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By Ristiana Nugrahani 0402514041 Structure and Function of DNA
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Page 1: DNA Structure and Function

By Ristiana Nugrahani0402514041

Structure and Function of DNA

Page 2: DNA Structure and Function

Sejarah Penemuan DNA

The Structure and Function of DNA

1869Friedrich Miescher:

Di dalam inti sel darah putih

terdapat senyawa mengandung

fosfat (NUKLEIN)

Akhir abad 19 memisahkan

DNA dan RNA

1930anP. Lavene, W. Jacobs, dkkRNA (gugus

gula ribosa + 4 basa nitrogen)DNA (gugus

gula deoksiribosa)

1928Frederick

GriffitPercampuran sel tipe S

dan R transformasi

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Mackyn McCarty

Molekul penyebab

transformasi adalah DNA

1952A.D Hershey & Martha Case:

Mmolekul yang masuk ke dalam sel

adalah DNA

DNA Material genetik di dalam sel, pembawa informasi

yang diturunkan keturunannya dalam

bentuk kodon

Page 3: DNA Structure and Function

DNA STRUCTuRE

The Structure and Function of DNA

What are the structures and functions of DNA and RNA?

 DNA:

Shown here in its uncondensed form

Carries genetic information that defines many of an organism’s traits (including behaviours)

and its predisposition for certain diseases.

Page 4: DNA Structure and Function

DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

• In the early 1919s, Phoebus Levene proposed that both were made up of individual units called nucleotides.

• Each nucleotide was composed of one of four nitrogen-containing bases, a sugar, and a phosphate group.

Page 5: DNA Structure and Function

Determining the Chemical Composition and Structure of DNA

The Structure and Function of DNA

Nucleotides in RNA have the same basic structure, except a ribose sugar group is used. The sugar groups differ by a hydroxyl group at the 2′ carbon. Both DNA and RNA contain the same purine bases and the cytosine pyrimidine base. However, thymine is only present in DNA, and uracil is only present in RNA.

Page 6: DNA Structure and Function

Chargaff’s Rule

The Structure and Function of DNA

• There is variation in the composition of nucleotides in different species.

• Regardless of the species, DNA maintains certain nucleotide proportions. That is, the amount of A and T nucleotides are equal and the amount of C and G nucleotides are equal.

Page 7: DNA Structure and Function

The Scientist Discovery: DNA Structure

The Structure and Function of DNA

• 1951 Linus Pauling discovered that many proteins have helix-shaped structures.

• 1950 Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins: DNA has a helical structure. The nitrogen bases are on the inside of the DNA helix, and the sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside.

• 1950 Watson and Crick : a twisted ladder, which they called a double-helix. The

sugar-phosphate molecules make up the sides or “handrails” of the ladder, and the bases make up the “rungs” of the ladder by protruding inwards.

Different sequences of base pairs accounts for the differences between species.

Page 8: DNA Structure and Function

The Modern DNA Model

The Structure and Function of DNA

Page 9: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

• To relate DNA’s primary structure (how nucleotides are linked) and secondary structure (how two strands of nucleotides form a double helix) to DNA function, it is necessary to consider:

• how DNA is organized in the cell, and • how its genome (the total genetic material of an organism)

is arranged into distinct functional regions on DNA

• The functional unit of DNA is a gene, which is a specific sequence of DNA that codes for proteins and RNA molecules.

• The majority of DNA in an organism’s genome does not contain genes and, instead, has non-coding regions. These regions may contain regulatory sequences, which are sections of DNA that regulate the activity of genes. 

 

DNA FUNCTION

Page 10: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

Organisasi Gen pada Prokariot

• Terdiri satu unit DNA untai ganda yang sirkuler

• Terkondensasi dalam nukleoid• Bersifat Monoploid (satu bahan

genetik utama)• E. Coli 4.600 kb• Material genetik terikat pada membran

sel sebelah dalam • Memiliki plasmid sirkular yang

membawa gen tertentu

Page 11: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

Organisasi Gen pada Prokariot

• Plasmid Material genetik tambahan• DNA untai ganda sirkuler• Membawa gen tertentu yang

membawa keuntungan• Ukuran lebih kecil dari genetik utama• Plasmid ColV-K30 E. Coli 2 kb• Plasmid CAM Pseudomonas 230

kb• Bereplikasi secara bebas

Page 12: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

• Panjang DNA > Panjang sel• Perlu pengemasan dengan cara

membuat molekul DNA terkondensasi membentuk butiran padat

• Diameter setiap butiran 12 nm• Setiap butiran terdiri dari DNA

berpilin (supercoiled dan looping)

• DNA binding protein• Terdapat linker DNA

memisahkan DNA Binding protein dengan tidak

Pengemasan DNA pada Prokariot

Page 13: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

• Promoter ( pengatur ekspresi genetik)• Bagian struktural (membawa kode-kode genetik)• Terminator (Penghentian proses transkripsi)• Gen bakteri tidak mengandung intron

Organisasi Gen dalam Genom Prokaryot

Page 14: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

• GEN INDEPENDEN Ekspresinya tidak tergantung ekspresi gen lain

• UNIT TRANSKRIPSI sekelompok gen gen berdekatan dan di ekspresikan bersama

• mengkode tRNA dan rRNA• KELOMPOK GEN berdekatan dengan lokus dan

hasil ekspresi gen diperlukan bersama dalam fisiologis dikendalikan secara independen

• OPERON GEN Gen berdekatan yang ekspresinya dikendalikan oleh promoter yang sama

3 kelompok Organisasi Gen Prokaryot

Page 15: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

Organisasi Gen pada Eukariot

•Lebih kompleks•Double helix linear•Ukuran genom lebih besar•Material genetik dalam nukleus

disebut kromosom•Jumah kromosom bervariasi•Terdapat DNA ekstraseluler

(Mitokondria dan Kloroplas)•Replikasi DNA mitokondri secara

independen

Page 16: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

Pengemasan DNA Eukariot

Page 17: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

ORGANISASI GEN EUKARIOT

• Terdapat intron dan ekson• Informasi genetik terdapat pada dua untai ganda DNA

yang mengandung Coding Region maupun Noncoding Region

• Genn Eukariot dibagi menjadi 3 kelas :Gen Kelas I gen-gen yang mengkode pembentukan rRNA 5,8s, rRNA 18S, dan rRNA 28 S

Gen Kelas II gen-gen yang mengkode semua sintesis molekul proein, sebelumnya ditranskripsi menjadi mRNAditranslasi

Gen Kelas I gen-gen yang mengkode pembentukan tRNA dan rRNA 5S

Page 18: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

ORGANISASI GENOM VIRUS

Genom bervariasi: DNA untai tunggal, DNA untai ganda, RNA untai tunggal, RNA untai ganda

Genom berupa Asam nukleat linear atau sirkuler

Memiliki keunikan asam nukleatContoh: Bakteriofage E. Coli memiliki

basa Sitosin dalam bentuk hydroxymethylcytosin

Genom bakteriofag Bacillus subtilis Hydroxymethylurasil

Page 19: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

Tipe Asam Nukleat Struktur Asam

Contoh Virus Sel Inang

DNA Untai-tunggal Linear Parvovirus Manusia

Sirkular Bakteriofag M13Bakteriofag ϕX174

Bakteri E. coli

DNA Untai-ganda Linear Bakteriofag T4Vius Epstein-Barr

E. coliManusia

Sirkular Bakteriofag PM2

Polyomavirus

Pseudomonas aeruginosa BAL-31Manusia

RNA Untai-tunggal Linear Bakteriofag MS2TMV

E. ColiTanaman tembakau

RNA untai-ganda Linear Bakteriofag ϕ6Cypovirus

P. PhaseolicaInsekta

TIPE ASAM NUKLEAT VIRUS

Page 20: DNA Structure and Function

The Structure and Function of DNA

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