DO NOW: The Crusadesriseritchie.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/2/0/37205343/crusades.pdf · 2019-09-05 · Later Crusades – Children’s Crusade ANATOLIA The crusades to the Middle East

DO NOW: The CrusadesImagine you are a knight

living in France in 1095. A

noble asks you to go to war for

the Pope. Your enemy? The

Muslims. Your mission? To

take back the Holy Land. The

reward? The noble tells you

that the Pope has promised

you eternity in heaven if you

agree to fight. What would you

do?

The CrusadesSWBAT explain the causes, events, and

effects of the Crusades.

Why is Jerusalem so important?

Western Wall

• Important to Jews

• The Second Temple

once stood here

Church of the Holy

Sepulchre

• Important to Christians

• Jesus was buried and

resurrected here

Dome of the Rock

• Important to Muslims

• Muhammad rose to

heaven from here

Roman

CatholicEastern Orthodox

HELP!The Seljuk Empire

is trying to

conquer us!

Come save us!

OK!

Pope Urban IIat the Council of Clermont, 1095

Deus

vult!

God

wills

it!

God wants us to drive

back the Muslims and

reclaim the Holy Land.

Jerusalem will be ours!

All who join this fight

will be rewarded with

a life after death in

heaven!

Clermont France – 1095 Meanwhile, in Jerusalem…

God wants us to drive

back the Muslims and

reclaim the Holy Land.

All who join this fight

will be rewarded with a

life after death in

heaven!

…But this land is

holy to me, too!

This is where

Muhammad rose to

heaven!

The CrusadesA Holy War Between Christians and

Muslims

CrusadesComic Strip

First Crusade –Antioch, 1098

• Jerusalem

• Antioch

ANATOLIA

Four nobles led the First Crusade. Close to

30,000 crusaders fought their way through

Anatolia and headed south toward

Jerusalem. In June 1098, the crusaders laid

siege to the city of Antioch. After nine

months, a traitor let them through an

opening in the city walls. Antioch fell to the

Christians.

Come this

way, I’ll let

you in…

• Tripoli

First Crusade –Jerusalem, 1099

• Jerusalem

• Antioch

• EdessaANATOLIA

The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem

and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city

surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred

Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The

survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem

taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some,

however, stayed behind. They established four

crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa,

Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and

Kingdom of Jerusalem.

First Crusade –Jerusalem, 1099

ANATOLIA

The next June, crusaders surrounded Jerusalem

and scaled the city walls. In July 1099, the city

surrendered. The victorious crusaders massacred

Jews and Muslims throughout the city. The

survivors were sold into slavery. With Jerusalem

taken, most of the crusaders went home. Some,

however, stayed behind. They established four

crusader kingdoms: County of Edessa,

Principality of Antioch, County of Tripoli, and

Kingdom of Jerusalem.

• Tripoli

• Jerusalem

• Antioch

• Edessa

1098: Christians Capture Antioch

• The

massacre

(murder) of

Antioch's

Jewish and

Muslim people.

1099: Christians Capture

Jerusalem

• Here, Christians

worship inside

the Church of

the Holy

Sepulcher, where

Jesus is believed

to have been

resurrected.

CrusadesComic Strip

Second Crusade –Edessa, 1144

ANATOLIA

As Muslims started to band together, they

fought back more effectively. In 1144, they

captured Edessa, the capital of the

northernmost crusader kingdom. Christians

answered by mounting the Second Crusade.

• Tripoli

• Jerusalem

• Antioch

• Edessa

1144: Muslims Capture Edessa

• After the Muslims

captured Edessa, a

preacher named

Bernard of Clairvaux

persuaded the

Christians to go on

the Second Crusade

to try to re-capture

Edessa.

Second Crusade –Anatolia, 1148

ANATOLIA

In 1148, King Conrad III of Germany

led an army toward the Holy Land;

however, on the way, the German army

was badly beaten in Anatolia. Shortly

after, King Louis VII of France also led

an army toward the Holy Land; however,

the French army was also badly beaten in

Anatolia.

• Tripoli

• Jerusalem

• Antioch

• Edessa

Second Crusade –Damascus, 1148

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• EdessaANATOLIA

Later that year, the remnants of the two

European armies arrived in Jerusalem.

About 50,000 crusaders marched to the

Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the

way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came

to aid Damascus and beat back the

crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two

European armies went home, ending the

Second Crusade.

• Tripoli

Second Crusade –Damascus, 1148

ANATOLIA

Later that year, the remnants of the two

European armies arrived in Jerusalem.

About 50,000 crusaders marched to the

Muslim city of Damascus, which was on the

way to Edessa. Muslims from Edessa came

to aid Damascus and beat back the

crusaders. Soon after this defeat, the two

European armies went home, ending the

Second Crusade.• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

CrusadesComic Strip

Third Crusade –1187, Jerusalem

ANATOLIA

By the 1180s, the great sultan Salah

al-Din, called Saladin by Europeans, had

formed the largest Muslim empire since the

Seljuk Empire. He led a renewed fight

against the Crusaders in the Holy Land.

In 1187, Salah al-Din’s army

captured Jerusalem. Salah al-Din did not kill

his prisoners, as the crusaders had done.

Instead, he freed many captives or sold them

for ransom.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

Third Crusade –Acre, 1191

ANATOLIA

The loss of Jerusalem shocked Europeans

and sparked the Third Crusade. King Richard I of

England, known as Richard the Lionheart, led the

fight against Salah al-Din. In 1191, Richard’s army

forced the surrender of the town of Acre.

Afterward, arrangements were made between the

two sides to exchange prisoners. After waiting for a

time, Richard felt that Salah al-Din was taking too

long to meet his end of the bargain. Growing

impatient, Richard ordered his men to kill all 2,700

of his Muslim prisoners.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

Third Crusade – On the

Way to Jerusalem, 1192

ANATOLIA

Richard then fought his way toward

Jerusalem, but his army was not strong

enough to attack the city. Salah al-Din’s

forces had also grown weaker. In September

1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty.

The crusaders kept a chain of cities along

the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims

agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter

Jerusalem. • Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

Third Crusade – On the Way to

Jerusalem, 1192

ANATOLIA

Richard then fought his way toward

Jerusalem, but his army was not strong

enough to attack the city. Salah al-Din’s

forces had also grown weaker. In September

1192, the two leaders signed a peace treaty.

The crusaders kept a chain of cities along

the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Muslims

agreed to let Christian pilgrims enter

Jerusalem. • Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

CrusadesComic Strip

Later Crusades –Children’s Crusade

ANATOLIA

The crusades to the Middle East

continued for another 100 years. Some crusades

were popular movements of poor people rather

than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for

example, tens of thousands of peasant children

from France and Germany marched in a

“Children’s Crusade.” Few, if any, ever reached

the Holy Land. Some made it as far as

European port cities, where they believed the

sea would miraculously part for them.

However, the sea did not part. Some children

simply returned home. Others were sold into

slavery by merchants.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

Later Crusades – Children’s

Crusade

ANATOLIA

The crusades to the Middle East

continued for another 100 years. Some crusades

were popular movements of poor people rather

than organized military campaigns. In 1212, for

example, tens of thousands of peasant children

from France and Germany marched in a

“Children’s Crusade.” Few, if any, ever reached

the Holy Land. Some made it as far as

European port cities, where they believed the

sea would miraculously part for them.

However, the sea did not part. Some children

simply returned home. Others were sold into

slavery by merchants.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

Later Crusades – Acre, 1291

ANATOLIA

None of the later crusades

succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem.

Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the

land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre,

the last crusader city. This victory ended

some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the

Holy Land.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

Later Crusades – Acre, 1291

ANATOLIA

None of the later crusades

succeeded in recapturing Jerusalem.

Muslims, meanwhile, were gaining back the

land they had lost. In 1291, they took Acre,

the last crusader city. This victory ended

some 200 years of Christian kingdoms in the

Holy Land.

• Jerusalem

• Damascus

• Antioch

• Edessa

• Tripoli

• Acre

CrusadesComic Strip

The Outcome of the Crusades

• The Christians won the First Crusade because they

were able to take back Jerusalem.

• The Muslims won the Second Crusade because they

took the crusader kingdom of Edessa, and the

Christians failed to take it back.

• The Muslims won the Third Crusade because they

took Jerusalem, and the Christians failed to take it

back.

• The Muslims won the later Crusades because the

Christians could never take back Jerusalem.

Videos

• First Crusade – 1098 Antioch (4:30)

• First Crusade – 1099 Jerusalem (5:00)

• Second Crusade – 1144 Edessa (4:00)

• Second Crusade – 1148 Anatolia (3:00)

• Second Crusade – 1148 Damascus (7:00)

• Third Crusade – 1187 Jerusalem (3:00)

• Third Crusade – 1191 Acre (5:00)

• Third Crusade – 1192 Jerusalem (5:00)

Antioch, 1098

As commander of

three towers, I know

the way in! Just give

me some money and

land!

Yes! No more drinking

horse blood! Now we

are one step closer to

capturing the holy city

of Jerusalem!

Bohemond

Fairuz

The Reconquista

• SWBAT explain how Muslim rule declined in the Iberian Peninsula.

SPAINPORTUGAL

Welcome to Cordoba, Spain!

Reconquista

• Before the Reconquista, this building was a ____________.

• After the Reconquista, this building became a ___________.

The Beginning of the Reconquista

Now that the Crusades are over, what do we do? I don’t wanna go back to my farm…

Sweet…

Let’s go fight the Muslims in Spain! We’ll get an even better chance at

getting into heaven!

Hi, I’m Queen Isabella of

Castille.

Hi, I’m King Ferdinand of

Aragon.

If we get married and combine our

two kingdoms into one country

called Spain……then we’ll be

able to defeat the last Muslim kingdom of Granada.

We defeated the Muslims at Granada! Now the

Iberian Peninsula is all Christian!

1492: The Surrender of Granada

So…now what???

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella wanted to unite Spain as a Catholic country. So, what did these monarchs do to deal with the Jews and Muslims that lived in Spain?

Expulsion of Jews & Muslims

• In 1492, Jews were told to become Catholics or leave the country. More than 170,000 Jews left their homes forever.

• Muslims remained in Spain, but many were forced to accept baptism as Catholics. Spain expelled its remaining Muslims beginning in 1609.

Spanish Inquisition

• Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand used the Inquisition, a church court, against Muslims and Jews who had converted to Christianity.

• Judges, called inquisitors, sometimes used torture to find out whether supposed converts were practicing their old religion.

• Thousands of people were burned at the stake.

Torture during the Spanish Inquisition

1492: Christopher Columbus

I would like to sail to India, so I can bring

spices back to Spain!

Don’t forget to spread our Christian beliefs to those

Indians you meet and exploit!

Higher Order Thinking

• How would our world be different if the Reconquista had never happened?

Knee Splitter

• The knee splitter does what it says: split victims' knees and render them useless.

• Built from two spiked wood blocks, the knee splitter is placed on top of and behind the knee of its victims.

• Two large screws connecting the blocks are then turned, causing the two blocks to close towards each other and effectively destroy a victim's knee.

59

Iron Gag

• The Iron Gag was used to stifle the screams of a victim. A small hole in the front allowed air to pass in and out but muffled any screams.

• A torturer could press a single fingertip to the air-hole and create an extremely distressing situation for the accused.

• This was used often during the Inquisition so the accused would not interrupt the ceremony with their irritating cries of distress.

60

Foot Press

• The foot press was designed to uncomfortably fit a single foot between a sharp, ribbed iron plate and a bar of metal attached to a long screw.

• When the screw was turned, the bar crushed the foot into a mangled pulp.

61

Tongue Tearer

• First, the mouth is forced open with the Mouth Opener.

• Next, the iron Tongue Tearerwas used to grab the tongue within it's rough grippers.

• Once a firm hold was maintained, the screw could be firmly tightened and the tongue was roughly torn from the prisoner's head.

62

Ear Chopper

• Used as an efficient way to cut the ears from the victim.

• The helmet was placed on the head; the ears sticking out just under the blades.

• All it took was a quick chop and the ears would be amputated.

63

The Boots

• The boots was made up of wedges that fitted the legs from ankles to knees.

• Pure pain ensues when the torturer violently pounds the wedges with a large, heavy hammer.

• A process that is done repeatedly until flesh and bone are completely destroyed.

64

Spanish Ladder

• The wrists were tied to one of the rungs, the feet tied to the bottom cylinder.

• Each turn stretched the victim further and further until the shoulders were dislocated.

65

Inquisitional Chair

• The chair was wooden construction with up to 2,000 metal spikes.

• The victim was strapped within the chair using tight leather straps.

• The initial pain of hundreds of sharp rusty spikes penetrating the flesh could always be increased by the torturer pressing the prisoner down or back against the spikes.

66

Cat's Paw

• The Cat's Paw was used by the Spanish.

• It was attached to a handle and was an extension of the torturer's hand.

• It was used to rip and tear flesh away from the bone, from any part of the body.

67

The Saw

• Victims of this brutal device were made to hang upside down.

• This position has a purpose: to fill the victims' heads with blood, and therefore allow them to remain conscious as the torturers work the saw sometimes up to their midsection before they pass out or die.

68

Guillotine

• The blade would be dropped separating the head from the body.

• The head would neatly drop into a waiting basket, to be retrieved by the executioner and displayed to the crowd gathered to watch.

69