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P15 Radioactivityin your books?

Radioactivity

Today’s lesson• Demonstrate understanding of background radiation.• Describe the detection of α-particles, β-particles and γ-

rays.• State that radioactive emissions occur randomly over

space and time.• State the meaning of radioactive decay.• Describe the hazards of ionising radiation to living things.• Describe how radioactive materials are handled, used

and stored in a safe way to minimise the effects of these hazards.

• Use the term isotope.

The atomorbiting electrons

Nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Nuclide notation

Li3

7

Atomic number (proton number) = number of protons

Atomic mass (mass number) = number of protons and neutrons

orbiting electrons

Nucleus (protons and neutrons)

Isotopes

Li3

7

It is possible for the nuclei of the same element to have different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus (but it must have the same number of protons)

Li3

6

4 neutrons3 neutrons

Relative atomic massOn average, lithium atoms have a mass of 6.941 (relative to Carbon 12)

Li3

6.941

Isotopes of Hydrogen

H1

1

The three isotopes of Hydrogen even have their own names!

H1

2

H1

3

Hi! I’m hydrogen

They call me

deuterium

Hola! Mi nombre es tritium y yo

soy de Madrid!

Questions p251Element Chemical

symbolAtomic number

Hydrogen H 1

Helium He 2

Lithium Li 3

Beryllium Be 4

Boron B 5

Carbon C 6

Nitrogen N 7

Oxygen O 8

Radium Ra 88

Thorium Th 90

Uranium U 92

Plutonium Pu 94

Unstable nuclei

Some nuclei are unstable, for example Uranium 235

Hi! I’m uranium-235 and I’m unstable. I really need to

lose some particles from my nucleus to become more

stable.

Unstable nuclei

To become stable, an unstable nuclei emits a particle.

We say the atom has decayed

Unstable nucleiThe decay of an unstable nucleus is random. We know it’s

going to happen, but we can’t say when! It cannot be affected by temperature/pressure etc.

Weeeeeeeeeeeeee!

Detection

• Particles can be detected by photographic film

• Particles can also be detected (and counted) by a Geiger-Müller tube (GM tube) connected to a counter

Background radiation

There are small amounts radioactive particles around us all the time. This is called background radioactivity. The amount varies depending on location.

Background radiation

Background radiation comes from

• Cosmic rays from space

• Radioactive rocks in the ground

• Nuclear tests• Nuclear bombs• Nuclear accidents

COPY PLEASE

Hazards of ionising radiation

Ionising

• The radioactive particles (more about later) can ionise atoms they collide with

Hazards of ionising radiation

• Ionizing radiation has the ability to break chemical bonds and facilitate exotic chemical reactions within living cells. The damage caused to cells can vary;

• radiation burns• hair loss (temporary or permanent)• cancer• reproductive sterility• mutations in offspring

Radiation Safety

Radiation Safety

• Run away!

Mr Porter a few years ago

Get away dog!

Radiation Safety

• Run away!• In other words keep the distance between

you and a radioactive source as big as possible!

Radiation Safety

• Don’t waste time!

Radiation Safety

• Don’t waste time!• In other words limit the time you are exposed

to radiation.

Radiation Safety

• If you can’t run away, hide behind something!

Radiation Safety

• If you can’t run away, hide behind something!• Put a barrier between you and the radiation

source that can absorb the radioactive particles

Radiation safety

• Keep the distance between you and a radioactive source as big as possible (use tongs etc.)

• Limit the time you are exposed to radiation.

• Put a barrier between you and the radiation source that can absorb the radioactive particles (normally lead)

Let’s try some questions.

Let’s do some reading. Page 250 onwards.