Thit k l t cht thi sinh hot cng sut 300kg/h- Hong Minh Thng MSSV
20113341
Lp KTMT2 K56
MC LC
1M U
2Phn 1: Tng quan v cht thi rn sinh hot v phng php t x l cht thi
rn sinh hot
21.1.Khi nim cht thi rn sinh hot.
21.2.Ngun gc pht sinh
31.3.Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hot
61.4.Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot n mi trng v con ngi
61.4.1. nhim do cht thi rn sinh hot
81.4.2. Hin trng rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam
111.5. Cc phng php chnh x l cht thi rn
131.5.1. Phng php thiu t CTR sinh hot
191.6. S cng ngh ca qu trnh t nhit phn CTR sinh hot
21Phn 2 TNH TON, THIT K L T RC SINH HOT CNG SUT 300 kg/h
212.1. Tnh ton s chy nhin liu
212.1.1. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du FO-R
232.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn ca sn phm chy
232.2. Tnh ton s chy ca rc
232.2.1. Xc nh nhit tr ca rc
242.2.2. Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t 100 kg rc sinh hot.
252.2.3Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy
262.3. Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca l
262.3.1Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du FO-R
272.3.2Xc nh nhit thc t ca l
272.3.3Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao ca bung s cp
312.3.5Xc nh kch thc bung t s cp
322.3.6 Tnh thit b t
352.4. Tnh ton bung t th cp
352.4.1Xc nh lu lng v thnh phn dng vo
352.4.2 Tnh cn bng nhit v lng nhin liu tiu hao
372.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp
372.4.5 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t
382.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l
382.5.1 Th xy l
402.5.2 Khung l
412.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l
442.6.Vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot
45KT LUN KIN NGH
M U
Trong hai mi nm tr li y, tin trnh pht trin ca t nc ta c nhiu khi
sc, i cng vi l mc sng v iu kin sng ca ngi dn ngy mt tt hn. T l dn
sng cc th ngy cng cao. Mc sng tng nn nhu cu vt cht ca ngi dn ngy
cng ln v a dng, do lng cht thi rn pht sinh t cc qu trnh sinh hot,
lm vic ca con ngi ngy mt tng gy ra nhng sc p ln i vi mi trng. Vic x
l lng cht thi rn sinh hot khng l pht sinh hng nm l rt kh khn v tn
km ngun lc ca x hi.Cho n nay, chn lp vn l bin php x l cht thi rn ph
bin nht i vi nhiu nc trn th gii trong c Vit Nam. u im chnh ca cng
ngh chn lp t tn km v c th x l nhiu loi cht thi rn khc nhau so vi
cng ngh khc. Tuy nhin hnh thc chn lp li gy ra nhng hnh thc nhim khc
nh nhim nc, mi hi, rui nhng, cn trngHn na, cng ngh chn lp khng th p
dng x l trit cc loi cht thi y t, c hi. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh th ho
nh hin nay, qu t ngy cng thu hp, dn n kh khn trong vic la chn v tr
lm bi chn lp rc.
V vy, p dng mt s bin php x l rc khc song song hoc thay th chn lp
l mt nhu cu rt thit thc. Cng ngh t cht thi rn, mt trong nhng cng
ngh thay th, ngy cng tr nn ph bin v c ng dng rng ri c bit vi loi
hnh cht thi rn y t v c hi. Cng ngh t cht thi rn s t tn km hn nu i
km vi bin php khai thc tn dng nng lng pht sinh trong qu trnh t.
n di y trnh by v thit k l t cht thi sinh hot quy m 300kg/h. Bi
lm cn c nhiu thiu xt do kin thc cn hn hp v thi gian khng cho php.
Xin cm n Thy Trn Ngc Tn tn tnh hng dn v gip em hon thnh bi ny.Phn
1: Tng quan v cht thi rn sinh hot v phng php t x l cht thi rn sinh
hot1.1. Khi nim cht thi rn sinh hot.
Cht thi rn (cn gi l rc) l cc cht rn b loi ra trong qu trnh sng,
sinh hot ca con ngi v ng vt. Rc pht sinh t cc gia nh, khu cng cng,
khu thng mi, khu xy dng, bnh vin, khu x l cht thiTrong , cht thi
sinh hot chim t l cao nht. S lng, thnh phn, cht lng rc thi sinh hot
tng khu vc, tng quc gia l rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo trnh pht trin
khoa hc, k thut.Bt k hot ng sng ca con ngi, ti nh, cng s, trn ng i,
ti ni cng cngu sinh ra mt lng rc ng k. Thnh phn ch yu ca chng l cc
cht hu c v rt d phn hy gy nhim tr li mi trng sng.1.2. Ngun gc pht
sinh
CTR sinh hot pht sinh ch yu t cc ngun sau:
- T khu dn c: Bao gm cc khu dn c tp trung, nhng h dn c tch ri.
Rc thi ch yu l: thc phm d tha, thu tinh, g, nha, cao su,... cn c mt
s cht thi nguy hi. - T cc hot ng thng mi: Quy hng, nh hng, ch, vn
phng c quan, khch sn,...Cht thi c thnh phn tng t nh i vi cc khu dn
c (thc phm, giy, catton,..)
- Cc c quan, cng s: Trng hc, bnh vin, cc c quan hnh chnh: lng rc
thi tng t nh i vi rc thi dn c v cc hot ng thng mi nhng khi lng t
hn.
- T xy dng: Xy dng mi nh ca, cu cng, sa cha ng x, d b cc cng
trnh c. Cht thi mang c trng ring trong xy dng: st thp vn, gch v, cc
si, b tng, cc vi va, xi mng, cc dng c khng dng na
- T cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip: Ngun cht thi t sinh hot ca nhn
vin lm vic.
* Ngoi ra, cht thi rn c pht sinh t cc hot ng khc nhau c phn loi
theo nhiu cch.
- Theo v tr hnh thnh: Ty theo v tr hnh thnh m ngi ta phn ra rc
thi ng ph, rc thi vn, rc thi cc khu cng nghip tp trung, rc thi h
gia nh...
- Theo thnh phn ha hc v vt l: Theo tnh cht ha hc c th phn ra cht
thi hu c, cht thi v c, kim loi, phi kim,
- Theo mc nguy hi, cht thi c phn thnh cc loi sau:
+ Cht thi nguy hi: bao gm cc ho cht d phn ng, cc cht c hi, cht
thi sinh hc d thi ra, cc cht d chy, d gy n, cht thi phng x,...
+ Cht thi khng nguy hi: L nhng cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc hp
cht c mt trong cc c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc gin tip.
+ Cht thi y t nguy hi: L nhng cht thi c ngun gc t cc hot ng y t,
m n c c tnh nguy hi trc tip hoc gin tip n mi trng v sc khe ca cng
ng bao gm bng bng, gt, kim tim, cc bnh phm v cc m b ct b,....
1.3. Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn sinh hotThnh phn l, ha hc ca
cht thi rn th rt khc nhau ty thuc vo tng a phng, vo cc ma kh hu, cc
iu kin kinh t-x hi v nhiu yu t khc.
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn CTR sinh hot[1]
Hp phn% trng lng m (%)Trng lng ring (kg/m3)
Khong gi trTrung bnhKGTTBKGTTB
Cht thi thc phmGiy
Catton
Cht do
Vi vn
Cao su
Da vn
Sn phm vn
G
Thy tinh
Can hp
Kim loi khng thp
Kim loi thp
Bi, tro, gch6 - 2524 - 45
3 - 15
2 - 8
0 - 4
0 - 2
0 - 2
0 - 20
1 - 4
4 - 16
2 - 8
0 - 1
1 - 4
0 - 101540
4
3
2
0,5
0,5
12
2
8
6
1
2
450 - 804 - 10
4 - 8
1 - 4
6 - 15
1 - 4
8 - 12
30 - 80
15 - 40
1- 4
2 - 4
2 - 4
2 - 6
6 - 12706
5
2
10
2
10
60
20
2
3
2
3
812-8032 - 128
38 - 80
32 - 128
32 - 96
96 - 192
96 - 256
84 - 224
128-1120
160 - 480
48 - 160
64 - 240
128 - 1120
320 - 9602881,6
49,6
64
64
128
160
104
240
193,6
88
160
320
480
Tng hp10015 - 4020180 - 420300
Bng 1.2 : Thnh phn ho hc ca cc hp phn chy c ca CTR sinh
hot[1]
Hp phn% trng lng theo trng thi kh
CHONSTro
Cht thi thc phm
Giy
Catton
Cht do
Vi, hng dt
Cao su
Da
L cy, c
G
Bi, gch vn, tro48
43,5
44
60
55
78
60
47,8
49,5
26,36,4
6
5,9
7,2
6,6
10
8
6
6
337,6
44
44,6
22,8
31,2
Khng x
11,6
38
42,7
22,6
0,3
0,3
Khng x
4,6
2
10
3,4
0,2
0,50,4
0,2
0,2
Khng x
0,15
Khng x
0,4
0,3
0,1
0,25
6
5
10
2,45
10
10
4,5
1,5
68
Bng 1.3: Thnh phn CTR sinh hot ti u vo ca cc bi chn lp ca mt s a
phng [3]
Nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot tnh theo cng thc Medeleev:
Qtr = 339C + 1256H 108,8(O- S) 25,1(W + 9H)Trong C, H, O, S, W l
thnh phn phn trm ca cacbon, hidro, oxy, lu hunh v m ca mi hp phn
chy c ca rc.
T bng 1.1 v bng 1.2 ta xc nh c nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot
Bng 1.4: Nhit tr thp ca cc hp phn chy c CTR sinh hot
Hp phn% khi lng tKhi lng (kg)Khi lng tro (kg)Nhit tr Q (kJ)
CHOSWTro
Cht thi thc phm
Giy
Catton
Cht do
Vi, hng dt
Cao su
Da
L cy, c
G
Bi, gch vn, tro
14,4
40,89
41,8
58,8
49,5
76,44
54
19,12
39,624,2
1,92
5,64
5,605
7,056
5,94
9,8
7,2
2,4
4,82,76
11,28
41,36
42,37
22,344
28,08
-10,44
15,2
34,11,84
0,12
0,188
0,19
-0,135
-0,36
0,12
0,080,184
70
6
5
2
10
2
10
60
208
1,5
5,64
4,75
9,8
2,205
9,8
9
1,8
1,262,5
18,148,24,93,62,40,60,614,52,44,7
0,2722,7180,230,3530,0530,0590,0540,2610,0292,9470376724994
74623
88993
47059
21575
14625
84205
33982
50123
Tng1006,971210555
Nh vy nu em 100 kg CTR sinh hot t b s cn li khong 6,97 kg tro v
cht khng chy,nhit tr thp ca CTR sinh hot vo khong 12000 kJ/kg theo
nu t CTR sinh hot s gim c 93% khi lng CTR, ng thi c th to ra nng
lng s dng vo cc mc ch khc.1.4. Tc ng ca cht thi rn sinh hot n mi
trng v con ngi
1.4.1. nhim do cht thi rn sinh hotRc thi sinh hot gy nhim ton
din n mi trng sng: khng kh, t, nc.
Gy hi sc khe:
- Nhng ni vt rc ba bi sinh ra mui, rui nhng l nhng sinh vt truyn
nhim bnh nguy him s gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi (st rt, st xut huyt,
bnh vim no,)
- Rc lm thc n cho chut, t chut d ly lan cho ngi cc bnh nh: dch
hch, st c th dn n t vong.
- Rc gy mi hi thi kh chu cho xung quanh.
nhim nc: Rc sinh hot khng c thu gom thi vo knh rch, sng hgy nhim
mi trng nc bi chnh bn thn chng. Rc nng lng lm nghn ng lu thng, rc
nh lm c nc, nylon lm gim din tch tip xc vi khng kh, gim do trong
nc, lm mt m quan gy tc ng cm quan xu i vi ngi s dng ngun nc. Cht hu
c phn hy gy mi hi thi, gy ph dng ha ngun nc. Nc r r trong bi rc i
vo ngun nc ngm, gy nhim ngun nc ngm nh nhim kim loi nng, nng
nitrogen, photpho cao chy vo sng h gy nhim ngun nc mt.
nhim khng kh: Bi trong qu trnh vn chuyn lu tr rc gy nhim khng
kh.
Rc hu c d phn hy sinh hc. Trong mi trng hiu kh, k kh c m cao, rc
phn hy sinh ra CO2, SO2, CO, H2S, NH3ngay t khu thu gom n chn lp.
CH4l cht thi th cp gy chy n.
nhim t:
Nc r r trong cc bi rc gy nhim t.
Nhng nguyn nhn dn n nhim do rc thi sinh hot:
- Trnh hiu bit ca ngui dn cn thp (khng thy r tc hi ca vic vt rc
thi ba bi v tm quan trng trong vic bo v mi trng, khng bit tn dng ph
phm tha lm phn bn).
- thc, trch nhim cn km (khng b rc ng ni quy nh, bo th khng mun
thc hin theo nhng ch trng v bo v mi trng ra v s tn tin).
- Cc cp chnh quyn a phng cn l l i vi vic qun l mi trng.
- khu vc th, qu trnh th ha hin nay ko theo mt s lng ngi dn nng
thn ra thnh ph sng gy nn nhng xo trn ln lao trong sinh hot cc vng
dn c v vn rc thi ang c nguy c ngy cng tng, c bit l trong cc th mi,
khu kinh t tp trung nh nh mi mc nhiu gy kh khn cho thu gom, nh qu
ngho hoc nh giu khng mun ha nhp cng ng dn n tnh trng khng gi v sinh
chung (nh trn c th vt rc xung sn gy nhim), cc khu th ha dc trc giao
thng, cc trung tm cng nghip tp trung khng c qun l cht ch.
1.4.2. Hin trng rc thi sinh hot Vit Nam
- Vit Nam, tng lng CTR sinh hot cc th ton quc pht sinh tng trung
bnh 10-16%. Ti hu ht cc th, khi lng CTR sinh hot chim khong 60-70%
(c bit c ni n 90%). Ch s pht sinh CTR sinh hot tng theo mc sng ca
ngi dn. Nm 2007, ch s CTR sinh hot pht sinh bnh qun u ngi trung bnh
khong 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy. Nm 2008, ch s ny l 1,45kg/ngi/ngy ln hn nng
thn l 0,4 kg/ngi/ngy. Tuy nhin theo bo co ca cc a phng th nm 2009
ch s ny cha n 1,0 kg/ngi/ngy. Nm 2011, khi lng pht sinh CTR sinh
hot ti cc th vo khong 6500 tn/ ngy. Bng 1.4 : Lng CTR sinh hot pht
sinh cc thi Vit Nam nm 2007[3]STTLoi thCh s CTR sinh hot bnh qun u
ngi (kg/ngi/ngy)Lng CTR th pht sinh
Tn/ngyTn/nm
1c bit0,9680002.920.000
2Loi 10,841885688.025
3Loi 20,7234331.253.045
4Loi 30,7337381.364.370
5Loi 40,65626228.490
Tng cng:17.6826.453.930
- c tnh ch s pht sinh CTR th trung bnh Vit Nam trong nhng nm
2015, 2020, 2025 vo khong 1,2; 1,4; 1,6 kg/ngi/ngy.Bng 1.5: c tnh
lng CTR th pht sinh n nm 2025[3]
Nm201520202025
Dn s th (triu ngi)354452
% dn s th so vi c nc384550
Ch s pht sinh CTR th (kg/ngi/ngy)1,21,41,6
Tng lng CTR th pht sinh (tn/ngy)42.00061.60083.200
T l thu gom trung bnh cc th t 72% nm 2004 tng ln khong 83-85% nm
2010, mc d t l thu gom c tng nhng vn cn khong 15-17% CTR th b thi
ra mi trng, vt vo bi t, h ao, hoc t l thin gy nhim mi trng.
Nh vy vi tc gia tng lng cht thi rn nh trn th nguy c nhim mi trng
v tc ng ti sc khe cng ng do cht thi rn gy ra ang tr thnh mt trong
nhng vn cp bch ca cng tc bo v mi trng nc ta.
T trc ti nay, phn ln rc thi sinh hot th nc ta khng c tiu hu mt
cch an ton,ch yu vn l cc bi thi l thin khng c s kim sot, gy ra nhiu
vn mi trng cho dn c quanh vng mi hi v nc rc l ngun gy nhim cho mi
trng t, nc, khng kh v l pht sinh rui, mui, chut, b.Vic chn lp rc v
ang gy nhng tc ng nhiu mt n mi trng sng ca cng ng: (i) Tn din tch t
rt ln chn rc; (ii)Gy mi hi thi, nhim mi trng sng cho dn chng sng
cnh h chn rc; (iii) Nc thi t cc ng rc cha nhiu cht c hi, kim loi
nng gy nhim t v nhim mi trng sn xut nng nghip; (iv) Nhng bi chn
rcthng xa cc th nn tn km cho cng on chuyn ch rc v (v) Cc loi ti ni
lng ng rc khi chn khng b phn hy, tn ti rt lu trong t dn n lm gim ph
nhiu t.T c im ny cho thy mun tn dng cc cht thi hu c sinh hotlm phn
bn, cn thit phi tin hnh thu gom v phn loi rc ngay ti ngun. Theo bo
co ca s khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng cc tnh, thnh v theo kt qu quan
trc ca 3 vng, mi ch c 32/64 tnh, thnh c d n u t xy dng bi chn lp hp
v sinh, trong 13 th c u t xy dng. Tuy nhin, tr bi chn lp cht thi rn
ti Khu Lin hp X l cht thi Nam Sn, H Ni v bi chn lp cht thi rn ti
thnh ph Hu ang hot ng trong s tun th cc yu cu m bo mi trng mt cch
tng i, cn cc bi khc, k c bi chn lp rc thi hin i nh G Ct thnh ph H
Ch Minh, cng ang trong tnh trng hot ng khng hp v sinh.Thnh ph H Ni
l a phng u tin tin hnh x l cht thi sinh hot bng phng php chn lp hp
v sinh (Sanitary Landfill) ti Khu Lin hp X l cht thi Nam Sn k t nm
1999 n nay vi tng nng lc chn lp khong 13 triu tn cht thi sinh hot
trn tng din tch 83ha.
- Ti cc thnh ph, vic thu gom v x l cht thi th thng do Cng ty Mi
trng th (URENCO) m nhn. Tuy nhin xut hin cc t chc t nhn tham gia
cng vic ny ( Cng ty Huy Hong, Tp.Lng Sn...).Hu ht rc thi khng c phn
loi ti ngun,thng thu gom ln ln v vn chuyn n bi chn lp. -C ch qun l
ti chnh trong hot ng thu gom rc thi ch yu da vo kinh ph bao cp t
ngn sch nh nc, cha huy ng c cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia, tnh cht x
hi ho hot ng thu gom cn thp, ngi dn cha thc s ch ng tham gia vo hot
ng thu gom cng nh cha thy r c ngha v ng gp kinh ph cho dch v thu
gom rc thi.1.5. Cc phng php chnh x l cht thi rn
Hnh 1.1: S phng php chnh x l cht thi rn+ Phng php chn lpPhng php
chn lp l phng php lu gi cht thi trong mt bi v c ph t ln trn. Phng
php ny d lm, t tn km nhng li chim nhiu din tch xy dng, mt bi chn lp
cht thi rn bnh thng chin t 10 - 15 ha t.
Thc cht phng php ny khng x l trit rc thi. Cht thi sau khi chn lp
vn c th phn tn i nhng ni khc bi chut, cn trng hoc thm xung t theo
nc ma...
Tuy nhin, do lng rc thi sinh hot pht sinh ngy cng ln nn cc bi
chn lp hin nay u ri vo tnh trng qu ti.
+ Phng php sinh hcPhng php ny nhm phn hy cc cht hu c trong rc
thi nh cc loi vi sinh vt sn xut phn bn, kh biogas phc v cho nng
nghip v sinh hot.
Phng php ny n gin, d lm nhng i hi thi gian di v khng c kh nng
phn hy nhng cht v c, nhng cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc nh cao su, nha
tng hp...
+ Phng php tPhng php t l phng php oxy ho nhit cao trong iu kin
thiu oxi, rc thi c kh ha thnh cc kh gas v c t tip >1050 oC t chy
hon ton. Mt cht thi c nhit tr khng ng k th t khng phi l gii php x l
hiu qu. Ni chung mt cht thi c nhit tr thp thp hn 1000 Btu/lg (2327
kJ/kg) th khng c kh nng t. Nh vy i vi CTR sinh hot c nhit tr thp
khong 4000 kJ/kg th phng n t c th coi l gii php kh thi.- u im: x l
trit rc, tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh v cc cht nhim khc, din tch xy
dng nh, vn hnh n gin v c th x l rc c chu k phn hy di.
- Nhc im: chi ph u t v vn hnh cao, thiu t mt s cht thi cha clo,
kim loi nng pht tn theo bi, c nguy c to ra cht nhim c hi nh
dioxinNh vy i vi CTR sinh hot, c th p dng nhiu phng php x l khc
nhau. Vic la chn phng php, cng ngh x l da trn mt s tiu ch:
Khi lng, thnh phn, c tnh ca cht thi rn.
iu kin kinh t, h tng ca a phng.
Hiu qu ca cng ngh x l (u t, bo hnh, bo dng, sn phm).
c im ca ngun tip nhn.
Tiu chun mi trng.
Vit Nam, do cng tc phn loi ti ngun cha c quan tm ng mc, nn mt s
loi rc nguy hi cn x l c bit bng thiu t pht sinh trong qu trnh sinh
hot c thu gom v a i x l chung vi rc sinh hot. V vy, la chn phng php
t CTR sinh hot l bin php ti u hn c.
1.5.1. Phng php thiu t CTR sinh hot
Cht thi rn t kh np vo l ti khi chy c c th tri qua cc giai
on:
Sy: l qu trnh nng nhit cht thi t nhit ban u ti khong 200oC,
trong khong nhit ny m vt l trong cht thi c thot ra, sau l m ha hc.
Tc sy ph thuc vo kch thc, b mt tip xc, xp vt rn, v nhit bung t.
Nhit phn: t khong nhit 200oC ti nhit bt u chy, xy ra nhng qu
trnh phn hy cht rn bng nhit. Nhng cht hu c c th b nhit phn thnh
nhng hp cht phn t lng nh hn th lng nh axit, axeton, metanol, mt s
hydrocacbon th lng. Mt s cht kh cng c sinh ra trong qu trnh nhit
phn nh CH4, H2, CO, CO2Thnh phn ca sn phm nhit phn ph thuc vo bn
cht ca cht thi, nhit v tc nng nhit .
Qu trnh chy: l phn ng ho hc gia oxy trong khng kh v lng kh ha c
bung s cp sinh ra lng nhit ln. Tc chy ph thuc vo nhit v nng cht chy
c trong nhin liu v cht thi rn. nh hng ca nhit i vi qu trnh chy ln
hn nhiu nh hng ca nng . Sau khi bt la, qu trnh chy xy ra mnh lit,
nng cht chy trong nhin liu v cht thi gim dn, nhit bung t tng
cao.
Qu trnh to x: Sau khi kh ha th nhng cht rn khng kh ha c s to
thnh tro x. S to thnh tro x ph thuc vo nhit bung t. Mi loi cht thi
rn khng chy c nhit nng chy khc nhau. Cc cht khng chy c v khng b nng
chy to thnh tro, cn x l tro b nng chy to thnh. Thng ngi ta la chn
nhit thi x l 800oC.
+ La chn l t cht thi
L quay
H thng l quay dng trong x l cht thi bao gm b phn np liu, b phn
phn cp kh, l quay, bung t th cp v thit b gom tro. Kh i ra t bung t
th cp c dn qua h thng x l v c qut a ln ng khi.
L quay bao gm mt bung t hnh tr, bn trong c lt gch chu la t trn
cc bnh rng rng truyn ng v quay vi tc 3 5 vng/pht theo trc dc ca n.
nghing ca l t khong 3o 5o theo chiu t u nhp liu n u tho tro v do vy
cht thi c th chuyn ng song phng theo phng ngang v theo phng bn knh
ca l. Trong lc di chuyn, cht thi cng ng thi c t chy. Ti phn cui ca
l, tro c tho ra v ng thi kh thi tip tc i vo bung t th cp ang c duy
tr nhit cao hn hon thnh qu trnh tiu hy cht thi.
Do cu to, h thng l quay thng xy ra r r kh thi v nhit lng trong
lc vn hnh. Cc im c kh nng gy ra r r gm: ca nhp liu, ca tho tro, im
chuyn tip gia l quay v bung th cp khng ch iu ny, phi b tr mt qut ht
nhm to s cn bng p sut gia mi trng bn trong v bn ngoi l. Thc t, vic
duy tr p sut cn bng ny i hi cc k thut iu khin t ng hin i v tn
km.
L t tng si.
L tng si c cu to hnh tr, tng bng gch chu la, bn trong c s dng mt
tng vt liu ang si ca ct hoc nhm, vi, vt liu gm m ti qu trnh t chy
din ra. Thit b ngoi vi quan trng nht ca l l qut thi kh, va c chc
nng to tng si va c nhim v cp kh chy cho l. Trong trng hp cn x l kh
thi ca l, phi trang b thm qut ly tm.
Cht thi c np trc tip vo bn trn hoc bn trong ca tng si, ty thuc
vo m ca bn. Vi cht thi c m cao, cn phi np liu cch xa v pha trn so
vi tng si m bo thi gian v hiu qu tch m, v trng hp ny cn din tch b
mt tng si ln, dn n yu cu v din tch tit din l phi ln.
Ngc li, tit din l c th nh hn nu cht thi c np vo bn trong tng si.
Do c im cu to cu to, cht thi sau khi np vo l tng si t c s tip xc
mnh lit vi khng kh thc hin qu trnh thiu t hiu qu cc thnh phn chy c
v tch ht m. Nhit tng si thng dao ng trong khong 1300oK n 1500o K,
ty thuc vo trng thi vt l ca cht thi c t. Thi gian lu ca khng kh
trong l kh ln, trong khong 3 6 giy. Tro cn li sau khi t s ln ln vi
vt liu tng si, mt phn theo dng kh thi ra ngoi. Vi cht thi cha cc
mui kim loi, lng tro sau khi t thng gy ra hin tng kt t tng si. Hin
tng kt t tng si l s tng kch thc ca cc ht vt liu tng si, ko theo s
kt hp ca chng thnh cc ht rn ln, d dng lng t, dn n gim hiu qu s dng
ca tng si v hiu sut lm vic ca l.
L ng/ngang nhit phn hai cp
L ng 2 cp bao gm mt bung t s cp v mt bung t th cp. Hai bung s cp
v th cp c th b tr theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc. Nu b tr theo chiu
dc, th bung t th cp pha trn v thng thng l loi l t c kim sot khng
kh.
i vi cc l t c cng sut nh, cht np tng m vo bung s cp, cn tro x c
tho ra khi tch ly vi s lng ln gy nh hng n ch hot ng ca l. i vi cc l
t c cng sut ln, cht thi c np vo v tro c ly ra lin tc nh cc h c kh.
Bung t th cp c nhim v t tip tiu hy hon ton cc thnh phn hu c hin din
trong kh thi t bung s cp.
Da vo nhng c im ca cc l t, bi n sau y tp trung thit k l ngang
nhit phn hai cp cho qu trnh x l rc thi sinh hot cng sut
300kg/h.
Cu to l ngang gm:
- Bung t chnh: gm 2 giai on
+ Giai on 1: cht thi c sy kh.
+ Giai on 2: chy v kh ha.
- Bung t sau: gm 3 giai on
+ Giai on 3: phi trn.
+ Giai on 4: chy dng kh.
+ Giai on 5: xi ho hon ton.
Cc yu t quyt nh s hiu qu ca l t: s cn bng nng lng, h thng kim
sot ch t, nhit nng chy trong bung t, m ca cht thi.
+ Cc cht thi pht sinh trong qu trnh t
Tro, x bay theo khi bi
Tro x l nhng cht khng chy c c trong cht thi. Bi bao gm tro bay
theo khi v mt s cht cha chy ht do s chy khng hon ton nhin liu cng
nh cht thi. Bi t bung t ch yu l bi v c kch c nh, d < 100m chim
90%.
Kh CO, CO2Kh t chy cc cht hu c c cacbon, tu theo lng oxy s dng m
c th sinh ra CO hoc CO2. Khi cung cp thiu oxy, qu trnh chy khng hon
ton :
2C + O2 = 2CO
Khi cung cp oxy, qu trnh chy hon ton sn phm l:
C + O2 = CO2 Kh NOxHai kh quan trng nht ca NOx l NO v NO2. Kh ny
c hnh thnh do 2 nguyn nhn:
+ Phn ng ca oxy v nit trong khng kh cp vo bung t.+ Phn ng ca oxy
v nit c trong nhin liu.
NOx d dng to ra khi d tha oxy trong qu trnh chy. nhit trn 650oC
th NO to ra l ch yu.
Kh SO2Kh ny c to ra khi t cht thi v nhin liu cha lu hunh:
CS2 + O2 = CO2 + SO2 + Q
Hi axit
Khi t cht thi c cha Cl, Br th s to ra kh HCl, HBr:
CHCl3 + O2 = CO2 + HCl + Cl2 + Q
t cht thi cha lu hunh v nit cng to hi axit tng t.
Dioxin v Furan
Dioxin v furan l nhng hp cht c tnh c cao pht thi cc l t rc cha
cc nha clo ha. Dioxin v furan l tn chung ch cc hp cht ho hc c cng
thc tng qut l Polyclorua dibenzoxin (PCCD) (C6H2)2Cl4O2 v
Polyclorua dibezofuran (PCDF) (C6H2)2Cl4O2. l ba dy vng thm, trong
2 vng c kt ni vi nhau bng mt cp nguyn t oxy hay mt nguyn t oxy.
Dioxin v furan c to ra bi hai nguyn nhn chnh:
+ c to thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht thm clorua.
+ c hnh thnh t qu trnh t cc hp cht clorua v hydrocacbon.
cc l t cht thi, Dioxin v furan c hnh thnh trong qu trnh nhit phn
hoc chy khng hon ton ca cc hp cht hu c cha halogen. Mt nghin cu mi
y cho thy, mt trong nhng yu t kch thch hnh thnh dioxin v furan l
khi trong khi l c nng bi cao, nng CO, mui clorua kim loi v mui
clorua kim cao. Dioxin v furan pht tn theo ng: khi thi, bi, tro
x.
+ Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh t cht thi rn sinh hot
- Nhit : bung s cp nhit phi ph hp vi loi cht thi em t t c ch
nhit phn ti u, bung th cp nhit cao phn ng chy xy ra nhanh v hon
ton.
- S xo trn: bung s cp t xo trn gim pht sinh bi; bung th cp cn s
xo trn tt tng hiu qu tip xc gia cht chy v cht xy ho.
- Thi gian: thi gian lu chy bung th cp phi lu phn ng chy xy ra
hon ton.
- Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi: Thnh phn c bn ca cht thi: C + H
+ O + N + S + A + W = 100%.
+C, H l nhng thnh phn chy chnh to nn nhit tr ca cht thi. Lu hunh
cng l thnh phn chy nhng to nhit t v n c coi l thnh phn c hi v to ra
kh SOx.+ Oxy v nit l cht v ch. N lm gim thnh phn chy ca cht thi
+ tro (A) v m (W) l nhng yu t tiu cc, chng lm gim thnh phn cht
chy. Ngoi ra cc mui v c, mui alkalin cng lm kh khn cho qu trnh
t.
-Nhit tr: Nhit tr c lin quan ti qu trnh sinh nhit trong khi chy.
Mt cht thi c nhit tr khng ng k th t khng phi l gii php x l thit
thc. Ni chung mt cht thi c nhit tr thp thp hn 1000 Btu/lg (2327
kJ/kg) th khng c kh nng t. Nh vy i vi CTR sinh hot c nhit tr thp
khong 4000 kJ/kg th phng n t c th coi l gii php kh thi.-nh hng ca h
s d khng kh: H s cp kh () l t s gia lng khng kh thc t v lng khng kh
l thuyt. Gi tr c lin quan ti s tng hay gim nhit ca l t.
1.6. S cng ngh ca qu trnh t nhit phn CTR sinh hot
l t
Khng kh nngHnh 1.2: Cng ngh thiu t cht thi rn sinh hot Thuyt
minh quy trnh cng ngh Np liu:
Cht thi sau khi loi b tp cht khng chy (gch vn..) c np vo bung t
s cp theo ca trc ca bung t bng phng php th cng.
Bung t s cp
Bung t ny t bng du FO-R, cht thi sinh hot c sy kh bng khng kh
nng v t chy trong mi trng kh d nhit t 300 C tr ln. nhit ny, cc cht
thi c hi s b kh ho. Kh sinh ra b dn ln bung t th cp.
Nhit bung t c duy tr do 2 b t du FO-R. B t ny c mc t ng ho cao,
cc b t t ng t khi nhit trong bung t thp hn nhit nh mc (700 oC v t
ng tt khi nhit ln cao hn nhit ci t nh mc 900 oC).
Vic iu chnh lng du t vo cc vi t c thc hin bng cch t ch lm vic
cho bm du v c ch bo bng ng h bo p lc du ngay ti bm du gn trn b
t.
Tro x sau khi t c ly ra ngoi qua xe tho tro v chuyn n bi tp kt
tro thi v c n nh bng phng php b tng ha.
Bung t th cp:
Bung t th cp c nhim v t chy trit lng kh sinh ra t bung s cp.
Bung t c duy tr nhit trong khong 650 1000 C nh b phun du FO-R, thi
gian lu kh ti bung ny l 2-4 giy. B t lp t y cng cng chng loi vi b t
c lp t ti bung t s cp. Kh thi t bung th cp c a ti h thng trao i
nhit vi khng kh nn. Kh nng t b trao i nhit c a vo l t s cp sy kh
rc. H thng x l khi bi:
Kh thi sau khi ra khi b trao i nhit s chy qua h xyclon t s dng
dung dch kim hp th lng SOx, NOx pht sinh v lng tro bi pht tn theo
dng kh. Nc ra c em i x l ring. Kh thot ra c th trc tip thi ra mi
trng
Phn 2 TNH TON, THIT K L T RC SINH HOT CNG SUT 300 kg/h2.1. Tnh
ton s chy nhin liuNhin liu s dng cho l t l du FO-R. Du FO-R l mt sn
phm trong qu trnh sn xut nhin liu bng cng ngh PFFR ca c t nguyn liu
cao su ph thi. Du FO-R c tnh cht ha l tng t du FO v c s dng lm nhin
liu t cho cc ngnh cng nghip. Thnh phn trong 1 kg du FO-R nh sau:Cd
= 86,0%
Hd = 10,0%
Od = 0,1%
Nd = 0,2%
Sd = 0,6%
Wd = 2,8%
Ad = 0,3%
Nhit tr thp ca du c xc nh theo cng thc ca D.I.Mendeleev:
Qtd = 339Cd + 1256Hd 108,8(Od Sd) 25,1(Wd + 9Hd) (kJ/kg) Nhit tr
thp ca du FO-R:
Qtd = 339x86,0 + 1256x10,0-108,8(0,1-0,6) 25,1(2,8+9x10)
Qtd = 39439,12 kJ/kg2.1.1. Tnh lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du
FO-RGi thit: Thnh phn khng kh ch c O2 v N2, cc thnh phn khc khng ng
k.
Cc h s s dng:
Khi lng nhin liu 100kg
H s tiu hao khng kh: = 1,15 H s chy khng hon ton: = 0,006
H s tro bi bay theo khi: a = 0,5Khi tnh s chy ca nhin liu quy
c:
Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.
Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.
Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v K chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.
Bng 2.1: Thnh phn nhin liu du FO-R theo lng molThnh phn nhin
liuHm lng
(Kg/100 Kg nhin liu)Phn t lng
(g)Lng mol
(Kmol)
C86,0127,167
H10,025,000
O0,1320,003125
N0,2280,00714
S0,6320,01857
A0,3--
W2,8180,0156
Tng100
Cc phn ng chy xy ra khi t du FO-R (coi phn ng din ra hon
ton):
C + O2 = CO2
2H + 1/2O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2
2N = N2
H2O = H2Otheo thnh phn s dng v cc phn ng chy, c kt qu sau:
Bng 2.2: Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg du FO-RNhin liuKhng kh
Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng (kg)Phn t lngLng mol
(Kmol)O2(Kmol)N2(Kmol)Tng
KmolN.m3
C86,086,0127,1677,1679,68x49,68 + 38,7248,4x 22,4
H10,010,025,0002,500
O0,10,1320,003125-0,003125
N0,20,2280,00714-
S0,60,6320,018570,01857
A0,30,3---
W2,82,8180,0156-
Tng1001009,6838,7248,41084
Lng khng kh thc t cn thit: Vi = 1,15L0 = 1084 (N.m3)
Lng khng kh thc t xc nh theo cng thc:
L= x L0 = 1,15 x 1084 = 1246,6 (N.m3)2.1.2 Xc nh lng v thnh phn
ca sn phm chy
2.1.2.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy
Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du FO-R cho bng sau:Bng
2.3: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg du FO-RThnh phnT khng
khSnphm chyTng cng
KmolN.m3%
CO2-7,1677,167160,5412,31
H2O-5,005,001128,59
SO2-0,018570,018570,4160,032
O21,452-1,45232,522,73
N244,5280,0071444,54997,776,338
Tng58,1781303,176100
2.1.2.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy
Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin chun:
= = = 1,305 (kg/ m3)
CO2, H2O, SO2, O2, N2 l s mol cc kh trong thnh phn ca sn phm
chy.
2.2. Tnh ton s chy ca rc
2.2.1. Xc nh nhit tr ca rc
Theo bng 1.4 nhit tr ca rc tnh theo Medeleev l 12105,55
kJ/kg.Chn h s tiu hao khng kh
H s tiu hao khng kh l t s gia lng khng kh thc t Lv lng khng kh l
thuyt L0 khi t cng mt lng nhin liu.
Theo kinh nghim thc t i vi trng hp t rc sinh hot th nn chn h s
tiu hao khng kh =1,20.
2.2.2. Xc nh lng khng kh cn thit khi t 100 kg rc sinh hot.
Gi thit thnh phn khng kh ch c oxi v nit, cc thnh phn khc khng ng
k.
Khi tnh s chy ca rc quy c: Khi lng nguyn t ca cc kh ly theo s
nguyn gn ng.
Mi Kmol phn t kh bt k u c th tch 22,4 m3.
Khng tnh s phn ha nhit ca tro.
Th tch ca khng kh v sn phm chy qui v k chun: 0oC, 760 mmHg.Bng
2.4 : Thnh phn CTR sinh hot chuyn thnh lng mol.
Thnh phn% khi lngKhi lng (kg)Khi lng phn t (g)Lng mol (kmol)
C
H
O
N
S
A
W33,34,4328,70,680,166,9825,75
33,3
4,43
28,7
0,68
0,16
6,98
25,7512
2
32
2832-
18
2,7752,215
0,897
0,024
0,005
-
1,43
Tng100100--
Cc phn ng t chy:
C + O2 = CO2H2 + O2 = H2O
S + O2 = SO2
N2 = N2
H2O = H2O
Theo cc phn ng, tnh c lng khng kh cn t 100 kg rc trong bng
5.6
Bng 2.5 : Lng khng kh cn thit t 100 kg rc
RcKhng kh
Thnh phnHm lng %Khi lng
(Kg)Phn t lng (g)Lng mol
(Kmol)O2
(Kmol)N2(Kmol)Tng cng
KmolN.m3
C33,333,3122,7752,775 2,9905x 42,9905 + 11,96214,95x 22,4
H4,434,4322,2151,1075
O28,728,7320,897-0,897
N0,680,68280,024-
S0,160,16320,0050,005
A6,986,98---
W27,7527,75181,43-
Tng----2,990511,96214,95334,88
Lng khng kh theo l thuyt: L0 = 334,88 (m3).
Lng khng kh thc t:
L = x L0 = 334,88 x 1,2 = 401,856 (m3)
= 1,2 : h s tiu hao khng kh khi t rc.
1.6.1. 2.2.3Xc nh lng v thnh phn sn phm chy
2.2.3.1 Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy
Bng 2.6: Thnh phn v lng sn phm chy khi t 100 kg rc.
Thnh phnT khng kh (Kmol)Sn phm chy (Kmol)Tng cng
KmolN.m3% th tch
CO2-2,7752,77562,1613,9
H2O-2,2152,21549,61611,1
SO2-0,0050,0050,1120,025
N214,3540,02414,378322,0771,975
O20,5981-0,598113,43,0
Tng19,9671447,358100
2.2.3.2 Xc nh khi lng ring ca sn phm chy
Khi lng ring ca sn phm chy c xc nh iu kin tiu chun:
= = = 1, 305 (kg/ m3)2. 2.3Xc nh nhit thc t v tnh cn bng nhit ca
l
2.6.1. 2.3.1Xc nh nhit chy l thuyt ca du FO-R
Khi khng nung trc nhin liu v khng kh, h s tiu hao khng kh
= 1,15 ; hm nhit tng c xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :Qtd: nhit tr thp ca du FO-R, Qtd = 39439,12 kJ/kg
V : th tch sn phm chy khi t 1 kg du FO-R, V = 13,03 N.m3.
i = =3026,79 kJ/N.m3
Theo ph lc II Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1 v bng 2.3 (thnh
phn sn phm chy ca du FO-R). Xc nh c i1, i2 ng vi gi tr t1, t2 :
Gi thit nhit chy l thuyt ca l: t1 = 1800oC < tlt < t2 =
1900oC
ng vi t1 = 1800oC:
iCO2= CO2 x 4360,67 = 0,1854 x 4360,67 = 808,468iH2O= H2O x
3429,90 = 0,0529 x 3429,90 = 181,442iO2= O2x 2800,48 = 0,0273 x
2800,48 = 76,453iN2 = N2x 2646,74 = 0,7337 x 2646,74 = 1941,913iSO2
= SO2x 4049,9 = 0,0007 x 4049,9 = 2,835i1800 = 3011,111 (kJ/ m3) ng
vi t2 = 1900oC:
iCO2= CO2 x 4634,76 = 0,1854 x 4634,76 = 859,285
iH2O= H2O x 3657,85 = 0,0529 x 3657,85 = 193,500
iO2= O2x 2971,3 = 0,0273 x 2971,3 = 81,116
iN2 = N2x 2808,22 = 0,7337 x 2808,22 = 2060,391
iSO2 = SO2x 4049,9 = 0,0007 x 4049,9 = 2,835
i1900 = 3197,127 (kJ/ m3)
CO2, H2O, O2, N2, SO2 ln lt l % trng lng sn phm chy khi t du
FO-R. kt qu: i1800 5355271,066 +15058,057B= 0
=> B m, chn B=0. Nhit lng do khi thi mang vo bung th cp duy
tr v nng nhit trong bung th cp ln 1000 0C m khng cn b sung nhit lng
t t du. Nhit lng d tha:
Qd = 6045205,184 (85413,6 + 604520,5184) = 5355271,066
(kJ/h)2.8.3. 2.4.4 Xc nh kch thc bung t th cp
2.4.4.1 Xc nh th tch bung tTh tch bung t th cp c tnh bng cng
thc
V = = 1,2 ( m3 )Theo bng 3-4/94 Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip
T1, q = (190 581).103 (W/m3), chn q = 581.103 (W/m3).
2.4.4.2 Xc nh kch thc bung th cp
Th tch bung th cp: V = 1,2 (m3).
Chn kch thc bung th cp: L = 0,3 m B = 2,0 m H = 2 m
2.8.4. 2.4.5 Thnh phn v lu lng ca kh thi ra khi l t
Kh thi ra khi l t gm:
Sn phm chy khi t rc bung t s cp.
Sn phm chy khi t du FO-R bung t s cp.
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0,0183 (kg/s) .
Do bung th cp khng t du nn thnh phn v lu lng sn phm chy coi nh
khng i.Bng 2.10: Thnh phn v lu lng kh thi ra khi l t.
Thnh phnT t du FO-R (Kmol/s)T t rc
(Kmol/s)Tng cng
Kmol/sN.m3/s%
CO21,3.10-32,3.10-33,6.10-30,080613,18
H2O9,2.10-41,8.10-32,72.10-30,06099,96
SO23,4.10-64,2.10-67,6.10-61,7.10-40,03
O22,7.10-45.10-47,7.10-40,01722,81
N28,2.10-31,2.10-20,02020,452574,02
Tng0,02730,6114100
2.9. 2.5 Th xy l v tnh ton khung l2.9.1. 2.5.1 Th xy l
2.5.1.1 C s la chn vt liu
xy dng mt l t rc, cn mt lng ln cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh: vt liu
chu la, cch nhit v cc vt liu xy dng thng thng khc.
Gch chu la c c im l c kh nng chu c nhit cao m khng b thay i hnh
dng v tnh cht vt l. Khi chn gch hay vt liu xy l cn phi cn c vo iu
kin lm vic ca l chn gch v vt liu xy dng thch hp m bo th xy l lm vic
tt, khng gy lng ph.
2.5.1.2 Th xy l
L t gm hai cp
Bung t s cp
Nhit bung t: 750oC.
Kch thc bung t: L = 3,0m
B = 2,0 m
H = 2,0 m
Kch thc ghi: F = 0,92 m2, ghi hnh vung cnh 0,96 m.
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 64,95 kg/h.
Bung t th cp
Nhit bung t: 1000oC.
Kch thc bung t: L = 0,3 m B = 2,0 m H = 2,0 m
Lng nhin liu tiu hao: B = 0 kg/h.
Theo Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, bng 4.5, gch Samt A l
loi gch thch hp xy tng chu nhit 1300 0C. Theo bng 4.7/180, i vi tng
cao hn 1m ( H = 2,0 m) th chiu dy lp gch chu la phi (250 350
mm.)
Gch xy tng c chn l gch Samt A s hiu H3 c cc thng s:
a = 100mm; b = 113mm; c = 230mm.
Th tch V = 2600 cm3; trng lng 4,9 kg.
H s dn nhit = 0,88 + 0,00023t (W/m.).
Nhit dung c = 0,865 + 0,00021t (kJ/kg.).
Tng l xy dy 330mm, xy phng, chiu dy mch xy 3mm, xy bng va nho
(bt samt mn). Pha ngoi tng l lp bng thy tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Gch
v bng thu tinh c xy p vo thp tm dy 5 mm bao bc.
Mch nhit ca th xy tng l 5mm/m chiu di.
2.5.1.3 Th xy y l
y l c xy trc tip trn mng l.y l c xy phng, mch nhit 5mm/m chiu
di. y l c xy 2 lp:
Lp di: gch cch nhit Diatmit dy 115mm.
Lp trn: gch Samt A dy 230mm.
2.5.1.4 Th xy nc l
Nc l c xy bng, to vi tng l gc 90o. Th xy nc l l gch Samt A.
Chiu rng nc l bng vi chiu rng l: B = 2,0 m.
Chiu di l: L = 3000 + 300 + 230 + 330x2 = 4190 mm.
L c gc tm: = 180o nn bn knh nc l R = B/2 = 2000/2 = 1000 mm.
Chiu dy mch xy d = 2mm.
S gch xy mt ng knh
n =
R: bn knh vm, mm.
s: chiu dy gch xy nc l,mm.
a: chiu ngang vin gch, mm.
d: chiu dy mch xy, mm.
: gc tm vm.
S gch dng cho ton b nc l:
N = 38 (vin)
S gch chn vm cn dng l:
2.5.1.5 Th xy ca l
Ca tip liu
Ca tip liu lm bng thp tm (CT3) dy 5mm, cng loi vi thp lm v l. Cc
thanh ging l thp hnh (30x30) hn dnh pha bn ngoi. Bn trong tm thp l
lp cch nhit bng bng thy tinh dy 50 mm v lp gch cch nhit Samt A dy
150 mm xy p vo thp tm. Kch thc ca (500x500) mm. Tm ca c cha mt l
quan st ng knh 10mm.
Ca ly tro
Ca c kch thc (250x250) mm. Ca c lm bng 2 lp thp tm 5 mm. Gia hai
tm thp l lp bng thu tinh cch nhit dy 50 mm. Bn ngoi ca l cc
thanhging bng thp hnh (10x10) mm hn dnh vo thp tm.2.9.2. 2.5.2
Khung l
2.5.2.1 c im ca khung v v l
Khung l v v l gup th xy n nh trong qu trnh lm vic, pha ngoi th
xy c bao bc bi lp thp tm 5 mm. Bn ngoi lp thp l h thng khung lm bng
thp gc (50x50x5) king cht cc cnh l.
2.5.2.2 Tnh ton khung l
Khung l lin kt tnh, c t trn nn mng l, c cc thng s:
Gc tm = 180o.
Bn knh trong ca nc l: R = 1000 mm.
Khong cch gia 2 ct theo chiu di l: a = 4190 330x2 = 3530 mm.
Chiu cao vm f = 0 mm.
Khi lng ring ca gch: gch = 1,9 tn/m3.
Chiu di l: L = 4190 mm.
Chiu dy nc l: S = 330 mm.
Nhit l t = 1000 0C
Chiu rng ca nc:
Trng lng gch nc l i vi 1 bc ct:
Lc thng ng H: H = 0,25 x G = 0,25 x 5754,6 = 1438,65 (kg)
Lc ngang P:
i vi l nc bng f = 0 nn thc t lc ngang P khng tn ti. Do ch c lc
nn trung tm H tc dng ln phn tng l bn di.
2.5.2.3. Ca dn sn phm chy t bung s cp sang bung th cp
Th tch kh sinh ra khi t chy hon ton 300 kg rc l
V= 4,47 300 + 13,03 64,95 = 2187,3 (N.m3) Tng th tch kh sinh ra
iu kin bt u xy ra qu trnh kh ha 250 oC l:= 6,08 (m3/s)Vn tc kh chy
qua ng dn l = 20 m/s. Vy thit din ca ng l = 0,30 (m2)Gm hai ca kch
thc (600x500) mm. Ca th nht cch trn l 200mm, ca th hai cch trn l
1600mm.
2.9.3. 2.5.3 Kim tra tn tht nhit qua xy l
2.5.3.1 Bung t s cp
Bung l c kch thc: L = 3,0 mB = 2,0 mH = 2,0 m.
Rc c nung nhit 750oC.
Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.
y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit.
Nng lng nhit mt qua nc:
Nc l tm phng, nhit bn trong 750oC, nhit khng kh 25oC. Nhit
trung bnh ca lp gch xy nc coi nh l trung bnh cng ca nhit khng kh
v nhit mt trong l: ttb = 387,5 OC.
Theo ph lc VII Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit
ca gch Sa mt A 387,5oC l 387,5 = 1,06 (W/m.).
Nhit lng mt qua nc l:
F: din tch nc l, m2.
F = 4,19 x 2,66 = 11,15(m2).
S: chiu dy nc, m.
tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0K.
0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh
xung quanh, m2.0K/W
n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m.0K.
Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l:
Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )
Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi
lp:
Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:
Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:
H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :
H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :
(W/m.)
Nhit mt qua tng
Nhit lng mt qua th xy:
Qx = Q + Qt =28723,2 + 15860,476 = 44583,676 (W)
Trong :
Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung s cp, W
Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung s cp, W
Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l l :
Q5 = 0,0539439120Y +3631665000/3600)= 0,0539439120x0,0183
+3631665000/3600)
= 86526,586 (W)
Q5> Qx : gi thit hp l.
2.5.3.2 Bung t th cp
Bung l c kch thc: L = 0,3 mB = 2,0 mH = 2,0 m.
Rc c nung nhit 1000oC.
Tng v nc l dy 330 mm bng gch Samt A.
y gm 230 mm gch Samt A v 115 mm gch Diatomit.
Nng lng nhit mt qua nc
Nhit trung bnh ca lp gch nc: ttb = 512,5OC.
Theo ph lc VI Tnh Ton K Thut Nhit L Cng Nghip T1, h s dn nhit ca
gch Samt A 512,5oC l 512,5 = 1,033 (W/m.).
Nhit lng mt qua nc l
F: din tch nc l, m2. F = 0,3 m (m2).
S: chiu dy nc, m.
tl, tkk : nhit mt trong l v nhit khng kh, 0C.
0,06 : nhit tr khi c trao i nhit mt ngoi tng ra mi trng khng kh
xung quanh, m2/W
n: h s dn nhit ca tng l, W/m..
Nhit lng mt qua tng v y l
Din tch ngoi ca tng v y l ( khng tnh tng pha trc v pha sau )
Xem nh ng phn b nhit trong tng l l bc nht, nhit trung bnh mi
lp:
Nhit trung bnh ca lp Samt:
Nhit trung bnh ca lp diatomit:
H s dn nhit ca lp Samt :
(W/m.)
H s dn nhit ca lp Diatomit :
(W/m.)
Nhit mt qua tng
Nhit lng mt qua th xy:
Qx = Q + Qt = 1484,85 + 2324,5 =3809,35 (W)
Q: nhit lng mt qua nc bung th cp, W
Qt : nhit lng mt qua tng bung th cp, W
Nhit gi s mt qua nc, tng, y l
Q4 = 0,1(39439120Y +6045205184) = 0,1(39439120x0
+6045205184/3600)
=167922(W)
Q4> Qx : gi thit hp l.2.6. Vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot
Quy trnh vn hnh l t cht thi rn sinh hot c quy nh r trong iu 3.1,
mc 3, Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi cng nghip (QCVN 30:
2012/BTNMT).
3. KT LUN KIN NGH Kt Lun
Tc th ha din ra nhanh chng tr thnh nhn t tch cc i vi pht trin
kinh t, x hi ca t nc. Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng li ch v kinh t v x hi,
th ha nhanh to ra sc p v nhiu mt, dn n suy gim cht lng mi trng v
pht trin khng bn vng. Cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot tng theo v lng cht
thi cng tng theo. Tnh bnh qun ngi dn th tiu dng nng lng, tiu dng,
thc phm,... cao gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn ko theo lng rc thi ca
ngi dn th cng gp 2 - 3 ln ngi dn nng thn.
Do vy ta cn x l cht thi rn sinh hot bng phng php thiu t rt ph hp
vi mt nc ang pht trin nh nc ta hin nay. X l cht thi rn sinh hot bng
phng php thiu t s gip gii quyt c mt phn vn cp bch trong vic x l cht
thi bo v mi trng.
Vi iu kin vt t, thit b n gin, l t rc sinh hot c th c thit k v ch
to trong nc nhng vn m bo iu kin k thut. i vi l t rc thit k trong
nc, chi ph thit k xy dng thp hn nhiu so vi l t ngoi nhp. Do vy, vic
sn xut l t rc sinh hot trong nc s tit kim mt khong ngoi t khng nh
cho Nh nc.
Kin ngh
Khi s dng l t rc sinh hot ta cn vn hnh l theo ng quy trnh, trnh
gy lng ph nhin liu v x l trit lng rc cn thit t cng nh m bo an ton i
vi kh thi, khng gy nhim mi trng.
Cng nhn vn hnh cn phi c o to v hng dn c th vn hnh l t theo ng
quy trnh xut.
Cht thi rn trc khi em t cn t chc thu gom, phn loi v bo qun theo
ng quy nh.
Cn tuyn truyn thc bo v mi trng cho cn b nhn vin v mi ngi dn, c
bit trong vic thu gom, qun l cht thi.Ti liu tham kho1. Qun l cht
thi rn, Trn Hiu Nhu, Tp 1, NXB khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2004.
2. D n Xy dng m hnh v trin khai th im vic phn loi, thu gom v x l
rc thi sinh hot cho cc khu th mi, Cc Bo v mi trng 2008.
3. Bo co mi trng quc gia 2011- Cht thi rn4. Hong Kim C, Tnh ton
k thut nhit l Cng nghip, Tp I v II.NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1985
5. Trn Ngc Chn, nhim khng kh v x l kh thi Tp 3, NXh Khoa hc k
thut, 2001
6. Trn Xoa & CTV S tay qu trnh v thit b cng ngh ha cht Tp
II. NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1999.7. Quy chun k thut quc gia v l t cht
thi cng nghip (QCVN 30: 2012/BTNMT).ng khi
H xyclon, hp th vi dung dch kim
Khng kh kh
Trao i nhit
CTR sinh hot
Bung t 2
Bung t 1
Tro
ng rn em chn
Nhin liu
(du FO-R) Khng kh
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