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For other uses, see Childhood (disambiguation).

Ralph Hedley, The Tournament, 1898

Childhoodis the age span ranging from birth toadolescence.1!"ccording to #iaget$s theory of cogniti%e

de%elopment, childhood consists of t&o stages'preoperational stage and concrete operational stage. n

de%elopmental psychology, childhood is di%ided up into the

de%elopmental stages of toddlerhood(learning to &al),early childhood(play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through

post*puberty). +arious childhood factors could affect a person$s attitude formation.1!

he concept of childhood emerged during the 1-th and 18th centuries, particularly through the

educational theories of the philosopherohn /oceand the gro&th of boos for and about

children.

0!

#re%ious to this point, children &ere often seen as incomplete %ersions of adults.

Contents

1 "ge ranges of childhood

0 e%elopmental stages of childhood

o 0.1 2arly childhood

o 0.0 3iddle childhood

o 0.4 "dolescence

4 History

5 6eographies of childhood

o 5.1 3odern concepts of childhood

o 5.0 7ature deficit disorder

Healthy childhoods

o .1 Role of parents

o .0 Children$s health

o .4 Child protection

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o .5 #lay

o . treet culture

: Children$s rights

- Research in social sciences

8 ee also

9 Footnotes

1; Further reading

11 2

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Children in 3adagascar

eenage boys in ndia

2arly childhood follo&s the infancystage and begins &ith toddlerhood&hen the childbeginsspeaing or taing steps independently. >hile toddlerhood ends around age three &hen the child

becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues

appro

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and by function, and e%en &ithin a single nation*state or culture there may be different ages at

&hich an indi%idual is considered to be (chronologically and the legally) mature enough to be

entrusted by society &ith certain tass.

History

3ain article' History of childhood

Playing Children, byong ynastyChinese artistu Hanchen, c. 11; ".

t has been argued that childhood is not a natural phenomenon but a creation of society. #hilippe

"ri@s, an important French medie%alistand historian, suggested this in his boo Centuries ofChildhood. his theme &as then taen up by Cunningham, in his boo theInvention of

Childhood(0;;:), &hich loos at the historical aspects of childhood from the3iddle "gesto

&hat he refers to as the #ost >ar #eriod of the 19;s, 19:;s and 19-;s.

"ri@s published a study in 19:1 of paintings, gra%estones, furniture, and school records. He

found that before the 1-th*century, children &ere represented as mini*adults. ince then,historians ha%e increasingly researched childhood in past times. Aefore "ri@s, 6eorge Aoashad

published The Cult of Childhood. uring the Renaissance,artistic depictions of childrenincreased dramatically in 2urope. his did not impact the social attitude to children much,

ho&e%er (see child labour).

uring the 1:;;s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in 2urope. "dults sa& children as

separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. he

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2nglish philosopher ohn /oce&as particularly influential in defining this ne& attitude to&ards

children, especially &ith regard to his theory of the tabula rasa, &hich considered the mind at

birth to be a Bblan slateB. " corollary of this doctrine &as that the mind of the child &as bornblan, and that it &as the duty of the parents to imbue the child &ith correct notions. uring the

early period of capitalism, the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the#rotestant

countries of the utch Republicand 2ngland, brought about a ne& family ideology centredaround the upbringing of children. #uritanismstressed the importance of indi%idual sal%ation and

concern for the spiritual &elfare of children.4!

The Age of Innocencec.1-88. Reynolds emphasiDed the natural grace of children in his

paintings

he modern notion of childhood &ith its o&n autonomy and goals began to emerge during the

2nlightenmentand the Romantic periodthat follo&ed it. ean acEues Rousseauformulated the

romantic attitude to&ards children in his famous 1-:0 no%elEmile: or, On Education. Auilding

on the ideas of ohn /oceand other 1-th*century thiners, Rousseau described childhood as a

brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood.

5!

iroshua Reynolds$ eith the onset ofindustrialisationin 2ngland, a gro&ing di%ergence bet&een high*minded

romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the gro&ing magnitude of child e

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he modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century the +ictorian middle and upper

classes emphasiDed the role of the family and the sanctity of the child, G an attitude that has

remained dominant in >estern societies e%er since.1;!he genre of children$s literaturetoo off,&ith a proliferation of humorous, child*oriented boos attuned to the child$s imagination. /e&is

Carroll$s fantasyAlice's Adventures in Wonderland,published in 18: in 2ngland, &as a

landmar in the genre regarded as the first B2nglish masterpiece &ritten for childrenB, itspublication opened the BFirst 6olden "geB of children$s literature.

he latter half of the century also sa& the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children

across 2urope, &hich decisi%ely remo%ed children from the &orplace into schools. he maret

economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun of happiness.Factory*made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organiDed sports and acti%ities &ere

played by the boys.11!he Aoy couts&as founded by ir Robert Aaden*#o&ellin 19;8,10!

&hich pro%ided young boys &ith outdoor acti%ities aiming at de%eloping character, citiDenship,and personal fitness Eualities.14!

Geographies of childhood

he geographies of childhood in%ol%es ho& (adult) society percei%es the %ery idea of childhood

and the many &ays the attitudes and beha%iors of adults affects children$s li%es. his includesideas about the surrounding en%ironment of children and its related implications. his is similar

in some respects to children$s geographies&hich e

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he concept of childhood appears to e%ol%e and change shape as lifestyles change and adult

e

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#eru%ian girls studying

Role of parents

3ain article' #arenting

Children's health

Further information' Childhood obesity, Childhood immuniDationsand /ist of childhooddiseases

Children$s health includes the physical, mental and social &ell*being of children. 3aintaining

children$s health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and

e

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Hararigirls in 2thiopia.

#lay is essential to the cogniti%e, physical, social, and emotional &ell*being of children.

04!

toffers children opportunities for physical (running, =umping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social

sills, community norms, ethics and general no&ledge) and emotional de%elopment (empathy,compassion, and friendships). nstructured play encourages creati%ity and imagination. #laying

and interacting &ith other children, as &ell as some adults, pro%ides opportunities for

friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions.

t is through play that children at a %ery early age engage and interact in the &orld around them.#lay allo&s children to create and e

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ha%e less access to boos and computers &hich effects their de%elopment as they do not ha%e

access to resources that &ould enhance their de%elopment.0:!

treet culture

3ain articles' Children$s street cultureand Children$s street games

Children in front of a mo%ie theatre, oronto, 190;s.

Children$s street culture refers to the cumulati%e culturecreated by young childrenand is

sometimes referred to as theirsecret %orld. t is most common in children bet&een the ages ofse%en and t&el%e. t is strongest in urban &oring classindustrial districts&here children are

traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods &ithout super%ision. t is in%ented and

largely sustained by children themsel%es &ith little adult interference.

?oung children$s street culture usually taes place on Euiet bacstreets and pa%ements, and alongroutes that %enture out into localpars,playgrounds, scrub and &asteland, and to local shops. t

often imposes imaginati%e status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, erbs,

street ob=ects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that ser%e as informal meeting and

rela

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n recent years there has been a rapid gro&th of interest in the sociological study of adulthood.

Reaching on a large body of contemporary sociological and anthropologicalresearch, people

ha%e de%eloped ey lins bet&een the study of childhood andsocial theory,e