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Slide 1
Do Networks Facilitate Collective Action? John T. Scholz
Florida State University
Slide 2
Collective Action Problems: Great Cities from Dismal
Swamps
Collective Action Cures: Self-Organizing Federalism Feiock and
Scholz, eds., Cambridge Press, 2010 HobbesMill Ostrom
Slide 7
Networks as Cures Bonding Bridging Relationships Relationships
COOPERATION: Trust and commitment Strong ties Reciprocity,
transitivity COORDINATION: Information Weak ties Centrality,
closeness, brokerage
Slide 8
Field Study Evidence Berardo and Scholz 2010 Stakeholders seek
Bridging Capital
Slide 9
Field Study Evidence Bridging, Not Bonding, Increases Level of
Collaboration Scholz,Berardo and Kile 2008 Degree (log).36**(.06)
Betweenness Centrality.22**(.04) Egonet Density-.06*(.03)
Slide 10
Agent-Based Modeling Evidence Scholz and Wang 2006 Bridging
increases the evolution of cooperation
Slide 11
Experimental Evidence VOLUNTARY DILEMMA- Subjects play repeated
prisoners dilemma, but with a choice of partners 14 subjects per
session Subjects propose to any number of potential partners, and
play PD if both partners propose in the period. Repeat for 20
rounds (known in advance).
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 1
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 2
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 3
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 4
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 5
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 6
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 7
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 8
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 9
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 10
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 11
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 12
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 13
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 14
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 15
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 16
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 17
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 18
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 19
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Cooperate (red) and Defect (black): Period 20
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Slide 33
The Network Century for Collective Action??? Utilize multiple
research methods and designs Develop additional methods of field
observation Email and agency contact lists Media Archives and issue
networks Internet Crawlers and social media Utilize Measures
directly related to concepts Nature of the problem (credibility vs
resource flows) Extent of effects (ego network, alter network, full
network)
Slide 34
John T. Scholz FSU
Slide 35
Cooperation is favored when b/c>k Ohtsuki, Hauert, Lieberman
and Nowak, Nature 441: 502 (May 2006)
Slide 36
Bonding Relationships Cooperation games with risk of defection
Bonding relationships enhance commitment, trust, norms, providing
social capital to resolve Collective Action Problems as represented
by prisoners dilemma, public goods, common-pool resources Tie
Strength => Strong, frequent, intense, multidimensial
interactions with strong affinity for partner Network Structures
=> Reciprocity, transitivity, redundant, overlapping ties.
Slide 37
Bridging Relationships Coordination games with low risk of
defection Matching, Battle of the Sexes, Stag Hunt Tie Strength
=> Weak, infrequent as needed, unidimensional, with many
partners and little affinity Network Structures, flows =>
Degree, Reach, Closeness, non-redundant, overlapping ties. Network
Structures, Brokerage => Betweenness, structural holes,
brokerage
Slide 38
Experimental Evidence Cooperative communities emerge when
cooperators successfully find each other Clusters do not change
behavior, at least in the short run. Remaining challenge: Can
clustering enhance long-term cooperation when none exists???