Do researchers with internaonal mobility experiences have ...• The result indicates that the researchers with internaonal mobility experiences via geographic mobility produce lower

Doresearcherswithinterna.onalmobilityexperienceshavebe6eracademicperformancethroughbibliometric

indicators?-ThecasestudyofTaiwan

2017/09/07

1

CareyMing-LiChen

Researchbackground(1/2) •  Thisresearchistheextendedstudybasedontheinternal

researchprojectlastyear.–  TheStudyonHowInterna1onalCollabora1onProgramsInfluenceEarly

CareerResearchers(Chang&Chen,2017,inpress)

•  Inthatproject,weinterviewedtheresearcherswhowasgrantedbyPostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgramfromMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)tounderstandhowtheirinternaKonalmobilityexperiencesduringtheirpost-docphaseshelptheminfutureacademiccareerpaths.

2

Researchbackground(2/2)

•  Oneoftheintervieweesaid“….thisresearchstayinforeigncountry,interna1onalmobilityexperience,wasextremelyhelpfulduringtheinterviewprocesswhenapplyingthefacultyjobinuniversi1es,notonlytherecruitcommiNeesconsideredyouastheonewiththefeatureofinterna1onaliza1onandtobeabletocompetewiththeonewithforeigndoctoraldegree,butalsoitcouldcreatethe“talking-point”becausethecommiNeesfeelinterestedintherecentdevelopmentofinterna1onallabs,sotheinterna1onalmobilityexperiencewouldbecomethe“assets”…..”

3

Taiwansitua.on•  Infact,nowadaysinTaiwanhavefacedthesituaKonsthatfewerandfewer

peoplewouldliketopursuitdoctoraldegreesabroad,sothebraindrainishappening;mostofstudentschoosetostarttheirdoctoralcareerdomesKcallyinstead.

•  AtthemeanKme,theacademicjobmarkethasbeenshrinkingrecently,togettheposiKoninuniversity,however,early-careerresearchersneedtopublishmorearKclesintopKerjournalsorhaveinternaKonalexperiencestodemonstratethedegreeofinternaKonalizaKon,thentobeabletobecomethefacultyinuniversiKes.

•  Hence,havingresearchvisitinforeigncountrieshasbecometheopKonforlocalstudentstoearntheinternaKonalmobilityexperiences.

–  ConnecKngtointernaKonalacademiccommunityassoonaspossible.–  Havingchancetolearnfromthemastersabroad.–  ParKcipaKngininternaKonalcollaboraKonresearchprojectsandco-authorshipwith

foreignscholars.4

Thebenefitsofinterna.onalmobility•  SeveralpaststudieshaveindicatedthattheresearcheswithintenKonal

mobilityexperienceshaveproducedslightlymorepublicaKons,however,theresearchimpactarerelaKvelyhigherthannon-mobileresearchers(Aksnes,Rørstad,Piro&Sivertsen,2013;Conchi&Michels,2014;Robinson-Garcia,Cañibano,Woolley&Costas,2016).–  ItshowsthatinternaKonalmobilityexperienceswillhelpresearchersachievebe[er

visibilityandreachresearchexcellence.

•  Besides,theearlierinternaKonalmobilityexperienceswillboostthelikelihoodofhavinganotherresearchvisitinthefuture(Børing,Flanagan,Gagliardi,Kaloudis&Karakasidou,2015)–  ItmeansthatearlierinternaKonalmobilityexperiencescanbethetrajectoryoffuture

scienKficmigraKon.

•  Therefore,howtoencourageearly-careerresearcherstoincreasetheinten.onofinterna.onalmobilityshouldbeconcerned.

5

MOSTprogrammes•  SincetheinternaKonalmobilitycanboostbraingainorcausebraindrain,

itisimportantforpolicymakerstostudywhichfactorswillinfluencetheinternaKonalmobilityandhowtoencouragedomesKcresearcherstohavebe[erinternaKonalconnecKonviafundingprogram.

•  From2002,theMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOST)inTaiwanhasfundedtheearly-careerresearcherstoletthemhavechancestodoresearchstayatforeigncountries.

•  Twomainfundingprogramforstudentsintheirlatedoctoralcareerortheirpostdoctoralphases.

–  “GraduateStudentsStudyAbroadProgram”

–  “PostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgram”

6

GraduateStudentsStudyAbroadProgram

•  ItisintendedtofundTaiwanesedoctoralstudentstoconductresearchatanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteabroad.

•  ThegoalofthisprogramistoencourageparKcipantstogaininternaKonalexperience,toexpandtheirresearchtrainingandpaveawayforfutureinternaKonalcollaboraKons,foramaximumoftwelvemonths.

•  TheapplicantmustbeaPh.D.studentcurrentlyenrolledinaPh.D.programofanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteinTaiwanandhascompletedatleastoneyearstudyinthePh.D.program.

•  Thegrantperiodcanrangefromseventotwelvemonths.

•  Theamountofgrantisbasedonthegrantperiod,ranginguptoamaximumof600,000NTdollars(about20,000USdollars)foratwelve-monthstudy.

7Source:h[ps://www.most.gov.tw/sci/ch/detail?arKcle_uid=30b6df21-44d4-424c-b7f8-3385864f389f&menu_id=6b4a4661-9126-4d0c-897a-4022c82114a9&content_type=P&view_mode=listView

PostdoctoralResearchAbroadProgram•  ItisintendedtofundTaiwanesepostdoctoralresearcherstoconduct

researchatanaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteabroad.

•  Thegoalofthisprogramistoencouragequalifiedindividualstogainresearchexperienceoverseas,developtheirglobalperspecKve,andstrengtheninternaKonalcollaboraKonsforamaximumoftwoyears

•  TheapplicantmustholdaPh.D.degree,conferredinthelastfiveyears,byanyaccreditededucaKonalinsKtuteinTaiwan.

•  Eachsuccessfulawardrecipientwillreceive1,300,000NTdollars(about43,300USdollars)eachyearforamaximumoftwoyears,andthisscholarshipfundcanbeusedattherecipient’sdiscreKontocontributetowardsthisresearch-relatedexpenses.

8

Source:h[ps://www.most.gov.tw/hum/ch/detail?arKcle_uid=3e2a44c8-3e48-4972-ad86-039528aa0632&menu_id=6b4a4661-9126-4d0c-897a-4022c82114a9&content_type=P&view_mode=listView

Researchmo.va.on•  However,aperthedecadeofthispolicyimplementaKon,

thereislackofevidence-basedstudytoshowtheeffecKvenessofthesefundingprogramsandillustratehowtheabroadprogramsinfluencetheearly-careerresearchesintheircareerpathsandacademicperformance.

9

•  Therefore,thisstudyaimstofilltheresearchgapandtoprovidetheevidenceforpolicymakers.

Doctoral/postdoctoralstudiesabroad

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Thenumberofgrantreceipts

Source:MOSTstaKsKcsdatabase

Researchques.ons!  Doresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesabroadhavebe[er

academicperformancethanthosewhoearnedthedoctoraldegreesdomesKcally?

"  DoresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesdomesKcallyandhadreceivedthegrantsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOSThavebe[eracademicperformancethanthosewhodidnotbefunded?

#  WhichmodesofinternaKonalmobilitythatresearchershaveexperiencedwillhelpthemcreatebe[eracademicperformance?–  ObtainPh.D.degreeabroad

–  ObtainPh.D.degreedomesKcallybuthavingresearchstayabroadexperiences

–  ObtainPh.D.degreedomesKcally

10

Researchmethod(1/2)•  Toestablishthedataset,thisstudya[emptstolinktheseveraldatabaseto

getthecorrectresearcherprofilesandtheirbibliographicinformaKon.

•  Thein-housedatabaseofbibliographicinformaKonisconstructedbasedonthedatafromWebofScience,andtheauthoridenKficaKonisbasedonthelinkagebetweenAcademicResearchServicePortalfromMOSTandtheScopusAuthorIDtoidenKfytherelaKonshipbetweenresearchersandtheirpublicaKons.

•  ToanswertheresearchquesKons,thisstudyselectsthetargetresearchersbasedonthefollowingcriteria:–  Theageisunder45yearsold.

–  ThehighestlevelofeducaKonisdoctoraldegreeandtheyearofstartandfinishmustberecordedcompletely.

–  HaveatleastonepublicaKon.

11

Researchmethod(2/2)•  Itshouldbenotedthatsincethisstudycollectsdatafromthedatabaseof

AcademicResearchServicePortalfromMOST,itmeansthattheresearcherscoveredinthatdatabasearerelaKveacKveinTaiwanacademiabecausepeoplewhoneedtoapplyforgrantsfromMOSTarerequiredtoupdatetheirpublicaKonrecords.

•  ItindicatesthatsomeresearcherswhofittheselecKoncriteriawillnotbeincludedinthisstudy.

•  Atotalof9,127researchersareanalysedinthisstudy,andtheirpublicaKonswerepublishedfrom1995to2013.

12

Variables•  Foreachselectedresearchersinthedataset,thefollowingelementsare

codifiedorcalculated:

•  Age

•  Gender

•  LocaKonwherethedoctoraldegreeobtained•  No.ofpublicaKons

•  No.ofcitaKon(MNCS)–  ThisstudyuKlizesthethree-yearcitaKonwindowandthenumberofcitaKonisnormalized

accordingtothesubjectcategoriesfromWebofScience.

•  Whethertheresearchershadreceivedthegrantsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOSTornot.

•  %ofinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons

•  YearoftheirfirstpublicaKoninWebofScience

•  Academiccareerlength–  Yearof2013minustheyearoftheirfirstpublicaKon

13

Basicsta.s.csoftheselectedresearchers

14

Variables (n=9,127)

Gender(%) Female 27.59 Male 72.41 Averageage 40.77 PhDobtainedabroad(%) 30.68 Receivedtheawardsofstudy/researchabroadprogramfromMOST(%)

5.82

No.ofpublicaKons 8.61 No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 1.07 %ofinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons 19.01 Academiccareerlength 6.65

Thedifferencesofacademicperformancebetweengeographicvs.non-geographicmobility(1/2)

PhDobtaineddomes.cally(n=6,327)

PhDobtainedabroad

(n=2,800)

StaKsKcaltest

p-value

No.ofpublicaKons 9.31 7.03 t=10.47 <0.0001***

No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 0.95 1.34 t=-4.19 <0.0001***

%ofintl'co-authorshippublicaKons

13.52 31.41 t=-26.01 <0.0001***

Academiccareerlength 6.88 6.15 t=8.94 <0.0001***

15

*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.

•  Theresultindicatesthattheresearcherswithinterna.onalmobilityexperiencesviageographicmobilityproducelowerpublica.ons,buttheirpublica.onshavebe6ervisibility.Also,theyarescien.ficallyyoungerduetotheshortercareerlength.

Thedifferencesofacademicperformancebetweengeographicvs.non-geographicmobility(2/2)

•  Thisresultmightberelatedtothetrainingprocessduringdoctoralstudyaswell.ThedoctoralstudentsinTaiwanareaskedtopublishatleastoneSCI/SSCIjournalarKclenormallybeforetheirgraduaKon,andsomeKmesthegraduaKonrequirementfromadvisorsaretougherthantherequirementfromthedepartments.•  Therefore,theearly-careerresearcherswhosedoctoraldegreesobtainedinTaiwanarepronetopublishmorejournalarKclesthanthosewhoearnedthedoctoraldegreesabroad.

•  AboutthedegreeofinternaKonalizaKon,fortheresearcherswhoearnedthedoctoraldegreefromabroad,itiseasierforthemtoparKcipatetheinternaKonalresearchprojectsorgetinvolvedininternaKonalacademiccommunity.

16

Theacademicperformancebetweenwhetherreceivinggrantofabroadprogramornot(1/2)

PhDobtaineddomes.cally

withoutgrantsofabroadprogram

(n=5,820)

PhDobtaineddomes.callywithgrantsofabroad

program(n=507)

StaKsKcaltest

p-value

No.ofpublicaKons 9.33 9.18 t=0.29 0.7690

No.ofcitaKon(MNCS) 0.94 1.09 t=-3.17 0.0016***

%ofintl’co-authorshippublicaKons

12.38 26.54 t=-11.03 <0.0001***

Academiccareerlength

6.92 6.35 t=4.06 <0.0001***

17

*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.

•  Abouttheiracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicators,thenumberofpublica.onsbetweentwogroupsareverysimilar,theyarenotsignificantlydifferent,however,theirresearchimpacthavesignificantdifference.

Theacademicperformancebetweenwhetherreceivinggrantofabroadprogramornot(2/2)

•  ItmeansthattheresearcherswhodidnothaveinternaKonalmobilityviastudyingabroadduringdoctoralcareermightbebeneficialincitaKonimpactbygewnggrantsofabroadprogramtohaveresearchvisitapertheirgraduaKon.

•  TheopportuniKesofresearchstaysabroadletthemhavechancestomakeconnecKonwithinternaKonalscholarstohaveinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons.•  DuetothefactthatinternaKonalco-authorshippublicaKonsaremore

highlycitedthannon-internaKonalco-authorshippublicaKons(Aksnes,2003).

18

Whichmodeofinterna.onalmobilityhelpmost?

•  Accordingtothepreviousresults,itindicatesthattheresearcherswithinternaKonalmobilityexperienceshavebe[eracademicperformanceintermsofresearchimpact,itmeansthatstudyingabroadearlier,forexample,pursuingdoctoraldegreesinothercountries,ortryingtofindtheopportuniKesofhaveresearchvisitsoverseaduringtheirlatedoctoralstudyorpostdoctoralphases,theybothcanhelpresearcherstobroadentheirresearchhorizon,andgetinvolvedtheinternaKonalcollaboraKonacKviKesassoonaspossible,eventocollaboratewithforeignscholarsandpublishjournalarKclestogether.

•  ToexaminewhichmodeofinternaKonalmobilitythatresearcherhadexperiencedhelpthemcreatebe[eracademicperformance,thisstudyuKlizestheANOVAandScheffe’scomparisonamongthreegroupstotestwhethertheiracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicatorshavesignificantdifference.

19

Thesta.s.caltestamongthreegroupsofdifferentmodesofinterna.onalmobility(1/2)

Withoutmobility

experience(G1)

Withmobilityexperience

StaKsKcaltest

p-value PhDobtained

abroad(G2)

PhDobtaineddomesKcallyandreceivedgrant(G3)

#ofresearchers 5,820 2,800 507 No.ofpublicaKon

9.33 7.03 9.18 F=44.66 <0.0001***

No.ofcitaKon(MNCS)

0.94 1.34 1.09 F=18.28 <0.0001***

%ofintl’co-authorshippublicaKons

12.38 31.41 26.54 F=520.23 <0.0001***

Careerlength 6.92 6.15 6.35 F=47.25 <0.0001***

20*indicatesthatp-value<0.1,**indicatesthatp-value<0.05,***indicatesthatp-value<0.01.

Thesta.s.caltestamongthreegroupsofdifferentmodesofinterna.onalmobility(2/2)

•  TheresultindicatesthelocaKonwheretheyobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreema[ersbecausethenumberofpublicaKonsingroupofPhDobtainedabroadissignificantlowerthantheothertwogroups.

•  However,inresearchimpact,thegroupswithinternaKonalmobilityhavesignificanthighercitaKonsthantheresearcherswithoutinternaKonalmobilityexperience.

21

Thegapofcita.onimpactamongthreegroups,byyearofthefirstpublica.on(1/2)

22

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

PhDobtaineddomesticallyandreceivedthegrantsofabroadprogram

PhDobtainedabroad

Withoutmobilityexperience

MNCS

YearofthefirstpublicaKon

(G1)

(G2)(G3)

Thegapofcita.onimpactamongthreegroups,byyearofthefirstpublica.on(2/2)

•  ThegapofcitaKonimpactisdecreasing,itmeansthat“scienKficallyyounger”researcherswouldbebeneficialinresearchimpactbyhavinginternaKonalmobility,especiallythegapbetween“PhDobtainedabroad(G2)”and“PhDobtaineddomesKcallyandreceivedthegrantsofabroadprogram(G3)”isgewngcloser.

•  TheresultmightbeevidentthatthefundingprogramsofabroadprogramfromMOSTarebeneficialforyoungresearchers,theprogramsofferopportunitytothosewhodonothavechancestostudyabroadduringtheirdoctoralcareertobroadentheirresearchvisibilityandgetinvolvedininternaKonalacademiccommunitytoshortentheirgapofcompeKKvenesswiththosewhoobtainedthedoctoraldegreeabroad.

23

Conclusions•  ThisstudyaimstoexaminewhetheryoungresearchersinTaiwanwith

internaKonalmobilityexperienceshavebe[eracademicperformancethroughbibliometricindicators.–  Theanswerisyes.

–  ButtheresearcherswhoobtainedthedoctoraldegreesdomesKcallydidbebeneficialinresearchimpactfromtheMOSTfundingprogramstoletthemhavechancetodoresearchstayabroad.

•  Infact,theaccumulaKonofhumancapitalviainternaKonalmobilityisessenKalforAsia-Pacificregion,andtheacademicnetworkscreatedduringthepostdoctoralstagesisstrongerthandoctoraldegreepursuingphases(Wolley,Turpin,Marceau&Hill,2008).

•  Hence,theabroadprogramforresearcherswhoobtainedtheirdoctoraldegreesdomesKcallyishelpful,anditisevenbeneficialtothecountrybybraincirculaKon.TheevidencescollectedbythisstudywouldbeusefulforpolicymakerstoevaluatetheeffecKvenessofthefundingprogramsandtoencourageyoungresearchersinTaiwanapplyforthegrantstobroadentheirresearchvisibility. 24

25

THEENDThankyouforyourlistening!☺

Contact:CareyMing-LiChenAssistantResearcherScience&TechnologyPolicyResearchandInformaKonCenterNaKonalAppliedResearchLaboratories,TaiwanE-mail:[email protected]@narlabs.org.twAdd:14F,No.106,Sec.2,HepingERd.,Taipei10636,Taiwan(R.O.C.)Tel:+886-2-2737-7936