Do Now

Chapter 3: The Brain

Do NowDo Now: Is the dancer turning clockwise or counter clockwise?HemispheresBrain divided into two sidesFissure: groove along centerRight: controls leftLeft: controls right

Right Brain or Left Brain?

What is the structure of the brain?BrainOver 100 Billion CellsEach part works with others to control what think feel and do.Comprised of three major partsLower BrainMid BrainCerebrum and Cerebral Cortex(upper brain)What does the brain look like?Tightly compressed macaroniStudying uses more energy than joggingUses 20% of your oxygenIs protected in multiple ways.

Brain StemMid BrainLower BrainUpper BrainWhat does the lower brain do?What does the mid brain do?Possible connection?Why is the cerebral cortex so important?Personality: makes us humanSeat of the soulExample: when faced with severe brain injury to frontal lobe personality sometimes changes completelyStrokes, tumors sometimes causes thisWhat your brain just didCorpus Callosum

Broad, thick band running from side to side and consisting of millions and millions of nerve fibers.

Connections between left and right sides of brain.

Highway of information it is the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge of the I-84 of your brain!Where does the brain sit?How is the brain protected?Protected by the thick bones of the skullCerebral Cortex coveringSuspended in cerebrospinal fluidIsolated from the bloodstream by the blood-brain barrier a semi-permeable membrane that protects the brain.

The delicate nature of the human brain makes it susceptible to many types of damage and disease. Infection of the brain is rare because of the barriers that protect it, but is very serious when it occurs.Multiple Sclerosis-mylen, insulation for nerves, is impaired.Parkinsons Disease, Huntingtons Chorea = CNS diseasesWhat is the Upper Brain?Cerebral Cortex: outermost layer of brain covers the cerebrum gray matter.Higher level thought100 Billion nerve cellsIt is the most highly developed part of the human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. It is also the most recent structure in the history of brain evolution

SummaryThere are three parts to the brain on a horizontal levelUpper Brain: higher level thinkingMid Brain: (Limbic System)vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulationLower Brain: primitive functions, aggression, fight or flightBrain Stem: autonomic functionsTwo hemispheres right hemisphere controls left, left hemisphere controls rightBrain Dominance Theory: Right brain dominant art, language, creative. Left brain logical, math, organized

Fissure: groove along middle of brainFrontal Lobe::reasoning, personality,Thought, complex thoughtsParietal Lobe: sensory stripMotor Strip: along frontal lobe - movementOccipital Lobe: interprets visual informationTemporal Lobe: speech, hearingPrefrontal Lobe::personal memoriesCerebellum: balance, coordinationReticular Activating System: alertnessCerebral cortex: covers brain (gray matter)Chronic traumatic encephalopathyThe only known diagnosis for CTE occurs by studying the brain tissue after death. CTE has been most commonly found in professional athletes participating in American football, who have experienced repetitive brain traumashow symptoms of dementia, such as memory loss, aggression, confusion and depression, which generally appear years or many decades after the trauma. a progressive degenerative disease, which can only be definitively diagnosed postmortem in individuals with a history of multiple concussions and other forms of head injury.

As of December 2012, thirty-three former National Football American football

Lew Carpenter[64] Lou Creekmur[64][65] Dave Duerson[66] Shane Dronett[67] Cookie Gilchrist[68] John Grimsley[69] Chris Henry[70] Terry Long[71] John Mackey[30] Ollie Matson[30] Tom McHale[72] Joe Perry[73] Junior Seau[74] Justin Strzelczyk[71] Andre Waters[71] Mike Webster[71] (NFL) players have been diagnosed post-mortem with

Do Now: Reading Phineas Gage: Neurosciences Most Famous Patient

Reticular Activating SystemKeeps us alert or puts us to sleep alcohol mimics reticular system neurons

The reason that most drunk driving accidents are due to drivers falling asleep at the wheelDo Now: Draw a ClockMini-cog During the mini-cog, a person is asked to complete two tasks: Remember and a few minutes later repeat the names of three common objects Draw a face of a clock showing all 12 numbers in the right places and a time specified by the examinerThe results of this brief test can help a physician determine if further evaluation is needed.

Mini-mental state exam (MMSE) During the MMSE, a health professional asks a patient a series of questions designed to test a range of everyday mental skills.

Examples of questions include: Remember and repeat a few minutes later the names of three common objects (for instance, horse, flower, penny) State the year, season, day of the week and date Count backward from 100 by 7s or spell "world" backwards Name two familiar objects in the office as the examiner points to them Identify the location of the examiner's office (state, city, street address, floor) Repeat a common phrase or saying after the examiner Copy a picture of two interlocking shapes Follow a three-part instruction, such as: take a piece of paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and place it on the floor

Disorders of the BrainAttention Deficit DisorderTBI: Traumatic Brain InjuryAlzheimers DiseaseDementia with Lewey Bodies:Although, where Alzheimers disease usually begins quite gradually, DLB often has a rapid or acute onset, with especially rapid decline in the first few months. While the specific symptoms in a person with DLB will vary, core features of DLB are: 1) fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual hallucinations. 3.)REM Behavior DisorderList as many fruits as you can!Get ready, get set GO!Subjects were asked to list as many types of fruit they could think of in a second timed test. In 2005, a study was reported in "Neuropsychologia" in which researchers tested 96 people diagnosed with Alzheimer's and compared the results to 40 healthy people.

Researchers found that healthy test subjects were able to list 20 to 25 words in each test, but patients with Alzheimer's could remember only 10 to 15 words. The Alzheimer's patients were unable to remember words learned later in life but could remember words learned in early childhood. This pattern was so consistent that researchers were able to determine which subjects had Alzheimer's based on this word loss.

What are some other parts of their brain and their purpose?Brain stem: internal physical state of bodyMedulla Oblongata: breathing, heartbeatPons: regulates brain during sleepThalamus: relay station between senses and cerebral cortexCerebellum: balance and movementLimbic system: emotions, memoryHippocampus: long term memoryAmygdala: aggression, emotion, motives, (very active during adolescence)Hypothalamus: eating, drinking, body temperature

Joes Brain: Split Brain SurgerySplit Brain GameWho was Phineas Gage and what did we learn from him?What part of your brain controls long term memories? Hint: What rare and controversial procedure is sometimes done to patients with severe seizure disorders?

DO NOW:

No fair darn Hippos!!!and hand in

Pupillary Response

What is the Nervous System?What are Neurons?34

What are Neurons?A neuron is a nerve cell Neurons transmit information throughout the body in both chemical and electrical forms to send information to other cells.The axon and dendrites are specialized structures designed to transmit and receive information. The connections between cells are known as a synapses. Neurons release chemicals known as neurotransmitters into these synapses to communicate with other neurons.

Motor NeuronSensory Neuron

Inter Neuron

NeurotransmittersI travel from brain to bodyI travel from body to brainI connect sensory and motor neuronsWe put information into electrochemical messages transmitted by sensory neuronsWhat he said.The Role of Neurons in your Brain

Quick Review:Synapses, neurotransmitters & neuronsoh my!

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/madneuron.htmlDopamineMotor FunctionsToo much Schizophrenia (theory)Too little Parkinson's and other movement diseasesAcetylcholineAttention and R.E.M. Sleep InducerToo little: muscle weaknessEndorphinRelieve pain, Natural form of morphine (woo hoo!)Serotoninchemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling," helps with sleep, anxiety, depressionGABAgamma-aminobutyric acid

amino acid that helps induce relaxation and sleep builds muscle tone. It balances the brain by inhibiting over-excitationWhat are Some Neurotransmitters made up of?

Sensory Neurons: Travel from body to brainMotor Neurons: Travel from brain to bodyInterneurons: Connect sensory and motor neuronsNeurotransmitters: Chemicals in the endings of nerve cells that send information across synapseCentral Nervous System: Brain and Spinal CordPeripheral Nervous System: Stem off from spinal cord

What did we learn?What are reflexes?Areflexis an involuntary or automatic, action that your body does in response to something - without you even having to think about it. There are many types of reflexes and every healthy person has them. In fact, we're born with most of themand most of them fade by age 6 months.Some infant reflexes that show up in adulthood can be signs of neurological disease.

Reflexes protect your body from things that can harm it. For example, if you put your hand on a hot stove, a reflex causes you to immediately remove your hand before a "Hey, this is hot!" message even gets to your brain Blinking when something flies toward your eyes or raising your arm if a ball is thrown your way. Even coughing and sneezing are reflexes. They clear the airways of irritating things Common ReflexesBabinski(foot)Moro(startle)Tonic(fencing)Rooting(sucking)Pupillary(eyes constrictionOr dilation)Galant(leaning against side of spinethat is stroked)Babinski on Infant

Babinski ReflexBabinski's reflex occurs when the big toe moves toward the top of the foot and the other toes fan out after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked.This reflex, or sign, is normal in younger children, but abnormal after the age of 2The presence of a Babinski's reflex after age 2 is a sign of damage to the nerve paths connecting the spinal cord and the brain

Babinski Explanation

Moro

Moro ReflexArms will rapidly fan out as if startled.It is normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of ageAbsence indicates a profound disorder of the motor system.Persistence of the Moro response beyond 4 or 5 months of age is noted only in infants with severe neurological defectsIt is believed to be the only unlearned fear in human newbornsMoro Reflex in baby kitten too

Tonic (Fencers) Reflexknown as the fencing reflex" because of the characteristic position of the infant's arms and head, which resembles that of a trained fencer. Beyond the first months of life may indicate that the child has developmental delays, at which point the reflex is atypical or abnormal. For example, in children withcerebral palsy the reflexes may persist and even be more pronounced.Tonic

Knee Jerk (Patellar) Reflex

Causes of Abnormal Knee Jerk ResponseHyperactive (knee jerks too much): ALS, brain tumor, stroke, liver disease, hypocalcemia (low calcium), hypomagnesemia (low magnesium), hypothermia, multiple sclerosis, preeclampsia, spinal cord lesion and tetanus.Hypoactive (knee doesn't jerk enough): botulism, nerve inflammation, peripheral neuropathy, polio, untreated syphillis, diabetes, alcoholism, arthritis, etc.

What have we learned about reflexes?Types of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic)Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological diseaseAbsence of reflexes in infancy neurologicial problemNormal reflexes protect us.Reflexes use interneurons not sensory or motor neurons.

ReadingKnee Jerk or (DTR) reflexThe reflex that the doctor checks by tapping your knee is called the patellar, or knee-jerk, reflex. It is also known as a deep tendonreflex (DTR) This tap stretches the tendon and themusclein the thigh that connects to it. A message then gets sent to the spinal cord that the muscle has been stretched. The spinal cord very quickly sends a message back to the muscle telling it to contract. The contraction of the muscle causes your lower leg to kick out.Do Now:In reality, Dr. Sacks was conducting a double blind study with 50% of the group on the L-Dopa and the rest on a placebo. When Dr. Sacks saw the respons, he immediately put the entire group on the drug. The family members had to sign approvals releasing the hospital from responsibility. Do you think this was ethical? Why/Why not? Even though Dr. Sayer was the doctor and Leonard was the patient do you think he learned anything from Leonard. Do you think it wouldve been better for the patients to remain in their frozen states rather than giving them back life for only a summer?Awakenings final dayHeadachesVascular Headaches: MigrainesMuscle Headaches: Cluster, TensionWorst Headache of your life! aneurismSeizures: Grand Mal, Petit Mal, AbsenceTypes of reflexes: Knee Jerk, Babinski, Moro, Fencers (Tonic)Primitive reflexes in adulthood often sign of neurological diseaseNormal adult reflexes protect us.Dr. Oliver Sacks

In 1966 Dr. Sacks began working as a consulting neurologist for Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx, a chronic care hospital where he encountered an extraordinary group of patients, many of whom had spent decades in strange, frozen states, like human statues, unable to initiate movement. He recognized these patients as survivors of the great pandemic of sleepy sickness that had swept the world from 1916 to 1927, and treated them with a then-experimental drug, L-dopa, which enabled them to come back to life. They became the subjects of his book Awakenings, which later inspired a play by Harold Pinter ("A Kind of Alaska") and the Oscar-nominated feature film ("Awakenings") with Robert De Niro and Robin Williams. Dr. Sacks is a NYT bestselling author and award winning Neurologist. You can reach him atThis film is based on a true story

Do you remember?Why do we have reflexes?Describe two reflexes you have nowDescribe one reflex you dont have anymore and why