DO NOW An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking lot where he finds a young man has suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is.

DO NOWDO NOW

An officer responds to a disturbance in a An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking lot where he finds a young man has parking lot where he finds a young man has suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is cold and raining. The officer The weather is cold and raining. The officer checks that the victim is breathing and begins checks that the victim is breathing and begins to seal off the crime scene. The officer to seal off the crime scene. The officer immediately checks the scene for any signs of immediately checks the scene for any signs of evidence. He then calls in for medical evidence. He then calls in for medical assistance and an ambulance.assistance and an ambulance.

Evaluate the actions of the officer.Evaluate the actions of the officer.

DO NOW DO NOW

The officer does not follow the proper The officer does not follow the proper protocol in this situation.protocol in this situation.

The officer’s actions may have been The officer’s actions may have been dictated by the fact that it was raining dictated by the fact that it was raining outside and that any possible evidence outside and that any possible evidence may have been washed away or may have been washed away or destroyed.destroyed.

However, first priority is always the However, first priority is always the safety and welfare of any victims on safety and welfare of any victims on scene.scene.

AGENDA Friday Sept 6AGENDA Friday Sept 6

Big Question: What is forensic science?Big Question: What is forensic science? 1. DO NOW1. DO NOW 2. Crime Team Posters2. Crime Team Posters 3. Chapter 1: Intro and History of Forensics3. Chapter 1: Intro and History of Forensics 4. Homework and Closing Thoughts4. Homework and Closing Thoughts

– Online Research: Identify the four Online Research: Identify the four major federal crime labs and describe major federal crime labs and describe what their roles are in the what their roles are in the investigation and enforcement of investigation and enforcement of criminal law.criminal law.

– Answer in your notebooks.Answer in your notebooks.

FORENSICSFORENSICSChapter 1: Chapter 1:

Introduction to Introduction to Forensic ScienceForensic Science

Introduction Introduction

Laws are a necessity in our world.Laws are a necessity in our world. As our society evolves, there is an As our society evolves, there is an

ever-increasing need to regulate the ever-increasing need to regulate the quality of our food, the potency of quality of our food, the potency of drugs, the quality of water, the drugs, the quality of water, the preservation of nature, and the preservation of nature, and the honesty and integrity of mankind.honesty and integrity of mankind.

The same regulations are needed to The same regulations are needed to ensure the safety and security of ensure the safety and security of people against crime.people against crime.

What is Forensics?What is Forensics?

In its broadest definition, Forensic Science In its broadest definition, Forensic Science is the application of science to criminal is the application of science to criminal and civil law that are enforced by police and civil law that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system.agencies in a criminal justice system.

Forensic science owes its origins to Forensic science owes its origins to individuals who developed the principles individuals who developed the principles and techniques needed to identify and and techniques needed to identify and compare physical evidence.compare physical evidence.

““Elementary, my dear Elementary, my dear Watson”Watson”

– Popular media Popular media has marginalized has marginalized and and sensationalized sensationalized the importance the importance of the scientific of the scientific process behind process behind forensic science.forensic science.

HistoryHistory Mathieu Orfila – the father of forensic Mathieu Orfila – the father of forensic

toxicology.toxicology.

Alphonse Bertillion - devised the first scientific Alphonse Bertillion - devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879.system of personal identification in 1879.

Francis Galton – conducted the first definitive Francis Galton – conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification.study of fingerprints and their classification.

Leone Lattes – developed a procedure to Leone Lattes – developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried blood stains.determine blood type from dried blood stains.

Blood TypesBlood TypesO+ is most common blood type.

O is the universal donor.AB is the universal recipient.

HistoryHistory Walter McCrone – utilized microscopy and other Walter McCrone – utilized microscopy and other

analytical methodologies to examine evidence.analytical methodologies to examine evidence.

Hans Gross – wrote the first treatise describing Hans Gross – wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation.field of criminal investigation.

Edmond Locard – incorporated Gross’ principles Edmond Locard – incorporated Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory.within a workable crime laboratory.

Locard’s Exchange Principle – states that a Locard’s Exchange Principle – states that a cross-transfer of evidence occurs when a cross-transfer of evidence occurs when a criminal comes in contact with an object or criminal comes in contact with an object or person.person.

DO NOW Sept 11DO NOW Sept 11

Who utilized microscopy and other Who utilized microscopy and other analytical methods to examine analytical methods to examine evidence?evidence?

Give two examples of Locard’s Give two examples of Locard’s Exchange Principle.Exchange Principle.

DO NOW ANSWEREDDO NOW ANSWERED

Walter McCroneWalter McCrone

An individual drinking out of a glass.An individual drinking out of a glass.

Two people shaking hands with one Two people shaking hands with one another.another.

AGENDA Sept 10AGENDA Sept 10

Big Question: How does a system of Big Question: How does a system of measurements provide law measurements provide law enforcement with valuable evidence?enforcement with valuable evidence?

1. DO NOW1. DO NOW 2. History of Forensics Quiz – Thursday Sept 2. History of Forensics Quiz – Thursday Sept

1212 3. Finish Crime Team Posters3. Finish Crime Team Posters 4. Anthropometry Investigation4. Anthropometry Investigation 5. Closing Thoughts and Homework5. Closing Thoughts and Homework

– – STUDY for QuizSTUDY for Quiz

Forensics at WorkForensics at Work

http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s3527744.htm

The Crime LabThe Crime Lab

The development of crime labs in the The development of crime labs in the United States has been characterized by United States has been characterized by rapid growth as well as a lack of national rapid growth as well as a lack of national and regional planning and coordination.and regional planning and coordination.

Paul Leland Kirk (1902-1970) was head Paul Leland Kirk (1902-1970) was head of first criminalistics department at the of first criminalistics department at the University of California Berkeley.University of California Berkeley.

Currently, there are 350 public crime Currently, there are 350 public crime labs operating at various levels of labs operating at various levels of government – federal, state, county, and government – federal, state, county, and municipal.municipal.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s27fxRk9dpE

DO NOW: Unsolved Crimes DO NOW: Unsolved Crimes Sept 17 Sept 17

Based upon what you have seen, Based upon what you have seen, what steps may have been taken to what steps may have been taken to further investigate these murders?further investigate these murders?

Do you believe both crimes were Do you believe both crimes were committed by the same committed by the same individual/individuals?individual/individuals?

DO NOW: UNSOLVED DO NOW: UNSOLVED CRIMESCRIMES

Physical evidence on the victims.Physical evidence on the victims. ID the type of instrument that caused the injuries ID the type of instrument that caused the injuries

to the victims.to the victims. Cross reference the DNA found on the cigarettes.Cross reference the DNA found on the cigarettes. Good old fashioned police work – walk the beat Good old fashioned police work – walk the beat

and ask questions.and ask questions. Retrace the path of the victims.Retrace the path of the victims. Search surrounding area/waters for a weapon.Search surrounding area/waters for a weapon. Attempt to ID a possible means/route of escape Attempt to ID a possible means/route of escape

for the attackers (search the local parking lots, for the attackers (search the local parking lots, etc)etc)


Big QUESTION: What is the role of a crime Big QUESTION: What is the role of a crime lab?lab?

1. DO NOW1. DO NOW 2. Forensic Career Projects2. Forensic Career Projects 3. The Crime Lab3. The Crime Lab 4. 4. Class work/Homework: DUE Sept 18Class work/Homework: DUE Sept 18

– Pages 24-25 #12-29 and 1-4Pages 24-25 #12-29 and 1-4 5. SEPT 18: Meet in 4175. SEPT 18: Meet in 417

– Will be going to the library after Will be going to the library after attendanceattendance

The Crime LabThe Crime Lab Increasing numbers of crime labs Increasing numbers of crime labs

partly on the rise due to…partly on the rise due to…

– Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s Supreme Court decisions in the 1960s responsible for police placing greater responsible for police placing greater emphasis on scientifically evaluated emphasis on scientifically evaluated evidence.evidence.

– Accelerated levels of drug abuse leaving Accelerated levels of drug abuse leaving crime labs inundated with drug crime labs inundated with drug specimens.specimens.

– The advent of DNA profiling.The advent of DNA profiling.

Technical SupportTechnical Support

Five basic services.Five basic services.

Physical Science Unit – use of chemistry, Physical Science Unit – use of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence.physical evidence.

Biology Unit – use of biology to investigate Biology Unit – use of biology to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples.samples.

Firearms Unit investigates discharged bullets, Firearms Unit investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition.ammunition.

Technical SupportTechnical Support

Document Unit analyzes handwriting Document Unit analyzes handwriting and questioned-document issues.and questioned-document issues.

Photographic Unit applies specialized Photographic Unit applies specialized photographic techniques for photographic techniques for examining and recording physical examining and recording physical evidence.evidence.


Put your books away. Pen or Pencil Put your books away. Pen or Pencil Only!Only!

On the paper I provide to you,On the paper I provide to you,

List the five technical support services List the five technical support services available and briefly describe what available and briefly describe what types of evidence they analyze.types of evidence they analyze.


1. Physical science unit – branches of science 1. Physical science unit – branches of science to examine physical evidenceto examine physical evidence

2. Biology Unit – examines blood, hair, body 2. Biology Unit – examines blood, hair, body fluids, and fibersfluids, and fibers

3. Firearms Unit – shells, casings, ammunition3. Firearms Unit – shells, casings, ammunition 4. Document Unit – Handwriting and 4. Document Unit – Handwriting and

document authenticationdocument authentication 5. Photographic Unit –Photography techniques 5. Photographic Unit –Photography techniques

to record and examine physical evidence.to record and examine physical evidence.

Optional Tech ServicesOptional Tech Services Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and Toxicology Unit examines body fluids and

organs for the presence of drugs and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons.poisons.

Latent Fingerprint Unit processes and Latent Fingerprint Unit processes and examines evidence for fingerprints.examines evidence for fingerprints.

Polygraph Unit conducts polygraph tests.Polygraph Unit conducts polygraph tests. Voiceprint Analysis Unit identifies voice Voiceprint Analysis Unit identifies voice

patterns to particular individuals.patterns to particular individuals. Evidence Collection Unit collects and Evidence Collection Unit collects and

preserves physical evidence from a crime preserves physical evidence from a crime scene. scene.

Skills of a Forensic ScientistSkills of a Forensic Scientist Apply principles and techniques of physical Apply principles and techniques of physical

and natural sciences.and natural sciences.

Analyze various types of evidence.Analyze various types of evidence.

Provide expert court testimony.Provide expert court testimony.

Skills of a Forensic ScientistSkills of a Forensic Scientist

Expert witness – determined by the court to Expert witness – determined by the court to possess knowledge relevant to a trial that is possess knowledge relevant to a trial that is not expected of the average person.not expected of the average person.

Evaluates evidence based on training and Evaluates evidence based on training and experience that the court lacks the expertise to do.experience that the court lacks the expertise to do.

Provides an expert opinion as to the significance of Provides an expert opinion as to the significance of findings.findings.

Assist in the training of law enforcement in the Assist in the training of law enforcement in the proper recognition, collection, and preservation of proper recognition, collection, and preservation of physical evidence.physical evidence.

Investigation Sept 23Investigation Sept 23

What the following video clip?What the following video clip?

Pay close attention to the piece of Pay close attention to the piece of evidence in question. evidence in question.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVrUbkHJuHY

DO NOW Sept 25 DO NOW Sept 25

Presentations DUE Friday Sept 27Presentations DUE Friday Sept 27

Take out your Admissibility of Take out your Admissibility of Evidence Responses.Evidence Responses.


BIG Question: How did the Frye BIG Question: How did the Frye and Daubert cases influence the and Daubert cases influence the use of evidence in a court of law?use of evidence in a court of law?

1. DO NOW1. DO NOW 2. Introduce Frye vs. Daubert2. Introduce Frye vs. Daubert 3. Presentations3. Presentations 4. Closing Thoughts and 4. Closing Thoughts and

HomeworkHomework

FRYE vs. the United FRYE vs. the United States 1923States 1923

Defendant was convicted of Second Defendant was convicted of Second Degree Murder.Degree Murder.

An early form of a Polygraph test was An early form of a Polygraph test was used by prosecution as key evidence used by prosecution as key evidence in the case.in the case.

Systolic Blood Pressure Deception TestSystolic Blood Pressure Deception Test

Defense presents an expert witness to the Defense presents an expert witness to the court to testify against the results of the test.court to testify against the results of the test.

Blood Pressure was influenced in the change Blood Pressure was influenced in the change of emotions in the witness (defendant).of emotions in the witness (defendant).

Increases in systolic blood pressure were the Increases in systolic blood pressure were the result of nervous impulses sent to the result of nervous impulses sent to the sympathetic branch of the nervous system.sympathetic branch of the nervous system.

Scientific experiments, it is claimed, haveScientific experiments, it is claimed, have

demonstrated that fear, rage, and pain always demonstrated that fear, rage, and pain always produce a rise of systolic blood pressure.produce a rise of systolic blood pressure.

Conscious deception or falsehood, concealment of Conscious deception or falsehood, concealment of facts, or guilt of crime, accompanied by fear of facts, or guilt of crime, accompanied by fear of detection.detection.

Indicates the struggle going on in the subject's Indicates the struggle going on in the subject's mind between fear and attempted control of that mind between fear and attempted control of that fear under examination.fear under examination.

Truth is spontaneous and comes without conscious Truth is spontaneous and comes without conscious effort, while the utterance of a falsehood requires a effort, while the utterance of a falsehood requires a conscious effort, which is reflected in the blood conscious effort, which is reflected in the blood pressure.pressure.

If the subject is telling the truth, the pressure If the subject is telling the truth, the pressure registers highest at the beginning of the registers highest at the beginning of the examination, and gradually diminishes as the examination, and gradually diminishes as the examination proceeds.examination proceeds.

The opposite is declared true of those whom are The opposite is declared true of those whom are hiding the truth to avoid detection.hiding the truth to avoid detection.

THE RULINGTHE RULING

Expert testimony deduced from a well-Expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery.recognized scientific principle or discovery.

Deduction made must be sufficiently established Deduction made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.particular field in which it belongs.

Systolic blood pressure deception test has Systolic blood pressure deception test has not yet gained such standing and scientific not yet gained such standing and scientific recognition among physiological and recognition among physiological and psychological authorities to warrant its psychological authorities to warrant its admissibility as to render judgment.admissibility as to render judgment.

The The Frye Frye StandardStandard The Frye v. the United The Frye v. the United

States decision set the States decision set the guidelines for guidelines for determining admissibility determining admissibility of scientific evidence of scientific evidence into the courtroom.into the courtroom.

To meet the Frye To meet the Frye Standard, evidence in Standard, evidence in question must be question must be “generally accepted” by “generally accepted” by the scientific community.the scientific community.

Frye Frye Not AbsoluteNot Absolute

1993 case of 1993 case of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical, Inc.Pharmaceutical, Inc.

U.S. Supreme Court asserted that U.S. Supreme Court asserted that Frye Frye Standard is not an absolute prerequisite Standard is not an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence.to the admissibility of scientific evidence.

Trial judges are ultimately responsible as Trial judges are ultimately responsible as “gatekeepers” for the admissibility and “gatekeepers” for the admissibility and validity of scientific evidence presented in validity of scientific evidence presented in their courts as well as expert testimony.their courts as well as expert testimony.

TheThe DaubertDaubert CriteriaCriteria In In DaubertDaubert, Supreme Court offered guidelines , Supreme Court offered guidelines

as to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence.as to how a judge can gauge scientific evidence. 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory 1. Whether the scientific technique or theory

can be (and has been) tested.can be (and has been) tested. 2. Whether the technique or theory has been 2. Whether the technique or theory has been

subject to peer review and publication.subject to peer review and publication. 3. The technique’s potential rate of error.3. The technique’s potential rate of error. 4. Existence and maintenance of standards 4. Existence and maintenance of standards

controlling the technique’s operation.controlling the technique’s operation. 5. Widespread acceptance of scientific theory or 5. Widespread acceptance of scientific theory or

method within a relevant scientific community.method within a relevant scientific community.

AGENDA OCT 1AGENDA OCT 1

BIG Questions: What are the BIG Questions: What are the responsibilities of forensic scientists?responsibilities of forensic scientists?

1. Finish PRESENTATIONS1. Finish PRESENTATIONS 2. Continue Chapter 1 Notes – 2. Continue Chapter 1 Notes – 3. Study for Chapter 1 Test 3. Study for Chapter 1 Test CHAPTER 1 TEST: Monday Oct 7CHAPTER 1 TEST: Monday Oct 7 4. Closing Thoughts and Review4. Closing Thoughts and Review

Special Forensic ServicesSpecial Forensic Services

Forensic Pathology involves the Forensic Pathology involves the investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or investigation of unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths.violent deaths.

As medical examiners or coroners, they As medical examiners or coroners, they determine the cause of death.determine the cause of death.

Can conduct an autopsy or medical Can conduct an autopsy or medical dissection and examination of a body in dissection and examination of a body in order to determine the cause of death.order to determine the cause of death.


Several stages of death after expiration.Several stages of death after expiration. RIGOR mortis results in the shortening of RIGOR mortis results in the shortening of

muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts muscle tissue and stiffening of body parts in the position at death.in the position at death. Occurs within first 24 hours and disappears Occurs within first 24 hours and disappears

within 36 hours.within 36 hours.

LIVOR mortis results in the settling of LIVOR mortis results in the settling of blood in areas of body closest to the blood in areas of body closest to the ground.ground.Begins immediately on death up to 12 hours Begins immediately on death up to 12 hours after death. after death.

Stages of DeathStages of Death


ALGOR mortis results in loss of body heat.ALGOR mortis results in loss of body heat.

General rule – begins an hour after General rule – begins an hour after death.death.

Body loses heat at a rate of 1 to Body loses heat at a rate of 1 to 1.5 1.5 degrees F per hour until body degrees F per hour until body reaches reaches environmental temperature.environmental temperature.

Forensic Anthropology concerned with the Forensic Anthropology concerned with the identification and examination of identification and examination of human skeletal remains.human skeletal remains.


Forensic Entomology is the study of insects and Forensic Entomology is the study of insects and their relation to a criminal investigation often their relation to a criminal investigation often to estimate time of death.to estimate time of death.

Forensic Psychiatry involves the relationship Forensic Psychiatry involves the relationship between human behavior and legal between human behavior and legal proceedings.proceedings.

Forensic Odontology involves the use of teeth Forensic Odontology involves the use of teeth and bite marks to assist in identifying a victim and bite marks to assist in identifying a victim in an unrecognizable state.in an unrecognizable state.


Forensic Engineering involves failure Forensic Engineering involves failure analysis, accident reconstruction, analysis, accident reconstruction, and the causes and origins of fires and the causes and origins of fires and explosions.and explosions.

Forensic Computer Science involves Forensic Computer Science involves the examination of digital evidence.the examination of digital evidence.

Question of the DayQuestion of the Day

In the Daubert Ruling, the Supreme In the Daubert Ruling, the Supreme Court guidelines stated that scientific Court guidelines stated that scientific technique or theory must NOT technique or theory must NOT

A. be able to be testedA. be able to be tested B. Be based on a high rate of errorB. Be based on a high rate of error C. Have widespread acceptance C. Have widespread acceptance

within the scientific communitywithin the scientific community D. be subject to peer reviewD. be subject to peer review

DO NOW Oct 3DO NOW Oct 3

Identify which Crime Lab service would be Identify which Crime Lab service would be responsible for the examination and responsible for the examination and analysis of the following evidence.analysis of the following evidence.

1. Blood sample1. Blood sample 2. Taped recording of a suspect’s confession2. Taped recording of a suspect’s confession 3. A discharged bullet3. A discharged bullet 4. Tissue sample containing an unknown 4. Tissue sample containing an unknown

drugdrug 5. Forged bank documents5. Forged bank documents


1. Biology Unit1. Biology Unit 2. Voiceprint Analysis Unit2. Voiceprint Analysis Unit 3. Firearms (Ballistics) Unit3. Firearms (Ballistics) Unit 4. Toxicology Unit4. Toxicology Unit 5. Document Unit5. Document Unit

AGENDA AGENDA Oct 7Oct 7

Big Question: What is forensics?Big Question: What is forensics?

1. Place your Study Guides in the Homework 1. Place your Study Guides in the Homework Box.Box.

2. Chapter 1 Test2. Chapter 1 Test

3. You have the entire period to complete 3. You have the entire period to complete your test.your test.

DO YOUR OWN WORK.DO YOUR OWN WORK.

If you finish the test early, please sit quietly If you finish the test early, please sit quietly in your seat until the entire class has finished. in your seat until the entire class has finished.

BE RESPECTFUL of your classmates.BE RESPECTFUL of your classmates.

TEST CORRECTIONSTEST CORRECTIONS

Multiple Choice QuestionsMultiple Choice Questions

Question #9: Change answer choice E to Question #9: Change answer choice E to read read “Gross”“Gross”

Question #11: Change answer choice E to Question #11: Change answer choice E to read read “Locard”“Locard”

DO NOW An officer responds to a disturbance in a parking lot where he finds a young man has suffered a gunshot wound to the lower torso. The weather is.

Documents

officer checks

forensic science slide

crime scene

application of science

crime team posters

forensics chapter

enforcement of criminal

criminal justice system