DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Jan 16, 2016
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What do we remember about Nucleic Acids?
What is DNA?
or Deoxyribonucleic Acid Is a type of Nucleic Acid
– Used for storing and transmitting genetic info– Is in ALL Living Organisms
Eukaryotes –in nucleus only Prokaryotes- free floating
Who Discovered the structure of DNA ?
James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the shape of DNA
The shape is a Double Helix or a twisted ladder
What is DNA composed of?
DNA is a polymer (a large biomolecule)
– It is made of repeated units of Nucleotides, monomers
– Nucleotides have three parts:
Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogen base
What is the backbone of DNA?
The sides of DNA make up the backbone.
– Composed of the phosphate group and sugar from the Nucleotides
Nitrogen Bases of DNA
The rungs of the ladder or middle of DNA hold the sides together. They are made from four types of Nitrogen bases they are bonded together by hydrogen bones
– Adenine (A)– Thymine (T)– Cytosine (C)– Guanine (G)
Types of Bases and How they pair up
Based on their shape the bases are placed in two groups
– Purines double ring Adenine and Guanine
– Pyrimidines single ring Cytosine and Thymine
What is Chargoff’s rule?
When analyzing the bases of DNA it was always found that the
– # A = #T– #C = # G
Through for it was concluded when the two strands of DNA pair up the bases pair up a certain way.
– Adenine pairs with Thymine– Cytosine pairs with Guanine
Let’s Practice
T C G A G T C A G G C T T A C A
C A G G T A A A C A G G T C G A
Ways we studied DNA and why it is DNA important.
Scientist Wilkins and Franklin studied DNA using X-ray machines
Today we use Gel electrophoresis to compare segments of DNA.
DNA is important because it lets us know who we are related to and if their are any diseases that might be passed on to us from an ancestor.
Every Cell in an Organisms has the same DNA
In each individual organisms, every cell has the exact same DNA .– Ex the DNA in your
hair is the same as the DNA in your toes
DNA Replication
Because every cell needs DNA, DNA replicates as cells divide.
How does DNA Replicate?
Step 1: Un whined and Unzip– Double helix straightens ups and the two DNA strands
break apart at the Hydrogen bonds
Step 2: Add Nucleotides– The two strands serve as a template that determines the
order of Nucleotides along a new strand
Step 3: Zip up– The nucleotides connect to each other to form the sugar
phosphate back bone
Step 4: Back to Double Helix
DNA is Semi conservative
Each molecule of DNA that is made is Semiconservative– One strand is Old and one strand is New
Lets practice
Original DNA Two DNA Molecules
A-T
T-A
C-G
G-C
C-G
A-T