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FOREWORD
DNV i) a glo,al (o.i/e( o *nole/ge o( +anaging (i)*1 To/ay )ae an/ (e)on)i,le ,u)ine)) con/uc! i) ,o!h a licen)e!o oe(a!e an/ a co+e!i!i.e a/.an!age1 Ou( co(e co+e!ence i) !o i/en!iy a))e)) an/ a/.i)e on (i)* +anage+en!1 (o+ou( lea/ing o)i!ion in ce(!iica!ion cla))iica!ion .e(iica!ion an/ !(aining e /e.elo an/ aly )!an/a(/) an/ ,e)!
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
)ontents !age 1
D1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @GD12 Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @GD13 Secial Toic)11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 2D1 E<a+le) o So!a(e Relia,ili!y Analy)i) 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 H
A**endi4 E Use o" Historical Relia.ilit( Data /#
E1& E.alua!ion o !he 6uali!y o !he /a!a,a)e) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 @E12 E<a+le o e<!(ac!ing Da!a (o+ a Da!a,a)e 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
A**endi4 F %ntrod&ction to S(ste,s6Engineering A**roaches /3
1& In!(o/uc!ion111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 G12 A +o/el ,a)e/ a(oach1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 B13 7oal +o/elling 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 B1 $in*ing e.i/ence !o lea goal) 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 B1H Sy)!e+a!ic elici!a!ion o e<e(! oinion) o ho ell a.aila,le e.i/ence ulil) lea goal) 11111111111111 G01@ P(oaga!ion o goal ulil+en! an/ unce(!ain!y !o o.e(all goal) 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 G0C:AN7ES ? :ISTORIC 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 G&
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-ec.( !reface !age 2
1 !re"ace
The o,ec!i.e o !hi) (eco++en/e/ (ac!ice i) !o (o.i/e !he in/u)!(y i!h a )y)!e+a!ic a(oach !o!echnology 6ualiica!ion en)u(ing !ha! !he !echnology unc!ion) (elia,ly i!hin )eciie/ li+i!)1
The a(oach i) alica,le o( co+onen!) e6ui+en! an/ )y)!e+) hich a(e no! al(ea/y co.e(e/ ,y aVali/a!e/ )e! o Re6ui(e+en!) )uch a) an alica,le )!an/a(/81
G&idance note9DNV Se(.ice Seciica!ion DNV-DSS-0& LTechnology Qualiica!ion Manage+en!L /e)c(i,e) ho DNV can a))i)!i!h !echnology 6ualiica!ion )houl/ )uch a))i)!ance ,e (e6ue)!e/ ,y !he u)e( o !hi) (eco++en/e/ (ac!ice1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
$ %ntrod&ction
$1 General
$11 Goal o" technolog( :&ali"ication
Technology 6ualiica!ion i) !he (oce)) o (o.i/ing !he e.i/ence !ha! a !echnology ill unc!ion i!hin
)eciie/ oe(a!ional li+i!) i!h an acce!a,le le.el o coni/ence1
$1$ Moti7ation
I+le+en!a!ion o !echnology in!(o/uce) unce(!ain!ie) !ha! i+ly (i)* o( i!) /e.eloe() +anuac!u(e().en/o() oe(a!o() an/ en/-u)e()1 Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice )ho) ho !he)e (i)*) can ,e +anage/ ,y !he
G&idance note9E.en !hough in/i.i/ual co+onen!) in a )y)!e+ +igh! ,e 6ualiie/ o( (o.en i !hey a(e a))e+,le/ in a /ie(en! ay!he )y)!e+ a) a hole +ay (e6ui(e !o ,e 6ualiie/1 The )a+e alie) !o 6ualiie/ o( (o.en !echnology in a change/en.i(on+en!1
A (oce)) o( 6ualiica!ion o co+u!e( )o!a(e i) ou!line/ in A1D1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Thi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice can ,e u)eul o( !he 6ualiica!ion o !echnologie) he(e !he ,e)! ay !o )hoco+liance !o e<i)!ing (e6ui(e+en!) o( )!an/a(/) i) no! o,.iou)1
5 An in!(o/uc!ion Sec1& !o Sec18 in hich !he hilo)ohy an/ (incile) o Technology Qualiica!ion a(e (e)en!e/ an/ !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) in!(o/uce/1
5 The +ain ,o/y con!aining !he /e)c(i!ion o !he o(* in.ol.e/ in !he ,a)ic Technology Qualiica!ionP(oce)) an/ Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e) Sec1H !o Sec1&&81
The Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice !e<! gi.e) o!ion) o( !he )ae)! an/ +o)! co)!-eicien! ay o /e.eloing an/i+le+en!ing no.el !echnology in !he oinion o DNV1 Sule+en!a(y a/.ice o( e<lana!ion i) in)e(!e/ in !he!e<! in !he olloing ay4
G&idance note9
E<a+le o )ule+en!a(y !e<! in gui/ance no!e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The aen/ice) con!ain a//i!ional ino(+a!ion an/ ou!line o e<a+le) an/ !e+la!e)1 The (oce)) o(
Technology Qualiica!ion o co+u!e( )o!a(e i) ou!line/ in A1D1
$112 De"initions and a..re7iations
The olloing /eini!ion) a(e ,a)e/ on gene(ally (ecogni)e/ /eini!ion) o !e(+) a) a/a!e/ !o !hei( u)e in !hi)Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
Term Definition
A(gu+en! De+on)!(a!ion o ho E.i/ence )uo(!) a Clai+ in Con!e<!1
Coni/ence In )!a!i)!ic) coni/ence i) a +ea)u(e o !he (elia,ili!y o an e)!i+a!e an/ can ,e 6uan!iie/ ,y)!an/a(/ +e!ho/)1 In !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice !he !e(+ coni/ence i) u)e/ in a ,(oa/e( )en)e!o /eno!e !he le.el o coni/ence a /eci)ion-+a*e( ha) in a !echnology1 Such coni/ence i) u)ually+ea)u(e/ hen /eci)ion) a(e +a/e e1g1 he!he( !o in.e)! in !he !echnology o( no! o( i+le+en!i! o( !o )u,ec! i! !o ce(!ain 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
Con!e<! Ci(cu+)!ance) o( ac!o() (ela!ing !o Technology1C(i!ical a(a+e!e( A a(a+e!e( !ha! can lea/ !o an unacce!a,le le.el o ailu(e o( (i)* ei!he( alone o( in
co+,ina!ion i!h o!he( a(a+e!e() !ha! ha.e a )i+ila( le.el o (i)* o( ailu(e1
Mile)!one A oin! in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e !ha! )igniie) an ag(ee/ 6ualiica!ion )!a!eha) ,een achie.e/ an/ hich +ay ,e u)e/ !o !(igge( o!he( e.en!) )uch a) (ecogni!ion (ea(/ an/u(!he( in.e)!+en! Sec1H8
Mo/el Ma!he+a!ical /e)c(i!ion o( e<e(i+en!al )e!-u )i+ula!ing a unc!ion o !he !echnology1 Mo/el)!a*e accoun! o (ele.an! eec!) o !he c(i!ical a(a+e!e() o( !he +o/elle/ unc!ion1
Pa(a+e!e( A /e!e(+ining cha(ac!e(i)!ic o !he !echnology) unc!ion u)e o( en.i(on+en!1
Pa(a+e!e( eec! The eec!) o .a(ia!ion o a a(a+e!e( i!hin !he li+i!) o (ele.ance o( !he !echnology an/ i!) u)e1
Pe(o(+ance The e(o(+ance o a !echnology i) i!) a,ili!y !o (o.i/e i!) )eciie/ unc!ion)1 The)e unc!ion)con!(i,u!e !o )ae!y(elia,ili!y a) ell a) !he ou!u! o( .alue gene(a!e/ ,y !he )y)!e+ e6ui+en!o( co+onen! hen in oe(a!ion1
Qualiica!ion )!a!e The +ile)!one a! co+le!ion o a 6ualiica!ion ha)e1
Relia,ili!y The a,ili!y o an i!e+ !o e(o(+ a (e6ui(e/ unc!ion un/e( gi.en con/i!ion) o( a gi.en !i+ein!e(.al o( a! a )eciie/ con/i!ion1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+) i! i) one &8 +inu) !he ailu(e (o,a,ili!y1
Ri)* The 6uali!a!i.e o( 6uan!i!a!i.e li*elihoo/ o an acci/en! o( unlanne/ e.en! occu((ing con)i/e(e/in conunc!ion i!h !he o!en!ial con)e6uence) o )uch a ailu(e1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+) (i)* i) !he
(o,a,ili!y o a /eine/ ailu(e +o/e !i+e) i!) con)e6uence )ee Sec1G1@1
5 (e/uc!ion in !he (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e 5 +i!iga!ion o !he con)e6uence) o ailu(e
G&idance note9
The u)ual o(/e( o (ee(ence o (i)* (e/uc!ion +ea)u(e) i)4
a8 inhe(en! )ae!y
,8 (e.en!ion
c8 /e!ec!ion
/8 con!(ol
e8 +i!iga!ion
8 e+e(gency (e)on)e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
Relia,ili!y The a,ili!y o an i!e+ !o -e(o(+ a (e6ui(e/ unc!ion un/e( gi.en con/i!ion) o( a gi.en !i+e in!e(.alo( a! a )-eciie/ con/i!ion1 In 6uan!i!a!i.e !e(+) i! i) one &8 +inu) !he ailu(e -(o,a,ili!y1
Term Definition
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-ec.$ 3ntroduction !age 6
The olloing a,,(e.ia!ion) a(e u)e/4
Sae!y The )!a!e o ,eing )ae1 A !echnology i) )ae i i! ill no! ail un/e( o(e)eea,le /e+an/) lea/ing!o lo)) o lie inu(y nega!i.e en.i(on+en!al i+ac! o( unacce!a,le econo+ic lo)) an/ i i! i)unli*ely !o ail un/e( e<!(ao(/ina(y ci(cu+)!ance)1
Sae!y +a(gin The /ie(ence ,e!een caaci!y an/ /e+an/ e1g1 loa/ eec!81 hen ei!he( !he caaci!y o(/e+an/ i) unce(!ain )o i) !he +a(gin1 Then !he +a(gin can ,e (e(e)en!e/ ,y i!) (o,a,ili!y/i)!(i,u!ion1 Secial ca)e o Performance argin18
Su,)!an!ia!e To /e+on)!(a!e ,y E.i/ence an/ A(gu+en! o( a /eine/ Con!e<!1Technology A ay !o (o.i/e a unc!ion )uch a) ,y co+,ining +e!ho/) !echni6ue) )*ill) e6ui+en! !ool)
o( +a!e(ial)81
TechnologyQualiica!ion
The (oce)) o (o.i/ing !he e.i/ence !ha! !echnology ill unc!ion i!hin )eciie/ li+i!) i!han acce!a,le le.el o coni/ence1
G&idance note9
Technology Qualiica!ion can ,e )een a) !he (oce)) o )u,)!an!ia!ing a Clai+ a,ou! (o.i)ion o unc!ion hich i) no! co.e(e/ ,y Vali/a!e/ Re6ui(e+en!) al(ea/y1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
TechnologyQualiica!ion 9a)i)
The ,ench+a(* again)! hich !he )ucce)) o !he e(o(+ance o !he !echnology i) +ea)u(e/Sec1@81
Technology
Qualiica!ionP(og(a++e
The (a+eo(* in hich !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) e<ecu!e/ a) /e!aile/ in Sec11
TechnologyQualiica!ion Plan
The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) )eciie/ i!h !he u(o)e o gene(a!ing 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence an/ !helogical /een/encie) ,e!een !he in/i.i/ual iece) o 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1
Th(ea! A o!en!ial (i)* i!h )igniican! unce(!ain!y a,ou! !he con)e6uence o ailu(e o( li*elihoo/ ooccu((ence !ha! (e6ui(e) u(!he( in.e)!iga!ion !o ei!he( 6uan!iy a) a (i)* o( (e+o.e (o+ u(!he(con)i/e(a!ion1
#nce(!ain!y A )!a!e o ha.ing li+i!e/ *nole/ge !ha! +a*e) i! i+o))i,le !o e<ac!ly /e)c(i,e !he e<i)!ing )!a!eo( u!u(e ou!co+e)81
Vali/a!e To )u,)!an!ia!e !ha! )o+e!hing i) (ele.an! an/ co+le!e1
Ve(iica!ion Coni(+a!ion ,y e<a+ina!ion an/ (o.i)ion o o,ec!i.e e.i/ence !ha! )eciie/ (e6ui(e+en!)ha.e ,een ulille/ ISO G024&BB81
CD Co+u!a!ional lui/ Dyna+ic)
DNV De! No()*e Ve(i!a)
AT ac!o(y Acce!ance Te)!
EM ini!e Ele+en! Me!ho/
MEC8A ailu(e Mo/e) Eec! an/ C(i!icali!y8 Analy)i)
T aul! T(ee
:AFID :AFa(/ IDen!iica!ion
:AFOP :AFa(/ an/ OPe(a,ili!y )!u/y
IO Inu!Ou!u!
$C$ $ie!i+e a! !he acce!a,le Coni/ence $e.elMTT Mean Ti+e To ailu(e
O( in !he ca)e !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!) )houl/ ail !he (e)ul! i) /ocu+en!a!ion o all !he collec!e/ e.i/encean/ i/en!iica!ion o !ho)e )eciie/ (e6ui(e+en!) !ha! e(e +e! an/ !ho)e !ha! e(e no! +e! u)ing !he a.aila,le(e)ou(ce)1
The 6ualiica!ion (e)ul!) can ,e u)e/4
5 a) an acce!ance o( i+le+en!a!ion o !echnology 5 a) !he ,a)i) o( co+a(ing al!e(na!i.e !echnologie) 5 a) inu! in !he e.alua!ion o !he (elia,ili!y o a la(ge( )y)!e+1 5 a) /ocu+en!a!ion o !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!a!e 5 in /ocu+en!ing (egula!o(y co+liance1
$' Doc&,entation Re:&ire,ents and Con"identialit(
$'1 Doc&,entation to .e *ro7ided
Docu+en!a!ion o( !he !echnology ,eing 6ualiie/ )houl/ con!ain all !he ino(+a!ion (e6ui(e/ !o a))e)) i!)no.el a)ec!) a! a le.el o /e!ail )ui!a,le o( i!) e<i)!ing )!age o /e.elo+en!1 All e.i/ence on hich !he6ualiica!ion a) ,a)e/ )houl/ ,e (e)en!1 Each )!e o !he Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )houl/ (o.i/e )uicien!!(an)a(ency !o allo in/een/en! a))e))+en! o !he 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion)1 All /ocu+en!) )hall ,e *e! u!o /a!e !h(oughou! !he Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
F-0&@ NORSOK STANDARD Regula(i!y Manage+en! ; Relia,ili!y Technology
Ta.le $6$ So,e te4t .oo5s *ro7iding g&idance that is &se"&l in technolog( :&ali"icationCoo*e R1M1 &'perts in (ncertainty: #pinion and Sub)ective Probability in Science* O<o(/ #ni.e()i!y P(e)) &BB&
Ma/)en :1 O1 K(en* S $in/ N1 C1 ethods of Structural Safety. Do.e( Pu,lica!ion) 200@
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
-ec.& Technology 7ualification #pproach and !rinciples !age (&
' Technolog( )&ali"ication A**roach and !rinci*les
A )y)!e+) a(oach i) i+le+en!e/ in !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice !o en)u(e !ha! !he unc!ional )eciica!ionan/ a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +echani)+) a(e (ele.an! an/ co+le!e1 The gene(al a(oach )hall ,e a) ollo)4
5 The Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) )hall ,e ,a)e/ on a )y)!e+a!ic (i)* ,a)e/ a(oach an/ e(o(+e/ ,y a 6ualiica!ion !ea+ o))e))ing all (e6ui(e/ co+e!encie)1
5 The !echnology )hall ,e )c(eene/ !o i/en!iy !he no.el ele+en!) a) !he)e con!ain !he +o)! )igniican!
5 Seciica!ion) an/ (e6ui(e+en!) )hall ,e clea(ly /eine/ 6uan!iie/ an/ /ocu+en!e/1 5 The e(o(+ance +a(gin) )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,a)e/ on (ecognie/ +e!ho/) an/ )!an/a(/) o( ,a)e/ on !he
co+,ina!ion) o all unce(!ain!ie) o !he /a!a oe(a!ion analy)e) an/ !e)!)1 5 The 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) analy)i) !e)!ing /ocu+en!a!ion o (e.iou) e<e(ience e!c18 )hall ai+ a!
challenging !he ailu(e +o/e) o( !he (ange o con/i!ion) e<ec!e/ in u)e1 5 The e.i/ence (o.i/e/ an/ !he a))ocia!e/ unce(!ain!ie) )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ !(acea,le along i!h !he
5 The 6ualiica!ion conclu)ion) inclu/ing any (e6ui(e+en!) !o +anuac!u(ing a))e+,ly in)!alla!ion an/oe(a!ion o !he !echnology )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
-ec.0 Technology 7ualification !rogramme !age (0
+ Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e
The Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a+ (o.i/e) a (a+eo(* o( +anaging 6ualiica!ion (og(e))1
+1 Technolog( De7elo*,ent and )&ali"ication !rogress
The unce(!ain!ie) an/ ailu(e (o,a,ili!y gene(ally /ec(ea)e a) a !echnology e.ol.e) !h(ough )!age) o /e.elo+en! an/ a) *nole/ge an/ e.i/ence i) gene(a!e/ !h(ough !echnology 6ualiica!ion1 The Technology
Qualiica!ion P(oce)) can ,e (un !h(oughou! !he /e.elo+en! o !he !echnology o( ,e )!a(!e/ a! any !i+e in !he/e.elo+en!1 igu(e -& illu)!(a!e) !ha! unce(!ain!y an/ !he (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e a(e (e/uce/ a) 6ualiica!ion (og(e))e) un!il a (e+aining ailu(e (o,a,ili!y i) /e!e(+ine/1 In ca)e) he(e !he !echnology /e.elo) in a(allel i!h !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) !he unce(!ain!y ill o!en inc(ea)e hen +o/iica!ion) a(e in!(o/uce/ ,eo(e ,eing (e/uce/ ,y u(!he( 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
Fig&re +61%ll&stration o" :&ali"ication *rogress "or de7elo*,ent *hases re*resented .( a series o" ,ilestones >MS?
The unce(!ain!y i) )hon in igu(e -& a) (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y unc!ion)1 Qualiica!ion i) conclu/e/ hen !he(e6ui(e+en!) o( )ucce)) a) lai/ /on in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) ha.e ,een (eache/1 Thi) (oce))i) .i)uali)e/ in igu(e -& ,y !he (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y unc!ion o !he ailu(e +a(gin /eine/ in Sec121&1&08
,eing nega!i.e hen ailu(e occu()1 Qualiica!ion conclu/e) )ucce)) occu()8 hen a /eine/ a(! o !he !aile<!en/) ,elo e(o1
In !he ea(ly )!age) o /e.elo+en! a))e))+en! o !he !echnology /een/) hea.ily on e<e(! u/ge+en! o!en(ee((e/ !o a) 6uali!a!i.e a))e))+en!81 The +ain o,ec!i.e i) !o i/en!iy !he +ain unce(!ain!ie)1 Su,)e6uen!ly!he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) a//(e))e) !he +o)! i+o(!an! unce(!ain!ie) an/ g(a/ually (elace) e<e(!
u/ge+en! i!h e+i(ical e.i/ence o!en (ee((e/ !o a) 6uan!i!a!i.e e.i/ence81 :oe.e( an ele+en! o u/ge+en!) ill alay) (e+ain a) !he (eo(!) an/ )!a!e+en!) )uo(!ing !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i))hall o!en /een/ on !he in!e((e!a!ion o e+i(ical e.i/ence1
+$ Contents o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e
A Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a+ )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ !o )uo(! !he +anage+en! o !he TechnologyQualiica!ion P(oce))1 he(e alica,le i! )hall (elec! !he i!e(a!i.e na!u(e o !echnology /e.elo+en! a)illu)!(a!e/ in !he e<a+le in igu(e -21 The (og(a+ )hall al)o con!(ol !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) an/ co+lyi!h )!e) lai/ /on in !he (a+eo(* oun/ in igu(e H-&1 Ele+en!) !o ,e inclu/e/ in !he TechnologyQualiica!ion P(og(a++e co+(i)e4
Fig&re +6$%ll&stration o" Technolog( )&ali"ication !rogra,,e iterating thro&gh three *hases@ each o" 8hich incl&des a c(cleo" the .asic Technolog( )&ali"ication !rocess detailed in Fig&re -61 that re:&ires to .e s&ccess"&ll( concl&ded.e"ore going on to the ne4t *hase
G&idance note9
Thi) )e6uence o 6ualiica!ion /e.elo+en! +ay inclu/e /eloy+en! in con!(olle/ con/i!ion) !ha! a(e go.e(ne/ ,y)!(ic! li+i!a!ion)1 Then e<e(ience (o+ u)eoe(a!ion in !ho)e con/i!ion) can ,e u)e/ !o u(!he( (e/uce unce(!ain!ie)
in a )u,)e6uen! i!e(a!ion ,y (o.i/ing ino(+a!ion on oe(a!ing (oce/u(e) an/ li+i!a!ion)1Such 6ualiica!ion /e.elo+en! +ay ,e acili!a!e/ ,y !a*ing !he !echnology !h(ough /eine/ /e.elo+en! )!age) )ucha) a (o!o!ye )!age he(e !he )olu!ion i) /e.eloe/ a !echnical e.alua!ion )!age an/ an oe(a!ional e.alua!ion )!age1
A/.an!age) in /eining +ile)!one) in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e inclu/e !he +ea)u(e+en! o (og(e))!he (e.ie o !echnology 6ualiica!ion )!(a!egy again)! !i+eline) an/ /eci)ion ga!e) an/ !he (e.ie o !echnology/e.elo+en! (og(e)) again)! a ,u)ine)) lan1
I! i) co++on in !he in/u)!(y !o u)e Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el) TR$) )ee A1 918 a) a +ean) o illu)!(a!ing!he /e.elo+en! )!age o a !echnology1 The TR$) a) /eine/ in A1 918 /e)c(i,e ha! ,(oa/ly nee/) !o ,e /one!o (each !he )u,)e6uen! le.el1 TR$) can ,e u)e/ !o +a ou! !he ha)e) o a Technology Qualiica!ion P(og(a++e
The no.el!y a))e))+en! can ,e co+le+en!e/ i!h an a))e))+en! o !echnology /e.elo+en! )!age1 A) an o!ion!hi) can ,e ai/e/ ,y u)ing Technology Rea/ine)) $e.el) TR$)8 acco(/ing !o !he gui/ance (o.i/e/ in A1 911
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
5 I/en!iica!ion o !he +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie) Sec1181
Each o !he ele+en!) a,o.e +ay inclu/e ha(/a(e an/ )o!a(e1
The !echnology co+o)i!ion analy)i) )hall co.e( all ha)e) o !he lie cycle o !he )y)!e+ e6ui+en! o( co+onen!1 A goal-,a)e/ analy)i) )hall ,e e(o(+e/ !o i/en!iy all (ele.an! unc!ion)1
G&idance note9
$ie cycle ha)e) inclu/e4
- /e)ign
- a,(ica!ion an/ !e)!ing
- !(an)o(!a!ion an/ )!o(age
- in)!alla!ion
- ac!i.a!ion an/ co++i))ioning
- oe(a!ion an/ +ain!enance
- /eco++i))ioning
- (e!(ie.al an/ a,an/on+en!
A li)! o ailu(e +o/e) )houl/ (ee(a,ly ,e e)!a,li)he/ ea(ly in !he /e.elo+en! o !he !echnology an/ )ule+en!e/o( u/a!e/ a) !he (oce)) (og(e))e) inclu/ing !h(ough !o en/ o !he lie cycle1 A li)! o o!en!ial ailu(e +o/e) i))hon in A1A1 Thi) li)! i) )i+ila( !o !(a/i!ional MECA !a,le) ,u! inclu/e) a//i!ional ino(+a!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
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-ec.4 Technology #ssessment !age $(
/$1 S(ste, anal(sis &sing ,ain "&nctions and s&.6"&nctions
The unc!ion) a(e cla))iie/ in!o +ain an/ )u,-unc!ion) i!h u(!he( )u,-/i.i)ion a) (e6ui(e/1
G&idance note9
The +ain unc!ion i) a ulil+en! o !he in!en/e/ u(o)e o !he !echnology1 The )u,-unc!ion) a(e !he unc!ion) !ha!)uo(! o( a// u !o !he +ain unc!ion1
/$$ S(ste, anal(sis &sing hard8are co,*onents and &nits
The ha(/a(e )y)!e+ i) )u,/i.i/e/ in!o )u,-)y)!e+) an/ a(!) a) a(o(ia!e1 The +ain unc!ion) a(e/elega!e/ !o !he)e co+onen!) o( !he in!e(ac!ion ,e!een !he+1 I! i) e))en!ial !o ca!u(e ho an/ !he le.el a!hich !he +ain unc!ion) /een/ on !he in!e(ace) an/ in!e(ac!ion) ,e!een !he co+onen!)1
/$' Anal(sis o" so"t8are co,*osition
The )o!a(e i) !yically )u,/i.i/e/ in!o all ea!u(e) caa,ili!ie) an/ 6uali!ie) !ha! aec! !he a,ili!y o !he)o!a(e !o e(o(+ i!) in!en/e/ unc!ion eec!i.ely1 An ou!line o 6ualiica!ion o )o!a(e i) (o.i/e/ in
A1D1
/' Technolog( CategoriBation
No.el !echnologie) !yically e.ol.e (o+ e<i)!ing (o.en !echnologie)1 No(+ally only )o+e ele+en!) o !he!echnology a(e no.el1 #nce(!ain!y i) a))ocia!e/ +ainly i!h !he no.el ele+en!)1 In o(/e( !o ocu) on he(eunce(!ain!y i) g(ea!e)! !he no.el!y ca!ego(ia!ion o Ta,le -& can ,e u)e/1 9o!h !he no.el!y o !he !echnologyi!)el an/ i!) alica!ion a(ea aec! !he unce(!ain!y a))ocia!e/ i!h !he !echnology1
Only *nole/ge an/ e<e(ience !ha! i) documented* traceable and accessible to the +ualification team )houl/ ,e u)e/ !o (e/uce !he /eg(ee o no.el!y1
Thi) ca!ego(ia!ion in/ica!e) !he olloing4
&8 No ne !echnical unce(!ain!ie) (o.en !echnology81
28 Ne !echnical unce(!ain!ie)1
38 Ne !echnical challenge)1
8 De+an/ing ne !echnical challenge)1
Thi) ca!ego(ia!ion alie) !o all o !he !echnology ,eing u)e/ a) ell a) each )ea(a!e ele+en! o i!1Co+o)i!ion analy)i) )i+liie) !he i/en!iica!ion an/ i)ola!ion o no.el ele+en!)1 The !echnologyca!ego(ia!ion /e!e(+ine/ )hall ,e u)e/ !o /i(ec! !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!) ,y ocu)ing on !he /eg(ee o no.el!yhich )hall ,e con)e(.a!i.e1
Ta.le /61 Technolog( CategoriBation
A**lication AreaDegree o" no7elt( o" technolog(
P(o.en $i+i!e/ iel/ :i)!o(y Ne o( #n(o.en
Knon & 2 3
$i+i!e/ Knole/ge 2 3
Ne 3
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-ec.4 Technology #ssessment !age $$
Ca!ego(y & !echnology ele+en!) a(e (o.en i!h no ne !echnical unce(!ain!ie) he(e (o.en +e!ho/) o( .e(iica!ion !e)!) calcula!ion) an/ analy)i) can ,e u)e/ !o (o.i/e !he (e6ui(e/ 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence1 Thein/u)!(y (ac!ice )!an/a(/ o( )eciica!ion .ali/a!e/ !o ,e alica,le o( each (o.en !echnology ele+en! )hall ,e (eco(/e/ in !he Technology A))e))+en! an/ co+lie/ i!h1 Thi) conclu/e) !he a))e))+en! o (o.enele+en!) a) a(! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 u(!he( /e!ailing o !he)e ele+en!) i) han/le/ ,yo(/ina(y enginee(ing +e!ho/) ou!)i/e !hi) Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice1
/+ %denti"ication o" Main Challenges and Uncertainties >HA%D?
The +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie) (ela!e/ !o !he no.el !echnology a)ec!) )hall ,e i/en!iie/ a) a(! o !heTechnology A))e))+en!1 o( co+le< )y)!e+) i! i) (eco++en/e/ !ha! !he +ain challenge) an/ unce(!ain!ie)a(e i/en!iie/ ,y ca((ying ou! a high le.el :AFID :AFa(/ IDen!iica!ion81
G&idance note9
A high le.el :AFID i) a +ean) o i+(o.ing un/e()!an/ing o a )y)!e+ a! an ea(ly )!age o /e.elo+en! an/ !o
i/en!iy hich a(!) o !he )y)!e+ nee/ !o ,e u(!he( /e.eloe/ o( /ocu+en!e/ in +o(e /e!ail (io( !o !h(ea!
a))e))+en!1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
The :AFID can ,e ca((ie/ ou! a) a o(*)ho in.ol.ing a anel o e<e(!) co.e(ing !he nece))a(y iel/) o co+e!ence an/ e<e(ience1 The iel/) o e<e(!i)e co.e(e/ ,y each e<e(! )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ i!h (ee(ence!o (ele.an! !(aining o(* e<e(ience an/ o!he( (ele.an! (ee(ence)1
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5 o( each ailu(e +o/e (an* !he (i)* ,y a))igning a con)e6uence cla)) an/ (o,a,ili!y cla)) o( ,y a))e))ing!hei( con!(i,u!ion !o o.e(all )y)!e+ (i)*1 Thi) can ,e ,a)e/ on (e.iou) e<e(ience e<i)!ing e.i/ence an/e<e(! u/ge+en!)1 In !he la!!e( ca)e unce(!ain!ie) )hall ,e (elec!e/ ,y con)e(.a!i.e ca!ego(ia!ion1
5 S!o(e !he ino(+a!ion o( each ailu(e +o/e in !he ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e(1
The Th(ea! A))e))+en! (oce)) can ,e ca((ie/ ou! a) o(*)ho) in.ol.ing a anel o e<e(!) co.e(ing !henece))a(y iel/) o co+e!ence) an/ e<e(ience)1 7ui/ance on a))e))+en! o co+u!e( )o!a(e i) (o.i/e/ inA1D1
3$ Re"ined Technolog( Co,*osition Anal(sis
The !echnology co+o)i!ion analy)i) Sec1128 )hall ,e (e.iee/ a) a(! o !he Th(ea! A))e))+en! an/(eine/ a) nece))a(y1
3' %denti"ication o" Fail&re Modes
E<e(! u/ge+en! i) an e))en!ial a(! o !he Th(ea! A))e))+en!1 Qualiie/ e()onnel )hall ,e u)e/ !o i/en!iy
o!en!ial ailu(e +o/e) inclu/ing (oo! cau)e) an/ ailu(e +echani)+1 A))e))+en! o !he (o,a,ili!y an/con)e6uence) o ailu(e )hall al)o ,e +a/e1 The e<e(ience an/ a!!ain+en! o !he 6ualiie/ e()onnel )hall ,e/ocu+en!e/1 The /ocu+en!a!ion )hall co.e( all !he ele+en!) co.e(e/ ,y !he ailu(e +o/e e.alua!ion1
A )y)!e+a!ic a(oach o( i/en!iica!ion o o))i,le ailu(e +o/e) an/ !hei( (ela!e/ ailu(e +echani)+) )hall ,e e)!a,li)he/ an/ /e)c(i,e/1
In gene(al a ailu(e can ,e i/en!iie/ a) a ailu(e +o/e a ailu(e cau)e a ailu(e eec! a ailu(e +echani)+ i!h !hea (oo! cau)e ,eing !(acea,le )ee igu(e G-&1
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-ec.5 Threat #ssessment !age $0
Fig&re 361Relationshi* .et8een "ail&re ca&se@ ,ode and e""ect
igu(e G-& !(ace) !he (ela!ion)hi ,e!een a (oo! cau)e an/ !he e.en!ual con)e6uence) o !he ailu(e +echani)+ in aha(/a(e a))e+,ly1 The ailu(e +echani)+ in !he )econ/ colu+n i) )ou(ce o !he ailu(e cau)e in !he !hi(/ colu+n1The ailu(e eec! on !he )eal )u, uni! u+8 an/ e6ui+en! u+ i!h in)!(u+en!) lu,(ica!ion8 i) )hon in eacho !he le.el)1 Such )y)!e+ /eco+o)i!ion )hall ,e e(o(+e/ /on !o !he le.el o !he c(i!ical ailu(e +echani)+)1 Thi)ena,le) a )y)!e+a!ic chec* o !he +a(gin !o ailu(e a) co.e(e/ ,y Sec1B1 The)e (ela!ion) a(e /ocu+en!e/ in a ailu(eMo/e Eec! Analy)i) MEA8 a) )hon in A1A1
E$$MASTER ? Relia,ili!y o ell Co+le!ion E6ui+en!1 Da!a can ,e +a/e a.aila,le on an elec!(onic o(+a!.ia !he olloing In!e(ne! a//(e))4 h!!41e<(o)o!1co+(o/uc!)ell+a)!e(1h!+l1
S#9 SEA MASTER ? Relia,ili!y o Su, )ea E6ui+en!1 Da!a can ,e +a/e a.aila,le on an elec!(onic o(+a! .ia !heolloing In!e(ne! a//(e))4 h!!41e<(o)o!1co+(o/uc!))u,)ea+a)!e(1h!+l1
I a 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y !a(ge! i) )!a!e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i) !hen a 6uan!i!a!i.e (elia,ili!y+e!ho/ i) (e6ui(e/ !o /ocu+en! ulil+en! o !he !a(ge! e1g1 ,y /e!e(+ina!ion o a lie!i+e (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y
/i)!(i,u!ion o( !he (ele.an! ailu(e +o/e)1o( each ailu(e +o/e o conce(n i! )houl/ ,e /e!e(+ine/ i !he ailu(e +echani)+) can ,e +o/elle/ ,y(ecognie/ an/ gene(ally acce!e/ +e!ho/)1 Then a /e!aile/ lan o( !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie) can ,ee)!a,li)he/ ,y u)e o e<i)!ing )!an/a(/) )eciica!ion) o( (ecogni)e/ in/u)!(y (ac!ice) !ha! ha.e ,een.ali/a!e/ o( alica,ili!y1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan !age &%
The olloing +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ )ea(a!ely o( in co+,ina!ion !o (o.i/e 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence4
5 Nu+e(ical +e!ho/) )uch a) (oce)) )i+ula!ion +o/el) CD EM co((o)ion +o/el) e!c1
5 E<e(i+en!al +e!ho/) a) /i)cu))e/ in Sec1B11 5 In)ec!ion) !o a)ce(!ain !ha! )eciica!ion) a(e co+lie/ i!h o( a))u+!ion) .ali/1 5 De.elo+en! o ne o( +o/iie/ QAQC (e6ui(e+en!) o( +anuac!u(ing a))e+,ly1 5 De.elo+en! o (e6ui(e+en!) !o in)ec!ion +ain!enance an/ (eai(1 5 De.elo+en! o )a(e) olicy1 5 De.elo+en! o oe(a!ing (oce/u(e) (e)ul!ing (o+ !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
G&idance note9
Oe(a!ional (oce/u(e) a(e i+o(!an! ele+en!) o a (elia,le !echnology1 They +u)! ,e /ocu+en!e/ an/ i+le+en!e/hen !he !echnology i) /eloye/1 I+le+en!a!ion )houl/ co.e( !he en!i(e )uly chain an/ (ecei.ing o(gani)a!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
5 De.eloing +o/iica!ion) !o !he !echnology a(i)ing (o+ !he a,o.e !ha! oul/ )an a ne i!e(a!ion in !he!echnology 6ualiica!ion/e.elo+en! cycle1
G&idance note9
The )elec!ion o 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/) an/ (e6ui(e/ )coe /een/) on !he (i)* o !he a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +o/e!echnology ca!ego(y an/ le.el o coni/ence in !he +e!ho/)1 The o,ec!i.e i) !o )eciy a Technology Qualiica!ionPlan !ha! (o.i/e) !he +o)! (elia,le e.i/ence a) co)!-eec!i.ely a) o))i,le1 The )elec!ion o !he +e!ho/) )houl/!he(eo(e ,e ,a)e/ on o!i+ia!ion o (ela!e/ co)! .e()u) accu(acy1 Each 6ualiica!ion +e!ho/ can a//(e)) )e.e(alailu(e +o/e)1 Thu) !he +e!ho/) )houl/ ,e )elec!e/ in a )y)!e+a!ic +anne( !o (e/uce unnece))a(y o.e(laing1
The (e)ul!ing unce(!ain!y o !he analy)i) )hall ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on (ecogni)e/ +e!ho/)1
G&idance note9
Te+e(a!u(e i) an e<a+le o a co++on cau)e o unce(!ain!y1 The !e+e(a!u(e coul/ aec! each a(! in a+ea)u(e+en! )e!-u !he )a+e /i(ec!ion an/ !he(e,y cau)e a la(ge( e((o( !han a))u+e/1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
+ E4*eri,ental Methods
E<e(i+en!) a(e an e))en!ial a(! o +o)! 6ualiica!ion) an/ ai+ !o (o.i/e !he e<e(i+en!al e.i/ence onhich 6ualiica!ion i) ,a)e/1
+1 General
The e<!en! o !he e<e(i+en!al !e)!) (e6ui(e/ !o o,!ain 6ualiica!ion e.i/ence o( !he !echnology /een/) on!he !echnology !ye coni/ence in analy)e) !he le.el o o!i+i)a!ion ai+e/ o( an/ !he e<!en! o /ocu+en!e/e<e(ience i!h )i+ila( !echnology1 The !e)! (og(a++e )hall )eciy4
5 The !e)!) !o ,e ca((ie/ ou!1 5 The u(o)e o each !e)! i!h (ee(ence !o !he !a(ge!e/ ailu(e +o/e) an/ (e6ui(e+en!) in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1 5 Acce!ance c(i!e(ia o( !he (e)ul!) in o(/e( !o +ee! !he !a(ge!e/ (e6ui(e+en!)1 5 $i+i!ing .alue) o( /e)ign o !he !e)! e1g1 +a<i+u+ loa/81 5 The a(a+e!e() !o ,e +ea)u(e/ an/ (eco(/e/1 5 The accu(acy (e6ui(e+en!) !o +ea)u(e+en!)1 5 The +e!ho/ o analy)i) o !he (eco(/e/ /a!a1 5 The (ea)oning !ha! (ela!e) !he /a!a !o !he ailu(e +o/e) an/ !he (e6ui(e+en!) )eciie/ in !he Technology
Qualiica!ion 9a)i)1
E<e(i+en!) !e)!) )hall ,e lanne/ a) a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion1 The u(o)e o 6ualiica!ion !e)!) can ,e !o4
&8 E<lo(e no.el ele+en!) o !he !echnology an/ hel i/en!iy ailu(e +o/e) an/ +echani)+) o (ele.ance1
!e)! o,ec!) a(e in acco(/ance i!h )eciica!ion)1o( ca)e) i!h acce!a,le ailu(e con)e6uence) .e(iica!ion can ,e o,!aine/ in ac!ual )e(.ice a) an al!e(na!i.e!o (o!o!ye !e)!)1
++ Other tests
The !echnology 6ualiica!ion +ay i/en!iy ce(!ain con/i!ional !e)!) on a)-(o/uce/ (o/uc!) !o +ee! ce(!ainacce!ance c(i!e(ia1 A) )uch !hey a(e no! 6ualiica!ion !e)!)1 E<a+le) inclu/e4
8 Pilo! alica!ion (e(e)en!) !he i()! u)e an/ can !he(eo(e ,e lanne/ a) an a/.ance/ !e)! !o gain +o(ee<e(ience i!h !he )y)!e+ en)u(ing !ha! all a)ec!) o a co+le< )y)!e+ ha) ,een !a*en in!o accoun!1
H8 Te)!) !o ,e /one a) a(! o +ain!enance !o coni(+ !ha! !he 6ualiica!ion con/i!ion) a(e +ain!aine/ /u(ing)e(.ice )uch a) NDT8 e!c1
An e))en!ial a(! o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) i) !o )eciy !he)e !e)!) an/ !he acce!ance c(i!e(iao( i+le+en!a!ion o !he !echnology1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
-ec.6 Technology 7ualification !lan !age &1
I! i) acce!a,le !o a/o! !he +a(gin) )eciie/ in a .ali/a!e/ )e! o (e6ui(e+en!) )uch a) an alica,le )!an/a(/in/u)!(y (ac!ice o( )eciica!ion8 (o.i/e/ unce(!ain!ie) accoun!e/ o( ,y !he +a(gin) ,e !he )a+e a) !ho)e o !he no.el !echnology1 Thi) e.alua!ion )hall ,e /ocu+en!e/ a) a(! o !he .ali/a!ion o (e6ui(e+en!)1
A (o,a,ili!y ,a)e/ on enginee(ing u/ge+en! ill in )o+e o(+ ,e ,a)e/ on )!a!i)!ical e.i/ence !h(ough e<e(ience1Pe()onal 6ualiica!ion) a(e hence o i+o(!ance a) /i)cu))e/ in Sec111 Thi) i+lie) !ha! !he(e i) a )igniican!unce(!ain!y !o !he e)!i+a!e/ (o,a,ili!y hich )hall ,e con)e(.a!i.e1
S!a!i)!ical e.i/ence (o+ !e)!ing o( iel/ e<e(ience can ,e han/le/ ,a)e/ on ISO) =7ui/e !o !he E<(e))ion o #nce(!ain!y in Mea)u(e+en!)>1
S!(uc!u(al (elia,ili!y a))e))+en! can ,e ca((ie/ ou! ,a)e/ on DNV Cla))iica!ion No!e 301@ o( o!he( e)!a,li)he/in/u)!(y (ac!ice1 The +e!ho/ i) illu)!(a!e/ in igu(e B-& he(e S i) !he (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he loa/eec! an/ R i) !he (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he (e)i)!ance1
o( ailu(e +echani)+ material plastic yield* S i) !he (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he )!(e)) in (e)on)e !o !healie/ loa/ an/ R i) !he (o,a,ili!y /en)i!y /i)!(i,u!ion o !he yiel/ )!(e))1 ailu(e occu() hen S e<cee/) R a)illu)!(a!e/ ,y !he (ange he(e !he /i)!(i,u!ion) o.e(la i!h a non-negligi,le (o,a,ili!y1 Quan!iica!ion o !he
Fig&re 61The *ro.a.ilit( densit( distri.&tions according to *ro.a.ilistic design@ indicating the range 8here thedistri.&tions o7erla* 8ith a non6negligi.le *ro.a.ilit( densit(
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
S R f R*S 0r*s1
R*S
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-ec.(% @ecution of the Technology 7ualification !lan !age &2
12 E4ec&tion o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan
&'ecution of the Technology "ualification Plan should document the performance margins for the failuremodes of concern.
121 %ntrod&ction
The e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan u)ually (e(e)en!) !he +ain co)! in !he Technology
28 ailu(e +o/e occu((e/ i!h a highe( (e6uency o occu((ence1
38 ailu(e +o/e ha) no! ,een con)i/e(e/1
In ca)e & no u(!he( ac!ion nee/) !o ,e !a*en1 In ca)e 2 !he ,a)ic a))u+!ion) o( !he (e6uency o occu((ence
)hall ,e (e-e.alua!e/1 Thi) (e-e.alua!ion )hall inclu/e i+lica!ion) o( all +o/el) u)e/1 In ca)e 3 !he ailu(e+o/e nee/) !o ,e con)i/e(e/ an/ i oun/ (ele.an! +u)! ,e inclu/e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1
12' Collection and Doc&,entation o" Data
The /ocu+en!e/ e.i/ence (o+ !he e<ecu!ion o !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan )hall ena,le !he e(o(+ance a))e))+en! )!e !o ,e ca((ie/ ou!1 The /a!a collec!ion an/ i!) /ocu+en!a!ion )houl/ ,e e(o(+e/a! !he le.el o /e!ail (ele.an! o( !he /e.elo+en! )!age o !he !echnology1
The 6uali!y o !he /a!a gene(a!e/ an/ co+liance i!h !he )eciica!ion in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan)hall ,e e.alua!e/1
The ailu(e +o/e (egi)!e( Sec1G1&8 )hall ,e u)e/ !o ollo u !he /a!a collec!ion an/ !he o.e(all 6ualiica!iono !he !echnology1
G&idance note9
An elec!(onic /a!a,a)e +ay ,e u)e/ o( !hi) u(o)e hen !he !echnology ha) +any a(!) )u,-)y)!e+) o( ailu(e+o/e) i1e1 in e<ce)) o 2H1 The u(o)e o !hi) /a!a,a)e i) !o4
Kee !(ac* o !he 6ualiica!ion /e.elo+en! o( each ailu(e +o/e an/ o( each a(! )u,-)y)!e+1
An elec!(onic /a!a,a)e )hall ,e a((ange/ !o allo o( au!o+a!ic )o(!ing i!h !he u(o)e !o e<!(ac! an/ (e)en! *ey/a!a an/ i))ue) in (io(i!y1 Thi) can inclu/e4
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Aen/i< A illu)!(a!e) a )i+le o(+ o )uch an elec!(onic /a!a,a)e chec*li)! ,a)e/ on a )(ea/-)hee! i!h /a!a,a)eacili!ie)1 Thi) allo) o( )o(!ing ,a)e/ on ino(+a!ion in any o !he colu+n)1
Each (e.i)ion o !he chec*li)! )hall ,e i/en!iie/ a) ell a) !he )ou(ce) o( inu! in!o !he chec*li)!1
(elia,ili!y i) calcula!e/ a la(ge nu+,e( o !i+e)1 o( each calcula!ion a ne ailu(e (o,a,ili!y i) /e!e(+ine/ o( eachailu(e +o/e /(an (o+ !he )!a!i)!ical /i)!(i,u!ion o !ha! a(!icula( ailu(e +o/e1 The (e)ul!ing )y)!e+ (elia,ili!y
.alue) a// u !o o(+ a ailu(e (o,a,ili!y /i)!(i,u!ion o( !he o.e(all )y)!e+1 The )y)!e+ +ean !i+e !o ailu(e an/
o!he( )!a!i)!ical a(a+e!e() )uch a) loe( acce!ance 6uan!ile )ay B0U (o,a,ili!y o no ailu(e +ay ,e calcula!e/
,a)e/ on !hi) /i)!(i,u!ion1
The(e i) a (ange o co+u!e( (og(a+) on !he +a(*e! o( !hi) u(o)e1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
hen (ele.an! (elia,ili!y /a!a a(e lac*ing )!(uc!u(al (elia,ili!y a))e))+en! SRA8 +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ !oe)!i+a!e !he (elia,ili!y o no.el )!(uc!u(al ele+en!) an/ co+onen!)1 SRA i) ,a)e/ on +o/el) o !he ailu(e+echani)+)1 So+e gene(al (incile) a(e (o.i/e/ in ISO 23B4 7ene(al P(incile) on Relia,ili!y o( S!(uc!u(e) he(ea) +o(e (ac!ical gui/ance i) (o.i/e/ ,y DNV Cla))iica!ion No!e 301@4 S!(uc!u(al
Relia,ili!y Analy)i) o Ma(ine S!(uc!u(e)1 The)e +e!ho/) can ,e u)e/ hene.e( a ailu(e +o/e can ,e(e(e)en!e/ a) a li+i! )!a!e unc!ion +o/el8 o(+ula!e/ in !e(+) o (an/o+ .a(ia,le) !ha! (e(e)en! !he (ele.an!)ou(ce) o unce(!ain!y1
5 The coni/ence !ha! !he /eci)ion-+a*e() ha.e ac6ui(e/ !h(ough !hei( ,e!!e( un/e()!an/ing o !he no.el!echnology1
Thi) o)i!i.e o( nega!i.e ou!co+e con)!i!u!e) !he /eli.e(a,le o Technology Qualiica!ion a) /e)c(i,e/ in !hi)Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice an/ i) !he only +ea)u(e o !he coni/ence !ha! ha) ,een e)!a,li)he/ in !he !echnology1
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#pp.# )hecklist " =ailure >echanisms " Data 8ase !age 0%
A!!END% A CHEC%ST 6 FA%URE MECHAN%SMS 6 DATA 0ASE
A1 Fail&re ,echanis,s chec5list
Ta,le A-& (e(e)en!) a !a,le layou! co+,ining /a!a nee/e/ !o ollo u ailu(e +echani)+) a) ell a) gene(alMEA ? MECA /a!a1 I! i) (ac!ical !o a((ange !hi) in a /a!a,a)e !o ena,le au!o+a!ic )o(!ing an/ ollo u
!he ailu(e +o/e) o conce(n ailu(e +echani)+) an/ i!e+) o ne !echnology1 The MEA ? MECA /a!aa(e no(+ally o in!e(e)! in !he ea(ly /e.elo+en! ha)e) hen (i)* i) a))ocia!e/ i!h ca!ego(ie) o( (o,a,ili!yan/ con)e6uence1
The le! a(! o !he !a,le (ela!e) !o !he (elia,ili!y /a!a collec!ion hen ocu) i) on /ocu+en!ing lie!i+e o( !heailu(e +echani)+)1 The /e)i(a,le /eg(ee o co+le!ene)) hen illing ou! !he !a,le /een/) on !he la!e( u)ean/ !he e<ec!e/ (e)ul!) (o+ au!o+a!ic )o(!ing1 Ne line) nee/ !o ,e in)e(!e/ in !he !a,le /u(ing !he/e.elo+en! an/ 6ualiica!ion1 The (ac!ical i/en!iica!ion o !he line) ill !he(eo(e ,e !he a(! nu+,e( an/ailu(e +echani)+ !ye1 The ID nu+,e( only ollo) !he )e6uence o in)e(!) unle)) i! i) /eci/e/ !o u)e a)e6uen!ial nu+,e( lin*e/ only !o !he a(! nu+,e( an/ ailu(e +o/e1
Ter, De"inition
$D I/en!iica!ion nu+,e(
ailure echanism Type/ Root cause
See RP
Part %o The a(! nu+,e()8 i/en!iying !he a(!) on an a((ange+en! /(aing o)i!ion nu+,e()8 o()u,)y)!e+ i/en!iica!ion on a )che+a!ic )y)!e+ a((ange+en!
Ris! -at. Ri)* Ca!ego(y4
5 $ $o 5 M Me/iu+ o( 5 : :igh
Au!o+a!ically calcula!e/ ,a)e/ on !he (e6uency an/ con)e6uence ca!ego(y a! !he en/ o !he !a,le1
H Co+onen! an/o( ,(ea/,oa(/.ali/a!ion in a (ele.an!
en.i(on+en!
i/eli!y o ,(ea/,oa(/ !echnology inc(ea)e) )igniican!ly1 The ,a)ic!echnological co+onen!) a(e in!eg(a!e/ i!h (ea)ona,ly (eali)!ic )uo(!ing
ele+en!) )o !hey can ,e !e)!e/ in a )i+ula!e/ en.i(on+en!1 E<a+le) inclu/e=high-i/eli!y> la,o(a!o(y in!eg(a!ion o co+onen!)1
@ Sy)!e+)u,)y)!e+ +o/el o( (o!o!ye /e+on)!(a!ion in a(ele.an! en.i(on+en!
Re(e)en!a!i.e +o/el o( (o!o!ye )y)!e+ hich i) ell ,eyon/ !ha! o TR$H i) !e)!e/ in a (ele.an! en.i(on+en!1 Re(e)en!) a +ao( )!e u in a!echnology) /e+on)!(a!e/ (ea/ine))1 E<a+le) inclu/e !e)!ing a (o!o!ye ina high-i/eli!y la,o(a!o(y en.i(on+en! o( in a )i+ula!e/ oe(a!ionalen.i(on+en!1
Sy)!e+ (o!o!ye /e+on)!(a!ionin an oe(a!ional en.i(on+en!
P(o!o!ye nea( o( a! lanne/ oe(a!ional )y)!e+1 Re(e)en!) a +ao( )!e u(o+ TR$ @ ,y (e6ui(ing /e+on)!(a!ion o an ac!ual )y)!e+ (o!o!ye in anoe(a!ional en.i(on+en! e1g1 in an ai(c(a! in a .ehicle o( in )ace81
G Ac!ual )y)!e+ co+le!e/ an/6ualiie/ !h(ough !e)! an//e+on)!(a!ion
Technology ha) ,een (o.en !o o(* in i!) inal o(+ an/ un/e( e<ec!e/con/i!ion)1 In al+o)! all ca)e) !hi) TR$ (e(e)en!) !he en/ o !(ue )y)!e+/e.elo+en!1 E<a+le) inclu/e /e.elo+en!al !e)! an/ e.alua!ion DT;E8o !he )y)!e+ in i!) in!en/e/ eaon )y)!e+ !o /e!e(+ine i i! +ee!) /e)ign
)eciica!ion)1B Ac!ual )y)!e+ (o.en !h(ough
)ucce))ul +i))ion oe(a!ion)Ac!ual alica!ion o !he !echnology in i!) inal o(+ an/ un/e( +i))ioncon/i!ion) )uch a) !ho)e encoun!e(e/ in oe(a!ional !e)! an/ e.alua!ionOT;E81 E<a+le) inclu/e u)ing !he )y)!e+ un/e( oe(a!ional +i))ioncon/i!ion)1
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#pp.8 3tems of )oncern )auses of =ailure >echanisms Technology Development -tage !age 02
Ta.le 06$ TRs de"ined in A!% 1/N
TR A!% 1/N
0 Un*ro7en Conce*t9a)ic R;D ae( conce!
& !ro7en Conce*tP(oo o conce! a) a ae( )!u/y o( R;D e<e(i+en!)
2 =alidated Conce*tE<e(i+en!al (oo o conce! u)ing hy)ical +o/el !e)!)
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The u+ i) !o o(* in an/ con)i)! o !he olloing en.i(on+en!) an/ !echnology a(ea)4
-.3.3.5 -ritical parameters list
The /i+en)ioning loa/) an/ oe(a!ional a(a+e!e() a(e !o ,e inclu/e/ in a li)! !o ,e u)e/ !o chec* !ha! !he)eha.e ,een con)i/e(e/ an/ a//(e))e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion !e)!) an/ !ha! any change !o !he)e a(a+e!e() i)(elec!e/ in !he 6ualiica!ion ac!i.i!ie)1
-.3.3.8 "ualification team
C$' Technolog( Assess,ent >Sec/?
The Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice (oo)e) !o ay) o )u,/i.i/ing !he )y)!e+ ,a)e/ on unc!ion) o( ,a)e/ onha(/a(e co+onen!)1 9o!h !he (oo)e/ +e!ho/) a(e )hon ,elo1 The ,enei! o !he unc!ional a(oach i)!ha! ea(ly in !he o.e(all (oce)) one i/en!iie) ailu(e +o/e) on a unc!ional le.el1
The )u,)ea +ul!iha)e u+ i) co+o)e/ o i!e+) no(+ally oun/ in hy/(oca(,on-(oce))ing u+) ingene(al1 The !echnology no.el!y ca!ego(y i) 3 /ue !o !he olloing4 The u+ !ye i) (ecen!ly u! in u)e in ano.el alica!ion a(ea )u,)ea81
The =no.el> an/ c(i!ical ea!u(e) a(e4
5 :igh (elia,ili!y i) (e6ui(e/1 The(e,y )!an/a(/ co+onen!) (e6ui(e )ecial con)i/e(a!ion)1 5 So+e a(ea) )u,-a))e+,lie)8 o !he u+ /e)ign a(e no! )!an/a(/ i))ue1 5 The +ain!enance hilo)ohy i) no! )!an/a(/ a) o( a !o)i/e alica!ion81
The)e a(e i!e+) hich can ,e a//(e))e/ in !he 6uali!y lan an/ olloe/ u acco(/ing !o )!an/a(/ u)e/ (oce/u(e)1 The(e,y !he li+i!ing con/i!ion can ,e e)!a,li)he/ ,y ai/ o gene(ally (ecogni)e/ )!an/a(/) an/+a(gin !o a li+i! !ha! can ,e .e(iie/1
The +ain /i+en)ioning an/ +a!e(ial )elec!ion i) !he(e,y go.e(ne/ ,y a (e))u(e .e))el o( )!(uc!u(al )!an/a(/i!h a//i!ion) (o+ a co((o)ion (o!ec!ion )!an/a(/ gal.anic co((o)ion an/ hy/(ogen e+,(i!!le+en! ,yca!ho/ic (o!ec!ion8 an/ (ela!e/ a))u+!ion)1 The (elia,ili!y o !hi) i!e+ can ,e gi.en !he ,e)! (a!ing ca!ego(y&1 The olloing u o !he =6uali!y lan> (e(e)en!) !he unce(!ain!y a(ea o( !hi) co+onen!1
7olts
9ol!) u)e/ o( connec!ing !he +ain co+onen!) can ,e )u,ec! !o !he )a+e (oce/u(e a) a,o.e1 In a//i!ion !he(e6ui(e/ (e!en)ion nee/) !o ,e u)!iie/ an/ a//(e))e/ in !he 6uali!y lan1
Ta.le C6+ F&nctional s&.6sectioning o" the *&,* do8n to "ail&re ,ode and root ca&se A hierarchical n&,.erings(ste, is &sed This is not &sed in the FMECA ta.le@ Ta.le C6#
unction SubfunctionSubfunction/-omponent
Subfunction/ -omponent/ ailure mode/Root cause
-omponent/ailure mode/Root cause
T(an)o(! an/in)!alla!ion &
Sealing &1& Seal e<!e(nal&1&1&
$ea*ing +e/iu+ !oe<!e(nal&1&1&4 I
Sc(a!ch in )ealing )u(ace
a!e( (e))u(e /u(ing in)!alla!ion unol/ing )eal
7ui/e &12Ma!eing &13$oc*ing &1
Oe(a!ion 2 Pu+ +e/iu+21&
P(e))u(i)e+e/iu+21&1&
No /ie(en!ial (e))u(i)a!ion o( (e/uce//ie(en!ial (e))u(i)a!ion21&1&4 I
9(o*en i+elle()8 21&1&4 I a8
(ac!u(ea!igue
#n,alance &
P(e))u(e)u(ge 2
(ac!u(e colli)ion 3
9ea(ing ailu(e 21&1&4 I ,8
9loc*e/ 21&1&4 I c8
Co((o)ione(o)ion 21&1&4 I /8
Re/uce/ (e))u(i)a!ion
21&1&4 II
E(o)ion
Co((o)ionClogging
Scale
Ro!a!ei+elle(21&12
$u,(ica!e ,ea(ing
Cool ,ea(ing
Mo!o( oe(a!e
Con)u+e oe(
T(an)e(e !o(6ue (o++o!o( !o i+elle(
S!(uc!u(al in!eg(i!y
Seal +e/iu+212
In!e(nal )eal2121&
Seal ,e!een )!age)
Seal +o!o(
E<!e(nal )eal21213
ell +e/iu+
Seaa!e( inn
Cooling +e/iu+ ou!
A,an/on+en!
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C$+ Threat assess,ent >Sec3?
The (an*ing o ailu(e +o/e) i) a (oce)) in )!e)1 #/a!e) +u)! ,e ca((ie/ ou! o( all )!e) in !he o.e(all (oce))1 In !he i()! )!e all ailu(e +o/e) a(e i/en!iie/ an/ !hei( c(i!icali!y i) a))e))e/ ,a)e/ on a) i) i!hou!!a*ing in!o accoun! any +i!iga!ing +ea)u(e) e<ce! no(+al enginee(ing u/ge+en!) o( )!an/a(/ !echnology1
C(i!icali!y a))e))+en! o !he ailu(e +o/e =21&1&4 I> i) )hon in Ta,le C-H1
The ailu(e +o/e) i/en!iie/ a) +e/iu+ an/ high (i)* a(e con)i/e(e/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion Plan1
C$- Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan >Sec?
The olloing o.e(all lan i) i/en!iie/ o( !he 6ualiica!ion1
Fig&re C61
A sche,atic o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan 8ith the headlines o" the *rocesses
A Technology Qualiica!ion Plan i) /e.eloe/ ,a)e/ on e<e(ience) nu+e(ical analy)i) an/ !e)!)concen!(a!ing +o)! eo(!) on !he +ain i!e+) i/en!iie/ in !he (oce)) C121H1
Y The con)e6uence an/ (o,a,ili!y a(e (ange/ (o+ & !o H i!h H ,eing !he +o)! )e.e(e con)e6uence an/ !he highe)! (o,a,ili!y)ee Sec11 o( Ta,le -&81 The)e high (o,a,ili!ie) a(e (ela!e/ !o !hi) e<a+le ,eing in !he /e.elo+en! ha)e an/ !o a))u(e!ha! !hey a(e gi.en a!!en!ion1 I! i) an!icia!e/ !ha! !he high le.el) o con)e6uence an/ (o,a,ili!y ill (e/uce a) !he 6ualiica!ion (oce)) (ocee/)1
Time #@is
7ualification8asis
7ualifica"tion Team
anking of failure modes
7ualification8asis
=ail. mode update
>aintenance Amodifications
=ail. mode update
7ualificationprocess continued/
tests on"going
=ail. mode update
eliability datacollection
eliability
>ile"stone
ManufactureDetail design
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The +ain (incile) o !he lan a(e e1g14
5 To 6ualiy each ailu(e +o/e )ea(a!ely1 Nu+e(ical analy)i) an/ !he 6uali!y lan can 6ualiy +o)! o !he+1The(e,y accele(a!e/ !e)!) o !he u+ a))e+,ly ill no! ,e u)e/ !o )i+ula!e !he lie!i+e1
5 To e(o(+ e<!en/e/ ac!o(y acce!ance !e)!) hich inclu/e e(o(+ance +ea)u(e+en!) a) ell a)+ea)u(e+en!) o a(a+e!e() !ha! can cau)e /e!e(io(a!ion o i!e+)1 The la!!e( can in )u,+e(ge/ e(o(+ance!e)!) inclu/e lu,(ica!ion !e+e(a!u(e lea* +ea)u(e+en!) lea* (e)on)e on )ha! .i,(a!ion)1
5 Pe(o(+ance !e)! o !he u+ i!h .a(iou) ga)-!o-oil (a!io) an/ .a(ying o !he c(i!ical a(a+e!e()1 5 In)!alla!ion !e)!1
C$# E4ec&tion o" the Technolog( )&ali"ication !lan >Sec12?
Parameter effects
The c(i!ical a(a+e!e() li)! a) (e.i)i!e/ !o en)u(e !ha! all a(a+e!e() go.e(ning !he c(i!ical ailu(e +o/e) a(einclu/e/1 The olloing a(oach a) u)e/4
Fig&re C6$A "lo8chart sho8ing an a**roach to identi"(ing *ara,eters that are critical "or a "ail&re ,ode
Input:
Type of failure
mechanism
Parameter
dependencies"
stablish
#nalytical tool
available
Bes
Parameter
dependencies
assessments for
feasibility of
analytical model
development
No
!ractical and
=easible
Apply
engineering
judgement/
e@periences for
estimating the
effects form each
parameter.
Establish
analytical model,
and ;ualify it
No
Bes
Establish
parameter
dependencies
Determine the
parameters having
the largest effect onuncertainties and
correlations.
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 1&
Many co+onen!) i!h a )e(.ice lie li+i! a(e )elec!e/ acco(/ing !o )u,-)ulie() 6ualiie/ +e!ho/) o(
)eciie/ con/i!ion)1 The 6uali!y o )uch )elec!ion +e!ho/) .a(ie) (o+ !ye o i!e+) an/ !he )u,-)ulie(1
E4a,*le9
7earings The u+ )elec!e/ a) an e<a+le ha) a )li/ing !h(u)! ,ea(ing ,a)e/ on !il!e/ a/)1 The lu,(ica!ion6uali!y (unning con/i!ion) an/ (e6uency o )!a(! an/ )!o go.e(n i!) lie!i+e1
The lie o ,all an/ (olle( ,ea(ing) can ,e /e!e(+ine/ ,a)e/ on o(+ula) gi.en ,y !he )u,-)ulie( hichinclu/e)4 (+ nu+,e( o cycle) !ye o ,ea(ing con)!an! o( /yna+ic an/ )!a!ic loa/ )en)i!i.i!y align+en!!e+e(a!u(e lu,(ica!ion 6uali!y1 :ence !he +ain a(a+e!e( /een/encie) can ,e e)!a,li)he/1
unce(!ain!ie) in +a!e(ial) an/ loa/) e1g1 o( !he enclo)u(e o( !he elec!(ical +o!o(1 olloing u a margin !o!he)e c(i!e(ia !h(oughou! !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce)) !he(eo(e a))u(e) !ha! !he i!e+ (e+ain) i!h a
(o,a,ili!y o ailu(e /eine/ ,y !he )!an/a(/ i1e1 one +ay ,e u)!iie/ !o u)e (o,a,ili!y cla)) &1
argin ; Technology that re+uires +ualification
&'ample: Thrust bearing ailure type: <ear for sliding bearings 0or a possible roller bearing: fatigue
caused by rotation at load1
A1C121 /eine) no.el !echnology o( !hi) e<a+le an/ hy !he !h(u)! ,ea(ing i) u! in !hi) ca!ego(y1 The!h(u)! ,ea(ing i) o a )li/ing !ye1
I a (olle( o( ,all ,ea(ing !ye ha/ ,een )elec!e/ !he )ie can ,e oun/ in !he ,ea(ing +anuac!u(e() +anual
hich no(+ally ill co+ly i!h ISO 2G24&BB01 Such a +anual can )!a!e !ha! !he /yna+ic loa/ an/ (o!a!ioncaaci!y o !he ,ea(ing i) )eciie/ a) !he B0U coni/ence in!e(.al i1e1 !ha! B0U o a la(ge nu+,e( o ,ea(ing)
)u(.i.e1 u(!he( i! can )!a!e !ha! H0U o !he ,ea(ing) e<e(ience a(o<i+a!ely H !i+e) !hi) )eciie/ (o!a!ional
lie1
A))u+ing !ha! !he ailu(e) ollo a =S!an/a(/ )!a!i)!ical /i)!(i,u!ion> !hen !he acceptance percentile a) ell
a) !he mean time to failure MTT8 can ,e e)!a,li)he/ o( !he (olle( ,ea(ing o( !he in!en/e/ oe(a!ional lie1
A )eciic =+a(gin> i) !he(eo(e no! (ele.an! in !hi) con!e<!1 The +a(gin i) i+lici! gi.en in !he percentile an/MTT1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 12
C' )&ali"ication o" Mass6*rod&ced Co,*onents
C'1 %ntrod&ction
So+e ne !ye co+onen!) a(e +a)) (o/uce/ an/ in!en/e/ o( )e(.ice in )e.e(al !ye) o )y)!e+)1 The6ualiica!ion o )uch a co+onen! (e6ui(e) a (a!ional a(oach !o co.e( a (ange o )e(.ice) /ie(en! loa/ ca)e)an/ en.i(on+en!)1
The olloing i) an ou!line o )uch a 6ualiica!ion a(oach1
C'$ The t(*ical *rocess o" a co,*onent :&ali"ication
An e<a+le o co+onen! 6ualiica!ion inclu/e)4
&8 Pe(o(+ a component application review: I/en!iica!ion o all loa/) con)!(ain!) an/ con/i!ion) !ha! +ayha.e an i+ac! on !he co+onen! /u(ing i!) )e(.ice lie1
28 E)!a,li)h a +ualification tactic: I/en!iy !he ,e)! a(oach o( a !ho(ough 6ualiica!ion1
38 Ca((y ou! a component categori=ation: 9a)e/ on !he alica!ion (e.ie an/ a))e))+en!) o u!u(e nee/)ca!ego(ie !he co+onen! in!o )!an/a(/ alica!ion cla))e) o( e<a+le (e))u(e )ie lui/)1
The 6ualiica!ion ,a)e/ on co+onen! !e)!ing a) /e)c(i,e/ in !hi) )ec!ion alie) !o )!an/a(/ +a))-(o/uc!) an/
)i+le i!e+) i1e1 hy/(aulic iei!!ing1 All o !he a(!) /e)c(i,e/ a,o.e a(e co.e(e/ in !he Reco++en/e/
P(ac!ice al!hough !hi) ou!line /oe) no! ully co.e( !he e<!en)i.e /e.elo+en! o a Technology Qualiica!ion
9a)i) i/en!iying all !he /ie(en! u)e)1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 14
C+ A s&.sea ,<i*hase *&,* 7rner E&re5a
C+1 M<i*hase *&,*
-.8.4.4 &'ample
Thi) e<a+le ocu)e) on /ie(en! a)ec!) o !he Technology Qualiica!ion P(oce))1 The uni! i) in)!alle/ on !he)ealoo( o( +ul!iha)e a(,i!(a(y +i< o ga) an/ lui/8 u+ing (o+ a hy/(oca(,on (e)e(.oi( /(aine/ !h(ough
)u,)ea ell)1
The u+ i) e6uie/ i!h au<ilia(y co+onen!) an/ )y)!e+) )uch a) a (e))u(e an/ .olu+e co+en)a!ion)y)!e+ a compensator 8 a cooling )y)!e+ il!e() in)!(u+en!a!ion ene!(a!o() e!c1 All co+onen!) a(e+oun!e/ on a )*i/ an/ lace/ in a /e/ica!e/ )u,)ea +o/ule (a+e1
The )elec!e/ e<a+le i) 6ualiica!ion o !he /iah(ag+ in !he co+en)a!o(1 In !hi) ca)e a )!eel ,ello)81
-.8.4.3 Scope of this e'ample
The u(o)e o !he olloing i) !o ou!line !he alica!ion o !he Reco++en/e/ P(ac!ice o(4
H No! inclu/e/8 (e6uen! ailu(e) i!hin )e(.ice lie li*ely
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#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 15
-onse+uence categories
o( !he u(o)e o !hi) li+i!e/ /e+on)!(a!ion on !he ,ello) ou( ca!ego(ie) e(e oun/ !o ,e (ac!ical1
-.8.8.3 Determination of ris!
-.8.8.3.4 ailure of modes of concern
The analy)i) )hoe/ !ha! !he unc!ion o !he co+en)a!o( a) c(i!ical o( !he +ain unc!ion) o !he +o/ulean/ !ha! !he unc!ion o a /iah(ag+ loca!e/ in)i/e !he co+en)a!o( oul/ ,e c(i!ical o( !he in!en/e/ unc!ion1
Ta,le C-G )ho) !he (e)ul!) o !he MECA o !he ,ello)1
The con)e6uence o ailu(e o !he ,ello) i) !ha! !he (e))u(e co+en)a!o( canno! e(o(+ i!) in!en/e/ !a)*hich in !u(n can lea/ !o ailu(e o !he u+ )eal an/ ,(ea*/on o !he u+ i1e1 con)e6uence ca!ego(y
.e(y high1The (o,a,ili!y !ha! !he i/en!iie/ /a+age +echani)+) ill occu( an/ ill cau)e ailu(e i!hin !he /eine/)e(.ice lie o !he ,ello) i) ini!ially /e!e(+ine/ !o ,e lo !o +e/iu+ (o,a,ili!y ca!ego(ie) & lo !o 2+e/iu+81 The(e a(e )e.e(al (ou!e) !o go o( o,!aining !he (elia,ili!y /a!a an/ !he unce(!ain!y can ,e (e/uce/!o a((i.e a! an acce!a,le (i)* le.el a) )hon in !he olloing o( !he ,ello)1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 2%
Detailed e'ample:
S!(e)) an/ )!(ain /a!a o( !he ,ello) a(e no! +a/e a.aila,le1 $ie!i+e calcula!ion ,y u)e o S-N /a!a i) !hu)no! o))i,le1 :oe.e( one (o!o!ye ,ello) ha) ,een !e)!e/ a! ull )!(o*e an/ )u(.i.e/ 20 !i+e) !he /e)ignnu+,e( o ull )!o*e cycle) i!h no in/ica!ion o ailu(e o( a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion1 Thi) !e)! (e)ul! can ,e u)e/in a lie!i+e e.alua!ion e1g1 ill +o(e !e)!) ,e (e6ui(e/ !o en)u(e !ha! !he (o,a,ili!y o a!igue ailu(e un/e( /eine/ )e(.ice con/i!ion) i) acce!a,le1
Fig&re C6-S6N c&r7e "or %nconel #$- 8ith test res< and design 7al&e
The olloing ino(+a!ion i) a.aila,le4
5 S-N cu(.e o( Inconel @2H in a $og S - $og N o(+a!84
In !he (egion o in!e(e)! !he S-N cu(.e i) o !he o(+
$og N8 $og a - + Z $og S8 he(e
5 The )ca!!e( in !he o,)e(.e/ cycle) !o ailu(e a! a gi.en )!(ain-(ange can ,e /e)c(i,e/ ,y a no(+al /i)!(i,u!ionon !he $og N a<i) an/ !he )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion o $og N i) $og )1
5 The (o!o!ye ,ello) ha) ,een !e)!e/ a! 20 !i+e) !he /e)ign nu+,e( o ull )!(o*e cycle) i!h no in/ica!iono ailu(e o( a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion1
u(!he(+o(e !he olloing a))u+!ion) a(e +a/e4
5 Te)!) o )eci+en) o Inconel @2H oul/ gi.e a )ca!!e( in !he o,)e(.e/ lie!i+e) )i+ila( !o !ha! o )!eel incleane/ a)-(olle/ con/i!ion i1e1 $og ) 0121
5 Only ull )!(o*e cycle) a) )eciie/ in !he Technology Qualiica!ion 9a)i)8 aec! !he a!igue lie1
The S-N cu(.e o( Inconel @2H i) )hon in igu(e C-H i!h nu+,e( o cycle) N a) <-a<i) an/ )!(ain-(ange a)y-a<i)1 The /e)ign nu+,e( o cycle) H00 cycle) i) +a(*e/ i!h an oen !(iangle an/ !he (o!o!ye !e)! (e)ul!i) +a(*e/ i!h a ille/ !(iangle1 Since !he(e i) only one !e)! (e)ul! a.aila,le !he +ean S-N cu(.e i) /(an!h(ough !hi) oin! a) a i()! a))u+!ion1
N !he +ean nu+,e( o cycle) !o ailu(e un/e( )!(ain-(ange S
S )!(ain-(ange
a a con)!an! (ela!ing !o !he +ean S-N cu(.e
+ !he in.e()e )loe o !he S-N cu(.e
(,C%$
(,C%&
(,C%$ (,C%& (,C%0 (,C%1 (,C%2 (,C%4 (,C%5
No. of cycles
S t r ai nr an g e
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 2(
Fig&re C6#!ro.a.ilit( densit( diagra, 8ith og s 2$ and test res< at ,ean 7al&e ' og s
To ge! a ,e!!e( ,a)i) o( e.alua!ing i +o(e a!igue !e)!) a(e (e6ui(e/ a))u+e a) )hon in ig1C-@ !ha! !he !e)!(e)ul! i) +uch ,e!!e( !han a.e(age an/ co((e)on/) !o a lie!i+e !h(ee )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion) ,e!!e( !han !he +eanlie!i+e1 Thi) i) a .e(y con)e(.a!i.e a))u+!ion a) i! i+lie) !ha! !he (o,a,ili!y !ha! !he !e)! (e)ul! i) e.en ,e!!e( !han a))u+e/ a! only 01&3HU1 The +ean lie!i+e i) !hen 2H&2 cycle) $og &0000 $og N [ 3 Z $og )$og N ? 3 Z 012 3181 A) )hon in ig1C-@ !he /e)ign nu+,e( o cycle) i) ell ,elo !h(ee )!an/a(//e.ia!ion) ,elo !he +ean lie!i+e $og N ? 3)8 $og N ? 3 Z $og ) 31 ? 3 Z 012 21G N ? 3) @3& cycle)819a)e/ on !he a,o.e a))u+!ion) !he (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e a! @3& cycle) ill ,e 01&3HU an/ !he (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e a! H00 cycle) ill ,e e.en loe( !han !ha!1
9a)e/ on !he a,o.e (ea)oning an/ !he ac! !ha! !he ,ello) )u(.i.e/ &0000 cycle) i!hou! .i)i,le ailu(e/a+age one can conclu/e !ha! ailu(e o !he ,ello) /ue !o a!igue i) .e(y unli*ely1
G&idance note9
ISO DIS 23B4&BBGE8 D1H13 - Pa(!ial ac!o( /e)ign4 9aye)ian +e!ho/ /e)c(i,e) a +e!ho/ o( calcula!ing !he /e)ign.alue gi.en a /e)i(e/ (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e one o( +o(e !e)! (e)ul!) an/ a *non o( in ca)e o +o(e !e)! (e)ul!)calcula!e/ )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion1
---e-n-/---o---7-u-i-/-a-n-c-e---n-o-!-e---
6eneral information:
A )i+ila( a(oach can al)o ,e alie/ o( ailu(e +echani)+) /e)c(i,e/ ,y /i)!(i,u!ion unc!ion) .i)uali)e/on g(ah) i!h linea( )cale) o( any !ye o )cale) e1g1 ,y !he W a<i) a) a linea( !i+e )cale an/ nu+,e( o )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion) i!h linea( (ela!ion1 See =7ui/e !o !he e<(e))ion o unce(!ain!y in +ea)u(e+en! ISO&BBH> hich /eine) =e<e(i+en!al )!an/a(/ /e.ia!ion> =)!> (o+ +ea)u(e+en!) a)4
6* +ea)u(e/ .alue
+ean .alue o +ea)u(e+en!)
n nu+,e( o +ea)u(e+en!)
* +ea)u(e+en! no
o( ino(+a!ion a !yical no(+al /i)!(i,u!ion unc!ion i) )hon in igu(e C-1
%
%,(
%,$
%,&
%,0
(,%%C%$ (,%%C%& (,%%C%0 (,%%C%1No. of cycles
P r o b a
b i l i t y
d en si t y
st2 q k ( ) 1
n 1 ? ------------ q k q ·· ? ( )2
k 1
n
∑
q ··
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#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 2$
Fig&re C6/General diagra,s sho8ing9 !ro.a.ilit( densit( φ and !ro.a.ilit( Φ as "&nction o" standard de7iations
i"eti,e e7al&ation le7el $
atigue lifetime evaluation based on the probability of crac! initiation:
S-N cu(.e) o( c(ac* ini!ia!ion a(e u)ually no! a.aila,le1 The a(o<i+a!e o)i!ion o )uch cu(.e) can ,e/e(i.e/ (o+ ,a)ic *nole/ge o !he +a!e(ial u)e/ an/ (o+ c(ac* g(o!h /a!a o( !hi) +a!e(ial1
S-N cu(.e) o( c(ac* ini!ia!ion can ,e u)e/ o( e.alua!ion i a!igue c(ac* ini!ia!ion i) (o,a,le un/e( !he gi.en
C(ac* g(o!h i) an i+o(!an! a)ec! in /e!e(+ining !he in!e(.al ,e!een in)ec!ion) i1e1 !he )ae e(io/ o oe(a!ion a!e( in)!alla!ion o( in!e(.en!ion in)ec!ion81
i"eti,e e7al&ation le7el + Damage tolerance
$ie!i+e e.alua!ion ha) ,een ca((ie/ ou! o( !he ,ello) in no+inal con/i!ion i1e1 !he geo+e!(y o !he ,ello)!he loa/ )i!ua!ion e!c1 a(e a) gi.en in !he /e)c(i!ion o !he ,ello)1
In a//i!ion !o !hi) !he /a+age !ole(ance o !he /e)ign )houl/ ,e chec*e/1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he eec! o o))i,lela) (o+ +anuac!u(ing an/ a))e+,ly a(e !o ,e e)!i+a!e/ an/ al)o o))i,le /a+age /u(ing oe(a!ion e1g1o(+a!ion o i!) /ue !o co((o)ion (e!!ing e!c1 !ha! can ac! a) ini!ial c(ac*) o( )!(e))-(ai)e()1
$ie!i+e e.alua!ion le.el H
&valuation of deviations from nominal condition
The a,o.e e.alua!ion i) ,a)e/ on no+inal con/i!ion) i1e1 !ha! !he geo+e!(y o !he ,ello) !he loa/ )i!ua!ione!c1 i) a) a(e a) gi.en in !he /e)c(i!ion o !he ,ello)1 The eec! o o))i,le (ea)ona,ly (o,a,le8 /e.ia!ion)
The co+en)a!o( ,ello) can al)o /e)igne/ acco(/ing !o a (o(ie!a(y )!an/a(/ /e.eloe/ ,y !he+anuac!u(e(1 Acco(/ing !o !hi) !he ,ello) ha) a calcula!e/ lie!i+e a,o.e !he /e)ign lie!i+e1 The+anuac!u(e( )!a!e) !ha! hi) )!an/a(/ i) accu(a!e an/ +o(e con)e(.a!i.e !han !he E"MA )!an/a(/1 Since no/ocu+en!a!ion on !hi) i) a.aila,le i! i) /iicul! !o e.alua!e ha! !he calcula!e/ lie!i+e i+lie) in !e(+) o (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e e1g1 i !hi) co((e)on/) !o 30U &0U o( )o+e o!he( (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e1
Con)e6uen!ly !he a//i!ional e.alua!ion) gi.en in le.el & i) (e6ui(e/1
-.8.>.8 7uc!ling
9uc*ling o !he ,ello) coul/ cau)e unc!ional ailu(e o !he co+en)a!o( ,y hin/e(ing !he (e6ui(e/ +o!ion o !he ,ello)1 9uc*ling i) no! acce!a,le i!hin !he lie!i+e o !he ,ello)1
Seciica!ion o long lie!i+e) high nu+,e( o cycle)8 can (e)ul! in a ,ello) hich i) highly le<i,le an/coul/ ha.e (e/uce/ )!a,ili!y un/e( (e))u(e1
The E"MA )!an/a(/ al)o a//(e))e) !he )!a,ili!y o !he ,ello) ,y o(+ula) an/ c(i!e(ia1 In !hi) ca)e a gui/e i)u)e/ o( (e.en!ing (a/ial +o!ion an/ !hu) ,uc*ling o !he ,ello)1
The (o,a,ili!y o ailu(e /ue !o in)!a,ili!y i) con)i/e(e/ !o ,e lo1
-.8.>.> -orrosion
Pi!!ing co((o)ion coul/ ,e c(i!ical1 The i!) !ha! can ac! a) )!(e)) (ai)e() an/ o( ini!ial c(ac*)1 a!igue c(ac*) cang(o (o+ )uch i!)1 9ecau)e each ly i) only 013 ++ !hic* co((o)ion i!!ing can ene!(a!e an ou!e( ly o !he ,ello) an/ allo co((o)ion a!!ac* o !he inne( lie) a) ell cau)ing lea*age1
Since ,o!h !he )y)!e+ lui/ an/ !he lui/ in !he co+en)a!o( hou)ing ha.e lo co((o)i.i!y !he (o,a,ili!y o co((o)ion a!!ac* on !he ,ello) i) e.alua!e/ a) lo un/e( no(+al oe(a!ing con/i!ion)1
(e!!ing i) +o)! (o,a,ly no! a (o,le+ in ,ello) ,u! !he(e i) )o+e unce(!ain!y a,ou! !hi)1 Thi) )houl/ ,eolloe/ u ,y in)ec!ion) a!e( !e)!1
-.8.>.A ,ccumulation of deposits on/around bellows
Accu+ula!ion o /eo)i!) on o( a(oun/ !he ,ello) can cau)e unc!ional ailu(e o !he co+en)a!o( ,yhin/e(ing !he (e6ui(e/ +o!ion o !he ,ello)1
The eec!) o(+ !he en.i(on+en! +u)! ,e e<a+ine/1 I! i) a))u+e/ !ha! !hi) i) only o conce(n in ca)e a< o( hy/(a!e) can o(+ o( )an/ )e!!le) on !he one )i/e o !he ,ello o( con!a+ina!ion o !he clean lui/ on !he o!he( )i/e1
The(eo(e a )!u/y )houl/ ,e ca((ie/ ou! o( !he u(o)e o /e!e(+ining !ha! !he (i)* o( /eo)i! accu+ula!ion)i) acce!a,ly lo1
-.8.>.B -onclusions
The a,o.e /e+on)!(a!ion )ho) !ha! conclu)ion) (ega(/ing !he (elia,ili!y o co+onen!) i!h (ega(/ !o c(i!ical/a+age +echani)+) can ,e +a/e e.en hen /a!a a(e )a()e o( lac*ing1 The e.alua!ion oin!) !o a(ea) he(e
,e!!e( /a!a i) (e6ui(e/1S!an/a(/) u)e/ o( /e)igning +ay ,e ,a)e/ on (elia,ili!y con)i/e(a!ion) o( on e<e(ience (ega(/ing /e)ign) !ha!ha.e unc!ione/ acce!a,ly in )e(.ice1 I )!an/a(/) a(e /ocu+en!e/ an/ .e(iie/ co+a(ing i!h !he )!an/a(/)can a))e)) !he (elia,ili!y o !he co+onen!)1 I )uch )!an/a(/) a(e (o(ie!a(y o( no! .e(iie/ !hey a(e o le)).alue o( (elia,ili!y a))e))+en!1
Re)ul!) o !e)!) e.en !hough !he nu+,e( o !e)!) i) a( (o+ )!a!i)!ically )igniican! can acili!a!e )uicien! ,ac*g(oun/ o( (elia,ili!y e.alua!ion hen co+,ine/ i!h (ele.an! o!he( /a!a !han !ho)e (o+ !e)!) alone1
C+# Maintenance and ,odi"ications
The co)! o an in!e(.en!ion o !he )u, )ea +ul!iha)e u+ +o/ule i) )o high !ha! un)che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion)+u)! ,e a.oi/e/1 Thi) +ean) !ha! all a(!) o !he +ul!iha)e u+ +o/ule +u)! ha.e a +ini+u+ lie!i+e e6ual!o o( longe( !han !he !i+e ,e!een )che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion)1 The co)! o (elacing a(!) an/ co+onen!) a! !hein!e(.en!ion i) +a(ginal co+a(e/ !o !he co)! o ca((ying ou! !he in!e(.en!ion1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he u+ +u)!
,e (elace/ i!h a ne o( o.e(haule/ u+ +o/ule1 The o.e(haule/ +o/ule a(!) !ha! a(e )u,ec! !o ea( o( /e!e(io(a!ion ha.e ,een (elace/1 9ecau)e un)che/ule/ in!e(.en!ion i) e<!(e+ely co)!ly i! i) o i+o(!ance !o/e!ec! con/i!ion) !ha! coul/ (e6ui(e in!e(.en!ion ea(ly !o allo !i+e o( lanning1 On !he o!he( han/ al)ein/ica!ion) canno! ,e acce!e/ ,ecau)e o !he co)!)1
9ecau)e !he )u, )ea +ul!iha)e u+ +o/ule i) ne !echnology in !he )en)e !ha! i! ha) no! a (eco(/ o (e.iou))ucce))ul u)e )u,)ea in!e(.en!ion o( (elace+en! i) lanne/ a! (egula( in!e(.al)1 The /e)ign lie!i+e o !he ,ello) i) !he )a+e a) !he !a(ge! in!e(.al ,e!een in!e(.en!ion)1
The analy)i) o !he ,ello) )ho) !ha! !he (o,a,ili!y o( ailu(e i!hin !hi) in!e(.al i) )o lo !ha! no a//i!ionalin)ec!ion o( +ain!enance i) (e6ui(e/ (o.i/e/ !ha! !he ,ello) i) a))e+,le/ co((ec!ly acco(/ing !o !he =(igh!> (oce/u(e) an/ !ha! no in/ica!ion) o /eec!) e(e oun/ a! !he )u,)e6uen! in)ec!ion1
The unc!ion o !he co+en)a!o( coul/ ,e +oni!o(e/ ,y a )y)!e+ !ha! con!inuou)ly +ea)u(e) !he o)i!ion a! !heen/ o !he ,ello)1 Thi) ill al)o )e(.e a) con/i!ion +oni!o(ing o !he ,ello) )ince lac* o +o.e+en! o(
i((egula( +o.e+en! ill )ignal !ha! !he(e i) a (o,le+1 :ighe( )en)i!i.i!y can (o,a,ly ,e achie.e/ ,yco((ela!ing !he +o.e+en! o !he ,ello) i!h o!he( a(a+e!e() )uch a) u+ inle! (e))u(e1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp.) @amples of #pplication !age 21
Ta.le C6/ S*eci"ications "or the s&.sea *&,* ,od&le
Seciica!ion) - Su,)ea Mul!iha)e Pu+ Mo/ule
4. Design life time pump module
De)ign lie u+ +o/ule yea() 2H
De)ign !i+e ,e!een in!e(.en!ion yea() H
De)ign loa/ ull a+li!u/e cycle) o ,ello ,e!eenin!e(.en!ion
Cycle) H00
De)ign loa/ &0U a+li!u/e cycle) o ,ello ,e!eenin!e(.en!ion
Ta.le C63 Chec5list – Fail&re ,echanis, – Data .ase >Contin&ed?
$D
ailuremechanismtype / Rootcause
&+uipment / part
R i s ! - a t .
T e c h n c a t .
T T /
2 - 2
argin -omment Source
R e v D a t e
ailure ode unction Ris! reducingmeasure
Detect
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
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A!!END% D COM!UTER SOFTWARE
D1 %ntrod&ction
Thi) )ec!ion /e)c(i,e) !he (oce)) o( Technology Qualiica!ion o co+u!e( )o!a(e ei!he( a) an in/een/en!)y)!e+ o( a) a(! o a la(ge( )y)!e+1 So!a(e +ay ,e (o.i/e/ in +any alica!ion) inclu/ing4
The 6uali!y /i+en)ion) /eine/ in ISOIEC B&2@ o!en a(e a u)eul ay o o(ganiing a )o!a(e !echnology)eciica!ion !o en)u(e !ha! all i+o(!an! )o!a(e 6uali!y a!!(i,u!e) a(e co.e(e/ ,y !he )eciica!ion1
aul! !ole(ance1hene.e( !echnology !ha! (e6ui(e) 6ualiica!ion i) i+le+en!e/ in a )y)!e+ !ha! in!eg(a!e) ha(/a(e an/)o!a(e i!h a high (e6ui(e/ le.el o coni/ence !hen DNV-RP-D20& )houl/ ,e alie/ a) ell1 The la(ge)! ,enei!) (e)ul! (o+ alying DNV-RP-D20& ea(ly in !he (oec!1 A ga analy)i) ,a)e/ on DNV-RP-D20&hel) !o i/en!iy ea*ne))e) in !he /e.elo+en! (oce)) !ha! +ay allo /eec!) !o e)cae in!o !he )o!a(e1
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So!a(e +ay o-e(a!e in a ne!o(* en.i(on+en! he(e o!he( /e.ice) )uch a) )en)o() (ou!e() +ul!i-le<e() /a!a)!o(e) an/ -(in!e() a(e connec!e/1 OPC& )-eciica!ion) -(o.i/e gui/ance on in!e(acing /e.ice) in )uch a ne!o(*1&OPC oun/a!ion OPC E<-(e)) In!e(ace S-eciica!ion an/ OPC #niie/ A(chi!ec!u(e S-eciica!ion 200B h!!-41o-coun/a!ion1o(g1
D'+ !rogra,,ing ang&ages
The )o!a(e in/u)!(y ha) /e.eloe/ a i/e .a(ie!y o (og(a++ing language) o!en o( .e(y )eciicalica!ion)1 The a(o(ia!ene)) o !he )elec!e/ (og(a++ing language o( !he in!en/e/ alica!ion )houl/ ,econ)i/e(e/ in !he So!a(e !echnology Qualiica!ion eo(!1 So+e e<a+le) o !yical con)i/e(a!ion) ollo1
So+e language) a(e strongly typed 1 Thi) +ean) !ha! !he (og(a++e( +u)! e<lici!ly /eine each .a(ia,le ,eo(ei! can ,e u)e/1 Thi) (e6ui(e+en! (e.en!) +any co++on (og(a++ing e((o() )uch a) c(ea!ing a ne .a(ia,le
!h(ough +i))elling an/ co((u!ing a .a(ia,le ,y loa/ing !he (ong !ye o /a!a e1g1 (i!ing an alha,e!iccha(ac!e( in!o a nu+e(ic .a(ia,le81
Co+ile() .a(y in !e(+) o !he 6uali!y an/ eiciency o !he o,ec! co/e !hey (o/uce1 Co+ile() +ay in!(o/uce/eec!) in !he cou()e o (oce))ing )ou(ce co/e1 Thi) i) +o)! co++on i!h co+ile() /e.eloe/ o( nelanguage) o( con.e(!e/ !o )uo(! ne ha(/a(e1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
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Ma!u(i!y o !he language an/ co+ile( i) an i+o(!an! con)i/e(a!ion in )o!a(e !echnology 6ualiica!ion1Sulie() o (og(a++ing language) +ay e.en!ually )!o )uo(!ing a language o( a )eciic .e()ion o i!1 Thi)+ean) !ha! a! )o+e oin! language ea!u(e) +ay ail an/ !he )o!a(e ill cea)e !o oe(a!e co((ec!ly i a! all1
D'- COTS and egac( So"t8are
$a(ge )o!a(e )y)!e+) u)ually !a*e a/.an!age o (e.iou)ly /e.eloe/ co/e1 Thi) +ay ,e legacy /e.eloe/ ,y !he !echnology )ulie(8 o( Co++e(cial o !he Shel COTS8 u(cha)e/ (o+ an e<!e(nal )ou(ce e1g1MAT$A981 I !he COTS o( $egacy )o!a(e a(e +a!u(e an/ ,eing u)e/ i!hou! change !hen !hey +ay ,ee<clu/e/ (o+ !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 I !hey a(e ,eing +o/iie/ o( a ne alica!ion o( !hey a(e no! +a!u(e!hen !hey )houl/ ,e e.alua!e/ a) a(! o !he 6ualiica!ion eo(!1 O,!aining /e)ign ino(+a!ion an/ )ou(ce co/eo( COTS an/ legacy )o!a(e +ay ,e /iicul!1 I !he)e a(e no! a.aila,le !he 6ualiica!ion eo(! ill /een/on ino(+a!ion o,!aine/ (o+ !e)!ing an/ (io( u)e o !he )o!a(e1
D'# Sec&rit(
Ino(+a!ion )ecu(i!y i) an inc(ea)ing conce(n o( )o!a(e-in!en)i.e )y)!e+)1 T(a/i!ionally i)ola!e/ )y)!e+))uch a) (ig) la!o(+) an/ )hi) (elie/ on hy)ical )ecu(i!y o !he co+u!e() !o (e.en! +aliciou) acce))1:oe.e( a) )ulie() +o.e !oa(/) (e+o!e /iagno)!ic an/ (eai( ac(o)) !he in!e(ne! hy)ical )ecu(i!y i) nolonge( a/e6ua!e1 So!a(e (o!ec!ion) )uch a) i(eall) an/ .i(u) /e!ec!o() )houl/ ,e con)i/e(e/1 Al)o (og(a++ing (ac!ice) e+loye/ in alica!ion an/ oe(a!ing )y)!e+ )o!a(e can ,e i+(o.e/ !o +ini+ie
So+e a//i!ional ino(+a!ion !ha! ill con!(i,u!e !o a high )co(e i)4
5 De)c(i!ion o )y)!e+ cha(ac!e(i)!ic) li*e /e)ign a(a+e!e()1 5 De)c(i!ion o oe(a!ional con/i!ion)1 5 De)c(i!ion o (e.en!i.e +ain!enance1
5 De)c(i!ion o en.i(on+en!al con/i!ion)1
E1+ Rele7ance o" the data
The (ele.ance o !he /a!a /een/) on ac!o() )uch a)4
5 To ha! e<!en! !he ailu(e /a!a (o+ a .al.e in a nuclea( oe( )!a!ion i) (e(e)en!a!i.e o( a .al.e on ano)ho(e in)!alla!ion1
5 To ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ a co+(e))o( oe(a!e/ )ince &BG0 a(e (e(e)en!a!i.e o( a ne co+(e))o(1 5 To ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ one o)ho(e la!o(+ a(e (e(e)en!a!i.e o( ano!he(1 5 To ha! e<!en! ailu(e /a!a (o+ .al.e) in gene(al a(e (e(e)en!a!i.e o( ,all .al.e)1
The u(o)e o )uch 6ue)!ion) i) !o hel !he analy)! in )elec!ing an/ e.alua!ing !he /a!a,a)e)1 I! i) i+o(!an! !o(ecognie !ha! !he (ele.ance o !he /a!a,a)e /een/) on !he in!en/e/ u)e o !he /a!a1 I !he u(o)e o !he
(elia,ili!y analy)i) i) !o /e!e(+ine !he o!i+al nu+,e( o /ie(en! !ye) o )a(e a(!) !he analy)! nee/)e6ui+en! ino(+a!ion /on !o !he )a(e a(! le.el1 I !he u(o)e i) !o gi.e an o.e(all e)!i+a!e o )y)!e+ e(o(+ance !hi) +ay no! nece))a(ily ,e (e6ui(e/1
The inal e.alua!ion o !he (elia,ili!y /a!a )ou(ce) /een/) on !he in!en/e/ u)e o !he /a!a1 The ino(+a!ion !ha!i) (ele.an! an/ )uicien! o( one analy)i) +ay no! i! o( a +o(e /e!aile/ analy)i)1
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
#pp. se of *istorical eliability Data !age 44
E$ E4a,*le o" e4tracting Data "ro, a Data.ase
The !a,le ,elo )ho) )o+e igu(e) o( ga) !u(,ine) (o+ !he OREDA 2002 han/,oo* an/ i) a goo/illu)!(a!ion o !he challenge) !he analy)! ace) hen u)ing !yical /a!a,a)e)1 The e)!i+a!o( o( !he ailu(e (a!ei) !he nu+,e( o c(i!ical ailu(e) /i.i/e/ ,y !he !o!al oe(a!ing !i+e1
A))u+ing !ha! an analy)! e(o(+) a (o/uc!ion a.aila,ili!y )!u/y o a )y)!e+ he(e one co+onen! i) a ga)!u(,ine Ae(o /e(i.a!i.e &H000 *1 So+e o,.iou) can/i/a!e) o( !he ailu(e (a!e a(e4
The (elia,ili!y /a!a /ie() )igniican!ly /een/ing on !he )eciic /a!a)e! )elec!e/1 An i+o(!an! o,)e(.a!ion
a,ou! !he /a!a i) !ha! all g(ou) ha.e a )igniican! nu+,e( o ailu(e)1 The )!a!i)!ical ,ac*g(oun/ o( all !he)e (e/ic!ion) )houl/ !he(eo(e ,e (ea)ona,ly goo/1 The(e i) !he(eo(e li!!le )uo(! /i(ec!ly (o+ !he /a!a,a)e a)!o hich /a!a-)e! )houl/ ,e )elec!e/1 The (eco++en/e/ )olu!ion i) !he(eo(e !o (e)en! !he /a!a !o a g(ou o e<e(!) o( a )y)!e+a!ic e<e(! u/ge+en! an/ e.alua!ion o ha! /a!a oul/ ,e !he +o)! (ele.an! !o u)e hene.alua!ing !he )eciic ga) !u(,ine in 6ue)!ion1
Ta.le E61 Selection o" Gas T&r.ine Data "ro, the OREDA $22$ Hand.oo5
OREDAta'onomy
&+uipment Description ailure rate per 4C hours %umber of failures
5 Elici!a!ion (o+ e<e(!) o ho ell a.aila,le e.i/ence ulil) lea goal)1
5 P(oaga!ion o goal ulil+en! an/ unce(!ain!y !o o.e(all goal)1
F' Goal ,odelling
The hie(a(chical )!(uc!u(e o !he goal /eco+o)i!ion can ,e ca!u(e/ in a goal +o/el1 The goal +o/el ca!u(e)!he a(gu+en!a!ion o( !he /een/a,ili!y ca)e ,y g(ahically )hoing ho !he goal) a(e ,(o*en /on in!o )u,-goal)1 7oal) can ,e ,(o*en /on along /ie(en! /i+en)ion)1 unc!ional )!(uc!u(al an/ (oce)) /i+en)ion) a(e!he +o)! co++only u)e/1 The(e oul/ no(+ally ,e a +i< o unc!ional an/ )!(uc!u(al /eco+o)i!ion in !hegoal +o/el1 Ano!he( ea!u(e in goal +o/el) i) !he no!ion o o,)!acle) !ha! can (e(e)en! ailu(e +o/e) (e.en!ing a goal (o+ ,eing )a!i)ie/1 Thi) ena,le) o(+ula!ing ulil+en! o goal) in !e(+) o ailu(e +o/e)an/ a))ocia!e/ ailu(e +echani)+)1 In !hi) ay goal +o/elling can )uo(! con/uc!ing an/ (eco(/ing o (e)ul!)
(o+ MEA an/ TA )e))ion)1 The(e a(e /ie(en! no!a!ion) o( goal +o/el) i!h /ie(en! e<(e))i.e oe( an/ )e+an!ic)1 7SN IY an/ KAOS a(e !he +o)! co++on o !he+1 An e<a+le i) )hon ,elo i!h !he KAOSno!a!ion1
F+ in5ing e7idence to lea" goals
The /eco+o)i!ion o goal) en/) hen !he )u,-goal) a(e ine-g(aine/ enough !o ena,le collec!ing /i(ec!e.i/ence a,ou! !hei( )a!i)ac!ion1 The)e loe)! le.el )u,-goal) a(e !he lea goal)1 The)e lea goal) a(e connec!e/!o e.i/ence !yically (o/uce/ in .e(iica!ion an/ .ali/a!ion ac!i.i!ie) )uch a) !e)!ing analy)e) in)ec!ion)e!c1
Fig&re F6$%ll&stration o" the *rinci*le o" goal ,odeling@ sho8ing the AOS notation
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ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, uly $%(&
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