“AUTOMATIC PARKING SLOT INDICATOR USING MICROCONTROLLER” Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING By ABHINASH CH (07241A0225) ABHINAY REDDY L (07241A0226) AJAY A V S S (07241A0227) BHARADWAJ S (07241A0230) Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72 2007 – 2011
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“AUTOMATIC PARKING SLOT INDICATOR USING MICROCONTROLLER”
Mini Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING By
ABHINASH CH (07241A0225) ABHINAY REDDY L (07241A0226) AJAY A V S S (07241A0227) BHARADWAJ S (07241A0230)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72 2007 – 2011
GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the mini-project report entitled AUTOMATIC
PARKING SLOT INDICATOR USING MICROCONTROLLER that is being
submitted by ABHINASH CH, ABHINAY REDDY L, AJAY A V S S, BHARADWAJ S, in
partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record
of bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied
in this project report have not been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of
any Graduation degree.
Mr.P.M.Sarma Mr. Chakravarthy External Examiner
HOD, EEE Associate Professor
GRIET Dept. of EEE
Hyderabad GRIET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of day.
I wish to express my propound sense of gratitude to Mr. P. S. Raju, Director, G.R.I.E.T
for his guidance, encouragement, and for all facilities to complete this project.
I also express my sincere thanks to Mr.P.M.Sarma, Head of the Department, G.R.I.E.T
and for extending their help.
I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my
guide Mr.Chakravarthy, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project.
Finally I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Anil Kumar, Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T and Ms. U. Vijaya Lakshmi,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.R.I.E.T and all
the members of faculty and my friends who contributed their valuable advice and helped to
complete the project successfully.
ABHINASH CH (07241A0225)
ABHINAY REDDY L (07241A0226)
AJAY A V S S (07241A0227)
BHARADWAJ S (07241A0230)
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Flow diagram
i. Connecting the sensors.
ii. Connecting to Microcontroller through Amplifier circuit
iii. Overall Connection.
3. Description of hardware and its configuration
i. Transmitter-Receiver Sensor
ii. Amplifying circuit
iii. AT89C51
iv. LCD
4. Software Codes
5. Schematic Connections
6. Hardware implementation of the Project
7. Conclusion
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
If we take a look at the present world scenario, there is a crucial necessity for saving the parking
space in big companies, apartments etc.
More and more multi-storey buildings are springing up everyday, thus giving rise to parking
problems. Thus there is a shortage of land which leads to cutting down of trees and deforestation.
This has a harsh and adverse effect on the environment.
This project aims at saving the ground space required for parking. Using this system any number
of cars can be parked according to the requirement, in floors one above the other.
Thus, in a space where only 10 cars could be parked, earlier, we can park 20/30/40…cars,
depending on the number of floors used. This could really solve the space unavailability
problems that we all are facing by allowing floor by floor parking.
Facilities such as reserved parking can also be provided for those whose are regular visitors to
that place like the employers of that company office.
A very distant and indirect effect of this project is that, its implementation could lead to a
decrease in the hunt for land through deforestation thereby contributing in maintaining
environmental balance.
The main objective of this system is to optimize the ground space available, for parking. In
places where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves to be very useful.
Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying
the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked
according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.
CHAPTER 2 FLOW DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER – RECEIVER SENSOR The obstacle (vehicle) is sensed by the Transmitter – Receiver circuit. A signal is given whenever an obstacle is introduced in between the IR pair. It sends a signal of micro volts to the amplifier circuit. AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT The amplifier circuit amplifies the signal received by the IR pair. The microcontroller needs 4-5 volts to respond to a signal. This is achieved by the amplifier circuit. It is a simple connection of transistor in Common emitter connection. The circuit amplifies the received signal which is of order µV to 4-5 volts.
Display Unit
(LED and LCD)
Transmitter – Receiver Sensor
Microcontroller Circuit
Amplifier Circuit
MICROCONTROLLER CIRCUIT: The microcontroller is embedded with a C program. It is designed in such a way that whenever it receives the signal from amplifier circuit it displays the filled and vacant slots in the LCD and LED panels. DISPLAY UNIT: The display unit used in the project is LED panel and 16 x 2 LCD. It displays the filled and vacant slots in the arena through the microcontroller. It is controlled by AT89C51 microcontroller.
CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE
TRANSMITTER – RECEIVER SENSOR A photoelectric sensor, or photo eye, is a device used to detect the distance, absence, or presence of an object by using a light transmitter, often infrared, and a photoelectric receiver.
Photoelectric IR sensor
Types
A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, and output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or counters. Because of technological progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become increasingly smaller.
Remote photoelectric sensors used for remote sensing contain only the optical components of a sensor. The circuitry for power input, amplification, and output switching are located elsewhere, typically in a control panel. This allows the sensor, itself, to be very small. Also, the controls for the sensor are more accessible, since they may be bigger.
When space is restricted or the environment too hostile even for remote sensors, fiber optics may be used. Fiber optics are passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with either remote or self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can safely pipe light into and out of hostile environments.
Sensing Modes
An opposed (through beam) arrangement consists of a receiver located within the line-of-sight of the transmitter. In this mode, an object is detected when the light beam is blocked from getting to the receiver from the transmitter.
A retroreflective arrangement places the transmitter and receiver at the same location and uses a reflector to bounce the light beam back from the transmitter to the receiver. An object is sensed when the beam is interrupted and fails to reach the receiver.
A proximity-sensing (diffused) arrangement is one in which the transmitted radiation must reflect off the object in order to reach the receiver. In this mode, an object is detected when the receiver sees the transmitted source rather than when it fails to see it.
Some photoeyes have two different operational types, light operate and dark operate. Light operate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "receives" the transmitter signal. Dark operate photoeyes become operational when the receiver "does not receive" the transmitter signal.
The detecting range of a photoelectric sensor is its "field of view", or the maximum distance the sensor can retrieve information from, minus the minimum distance. A minimum detectable object is the smallest object the sensor can detect. More accurate sensors can often have minimum detectable objects of minuscule size.
AMPLIFYING CIRCUIT
Amplifier Circuit
The amplifier consists of a npn transistor connected in Common emitter mode. It is used as an interface between the sensors set and the microcontroller circuit. It amplifies the signal received from the sensor set and gives the amplified output to the microcontroller.
MICROCONTROLLER - AT89C51
Microcontroller AT89C51
The 8051 microcontroller generic part number actually includes a whole family of microcontrollers that have numbers ranging from 8031 to 8751.
The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of the features unique to microcontrollers:
1. Internal ROM and RAM 2. I/O ports with programmable pins 3. Timers and counters 4. Serial data communication
The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program counter, ALU, working registers, and the clock circuits.
The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:
1. 8 bit CPU with registers A and B 2. 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR) 3. 8 bit program status word (PSW) 4. 8 bit stack pointer(SP) 5. Internal ROM or EPROM (8751)of 0(8031)to 4k(8051) 6. Internal RAM of 128 bytes. 7. 4 register banks , each containing 8 registers 8. 80 bits of general purpose data memory 9. 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3 10. Two 16 bit timer/counters:T0-T1 11. Two external and three internal interrupt sources 12. Oscillator and clock circuits
A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP is shown below.
Internal block diagram of IC 8051
Pin Diagram of 8051
16 x 2 LCD
An HD44780 Character LCD is a de facto industry standard liquid crystal display (LCD) display
device designed for interfacing with embedded systems. These screens come in a variety of
configurations including 8x1, which is one row of eight characters, 16x2, and 20x4. The most
commonly manufactured configuration is 40x4 characters, which requires two individually
addressable HD44780 controllers with expansion chips as the HD44780 can only address up to
80 characters.
16 x 2 LCD Panel
These LCD screens are limited to text only and are often used in copiers, fax machines, laser
printers, industrial test equipment, networking equipment such as routers and storage devices.
Character LCDs can come with or without backlights, which may be LED, fluorescent,
orelectroluminescent.
Character LCDs use a standard 14-pin interface and those with backlights have 16 pins. The
pinouts are as follows:
1. Ground
2. VCC (+3.3 to +5V)
3. Contrast adjustment (VO)
4. Register Select (RS). RS=0: Command, RS=1: Data
Schematic Layout of the circuit connected in Proteus
The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation work and also virtually.
In the proteus circuit the sensors and an array of LED s.
Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connectin EAGLE and is checked for errors. Then it is
CHAPTER 5 SCHEMATIC CONNECTIONS
Schematic Layout of the circuit connected in Proteus
The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation
are replaced by the switches. The display is shown in the LCD
Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connectin EAGLE and is checked for errors. Then it is preceded to Board Layout.
The connections are made in Proteus software. The C file id first compiled in Keil Software and a hex file is created from Keil. The Hex file is embedded in the microcontroller in the simulation
are replaced by the switches. The display is shown in the LCD
Once the circuit is tested through simulation, a PCB layout is done using EAGLE software. EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. A schematic connection is made
Schematic Layout of Amplifier circuit in EAGLE
Board Layout of Amplifier Circuit
Schematic Layout of LED Panel in EAGLE
CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Vehicles placed between sensors
Sensors connected to Amplifying circuit
Microcontroller interfaced to LCD and LEDs
Overview if the entire kit
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE OF FUTURE
By the end of this project
ü Connections and testing in Proteus is studied.
ü Coding and compiling of a C program in Keil u Vision software is studied.
ü Hardware implementation by connecting Schematic and making Board layout EAGLE is
done successfully.
ü The hardware kit is tested successfully by embedding the C program – Hex file in the
AT89C51 Microcontroller.
ü The operation of microcontroller is analysed in simulation and practically.
Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor, by displaying
the available slots thus reducing the ground space used. Here any number of cars can be parked
according to the requirement, making the system modernized and a space-saving one.