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Department of Defense
Energy Managers Handbook
Prepared for theOffice of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense
(ODUSD)
Installations and Enironment (I!E)
"as#ington$ D%&%
In support of"estern 'oer rid 'eak Demand and
Energy *eduction 'rogram
Prepared by
Intuitie *esearc# ! +ec#nology &orporationHuntsille$ ,-
./012
,ugust 3/$ 311/
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Table of Contents
Table of
Contents................................................................................................................ii
Executive
Summary............................................................................................................vi
Acknowledements..........................................................................................................viii
Part I !rani"in #or Enery $anaement
........................................................................%
&. Introduction to 'o' Enery
$anaement......................................................................%&.&.
(ey
Points.............................................................................................................%&.).
Enery $anaement
Challenes...........................................................................%&.*.
'evelop Interated Conservation
Proram...........................................................%&.+.
,enefits of Enery
Conservation.........................................................................&-
). 'o' Enery Prorams Policies and
/oals..................................................................&0).&.
(ey
Points...........................................................................................................&0).).
!ffice of the Secretary of 'efense
1!S'2..........................................................&0).*.
!verview of 'o' Enery
Policies......................................................................&3).+.
'o' Enery Consumption 4eduction
/oals......................................................&%
Part II Startin an Enery $anaement
Proram..............................................................)-
*. 'o' Installation Enery $anaement
Team................................................................)-*.&.
(ey
Points...........................................................................................................)-*.).
Team
Concept......................................................................................................)-
*.*. Installation Enery
$anaer...............................................................................)-*.+.
Installation
Commander......................................................................................)0*.-.
Installation Enery $anaement Team5Steerin
/roup5,oard..........................)3*.6. Informal 7orkin
4elationships with (ey
Individuals......................................*8*.0. Additional
9elp #rom !ther
!rani"ations.......................................................*+*.3.
4esource Efficiency
$anaer.............................................................................*6
+. Enery Conservation Proram
Plannin.......................................................................*3+.&.
(ey
Points..........................................................................................................*3+.).
Plannin...............................................................................................................*3+.*.
Establishin Enery and 7ater Savins
Tarets................................................*%
+.+. Prorammin 'esinin and Constructin
......................................................+8+.-. $anain
to Achieve 'o' Enery
/oals...........................................................+&+.6.
'evelopin Conservation
Pro:ects......................................................................+&+.0.
Enery
Security5#lexibility................................................................................+*
-. Enery
Awareness........................................................................................................++-.&.
(ey
Points..........................................................................................................++-.).
Proram
Purpose.................................................................................................++
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-.*. Awareness
,asics...............................................................................................+--.+.
Proram
'esin...................................................................................................+6-.-.
Action
6. Enery Accountin and $anaement
4eportin..........................................................-&6.&.
(ey
Points..........................................................................................................-&6.).
'efense >tility Enery 4eportin
System.........................................................-&6.*.
Army Enery and 7ater 4eportin
System........................................................-)6.+.
?avy 'ata
$anaement.....................................................................................-)6.-.
Air #orce
'>E4S...............................................................................................-*6.6.
#acility Enery Proram 4eportin
4e=uirements............................................-*
0. Enery and the
Environment........................................................................................--0.&.
(ey
Points..........................................................................................................--0.).
The Enery and Environmental
Connection......................................................--0.*.
7aste
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&&. Enery Conservation in Existin
Systems...................................................................%*&&.&.
(ey
Points.........................................................................................................%*&&.).
4educin Enery >se and
Cost.........................................................................%*&&.*.
>tilities..............................................................................................................%+&&.+.
Enery Conservation
$easures........................................................................%-
&&.-. Enery System
$aintenance...........................................................................&)8&&.6.
Electrical @oad
4eduction...............................................................................&**&&.0.
4eferences
......................................................................................................&*+
&). Alternative 4enewable and Clean
Enery..............................................................&*6&).&.
(ey
Points......................................................................................................&*6&).).
,ackround.....................................................................................................&*6&).*.
Solar
Enery....................................................................................................&*3&).+.
/eothermal
Enery..........................................................................................&+&&).-.
7ind
Enery...................................................................................................&++&).6
,iomass...........................................................................................................&+-&).0
'istributed Enery
/eneration........................................................................&+6&).3.
'!Es #E$P 4enewable Enery
Proram...................................................&+0
&*. 7ater
Conservation..................................................................................................&+3&*.&.
(ey
Points......................................................................................................&+3&*.).
'o' 7ater
Situation.......................................................................................&+3&*.*.
7ater
$anaement........................................................................................&-8&*.+.
7ater Conservation
$ethods..........................................................................&-&
&+. #undin Enery and 7ater Conservation
Pro:ects....................................................&6*&+.&.
(ey
Points......................................................................................................&6*&+.).
Sources of
#undin.........................................................................................&6*
&+.*. /overnment #undin
Sources.........................................................................&6*&+.+.
>tility #undin
Sources..................................................................................&66&+.-.
Enery Savins Performance
Contractin.......................................................&6%
Part IB Analy"in Enery
Pro:ects..................................................................................&0-
&-. @ife
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Part B Service Enery
Prorams.....................................................................................&%0
&0. Army Enery
Prorams.............................................................................................&%0&0.&.
Army Enery
Proram....................................................................................&%0&0.).
'epartment of the Army Enery $anaement
!rani"ation.........................&%0
&0.*. Army Enery
/oals.........................................................................................&%%&0.+.
Army Enery $anaement
Support................................................................&%%&0.-.
Enery 4etrofit
Support..................................................................................)8&&0.6.
Army Enery 4esearch 'evelopment
Plan.................................................)8&&0.0.
Enery Security
Proram................................................................................)8)
&3. 'epartment of ?avy Enery
Prorams......................................................................)8*&3.&.
?avy Enery $anaement
!ffices.................................................................)8*
&%. Air #orce Enery
Prorams.......................................................................................)86&%.&.
Air #orce Enery $anaement
!ffices..........................................................)86&%.).
Air #orce Enery
Policies5/oals.....................................................................)83
&%.*. Air #orce #acilities Enery
Proram..............................................................)8%
)8. 'efense Enery Support Center
1'ESC2..................................................................)&6)8.&.
'efense Enery Support Center
$ission........................................................)&6)8.).
9istory.............................................................................................................)&6)8.*.
'ESC
!rani"ations.......................................................................................)&0)8.+.
7orldwide Enery
Conference.......................................................................)&%)8.-.
'o's Centrali"ed ?atural /as
Proram........................................................)&%)8.6.
Contact
Information.........................................................................................))8
)&. #ederal Enery $anaement Proram
1#E$P2........................................................))&
)&.&. #ederal Enery $anaement Proram
$ission..............................................))&)&.).
Services............................................................................................................))&)&.*.
Proram
Areas.................................................................................................))))&.+.
Additional
4esources.......................................................................................))+
Appendix AD /lossary
....................................................................................................))6
Appendix ,D #re=uently
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Executive Summary
This handbook is desined to act as a useful tool and uide in
assistin 'epartment of'efense 1'o'2 installation and facility enery
manaers to effectively perform tasksassociated with their :obs. It
is not the intent of the 9andbook to answer all =uestionson the
sub:ect of enery manaement but rather to provide the enery
manaerenouh of the basic information and reference to other
resources in order tosuccessfully conduct an enery manaement
proram. This 9andbook is one of manyresources to help enery manaers
meet the challenes of todays market.
The 9andbook is divided into five parts. 'art Iis 4Organi5ing
for EnergyManagement%6 It includes an introduction and overview of
the enery manaersprofessional responsibilities in addition to
outlinin the latest federal policies and theoals set by 'o' in
order to implement those policies.
'art IIof the 9andbook is FStarting an Energy Management
'rogram%6 It definesthose elements that lay the foundation of an
enery manaement proram such asinstallin a team settin the oals and
plans for implementation of those oalscreatin an enery awareness
campain and performin enery accountin andreportin.
'art III 7 4Energy and "ater &onseration6provides the
resources to assist inidentifyin fundin and executin measures that
reduce enery consumption andcost. It provides recommendations for
some of the latest strateies and technoloiesutili"ed in enery
manaement today.
'art I8of the 9andbook is 4,naly5ing Energy 'ro9ects.6Chapter
&+ covers the
techni=ues of @ife Cycle Costin in assistin the enery manaer in
selectin themost cost effective enery and water pro:ects. It also
provides resources to supportenery life cycle cost analyses.
Chapter &- identifies federally funded software inaddition to
that available commercially for enery analysis.
#inally'art 84Serice Energy 'rograms$6provides an overview of
Army ?avyand Air #orce enery prorams as well as those services
provided by the 'efenseEnery Support Center and the 'epartment of
Enerys #ederal Enery $anaementProram. Throuh information provided
in the latest reulations instructions andprocedural memorandum the
chapters define individual enery team memberresponsibilities and
plans to meet federal enery and water use oals.
Appendices to the 9andbook include a lossary of important terms
and abbreviationsfre=uently asked =uestions and resource and
contact information for a variety oforani"ations both within the
#ederal overnment and outside that have commonoals to the enery
manaer. Appendix E FSuested Professional @ibrary and4esources
/uideG is a listin of publications that would be helpful to the
facilityenery manaer. Appendix # includes references used in
compilin the 9andbookrevision.
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Acknowledgements
Intuitive ratefully acknowledes the assistance and support of
C'4 4obert Tomiak!ffice of the 'eputy >nder Secretary of 'efense
1!'>S'2 Installations and
Environment 1IE2 and $r. ;im Paton 9'A !ffice of the Assistant
Chief of StaffInstallation $anaement 1!ACSI$2 in the development of
this update to the 'o'Enery $anaers 9andbook. This effort was made
possible throuh fundinprovided via the 7estern Power /rid Peak
'emand and Enery 4eduction Proram17P/2 the purpose of which was to
provide technical services to the !'>S' andmilitary
installations in the 7estern Power /rid reion to develop pro:ects
andimplement enery efficiency measures that taret peak demand and
eneryconservation.
#inancial support for the 9andbook revision was provided by the
followin contractsDB60+P
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Part I Organizing or Energy !anagement
"# Introduction to $o$ Energy !anagement
"#"# %ey Points
Enery and water conservation deliver a wide rane of benefits
includindollar savins infrastructure improvements reduced pollutant
emissionsimproved enery reliability and security and in some cases
increasedproductivity.
Each installation or facility enery manaer 1hereinafter referred
tosimply as Fenery manaerG2 faces the challene of promotin enery
andwater efficiency as much as possible without :eopardi"in
missioncapabilities or reducin the =uality of life of 'o'
personnel.
,ecause fully successful enery conservation prorams need
top$anaement support 'o' enery manaers need to convince
installationcommanders or facility owners of the cost savins and
benefits that canbe reali"ed throuh enery and water
conservation.
In order to establish and maintain a successful enery proram
theenery manaer needs a ood understandin of both the technical
andmanaerial aspects of enery manaement.
"# Energy !anagement C'allenges
Executive !rder 1E!2 &*&)* F/reenin the /overnment
throuh EfficientEnery $anaementG set ambitious but achievable enery
manaementoals for the #ederal /overnment. Efficient use of enery
and waterresources plays an important role in support of 'o's
primary missions. Theinefficient use of enery wastes limited
defense funds divertin those fundsfrom other essential mission
re=uirements. 'o' installations are focused onimprovin efficiency
reducin demand eliminatin waste and enhancin=uality of life while
meetin mission re=uirements.
"#(# $evelo) Integrated Conservation Program
'o' spends over J).- billion per year on facility enery
consumption. Theyare the larest sinle enery consumer in the
>nited States representin 03Kof the #ederal sector. Conservin
enery and investin in enery reductionmeasures makes ood business
sense. 4esearch has shown that leaders inenery manaement are able
to achieve superior financial performance.
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A ma:or challene facin each 'o' installation enery manaer is to
promoteefficiency and reduce costs as much as possible without
:eopardi"in missioncapabilities or reducin the =uality of life for
'o' personnel. The enerymanaer must develop and orchestrate the
implementation of an interatedenery and water conservation proram.
That proram must involve everyenery user on an installation from
the commandin officer down the chainof command to every person 1and
visitor2 on the base. The proram shouldinclude the followin
components each of which are discussed in reaterdetail in succeedin
chapters.
"#(#"# *aseline Energy Assessment
!ne of the initial steps in developin an effective enery cost
controlproram is performin a baseline enery assessment. A
baselineassessment will assist with evaluatin the health of the
existinenery proram or in identifyin and documentin shortfalls if
a
proram doesnt currently exist. It should serve as a startin
and5orreference point to institute an interated conservation
proram.
A baseline enery assessment will evaluate the facilitys
baselineenery use and performance. ,enchmarkin will then show
acomparison of enery performance of similar facilities or for
anestablished level of performance. That baseline assessment should
bereviewed periodically probably at a fre=uency of every * to -
years.The assessment should identify the larest enery users
bestopportunities for reduction re=uirements for critical backup
poweretc.
Barious enery manaement and services companies can becontracted
with to perform baseline enery assessments and audits.The E?E4/L
STA4 web site lists numerous service and productproviders to assist
orani"ations with improvin their total enerymanaement. The E?E4/L
STA4 web site address isDhttpD55www.enerystar.ov .
The 'epartment of Enerys 1'!E2 #ederal Enery $anaementProram
1#E$P2 supports aencies in need of technical assistance.Amon other
services they perform screenin for pro:ectopportunities in addition
to providin feasibility studies. 4eference
Chapter )& for a more in depth overview of #E$Ps
activities.
The Services each manae prorams aimed at reducin enery
andassociated costs and at improvin enery systems. Specifics of
theirefforts includin technical assistance provided and fundin
sourcescan be accessed throuh their associated web addressesD
httpDh=da
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httpD55www.nfesc.navy.mil5enery5httpD55www.afcesa.af.mil5ces5cesm5enery5cesmMenery.asp
4eference Chapters &0 throuh &% of this 9andbook for
furtherdiscussion on the Services responsibilities related to
eneryprorams.
"#(# Institute a Program Plan
Plannin is an important part of an enery manaement proram.That
plannin consists of initially performin an enery audit toidentify
how enery is currently bein used in the facility settinclear and
measurable oals then developin an action plan toimplement those
oals.
Enery audits as well as commissionin and re
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"#(#(# Obtain To) !anagement Su))ort
7hile some improved efficiency can be obtained at little or no
costfully successful conservation prorams need top manaement
support.There are ways to obtain those needed resources but to do
so enery
manaers must convince top manaement of the cost savins
andbenefits that can be reali"ed throuh enery conservation. Takin
fulladvantae of conservation opportunities re=uires that
manaementplace a priority on conservation pro:ects and staffin.
Convincinmanaement to read:ust resource priorities usually re=uires
a welltility Enery Services Contracts 1>ESC2.
Enery conservation pro:ects can be funded with !$ funds. This
isthe same account that pays for core military operational needs
such asfuel and bullets. Installation commanders have authority
andflexibility in decidin how these funds are to be spent.
ECIP is a special $I@C!?
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"#+# *enefits of Energy Conservation
The #ederal /overnment is the larest enery user in the >nited
States and'o' is by far the larest consumer of enery in the #ederal
/overnmentaccountin for nearly 38K of total #ederal enery use.
'o'Ns si"e provides it
with a uni=ue opportunity to shape the national enery
conservation stratey.,y providin leadership in this worthwhile
effort 'o' installations caninspire the entire nation to follow
their example.
"#+#"# Im)roved 1se of .esources
Conservation is really improved manaement. Conservation does
notmean simply turnin off the switch and doin without. 4ather
itmeans usin resources more efficiently to provide the same or
evenan improved level of benefits at lower cost. Conservation
helpsinstallations deal with resource limitations without reducin
mission
capabilities productivity or the =uality of life for 'o'
personnel.4esource
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reduces the amount of air pollutants resultin from the direct
burninof fossil fuels and indirect burnin when eneratin
electricity. @esselectricity consumption means less air pollutionH
a &8K reduction in>S electricity use would cut annual carbon
dioxide emissions by over)88 million tons sulfur dioxide emissions
by &.0 million tons andnitroen oxide emissions by %88 thousand
tons. >se of less fuel toproduce steam on 'o' installations
means less worry about the costof meetin leally permitted emissions
levels.
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$o$ Energy Programs2 Policies2 and 3oals
"# %ey Points
The Principal 'eputy >nder Secretary of 'efense
1Ac=uisitionTechnoloy and @oistics2 is the 'o' Senior Aency
!fficial responsiblefor meetin the oals of Executive !rder
&*&)*.
The 'o' Installations Capabilities Council 1ICC2 chaired by the
'eputy>nder Secretary of 'efense 1Installations Environment2
1'>S'1IE22 is chartered to address a broad spectrum of
installation issuesincludin enery manaement and to identify and
remove obstaclesthrouh improved policy and uidance.
The !ffice of the Secretary of 'efense 1!S'2 Enery $anaer
conductsa biS' 1AT@2 in !S' is the hihest enery policyS' 1AT@2 has
deleated authority for manain theinstallation enery proram to the
'>S' 1IE2.
The '>S' 1IE2 is to ascertain policies and provide uidance to
the 'o'Components for the manaement of facility enery resources in
the 'o' andserve as the primary adviser for facility enery policy
matters. The '>S'1IE2 establishes 'epartmental enery
conservation proram oals anddevelops procedures to measure
Components enery conservation
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accomplishmentsH provides annual prorammin uidance and oversiht
forthe achievement of enery oals and ob:ectivesH establishes
criteria proramand budet for and monitors the execution of the
$ilitary Construction REnery Conservation Investment Proram 1ECIP2.
The '>S' 1IE2 alsodevelops policy uidance consistent with
current leislation and executiveorders to report enery use and
results of enery conservationaccomplishments aainst #ederal enery
conservation and manaement oals.
The 'o' Installations Capabilities Council 1ICC2 chaired by the
'eputy>nder Secretary of 'efense 1IE2 is chartered to address a
broad spectrumof installation issues includin enery manaement.
$embership includes across section of 'o' senior leadership
necessary to make decisions needed toremove obstacles hinderin
compliance with the enery proram.Additionally Interated Product
Teams 1IPT2 are created as re=uired to workspecific issues with
appropriate participation from the 'efense Components.
An Interaency Enery $anaement Task #orce 1IE$T#2 provides
technical
support to #ederal aencies in efforts to meet the oals of E!
&*&)*. The'irector Installations 4e=uirements and $anaement
!'>S' 1IE21I4$2 represents the 'epartment of 'efense on the
IE$T#.
Interaency workin roups with representatives from the 'epartment
alsosupport the Interaency Enery $anaement Task #orce 1IE$T#2 and
theIP, as necessary. These roups include but are not limited to
renewableenery sustainable desin and enery efficient products.
The >tilities Privati"ation 7orkin /roup and Enery 7orkin
roupprovide prorammatic loistical and technical support to the
utilitiesprivati"ation effort. Its membership includes
representatives from the !S'the four Services '@A5'ESC and the
other 'efense Aencies.
(# Overview of $o$ Energy Policies
'o's policy is to ensure that 'o' utility infrastructure is
secure safereliable and efficientH that utility commodities are
procured effectively andefficientlyH and that 'o' Components
maximi"e enery and waterconservation efforts. 'espite successful
enery reductions alreadyexperienced the 'epartment must make reater
strides in enery efficiencyand consumption reduction in order to
meet the oals of providin reliable
and cost effective utility services to the 7arfihter. 'o' will
invest in costESC and ESPC are
a crucial tool for financin enery efficiency measures and
allowinstallations to improve their infrastructure and pay for the
eneryefficiency measures throuh the savins enerated by the
pro:ectover time. These contracts will include infrastructure
upradesand new e=uipment to help the installations reduce enery
andwater consumption. Pro:ects may include new thermal
storaesystems chillers boilers lihts motors Enery $anaementControl
Systems 1E$CS2 systems and water reducin devices andother enery
savin devices and measures.
3%:%;%2% 'rocure -ife &ycle &ost Effectie$ Energy
Efficient
oods and 'roducts
7hen life
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facility. All 'o' Components are encouraed to participate in
the'!E demonstration prorams when participation is cost
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60tilities Privati"ation ProramG the 'o' Components
shallcomplete privati"ation decisions on all electric water
wastewater andnatural as systems by September *8 )88-. Except where
theSecretary of the $ilitary 'epartment has certified that the
systems areexempt due to security reasons or privati"ation is
uneconomical the$ilitary Services shall privati"e those types of
utility systems at everyActive and 4eserve Component installation
within the >nited Statesand overseas that is not desinated for
closure under a base closurelaw. Since uprades are normally
completed within - years after aprivati"ation award is made all
privati"ed systems should reach areadiness level of at least C
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Part II Starting an Energy !anagement Program
(# $o$ Installation Energy !anagement Team
(#"# %ey Points
Enery manaers should recruit assistance for enery and
waterconservation tasks from other people. !rani"in an installation
Enery$anaement Team 1E$T2 is the first step in sharin workload.
,efore startin to actively recruit members for the E$T the
enerymanaer should study the responsibilities of base orani"ations
anddetermine which orani"ations can be helpful to enery
conservation.
Enery manaers need to establish informal lines of communication
withkey staff members whose assistance is critical in implementin
eneryconservation pro:ects.
7hen resources are not available to establish an E$T the
services of a4esource Efficiency $anaer provides an option that
should beconsidered.
(# Team Conce)t
Since the enery manaer alone cannot do all of the work re=uired
inachievin conservation oals he or she must learn to solicit
support fromother people. !rani"in an installation E$T is the first
step in sharin thatworkload. (nowin how best to use the team is
very important since only afew installations can afford to assin a
dedicated full
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neither the time nor the knowlede to manae or oversee day
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4e=uest funds for enery pro:ects.
Calculate avoided enery costs.
(eep track of enery pro:ects fundin status.
Proram $anaementD
Establish a peak loadE4S reports.
Establish and communicate base enery policies.
Serve as the Enery $anaement Team secretary.
Prepare an annual point paper for facility enery proram.
Prepare an enery award proram.
Participate in utilities contract neotiations.
4eview and evaluate enery suestions.,ecause enery manaers play a
key role in the success of resource
manaement for an installation they must be familiar with the
procurementstorae distribution and end use of all fuels other forms
of enery andwater. They should also maintain complete files of
applicable enery policiesreulations and instructions that miht
further the effective use of all formsof enery and water. The enery
manaer should be familiar with all current'o' and Service
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orchestratin conservation efforts the commander must make the
sometimesdifficult decisions to implement pro:ects that will save
enery and water.7ith the commanderNs approval the resources of base
orani"ations can betapped. An installation commanderNs stron
support for conservation effortswill make a bi difference in settin
budet priorities. 9iher priority forconservation 1over other
mission needs2 will ensure reater fundin morepersonnel and more of
the commanderNs personal attention.
The senior commander at the base should be informed and briefed
about theresources manaement proram. To ain support from
installationcommanders enery manaers must convince commanders of
the benefits ofconservation.
(#,# Installation Energy !anagement Team6Steering3rou)6*oard
(#,#"# unction
Each installation has a clear chainnderstandin an installationNs
orani"ational structure is important incommunicatin conservation
proram oals to the E$T because theenery manaer must draw personnel
from various orani"ations tosupport installation
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installation enery manaers. Throuh E$T channels enerymanaers can
have direct access to installation commanders to helpmanae
conservation efforts.
(#,# Team !embers
Enery manaers must play a key role in orani"in the
installationEnery $anaement Team 1E$T2 and selectin its members.
Theeffectiveness of the team will depend heavily on the talents
andcommitment of each representative. The enery manaer must
ensurethat the E$T has capable representatives from those
orani"ationsthat are critical to implementin installation
conservation prorams.The E$T should at a minimum consist of the
followinorani"ationsD
ChairpersonD Installation Commander or a desinated
representative
SecretaryD Installation Enery $anaer Core $embersD ,ase Civil
Enineer5Public 7orks !fficer
Comptroller Contractin !fficer @eal Counsel Supply
!fficer>tilities $anaer Transportation !fficer 'irector of
!perations1or desinee2 Public Affairs !fficer and #uel
$anaement!fficer or their representatives
!ptional $embersD 4epresentatives of the Security Police
9ousin !fficer bi enery
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problem arises make note of the action items and assin
appropriateindividuals responsibility to address the problem and
report back atthe next meetin. If necessary schedule follow
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Since utilities manaers are responsible for manain
utilitiescontracts includin contracts for utility
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maintenance prorams under the direction of a maintenance
enineer.
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(#-#-# Plant Su)ervisors
Plant supervisors are responsible for the day
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contracts re=uire careful structurin to avoid future leal
problems.@eal counsel should review all contracts and be involved
indevelopment of ESPC >ESC neotiation of 'S$ prorams andutility
rate neotiation or litiation related to any enery issues.
Thecontractin officer should interface with leal counsel on most
issues.
(#-#""# Su))ly Officer
The base supply office provides many of the supplies and
e=uipmentneeded to implement enery conservation efforts. 9avin an
ally inthe supply orani"ation is invaluable.
(#-#" 1tilities Com)any .e)resentatives
As a part of 'S$ efforts some public utility companies may
offercash rebates or other incentives for implementin
conservationpro:ects such as lihtin retrofits and motor
replacements. To increaseuser participation in these rebate prorams
utilities companies mayoffer free enery audits. As utility
companies prepare for dereulationand resultin competition stranded
costs and other important issuesare causin a reduction in rebates
but an increase in interest indevelopin flexible assistance desined
to foster a lon
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assist with and do whatever is necessary to meet the
installationNsenery and water reduction oals. If the ma:or command
does nothave such a proram the enery manaer may re=uest that one
beformed.
(#/# Tec'nical Service Centers
.%>%3%;% ,rmy
The Army Installation $anaement Aency 1I$A2 is responsible
forexecutin the Army Enery and 7ater $anaement Proram andprovides
technical assistance to installations for all aspects of theenery
proram. I$A has desinated the Army Enineerin SupportCenter
9untsville as the center for expertise for enery savinsperformance
contractin 1ESPC2 and utilities enery servicescontractin 1>ESC2.
Additionally the Enineer 4esearch'evelopment Center <
Construction Enineerin 4esearch @aboratory
1E4'C%3%3% ?ay
The ?avy and $arine Corps technical centers of expertise are
the?aval #acilities Enineerin Command 1?AB#AC2 and the
?aval#acilities Enineerin Service Center 1?#ESC2. These
Servicecenters often re=uire fundin from the enery manaerNs
installationbudet. They also often contract the work to private
architectural.S. 'epartment of Enery #ederal Enery $anaement
Proram1#E$P2 sponsors the 4E$ proram. The proram is administered by
#E$Phead=uarters its 7estern 4eional !ffice and the Pacific
?orthwest?ational @aboratory 1P??@2. 7ashinton State >niversity
Extension EneryProram further provides support necessary to
maintain and expand the 4E$
network. Case studies documentin prorams that have been
implementedsuccessfully can be accessed at 7ashinton State
>niversitys site
athttpD55www.enery.wsu.edu5pro:ects5rem5cases.cfm.
'!E publishes FContractin for a 4esource Efficiency $anaer A
#ederalEnery $anaement Proram !perations $aintenance Center
ofExcellence /uidebookG '!E5EE
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+# Energy Conservation Program Planning
+#"# %ey Points
!ne way to start plannin an enery proram is to set oals and
estimatethe installations reasonable potential for enery savins and
set oalsconsistent with that potential.
Almost all enery and water efficiency measures can be classified
into sixbasic cateoriesD awareness maintenance retrofit replacement
newconstruction and load shiftin.
Enery security is also a part of enery manaement.
+# Planning
!ne way to start plannin an enery proram is to estimate the
installationNsreasonable potential for savins and set oals
consistent with that potential.An audit is usually necessary for
estimatin enery< and water
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e. New construction, offers an unparalleled opportunity to
notonly install the most cost
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enery experts typically pro:ect a potential cost
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!nce a pro:ect is approved and funded the work must be
desinedand scheduled for completion by inE4S and perform enery
trend analyses to determine whether actual consumption is on
track with'o'Ns oals. Studyin consumption trends reveals if past
conservation effortshave worked and provides a basis for forecastin
future consumption.
Achievin 'o'Ns oals is the first priority. If analysis shows
that the eneryproram is not on track to meet 'o'Ns oals a remedial
course of action mustbe desined to reduce consumption. The enery
manaer must determine theresources re=uired to implement additional
enery conservation pro:ects andshould advise the installation
commander that the installation is behindschedule in achievin the
oals established by 'o'.
Since 'o'Ns oals are the minimum acceptable oals installations
shouldeventually set more ambitious oals based on the actual
cost
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identifies enery conservation opportunities. 'etails for
conductin an eneryaudit are discussed in Chapter %.
4eviewin past monthly enery consumption data helps
determineinstallation enery
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!fferin rewards and incentives to enery users for ood ideas that
result inenery savins will encourae user participation.
+#/# Energy Security6lexibility
Enery security is a part of enery manaement. The 'o' Components
shalldevelop strateies for short and lon term outaes or run the
risk of ma:orproblems.
+#/#"# ?ulnerability Assessments
Installations shall perform periodic evaluation of the
vulnerability ofbasic mission re=uirements to enery disruptions and
assess the riskof such disruptions implement remedial actions to
removeunacceptable enery security risks and investiate off
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,# Energy Awareness
,#"# %ey Points
Enery and water awareness prorams attempt to eliminate waste
bychanin the attitudes of users and throuh those chaned attitudes
tochane behaviors as well.
An effective awareness proram tarets specific audiences and
involvesas many enery users as possible.
The installationNs public affairs office is a useful ally in an
awarenessproram.
Publici"in conservation information on a reular basis tends to
increasethe proramNs effectiveness by increasin and maintainin
participation.
,# Program Pur)ose
The purpose of an enery awareness proram is to publici"e
eneryconservation oals disseminate information on enery matters and
eneryconservation techni=ues and emphasi"e enery conservation at
all commandlevels. The proram should additionally relate enery
conservation tooperational awareness. An awareness proram attempts
to alter the attitudes
of enery users and throuh those chaned attitudes modify
behaviors aswell.
It is important that 'o' achieve and sustain enery
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$anain enery is a continuous need. It concentrates on
reinforcinopinions that enery efficiency reduces pollution it
reduces dependence onoil imports and it reduces costs. The proram
also provides information onexactly how to achieve those results.
Enery awareness helps to increase theQpersistenceQ of enery
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,#+# Program $esign
To develop an effective enery awareness campain the enery
manaershould start by definin the taret audience. A different
messae is needed forfamily housin occupants than for maintenance
workers. !nce the taret
audiences are defined the installationNs public affairs office
should beinvolved in the enery awareness proram. This office has
specificcommunications expertise which can be effectively linked
with the enerymanaerNs technical expertise.
In addition to the public affairs office enery manaers should et
as muchhelp as possible from other installation personnel in
developin an eneryawareness proram. It is especially important to
have people who are re=uiredto implement the plan involved in the
plannin. /ettin enery users andmaintenance staff involved in the
plannin process not only increases theirunderstandin of the proram
it enerates a reater sense of ownership
leadin to reater participation. People feel a commitment to
makin thinswork if they have been a part of the desin.
9avin defined the audiences the awareness proram should suest
thespecific actions that each user roup should take that can save
enery. #orexample one promotional campain could be directed to
housin occupantsanother to office workers and another to
maintenance workers. The enerymanaer may want to start with a
eneral overall awareness proramHhowever such overall prorams tend
to be more preachy less action
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Components are encouraed to participate in the 'epartment of
Enerys1'!Es2 #ederal Enery and 7ater $anaement Awards Proram.
Thisproram reconi"es orani"ations small roups and individuals
forsinificant contributions to the efficient use of enery and water
resources inwithin the #ederal sector. Awards are provided in
several eneryOriented !essages
As mentioned above the best awareness prorams are those that can
bedistilled into short action
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particularly effective because this audience is enerally
responsible forupkeep of the most enery
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lare number of enery users. In addition stand
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encouraed to perform public service pro:ects or assist at
EneryAwareness $onth activities.
,#-#(# Public Outreac'
At many installations the public affairs officer will publish
eneryconservation articles in the base newspaper. 'aily
eneryconservation hints in the installationNs Qplan of the dayQ or
e=uivalentare also useful.
Positive success stories about enery conservation achievements
onthe installation are often of interest to local news
orani"ations. ?otonly are such stories ood for public relations but
they set anexample for the community. 'o' personnel et
positivereinforcement when they are reconi"ed by the eneral public
fortheir conservation activities which can enerate momentum
forsustained lons pers=uare foot2.
!ne way to measure an awareness proramNs effectiveness is to
develop a set
of sub:ective assessment criteria to aue chanes in usersN enery
habits.Those criteria can include the number of incidents where
lihts are left onafter duty hours where windows are left open durin
heatin5coolin seasonsand the number of unauthori"ed space heaters
in use. Those sub:ective criteriacan be measured durin periodic
Qwalk
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-# Energy Accounting and !anagement.e)orting
-#"# %ey Points
The 'efense >tility Enery 4eportin System provides 'o'
withimportant eneryE4S reportin is re=uired of all 'o' aencies.
'>E4S data is used for the followin purposesD
To analy"e historical trends
To measure proress toward 'o' enery oals
To report as mandated by Conress to '!E
To provide Conressional support data.
'>E4S is essential for manaement of re=uired enery reduction
oalscalled for in EPAct and other Executive !rders and #ederal
leislation. Itforms the basis for calculatin 1and subse=uently
validatin2 eachinstallationNs enery and enery cost savins.
4efer to the 'o' '>E4S $anual 1available on the CC,2 for
specificreportin re=uirements and enery conversion factors. The
basic unit for'>E4S reportin is the 'o' Activity Address Code
1'o'AAC2. Some'o'AACs coincide with entire installations while
others comprise activitieswithin an installation. Also separate
'o'AACs enerally exist for familyhousin and for mission areas.
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In the past '>E4S has been plaued by late and inaccurate
submittals. Tosatisfy enery reportin oals enery manaers need to be
certain that theireneryE4S will be input by installations throuh
theArmy Enery and 7ater 4eportin System. This system is desined
tofacilitate enery manaement by providin timely reliable and
accurateinformation on enery products used by the Army. This system
provides
essential enery manaement information to installations 4eions
$a:orSubordinate Commands 1$SCs2 ma:or Army Commands
1$AC!$s2'epartment of the Army 1'A2 and 'o' 1throuh '>E4S2. This
informationis used to evaluate enery trends and to determine
proress towardoals5tarets. #or more information on operation of
this system refer to thesystem web site at
httpsD55h=radds.h=da.pentaon.mil5.
The Army ?ational /uard is considered to be the same as a $AC!$
withrespect to reportin enery consumption. Each state is considered
aninstallation and should report enery cost and consumption data
into theArmy Enery and 7ater 4eportin System monthly similar to
ActiveComponent and Army 4eserve installations for which #ederal
funds are used
to pay for utilities.
-#+# Bavy $ata !anagement
?avy data manaement consists of the 'efense >tility Enery
4eportinSystem 1'>E4S2 the Enery Pro:ects Status System 1EPSS2
and the 7aterdata pae. These are all located on the 'epartment of
the ?avys enerywebsite. 1httpsD55enery.navy.mil2.
a. '>E4S. The ?avy '>E4S application facilitates the
collection of
enery cost consumption and s=uare footae data as directed in
'o'-&)6.+6
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b. EPSS. The ?avy EPSS application is used to view the status
ofenery pro:ects submitted for ?avy and $arine Corps
installations.EPSS includes data on pro:ect costs enery savins
economicinformation and payment data for all enery pro:ects.
c. 7ater. The ?avys water data pae displays information on
waterconsumption by installation and tracks implementation of ,est
7ater$anaement Practices 1See Chapter &*2.
-#,# Air orce $1E.S
The Air #orce '>E4S software facilitates the collection of
enery cost andconsumption data as directed in 'o' -&)6.+6E4S.
The accuracy of thisdatabase is very important since it is the only
metric used by the Air #orce toreport proress towards enery
reduction oals.
Individual installations should ensure that their utility enery
consumptions=uare footae and cost are reported accurately. '>E4S
manaers shouldensure that base master meters are read and real
property record indicators arecurrent for the last calendar day of
the month. A consolidated '>E4Sdatabase should be prepared and
submitted to the $A;C!$ by the *8th dayof the first month followin
the reportin period. Per Air #orce Enery
Proram Procedural $emorandum %6E4Sreports at the end of each
=uarter to ensure continued proress toward eneryefficiency
oals.
$A;C!$s consolidate their individual installations '>E4S
databases andensure that their commands utility enery consumption
s=uare footae andcost are reported correctly. The $A;C!$ '>E4S
database should besubmitted to A#CESA by the &-th day of the
second month followin the=uarterly reportin periods. A#CESA
consolidates the $A;C!$ data andensures that Air #orce data are
reported accurately. Timely submissions by all
responsible parties are key to the systems workin smoothly and
reliably forenery reportin at all levels of the chain of
command.
-#-# acility Energy Program .e)orting .e@uirements
Enery manaers must submit 1at the least2 an annual report
describin thestatus of their facilitiesN enery prorams each year.
That report should beprepared in accordance with the re=uirements
of their respective $ilitary
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'epartment.
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/# Energy and t'e Environment
/#"# %ey Points
Enery and environmental initiatives are closely related since
eneryconservation reduces emissions of atmospheric pollution
includinreenhouse ases.
7ater conservation not only saves enery but also reduces sewer
volumesand protects natural resources.
Enery and environmental manaers can work toether to
accomplishcommon oals achievin reater economic benefits reater than
ifworkin independently.
>S Environmental Protection Act 1EPA2 and '!E offer a variety
ofenery and environmental prorams that can support and extend a
'o'enery manaers proram.
Enery manaers need to work closely with environmental offices
whenimplementin retrofit pro:ects that enerate reulated wastes.
7aste
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nitric acids and fall to the round in the form of rain snow fo
oracidic particles. FAcid rainG damaes buildins trees and
otherveetation and can harm a=uatic life.
Smo is caused by various pollutants. ?itroen oxides are a
primaryinredient in this corrosive mixture that is harmful to
humans. Atbest smo irritates the eyes and luns. At worst it can
intensifyrespiratory ailments includin asthma and bronchitis.
Sunliht passes throuh the atmosphere and is re
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enery conservation measures can be :ustified on a life
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'o' Components shall encourae participation in this proram.
BisithttpD55www.enerystar.ovand click on E?E4/L STA4/uidelines
under ,usiness Improvement to access detail on each ofthe above
steps. Select other individual links for tools and resourcesthat
can assist at each step.
>%3%2%.% E?E*@ S+,*A &omputers and Office Euipment
Computers are the fastest
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provides eneral information about pollution prevention practices
thevarious source reduction prorams and initiatives administered
byEPA and other orani"ations. The site also provides contacts
forfurther information. That web pae address isD
httpD55www.epa.ov5ebtpaes5pollutionprevention.html.
/#/# $e)artment of Energy 4$OE5
The >S '!E $otor Challene Proram launched in the fall of
&%%*was manaed by the !ffice of Industrial Technoloies 1!IT2
inpartnership with >.S. industry. In the winter of &%%%
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the purpose of educatin the public about tree plantin and care
andimplements and monitors prorams desined to reduce urban
heatisland effect. Accordin to Cool Communities three well placed
treesaround homes can provide shade that will lower coolin costs by
&8Energy Tec'nology
,efore considerin any application of the waste
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Mass (urn. A mass burn waste combustor has a sinle
combustion chamber with an on
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!utside of 'o' there are about )88 wastetility 4eulatory Policy
Act 1P>4PA2 havecreated a social condition where it is
economically feasible to offsetplant construction and !$ costs from
the savins earned from costreductions for refuse disposal and the
revenues incurred fromeneratin enery. Increased public concern has
forced the creation oftouher and more expensive environmental
reulations onconstruction and the operation of landfills. The
P>4PA mandated thatutilities companies buy the electricity
enerated by waste
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eventually disposed of throuh the effective combination
ofcombustion 1incineration2 compostin and landfill disposal.
#or most 'o' installations the landnitedStates tippin fees are
still relatively low and the distances todisposal sites are within
reasonable ranes. Also where there is noviable market for recycled
waste materials except for aluminum itdoes not make economic sense
to establish a recyclin proram.4ecyclin prorams must enerate enouh
revenue to at least offsetthe additional refuse collection
costs.
A waste
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population of at least )-888 is needed before a waste
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=igure >%.%.%.% Energy enerated from "aste
>nder the P>4PA utilities companies are re=uired to buy
the eneryenerated from a waste
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conditions will determine the utilities rate. The enery
eneratedfrom a waste
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>%.%/%3% Enironmental 'ermit
The combustion of municipal solid waste produces both an
oranicash and airborne ases. The disposal of the ash is reulated
under the4esource Conservation and 4ecovery Act 14C4A2 and the
emissionases are reulated under the Clean Air Act. 'ependin on the
typesof feed material the burnt ash can be classified as ha"ardous
waste. Acareful waste stream analysis must be conducted to avoid a
situationwhere the ash becomes ha"ardous waste. >nder
normalcircumstances the air emissions are lower than the StateNs
allowablelimitsH however preparation of an air permit application
for the Stateis re=uired. The baseNs environmental coordinator
should beconsulted learn how to prepare an application for an air
permit and anash disposal permit.
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Part III Energy and 7ater Conservation
:# Energy Conservation in Bew Construction
:#"# %ey Points
?ew 'o' buildins must be constructed to meet the minimum
eneryefficiency re=uirements established by the 'epartment of
Enery.
,uildin commissionin is essential to ensure that systems operate
asthey were intended.
:# ederal Energy Codes for Bew Construction
:#"# *ackground
Enery and water conservation improvements are most cost
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pendin leislation re=uirin meterin in #ederal facilities.
:#(# $OE Code Com)liance !aterials
'!Es Pacific ?orthwest @aboratory has developed simplified
code
compliance manuals software and trainin to support compliance
withre=uired #ederal codes. ECom is based on the %8.& Standard
and 4EScheck1formerly $ECcheck2 is based on the CA,! $odel Enery
Code.
To re=uest '!E publications software or users uides in support
of #ederalenery codes contactD
>S 'epartment of Enery!ffice of Codes and Standards&888
Independence Avenue S7#orrestal ,uildin 4oom -98+
7ashinton 'C )8-3-
,uildin Enery Standards 9otline13882 )08
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Additional information on Fsustainable desinG can be found in
FThe 7hole,uildin 'esin /uideG a 'o'tili"in T,C principles in the
plannin anddesin phase can reduce costly rework and chane orders
durin constructionand save limited fundin by makin chanes and
corrections on paper ratherthan in the field.
The ?avy has issued ?aval #acilities Enineerin Command
1?AB#AC2
Instruction &))0&.& ?AB#AC Total ,uildin
Commissionin Policy toprovide for incorporation of T,C principles
into all phases of the ac=uisitionprocess. It lists as its basic
oals &2 to provide a well
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warranty enforcement and proper operation and maintenance
documentationand trainin for the client.
* ;an 8- 0&
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;# Energy Auditing
;#"# %ey Points
Enery and water audits help form the foundation of an enery
proramby identifyin enery conservation and cost
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utility rates. ,efore those increases architects and enineers
lackedthe incentive to use electricity and as efficiently
particularly sinceeneryESC2 and EnerySavins Performance Contracts
1ESPC2 pro:ects to conduct theirenery audits.
Althouh many 'o' buildins have been improved over the years
byretrofits most old buildins still offer reater enery
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accommodate those chanes. It would be wise to determine if
theoriinal enery system desins have become obsolete.
;# Cost Savings vs# Energy Savings
Althouh many enery cost
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;#(# 9evel " Audit
A @evel & Audit is a walk
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'S$ and ESPC prorams usually re=uire extensive audits to
ensureaccurate calculation of appropriate payments to 'S$ or
ESPCcontractors.
;#(#-# Cost of an Energy Audit
#or small !$ pro:ects where approval authority is within the
scopeof the installation detailed economic :ustification is
oftenunnecessary. #or these pro:ects a @evel & audit may be
sufficient.@evel & audits may be accomplished in & or )
days dependin uponthe si"e and complexity of the facility. As a
result they may beaccomplished for as little as J-88
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maximi"e enery efficiency
Si"in appropriate heatin and coolin units.
;#+# Solution>*ased Audits
The solution
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Appendix ' provides a more comprehensive list of solution
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Althouh many installations contract enery audit tasks 1for many
differentreasons2 those contractin actions still take time and
resources to manae.$any utilities offer free or subsidi"ed audits
to their customersH howeverinstallation personnel must still manae
this process.
Selectin and trainin in
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personnel have limited time to devote to the task. ,e sure to
select contractorswho will work with local personnel since it is
the buildin monitors facilitypersonnel and enineers who know how
the facilities are actually operated.
To ensure that enery consumption data are correct =uality
control is criticalwhen conductin an enery audit. The proper tools
and instruments needed tohelp accurately evaluate enery systems
must be purchased or rented.
;#:# Energy Audit Tools
The types of tools and e=uipment needed to conduct an enery
audit dependupon the level of the data collection and analysis.
9owever for most auditsthe tools are relatively simple and
inexpensive. The more expensivee=uipment can be obtained by rentin
if necessary.
;#:#"# Safety irst
The primary consideration should always be for safety of the
auditteam and facility personnel. ?ever work alone around any
enerynderstandin the way enery is used in a buildin can lead
tooperational chanes that reduce enery consumption. 'ata can be
trendedover time to assess increases in enery use sinifyin possible
e=uipmentrunnin unnecessarily or e=uipment in need of service.
Advanced meters should be installed at installations where the
enery beinmonitored :ustifies the cost of installation maintenance
and readin themeter. >sers should also maximi"e the use of
meters capable of remote meterreadin which is available throuh
software resident on an A$4 systemSupervisory Control and 'ata
Ac=uisition 1SCA'A2 system or Enery$onitorin and Control System
1E$CS2. Interval meters shall be used whereFtime of useG 1interval2
utility rate tariffs are in place or where buildinelectric usae
anomalies need to be reconciled.
"tility Enery Services Contracts1>ESC2.
* ;an 8- %&
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"tility $eterin.G The document provides
an overview of options in meterin technoloy system
architectureimplementation and relative costs. Access to this
document and othersincludin workshops that provide further insiht
into advanced meterin isprovided throuh the #E$P web site
athttpD55www.eere.enery.ov5femp5technoloies5omMadvmeterin.cfm.
* ;an 8- %)
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""# Energy Conservation in Existing Systems
""#"# %ey Points
To identify where to save enery in existin facilities first
identify whereand how enery is currently used.
There are four fundamental ways to reduce enery costs in
existinsystemsD reduce price operatin hours load or increase
e=uipmentoperatin efficiency.
The search for enery savins opportunities is an onoin task.
Inade=uate maintenance is a ma:or cause of enery waste and the
failureof enery conservation measures to achieve enery savins oals
in both'o' and the private sector.
""# .educing Energy 1se and Cost
Sinificant enery and cost savins are available throuh enery
manaementof existin systems. The implementation of new enery
efficient technoloiesin materials and processes is also helpin
facilities to achieve improvementsin productivity environmental
emissions and =uality of service.
4educin enery use and cost in existin facilities is the primary
method forachievin enery reduction oals. 7hile enery oals are
specified in termsof enery or ,T> reduction those oals must be
met by takin measures thatresult in enery cost savins thereby
meetin the economic criteria for @CCeffectiveness and for pro:ect
fundin. The process of searchin for enery.S. 'epartment of Enery
#ederal Enery $anaement Proram hasa publication on FAdvanced
>tility $eterin.G This publicationprovides an overview of
options in meterin technoloy systemarchitecture implementation and
relative costs. Consult Chapter &8for further detail on this
topic.
""#+# *uilding Envelo)e
The buildin envelope includes the ceilins walls windows
1la"infenestration2 doors floors etc. that separate the outside
from theinside environment. ?ote the type of construction
insulation levelsand condition of the buildin envelope components.
?ote thosecomponents that separate the conditioned from the
unconditionedenvironment. @ook for opportunities to reduce the load
or need for9BAC conditionin by minimi"in thermal induction and
airinfiltration. Enery manaers should do careful hourly load
analysisand life cycle cost analysis before purchasin and installin
any
products that claim to reduce heatin and coolin loads on
thebuildin envelope.
Are there leaks or openins in the buildin envelope that
could be sealedW
Should additional insulation be addedW
Can sinle
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""#+#(# =?AC System
9eatin and coolin systems are the larest consumers of enery
inbuildins. The primary purpose of the heatin ventilatin and airnit
Power 'ensity 1>P'2 of the existin
lihtin system in watts per s=uare foot and compare to
currentAS94AE5IES standards for eneryP's of &.8
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or need for artificial liht and to increase the operating
efficiency ofthe lihtine=uipment. Consider the followinD
Are lihts turned off when the space is unoccupiedW
Could occupancy sensors timers photocells or other control
systems be used to ensure lihts are only on when neededW Is
illumination excessive compared to IES recommendations
for current use of the spaceW
Is available day lihtin used effectively to displace
artificial
lihtinW
Could task lihtin be used to reduce the need for eneral
1ambient2 lihtinW
Could the existin lamps5ballasts5fixtures be replaced with
more efficient components or systems to supply the need
forlihtin with less eneryW Consider the =uality of liht1uniformity
visual comfort5lare color temperature color
rendition2 when makin recommendations for chane. Is the system
properly cleaned and maintained to ensure
operation at peak efficiencyW
Could roup re
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became available commercially and in most applications they
areexcellent replacements for incandescent lamps. They can last
upto &8 times loner typically providin an attractive return
oninvestment. Typical applications for C#@s are outdoor lihtinand
security lihtin where they run steadily for extended periods.
#luorescent @amps are the predominant type used in
commercial and industrial spaces in the >.S. They are
relativelyefficient have lon lamp lives and are available in a
variety ofstyles. The four foot T
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dimmin controls ad:ust liht levels to existin dayliht.Schedulin
controls activate extinuish or ad:ust accordin to apredetermined
schedule.
@E' @ihtin < @iht Emittin 'iodes 1@E's2 is one of
todays fastest evolvin lihtin technoloies. @E' liht sources
are more efficient than incandescent and most haloen
lihtsources. 7hite @E'S today can deliver more than )8 lumens
per7att and are predicted to achieve reater than -8 lumens per7att
by )88-. !ther inherent features of @E's include very lowpower
consumption and virtually no heatin effect makin itideal for a wide
rane of new and existin applications. 'ue tothe decrease in enery
used for the lihtin of a buildin airhandlin costs drop eneratin
both additional initial andonoin investment savins. Another
advantae of @E's overconventional lihtin is that liht emitted from
an @E' isdirectional. Incandescent haloen or fluorescent lihts are
omnidirectional emittin liht in all directions. @ihtin must be
redirected usin secondary optics or reflectors. Each time a
lihtbeam is reflected it looses some of its intensity resultin
infixture losses typically from +8 to 68K. The directed nature
of@E's can result in fixture efficiencies of 38 to %8K re=uirin
lesstotal lumens to provide the same level of illuminance.
""#+#,# Office E@ui)ment and Plug 9oad
!ffice e=uipment or plu load consists of the computers
monitorsprinters photocopiers facsimile machines televisions
refrieratorsvendin machines P' in some areas of the facility. It is
essential to make sure
that plu load enery is not inored. The Enery $anaer
shouldinventory ma:or e=uipment notin wattae where available.
Ifwattae is estimated from nameplate voltae and current multiply
by8.* for an estimate of actual averae operatin power. Primarily
lookfor ways to reduce operatin hoursof existin e=uipment and
toinfluence customer selection of properly si"ed enery
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The E?E4/L STA4 proram established by EPA in &%%) forenery
efficient computers provides on its web pae a list ofproducts
meetin its strict criteria for enery efficiency and
otherenvironmental benefits. Also consider the followin in
attemptin tomanae office e=uipment and plu loadD
Are computers monitors printers copiers and other
electronic e=uipment left on at nihtW
Is EPA E?E4/L STA4 e=uipment specified for new
purchasesW
'oes existin E?E4/L STA4 e=uipment have its
capability enabled at system startupW
Everyone can save enery and money by enablin powermanaement on
their computer monitors. 7ith over -- million officecomputers in
the >.S. EPA estimates that over && billion k7h couldbe
saved throuh monitor power manaement.
#ree software provided by the EPA automatically puts monitors
torest when not in use < savin a sinificant amount of enery
andmoney. 7hatNs more monitor power manaement will not
affectcomputer or network performance.
?!TED See section &&.+.)8 E?E4/L STA4 products.
""#+#-# $omestic =ot 7ater 4$=75 System
'omestic hot water systems are used to heat water for hand
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enery. Since most users accept water at the available
temperaturereardless of what it is water temperature can be reduced
from theprevailin standard of &+8 derees #ahrenheit 1#2 to a
&8- derees #utili"ation temperature savin up to one half of the
enery used toheat the water.
An often overlooked enery conservation opportunity
associatedwith '97 is the use of solar enery for water heatin.
>nlikespace
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@are thermal loads coincident with hih electrical demand
year round for two and three shift plants may indicate
potentialfor coeneration of thermal and electric enery. @ook also
forways to reduce the load or need for enery and to increase
theoperatin efficiency.
Could heat be recovered from one process or component andused to
reduce use of anotherW
Could heat
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7ater losses will be proportional to enery losses when
condensate isnot returned to the boiler. Even when condensate is
returned to theboiler if steam bypasses the trap and is not
condensed prior toarrivin at the deaerator it may be vented out of
the system alonwith non
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Could B
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strateies are provided below.
Schedulin provides for optimal start stop schedules for each
piece of e=uipment.
Chiller5boiler optimi"ation schedules the e=uipment to
maximi"e
efficiency by ivin preference to the most efficient item. 'emand
limitin interfaces E$CS with e=uipment controls to
reduce maximum capacities in several steps.
Temperature resets control temperatures of supply5mixed air
and
hot5chilled water to optimi"e system efficiency.
Alarm monitorin and reportin for conditions such as manual
override of machinery hih or low temperatures and
e=uipmentfailures.
""#+#""# *uilding Commissioning
,uildin commissionin has become very important in an
enerymanaement proram. It can offer facility owners a hih potential
ofsavins with minimal or no capital investment. Commissionin is
thesystematic process of optimi"in buildin systems so that
theyoperate more efficiently. Ideally commissionin should bein
fromthe pre
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It is important to have an accurate determination of actual
eneryconsumption prior to implementation of any retrofits. This
data isobtained from data loers lon term interval meterin data or
utilitybills. If reliable data is unavailable basic meterin should
beinstalled to collect this baseline data.
The Continuous Commissioninprocess involves the many of thesame
elements as commissionin and retrocommissionin. Its oal isto
optimi"e the 9BAC system operation and control to minimi"ebuildin
enery consumption and maximi"e comfort based on thecurrent buildin
conditions and re=uirements. In addition meterin isinstalled to
ather pre and post enery use. 'ata is then continuouslycompared to
post
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Commissionin Association 1,CA2 at httpD55www.bcxa.or.Additional
resources on commissionin are available throuh theCC, and at
httpD55www.peci.or.
?oteD Continuous Commissionin is a reistered trademark of
theTexas Enineerin Experiment Station Texas A$ >niversity.
* ;an 8- &&*
http://www.bcxa.org/http://www.peci.org/http://www.bcxa.org/http://www.peci.org/
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""#+#" Cool .oofs
4esearchers for the 9eat Island Pro:ect at @awrence
,erkeley?ational @aboratory 1@,?@2 define cool roofs as those that
Freflectsolar radiation and emit thermal radiation well.G Cool roof
systems
are beneficial because they can save money and enery durin
peakcoolin periods. This benefits electric utilities and ultimately
allutility customers who will see reductions in their coolin costs
andthe Fheat
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reater the level of heat absorbed by a buildins roof the
morecoolin re=uired removin the heat. A dark roof can be as much
as%8 derees hotter than the air temperature on a sunny day
whereascool roof coatins have a temperature rise of as little as
&- derees.This translates to a reduction in enery consumption
and costs.Enery savins of &* to +8K have been shown on buildins
with coolroof coatins. @awrence ,erkeley ?ational @aboratory and
the !ak4ide ?ational @aboratory with fundin from '!E and EPA
haveboth done research provin that this technoloy works.
The Froofin calculatorG at the E?E4/L STA4 web site isintended
to rouhly estimate the savins a reflective roof can offer toa
typical buildin and aid in the decision whether to choose
areflective roof. 4efer to that site for additional
information.
""#+#"(# $aylig'ting
'aylihtin is one of the most cost effective and
environmentallyresponsible lihtin techni=ues available today. It is
the process ofusin natural liht to illuminate buildins. As opposed
to utili"influorescent lihtin daylihtin brins indirect sunliht into
thebuildin. 'aylihtin can save money on enery bills by slashinboth
lihtin and coolin costs.
The 'aylihtin Collaborative created in &%%- by the
7isconsinPublic Service Commission defines the techni=ue of
FcoolGdaylihtin as an interated approach that uses natural liht to
reducethe need for electric lihtin while also reducin solar heat
ain andlare. Cool daylihtin controls the amount of liht enterin
abuildin with several key techni=uesD
Exterior shadin
Carefully placed windows
@ow
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then select FTechvalG2 will be demonstratin daylihtin in
#L8-.
""#+#"+# T'ermal Energy Storage
Thermal enery storae 1TES2 is the concept of eneratin and
storin enery and shiftin enery usae to a later period to
takeadvantae of cheaper time
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durin its first year of operation resultin in electrical cost
savins ofJ+*8888. 'etails can be found on this and other TES
applications atthe Publications link at the >.S. Army Corps of
EnineersConstruction Enineerin 4esearch @aboratory web site
athttpD55www.cecer.army.mil.
The Air Conditionin Contractors of America 1ACCA2
EducationalInstitute at web sitehttpD55www.acca.or5tes5 contains
additionalarticles on TES as well as links to other sites. The
ACCAEducational Institute is workin with '!Es ?ational
4enewableEnery @aboratory1?4E@2 at httpD55www.nrel.ov5 to promote
usaeof TES applications and its benefits.
""#+#",# Solid State Power Conditioners
Another application bein investiated by the ?avy Tech
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that is not currently bein used. Screenin tools are available
throuha variety of web sites one bein that for cel Enery
athttpD55www.xcelenery.com.
""#+#"/# !agnetic *earing Com)ressors
The manetic bearin compressor is an oil
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while most lare electric motors run at nearly constant speed
thedevices they drive particularly pumps fans and blowers are
oftenused to meet loads that vary over time. The results of the
studyconclude that manetically coupled AS' technoloy shows
oodpotential for application in #ederal facilities.
$anetic variable speed drives do have a fairly limited
applicationthouh. They are only more efficient than a B#' between
%8K and&88K of a motors rated speed so unless the motor spends
most of itstime between %8K and &88K a B#' would be more cost
effective.The other application where manetic variable speed drives
makesense is where power =uality is an issue. B#'s are both
sensitive toand enerate harmonics. So if the buildin had e=uipment
that wassensitive to harmonics or e=uipment that enerated harmonics
youmiht consider a manetic drive.
""#+#&
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""#,# Energy System !aintenance
""#,#"# Overview
Enery system maintenance is one of the most cost.S. have
escalated at a tremendous rateover the past &8 years.
Evaluations indicate that between one thirdand one half of these
maintenance dollars are wasted throuhineffective maintenance
manaement methods.
An effective maintenance proram is important to buildin
ownersand operators. 'ifferent maintenance approaches have
beendeveloped over the years to ensure that e=uipment reaches the
end ofits desin life. The followin describes the various
approachesD
*eactie Maintenance. In this stratey systems are basically
rununtil failure. There are no proactive efforts utili"ed to
prevent
inopportune failures. 'isadvantaes includeD
#ailure of secondary devices caused by failure of the
primary
device.
Increased labor cost due to possibly more extensive damae
than
would have been reali"ed had the approach been routine
orpreventive. @abor costs could also be more extensive if the
* ;an 8- &)8
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e=uipment fails durin off
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e=uipment rather than on a preset schedule as with a
preventiveproram. Advanced technoloies are used to sense
machineryoperatin characteristics such as vibration spectra
temperature noiseand pressure. These measured values are then
compared to historicalor other pre
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;;%/%3%;% 'redictie Maintenance +ec#nologies
There have been reat advances in predictive
maintenancetechnoloies in recent years. Implementation of this type
proramre=uires serious commitment. As with any new technoloy
properimplementation application and trainin are vitally important.
Someof the latest methods in predictive maintenance technoloy
aredescribed below.
Infrared +#ermograp#y. Infrared 1I42 thermoraphy is a
dianostictechni=ue that involves the detection of component
problems bytakin an infrared scan or picture. 7hen e=uipment Foes
badG itenerally heats up. I4 radiation increases with temperature.
An I4camera takes imaes of ob:ects based on their surface
temperature andproportional emittance of I4 radiation. Takin an
infrared survey of acomponent helps to detect a problem and have it
repaired before itmanifests into a costly failure. ,enefits of the
technoloy include the
prevention of unscheduled shutdowns by allowin repairs to be
madeat a convenient time improvements in production efficiency
plantsafety thermoram documentation and a reduction in enery
bills.!ther advantaes of I4 thermoraphy are that the e=uipment
doesntneed to be shutdown to take the infrared scan and direct
contact withthe e=uipment is not necessary. ;ust some of the many
possibleapplications of usin I4 thermoraphy include detection of
problemsin electrical systems such as motors transmission lines
distributionsystems various mechanical rotatin e=uipment steam
systems andheaters. The followin vendors are suppliers of
infraredthermoraphic measurement e=uipment. This list is by no
means all.S. industry to establish eothermal enery asan
economically competitive contributor to the >.S. enery
supply.#or information on the /eothermal Technoloies ProramNs
keyactivities and for eothermal application information reference
theEE4Es web site. The site also provides information on the
?avys
/eothermal Proram.
",# 7ind Energy
'evelopment of wind resources on 'o' facilities may provide the
facilitywith a secure power source durin a power rid failure.
Althouh notinterested in ownin wind farms for itself 'o' is
interested in forminpublicnited States and identified thepotential
of each installation for wind power development In eneral thereare
few locations where utility si"ed on
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already. 'rawin on this success the A# tripled the capacity of
thesite in )88*.
Small wind applications look very promisin especially in
locationswhere utility costs are hih or where diesel fuel or
asoline must behauled to a site. The installed cost of wind
enerators is sinificantlyless than solar photovoltaic systems so
wind is very effective inhybrid applications.
#or more information on wind power applications and
resourcesvisit the !ffice of Enery Efficiency and 4enewable Enery
web site.
"- *iomass
,iomass is fre=uently overlooked as a renewable enery source but
there area remarkable number of biomass opportunities. #or the past
four years
biomass has been the leadin source of renewable enery in the
>nited Statesand it is the fourth larest enery resource after
coal oil and natural as.,iomass is used for heatin 1such as for
wood stoves and for process heat andsteam in industries such as for
pulp and paper2 cookin transportation 1suchas ethanol and
biodiesel2 and for electric power eneration. 4esearch showsthat
current biomass consumption is dominated by industrial use.
9oweverthere has been a ma:or increase in the use of li=uid
transportation fuels suchas ethanol and biodiesel.
The benefit of biomass pro:ects is the fuel cost which tends to
be very lowresultin in reduced power costs. An obvious fuel source
is landfill as thatcan be economically piped to a power plant on or
near an installation. !ther
approaches involve asification of animal wastes use of enery
intensivecrops tires 1consumed without emissions2 wood chips and
much more.,ecause of utility reulations and the cost of
transmission these pro:ectsusually are most cost effective if the
plant is on or ad:acent to the installation.
The >.S. '!Es !ffice of the ,iomass Proram 1!,P2 partners
with industryto foster research and development on advanced
technoloies in order totransform the nations abundant biomass
resources into clean affordable anddomestically
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@aboratory Idaho ?ational Enineerin and Environmental
@aboratory1?EE@2 and Aronne ?ational @aboratory 1A?@2.
A ,iomass 4esearch and 'evelopment Technical Advisory Committee
wasestablished by the ,iomass 4' Act of )888 1,iomass Act2.
Thecommittees mandates under the ,iomass Act include advisin the
Secretaryof Enery and the Secretary of Ariculture facilitatin
consultations andpartnerships and evaluatin and performin strateic
plannin.
,iomass pro:ects add to installation enery security and
fre=uently provide ama:or environmental benefit to the reion by
usin a pollutin substancesuch as chicken waste as the fuel source.
'oE has technoloy specificEnery Savins Performance Contracts to
help implement biomass pro:ects.Additionally the 4enewable Enery
Study has developed purchasinstrateies to assist in ac=uirin
biomass power from enery providers.
"/ $istributed Energy 3eneration
'istributed Enery 4esources shall be used for on
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efficient reliable and affordable to consumers. The ultimate oal
is toimprove the enery and environmental performance of the
distributedtechnoloies and increase the level of technoloy
interation amon on
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"(# 7ater Conservation
"(#"# %ey Points
7ater conservation is the responsibility of the 'o' enery
manaer.
The same common
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boiler blow down and wash rack dischare will fall into
thiscateory.
7ater conservation measures not only reduce water use and cost
butit also reduces the cost for water treatment. $any 'o'
installationsin semi.S. Corps of Enineers Construction
Enineerin4esearch @aboratory 1CE4@2 has desined and constructed
wetlandsystems at >tah Test and Trainin 4ane 1>TT42 9ill Air
,ase >Tand Sierra Army 'epot CA.
"(#(# 7ater !anagement
"(#(#"# .ate Structures
7hile many water suppliers use flat rate or decreasin block
ratestructures some use rate structures desined to promote
waterconservation. These are enerally one of two typesD increasin
eitherblock rates or summer demand peak surchares. Increasin
blockrates are used to promote year
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the #ederal sector There is also 74$ session as part of
#E$PNsEnery $anaement Telecourse.
Another tool for characteri"in water use on 'o' installations is
theInstallation 7ater 4esource Plannin and Analysis System1I74APS2.
I74APS includes a software packae that helps usersassess historical
and future water re=uirements. I74APS is able toproduce seasonally
based sectorally disareated waterre=uirements forecasts and has the
capability to address mobili"ationand conservation scenarios.
Bersions of the software exist for theArmy and Air #orce. ,efore
the Enery Policy Act of &%%) watermanaement issues were
directed to the $aster Plannin section atmost installations.
Therefore this system and the relevant water usedata may already be
available at the $aster Plannin office on someinstallations.
7hen no other information is available estimates of water use
may
be obtained from literature. The American 7ater 7orks
Association1A77A2 publishes a variety of manuals and books that
characteri"ewater usae. !ther sources include the Environmental
EnineersN9andbook which provides water use data