalent to provide an English to Hebrew dictionary. The words are

listed only once in the order of the first English meaning.

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110

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113

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PAPER. DOCUMENT

OPTAIN

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COMPUTE IZED HE6REw To ENGL SH

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322

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324

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355

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362

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DOCUMENT RESUME - ERIC · DOCUMENT RESUME. ED 054 703. 411. FL 002 628. AUTHOR Price, James D. TITLE A Computerized Phrase-Structure Grammar (Modern. Hebrew): Part …

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