DJH1B - HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1947 A ... - Paper 2...Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1 B.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DJH1B

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1

B.A. HISTORY - I YEAR

DJH1B - HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1947 A.D

SYLLABUS

Unit - I

Pre History of Tamil Nadu – geographical features – pre historic sites and cultures- Historic

Age: Sangam literature – crowned monarchs – chieftains – society – religion – trade and

commerce – kalabhras – impact of their rule.

Unit-II

Pallavas and I Pandyan empire – political history of the Pallavas – society art and architecture

– religion – literature I Pandyan Empire – Society and culture – Bhakti Movement – Alwars

and Nayanamars – literature – impact.

Unit - III

Imperial Cholas and II Pandyan Empire – Raja Raja – Rajendra – over seas expedition –

Temples – architecture – literary growth – administration – II Pandyan Empire – Civil War –

Marco Polo‟s observation – society – muslim invasion – Madurai sultanate.

Unit - IV

Nayaks of Madurai and Tanjore – Nature of rule – Society – contribution to art and

administration – Art and Architecture – society, Marathas and Nawabs – Marathas Society –

religion – literary growth – Arcot Nawabs – administration – society, Sethupatahis of

Ramanathapuram – society – religion – Christianity.

Unit -V

Polygari system – Kaval system – Palayakkarars – Kattabomman- Arrival of the Europeans –

Portuguese, Dutch – French – English – Revenue system- South Indian Revolt – abolishing

poligari system – Vellore revolt, Tamil Nadu and freedom struggle – civil disobedient

movement – Quit India Movement – Salt sathyagragha V.O.C., Subramania Siva, Bharathi,

Justice Party- E.V.R. – Rajaji – Sathyamoorthy – Kamaraj – Role of the Congress Party.

Reference Books:

1. A.Krishnasami- The Tamil Country Under Vijayanagar Rule

2. C.S.Srinivasachari- A History of Ginjee and its Rulers

3. –do- , British Diplomacy in Tanjore

4. -do- ,South Indian Rebellion

5. –do-, A real History of Tamil Nadu.

6. –do-, Rise and Fall of the Poligars in Tamil Nadu

7. K.Rajayyan- History of Madura, 1736-1801 A.D.

8. N.Subramanian- History of Tamil Nadu, Pt. I & II

9. R.Sathianathaiar- History of the Nayaks of Madura

10. Vridhagirisan- Nayaks of Tanjore.


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ney;Ntypahf;Ffpd;wJ.Fkhp khtl;lj;jpy; g/WspahWk; NfhijahWk; XLfpd;wd.

ghz;bad; miz xd;Wk; cs;sJ. Rpw;whWfSf;F xg;ghd ejpfs; tUlj;jpy;

ngUk;gFjp ePNuhl;lj;Jld; ,Ug;gjhy; mk;khtl;lj;jpd; gRikf;F ,itfs;

fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

kioAk; gUtepiyAk;

njd;Nkw;f;F gUtfhw;Wk; tlfpof;F gUfhw;Wk; jkpo;ehl;bw;F kioia

nfhLf;fpd;wd. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W [Pd; Kjy; mf;Nlhgh; Kba tPrp Nfus

ehl;bYk; jkpofj;jpy; Fkhp khtl;lj;jpYk; ngUkio nga;tpf;fpd;wJ. ,jdhy; ruhrhp

80 mq;Fyk; kionga;fpwJ.

njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W ghyf;fhL fztha; topahf Eioe;J Nfhak;Gj;J}hpYk;

nghs;shr;rpYk; ey;y kioia nga;tpf;fpd;wJ. njw;Nf fd;dpahFkhp njd;fhrpapYk;

gUtkio nga;fpd;wJ. njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W Xa;e;jgpd; tlfpof;F gUtfhw;W

mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; brk;gh; tiu tPrp ey;y kioia nfhLf;fp;d;wJ. mf;Nlhgh; etk;gh;

khjq;fspy; milkioia jUfpw gUtfhw;W ngUkioia nga;tpa;g;gjpy;iy..

eh;lbd; kioapd; msTk; Xuhz;bw;F 40 mq.Fyk; Fiwthf ,Uf;fpwJ.gUtfhw;W

rpy rkaq;fspy; msTf;F kPwpa kioia nga;Jk; Nfhug; Gaiy tPrpAk; ehl;by;


ehrj;ijAk; mopitAk; Vw;gLj;JtJz;L. kioNa ,y;yhky; gQ;rj;jpw;Fk; gaq;fu

njhw;E Neha;fSf;Fk; kf;fs; gypahtJz;L. vdNtjhd; gQ;rKk; gl;bdpAk; rhTk;

nts;sKk; nfhs;isAk; kf;fSf;F Co;tpidapy; ek;gpf;ifia cz;lhf;fpapf;fpwJ.

kf;fspd; tho;f;if $Wfis khw;wp mikf;f $ba ,ay;G ngUkiof;Fk; twl;rpf;Fk;

FspUf;Fk; cz;L. Fwpg;ghf Nfhil ntapypd; fLik kf;fSila ciof;Fk;

Mw;wiy Fiwf;fpd;wJ.

jkpof tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs ;

nghJthf tuyhw;W Mjhuq;fs; ,uz;L mbg;gil gphpTfshf gphpf;fyhk;

mitahtd

• njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs;

• ,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fs;;fs;

njhy;nghUs; Mjhuq;fs;

njhy;nghUs; Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; g+kpf;fbapy; rp;y Fwpg;gpl;l ,lq;fis

Muha;e;J gy tuyhw;W cz;ikfis ntspnfhzh;e;J cs;sdh;. jkpofj;jpy;

mhpf;fNkL Mjpr;rey;Y}h; fhtphpg+k;l;bdk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; mfo;thuha;r;rpfs;

ele;jd. Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; gy KJkf;fs; jhopfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,we;jthfis

jhopfspy; itj;Jg;Gijj;jdh;. mhpf;f Nkl;by; Nuhkhdpa ehzaq;fs;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J jkpoh;fSf;Fk; NuhkhdpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ele;j thdzpg

njhlh;ig cWjp;gLj;JfpwJ. nfhw;ifapy; ele;j mfo;tha;T ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

$wg;gl;Ls;s tuyhw;W cz;ikfis ep&gpf;fpd;wJ

1. fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;G gl;laq;fSk;

2. ehzaq;fs;

3. epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;

fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; nrg;G gl;laq;fSk;

nghJthf ghiwfspd; kPJ vOjg;gl;Ls;;s nra;jpfis fy;ntl;Lfs; vdyhk;.

fhyj;jhy; mopahj vOj;J tsh;r;rpiag; gw;wp mwpa cjTk; ,itfs; kd;dh;fspd;

fhyk; gilnaLg;Gfs; jhdk; eph;thfk; r%f tho;f;if Nghd;w tptuq;fis mwpa

cjTfpd;wd. NkYk; xU kd;dhpd; Ml;rp vt;tsT J}uk; gutpapUe;jJ Nghd;w

nra;jpfs; fy;ntl;Lfs; %yk; njhpatUfpd;wJ. mNrhfUila fy;ntl;LfSk;

fhuNty kd;dDila `jpFk;gh fy;ntl;LfSk; jkpofj;ijg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

kJiuia Rw;wpAs;s Nfhapy;fSk; gy fy;ntl;Lfs; fhz;ggLfpd;wd

goq;fhyj;jpy; kd;dh;fs; Mizfs; jfty;fs; khdpaq;fs; kw;Wk; rhrdq;fs;

Mfpatw;iw fy;J}z;fs; ghiwfs; Nfhapy; kw;Wk; Fifr;Rth;fs; Mfpatww;wpy;

nghwpj;J itj;jdh;. kz;lf;ggl;L fy;ntl;L gy;yt kd;dd; Kjyhk; kNfe;jpu

th;kdpd; rhjidfisAk; mtdJ gl;lg;ngah; tprpj;jpu rpj;jd; vd;gijAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. FLkpahd; kiy fy;ntl;L gy;yth; fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fiy tsh;r;rp

gw;wpAk; mf;fhyj;J ,irf;fUtpfs; gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp


Fiff;Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L Fzguh vd;w gy;yt kd;dd; Nrho ehl;bd; rpy gFjpfis

Mz;l nra;jpia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. khD}h; fy;ntl;L ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; khD}h; vd;w

fpuhkk; fpuhk rig vd;w mikg;gpy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;L te;j nra;jpia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp fy;ntl;L ghz;ba kd;dd; khwd; riladpd; rhjidfis

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Midkiy fy;ntl;L mofh;kiy fy;ntl;L ,Uf;fd;Fb fy;ntl;L

jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; Nfhapy; fy;ntl;Lfs; ghz;bah;fs; tuyhW gw;wp $wpfpd;wJ.

jpUg;gJ}h; fy;ntl;L Kjyhk; uh[ uh[Nrhod; ghz;ba ehl;il ntw;wp nfhz;l

nra;jpia Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. Guhe;jfr; Nrhodpd; cj;jpu Nk&h; fy;ntl;L Nrhoh;fspd;

fpuhk eph;thfk; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. Kjyhk; uh[ uh[dpd; jQ;ir nghpa Nfhtpy;

fy;ntl;Lfs; tPu uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;J jpU%f;$ly; fy;ntl;L %d;whk; uhN[e;jpudpd;

jpUj;jtGu fy;ntl;Lfs; Nrhoh;fisg; gw;wp ekf;F jUfpd;wJ. fy;ntl;Lfspy;

nra;jpfis nghwpj;jJ Nghd;W kd;dh;fs; murhidfs; khdpaq;fs; jhdpaq;fs;

nfhLj;j nra;jpfis nrg;Ggl;laq;fspy; nrJf;fp itj;jdh;. Nts;Fb nrg;NgLfs;

ghz;ba kd;ddpd; jhdk; kw;Wk; fsg;gpuh;fs; gw;wp njhptpf;fpd;wJ. rpd;dkd;D}h;

rpwpa nrg;NgLfs; jstha;Guk;gl;lak; rptfhrp gl;lak; Nghd;witfSk; ghz;bah;

Ml;rp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. jpUthyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; fue;ij nrg;NgLfs; md;gpy;

nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk; nya;ld; nrg;NgLfs; Nrho kd;dh;fisg; gw;wp njhptpf;fpd;wJ.

fhrf;Fb gl;lak; Fh;uk; gl;lak; cjNae;jpak; gl;lak; Nghd;witfs; gy;yt

kd;dh;fspd; rhjidfis tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. nrg;NgLfs; murpay; epiyNahL r%f

nghUshjhu epiyfisAk; mwpa cjTfpd;wd.

epidTr; rpd;dq;fs;

jkpofj;jpy; Kjd;Kjypy; mfy;thua;r;rp elj;jg;gl;l ,lk; ghz;bNrhpf;F

mUfpYs;s mhpf;fNkL MFk;. 1945 Mk; Mz;L rh;khbkh;tPyh; vd;gtuhy; ,g;gzp

njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F RLkz;zhy; nra;ag;gl;l mofpa Mz;ngz; cUtq;fs;

tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l gsgsg;ghd ghidfs; je;j nghUl;fs; RLkz; fhjzpfs; rq;F

tisay;fs; Nghd;witfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld. ,it jkpoh;fspd; gz;ghl;L

ngUikia czh;j;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; NuhkhGhpAld; ,Ue;J te;j tzpfj; njhlh;Gk;

,q;F fpilf;fg;gl;l epidT rpd;dq;fs; %yk; njhpa tUfpwJ. mLj;J jpUney;Ntyp

khtl;lj;jpYs;s Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; eilngw;w mfo;thuha;r;rpapy; kl;ghz;lq;fs; vYk;G

$Lfs; fy;kzp rq;F tisay;fs; kz;il XLfs; ntz;fy;g nghUl;fs; KJkf;fs;

jhopfs; Nghd;witfs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.,q;F rtf;FopapDs; Fjpiu yhlk; fj;jp

<l;bKid mhptho; Nghd;w nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; ,we;jth;fs;

Nghh;tPuh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; my;yJ tzpfh;fshf ,Uf;fyhk; vdf; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

kl;ghz;lq;fs; rtnlf;fj;jpd; NghJ rlq;FfSf;F gad;gl;L ,Uf;fyhk;

Mjpr;rey;Y}hpy; elj;jg;gl;l mfo;thuhr;rp %yk; ,g;gFjpapy; filfw;fhy kf;fs;

tho;e;j tuyhw;W cz;ik njhpa tUfpwJ.


ehzaq;fs;

jkpof tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; Mjhuq;fspy; ehzaq;fspd; gq;F kpfTk;

rpwe;jJ. ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fk; nts;sp jhkpuk; Nghd;wtw;why; Md gy ehzaq;fs;

fz;nlLf;fg;gl;L njhFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ghurPfh;fs; ek; ehl;bw;F te;j gpd;dh;jhd;

ehzag; Gof;fk; eilKiwf;F te;jjhf fUJfpd;wdh;. v*j;JfSk; cUtq;fSk;

nghwpf;fg;gl;l tl;l tbtkhd ehzaq;fis kf;fs; gad;gLj;jpdh;. gz;ila

fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;j kd;dh;fspd; Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiu Kiwiw

ehzaq;fs; Jy;ypakhf czh;j;Jfpd;wd. NkYk; murpay; nghUshjhu r%f

epiyfisAk; ed;F czh;j;Jfpd;wd. jkpofj;jpy; may;ehl;L ehzaq;fs; kJiu

Nfhak;Gj;J}h; mhpf;fNkL Mfpa ,lq;fspy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. gy;yth; kw;Wk;

ghz;bah; fhyj;J ehzaq;fs; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. cj;jk Nrhod; ,uz;lhk;

Mjpj;jd; Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpud; Kjyhk; ,uhrhjpuhrd; Kjypa Nrho kd;dh;fspd;

ehzaq;fSk; fpilj;Js;sd. Nrho ehzaq;fs; rpytw;wpy; ikaj;jpypUe;j xU

tpjhdj;jpd; fPNo mkh;e;jpUf;fpw GypiaAk; gf;fj;jp;y; xUkPidAk; mbapy;

xUtpy;iyAk; fhz;fpNwhk;. kJiuia rpwpJ fhyk; Mz;l K];ypk;fs; jq;fk;

nts;spAld; kw;w cNthfq;fis fye;J nrk;G ehzaq;fis ntspapl;ldh;.

ehzaq;fspd; vil jd;ik mikg;G Mfpatw;wpd; %yk; md;iwa nghUshjhu

epiyiaAk; mtw;wpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rpd;dq;fs; kw;Wk; v*j;Jfs; %yk; murpay;

tuyhw;iwAk; kf;fs; epiyiaAk; mwpa KbAk;.

,it jtpu jkpo;ehl;by; nrq;fw;gl;L khtl;lj;jp;y mj;jpuk;ghf;fk; Fbak;

rhjD}h; Fd;wj;J}h; mkph;jkq;fyk; trt rKj;jpuk; fhQ;rpGuk; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk;

njd;dhw;fhL khtl;lj;jpy; nrq;dNkl;bYk; jpUr;rp khtl;lj;jpy; jpUf;fhk;GypAh;

myfiu ciwA+h; f&h; Nghd;w ,lq;fspYk; jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; fhtphpg+k;

gl;bdj;jpYk; mfo;thuhr;rpfs; eilngw;Ws;sd. ,t;tplq;fspy; fpilf;fg;gl;l gy

goq;fhy epidTrpd;dq;fs; gz;ila tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTk; rpwe;j Mjhukhf

tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs;

,yf;fpa rhd;Wfis ,uz;L tiffshf gphpf;fyhk;. mit:

cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs;

ntspehl;L ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs;

cs;ehl;L ,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs;

rq;ffhy ,yf;fpaq;fs; rq;ffhy murpay; nghUshjhu r%f epiyfis

mwptjw;F nghpJk; cjTfpd;wd. rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fshd njhy;fhg;gpak>;

vl;Lnjhif> gj;Jg;ghl;L> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Nghd;wit %yk; gy tuyhw;Wr;

nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.fyk;gfk;> cyh> guzp> Nfhit Nghd;w rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspYk;

tuyhw;W epfo;r;rpfs; gy ,Uf;fpd;wd. gy;yt kd;ddhd %d;whk; ee;jpth;kid ghLk;


ee;jp fyk;gfKk;>Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;f Nrhoidg; ghLk; fypq;fj;Jg;guzpAk;> xUth;

gpd; xUtuhf mhpaizNawpa tpf;fpuk Nrhod;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;> ,uz;lhk;

,uhruhrd; MfpNahiughLk; %tUyhYk;> ghz;ba murh;fis ghLk; ghz;bf;

NfhitAk; gytuyhw;W jfty;fis jUfpd;wd. kJiu jy tuyhW> nfhq;FNjr

uhrf;fs; rhpj;jpuk;> ,uhkg;igad; mk;khid> Njrpq;F uhrd; ghly;fs;>;fq;fhNjtpapd;

kJuh tp[ak;> ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rp rhpj;jpuk; Nghd;witfspYk; tuyhw;Wnra;jpfs;

fpilj;Js;sd.

may;ehl;L ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfs;

nfsby;ah>; thj;rhadh> gjQ;ryp fhspjhrh;> mRtNfhrh; MfpNahh;

jkpo;ehl;ilg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. kfhtk;rk;> jPgtk;rk; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; jkpofk;

gw;wpa nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. nkf];jdp]; ghz;bah; muRg; gw;wp Kjd; Kjypy;

v*jpa may;ehl;lth; Mthh;. fpNuf;f tuyhw;wrphpah; nùNlhl;lRk; jhykpAk;jkpo;

ehl;ilg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;. nghpg;srpd; vhpj;jpaf; fly; vd;w fpNuf;f E}ypYk;

jkpof tuyhw;W nra;jpfs; cs;sd. gps];l]; vd;w fpwp];Jtj; JwtpAk; jd;Dila

E}ypy; jkpo; ehl;lilg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. Athd;Rthq; vd;w rPdg; gazpapd;

gazf; Fwpg;Gfspy; gy;yth; fhy jkpofk; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rPdj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gl;l Nrhoh;fspd; J}Jf;F*f;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; rPd ehl;bd;

rhq; tuyhWfspy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.ntdp]; ehl;Lg; gazp khh;f;Nfh NghNyh K];yPk;

gazp ,gpd; ghJ}jh MfpNahhpd; Fwpg;Gfspy; tuyhw;W nra;jpfs; gy fpilj;Js;sd.

tPukh Kdpth; Nghd;w fpwp];Jt ghjphpkhh;fs; vOjpAs;s E}y;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;>

mwpf;iffs; Mfpatw;wYk; jkpo;ehl;ilg; gw;wpa gy nra;jpfs; nrhy;;yg;gl;Ls;sd;.

,e;jpahTld; tpahghuk; nra;a te;j INuhg;gpa fk;ngdpfs;> Mq;fpy gpnuQ;R

muRfspd; Mtzq;fs; Mfpatw;wpYk; jkpo;ehl;L tuyhw;W nra;jpfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rq;f fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;

rq;f fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpaq;fs; rq;f fhy murpay;> nghUshjhu>

rka> rKjha tuyhw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;Fhpa kpfr; rpwe;j Mjhukhf jpfo;fpwJ.

ghz;bakd;dh;fs; rq;fk; mikj;J jkpo; tsh;j;j nra;jpia ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs;

njspthf $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; kd;dh;fl;Fk; Gyth;fl;Fk; ,Ue;j cwTKiw vt;thW

jkpo; tsh;f;fg; gad;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; ,t;tpyf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpayhk;.

mfj;jpa E}y;

Kr;rq;fq;fSf;F nghJthfTk; %y E}yhfTk; tpsq;fpa mfj;jpa E}y; 1200

#j;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,J v*j;J> nrhy;> nghUs;> ahg;G re;jk;> tof;fpay;

Nghd;witAk; gpwTk; nfhz;L ,Ue;jJ. Mfj;jpa E}y; jw;NghJ fhzf;

fpilf;fhtpl;lhy;mtw;iw ifahz;l ghf;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd.

njhy; fhg;gpak;

,jd; Mrphpah; njhy;fhg;gpah;. filr; rq;f E}y;fl;F gpe;jpa E}yhfpa

njhy;fhg;gpak; 610 ghf;fis cs;slf;fpajhFk;. vOj;jjpfhyk;> nrhy;yjpfhyk;>


nghUsjpfhuk; vd %d;W gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vOj;jpfhuj;jpw;F ,sk;

G+uzUk;> nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpw;F NrdJtzaUk; nghUsjpfhuj;jpw;F er;rpdhh;f;fpdpaUk;

ciu vOjpAs;sdh;. xt;nthU mjpfhuKk; xd;gJ ,ay;fis nfhz;lJ.

filrrq;f E}y;fis ghl;L> njhif vd;W gphpj;J $Wth;. Mit gj;Jg;ghl;L>

vl;Lj;njhif vd;gitfshFk;.

gj;Jg;ghl;L

jpUKfhw;Wg;gil> rpWghzw;Wg;gw;W> ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil> nghUzuhw;Wg;gil>

kiygLfk;> gl;bdg;ghiy> Ky;iyg;ghl;L FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L> kJiyf;fhQ;rp>

neLNey;thil Mfpa midj;Jk; gj;Jg;ghl;bd; fPo; tUk; E}y;fs; MFk;. ,tw;wpy;

Kjy; Ie;J ghl;Lf;fSk; Mw;Wg;gil tifia rhh;e;jJ MFk;. MW Kjy; vl;L

tiuAs;s ghl;Lfs; mfg;nghUs; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. filrp ,uz;L ghl;LfSk;

Gwg;nghUs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

jpUKfhw;Wg;gil

,jpy; KUfg;ngUkhdpd; MWgil tPLgisg; gw;wp ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J MW

gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. Mrphpag;ghthy; mike;j 317 mbfisf; nfhz;l ,e;E}y;

ef;fPuuhy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghl;L jpUtUshy; tPLngw;w xUtd; tPL ngw tpUk;fpa

,utyd; xUtid KUfd; ghy; Mw;Wfg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ.

rpWghzw;Wg;gil

,J ,ilf;fhy ehl;ilr; rhh;e;j ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh; vd;w Gytuhy;

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. 269 mbfisf; nghz;l ,e;E}y; Ngfd;> ghhp> fhhp> Ma;> mjpakhd;

es;sp Nghd;w filnaOts;sy;fisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil

,J IE}W mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;E}y; ghprpy; ngw;w ghzd; xUtd;

kw;nwhU ghzid njhz;ilkhd; ,se;jpiuad;ghy; Mw;Wg;gLj;Jtjhf fbaY}h;

cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh; ghbAs;shh;.

nghUduhw;Wg;gil

,e;E}y; Klj;jhkw;fz;zpahh; vd;Dk; ngz;ghy; Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhpfhy; ngUtsj;jhdpd; ngUikiaf; $Wk; ,e;E}y; 248 thpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

kiygLflhk;

,J 584 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ. $j;jd; xUtid kd;dd; jd;dplk; nry;YkhW

Mw;WgLj;Jtjhf ,uzpa Kl;lj;jpy; ngUq;Fd;W}h; ngUnfsrpfdhh; ghbAs;shh;.

gl;bdg;ghiy

,e;E}y; ghiyj; jpiziaAk; fhtphpG+k;gl;bdj;jpd; rpwg;igAk; $Wfpd;wJ.

fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fz;zhuhy; ghlg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}y; 301 mbfisf; nfhz;lJ.

rq;f ghy thzpgk; gw;wp ,e;E}y; mjpfkhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.


Ky;iyg;ghl;L

,J fhtphpg+k;gl;bdk; nghd; tzpfdhh; kfd; ek;g+jduhy; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

NghhpNy Gz;gLk; tPuh;fl;F Cf;f%l;Lk; mstpy; cs;s kd;dhpd; tPujPu Ngr;Rf;fs;

kw;Wk; ghriw mikg;Gf;fs; gw;W NgRk; ,e;Ey; 403 mbfisAilaJ.

FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L

,J fgpyuhy; ghlg;gl;l 361 mbfis nfhz;l E}yhFk; jiytpapd;

fsnthOf;fj;ijg; gw;wp nrtpypaplk; $wpj;; jpUkzj;jpw;F Vw;ghL nra;af;

$Wtjhfg; ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ ,e;E}y; epyr; rpwg;G gw;wpAk;;; NgRfpd;wd.

kJiuf; fhQ;rp

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,sikAk;> ahf;ifAk;> nry;tKk; epiyaw;wit vd;Dk; fhQ;rp jpizia tpthpj;J

$Wtjhy; ,J kJiuf; fhQ;rp vdg;gl;lJ. kJiu kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk;

,e;E}y; njspTglf; $Wfpd;wJ.

ew;wpiz> Few;njhif> Ie;FEW}W> mfehD}W GwehD}E> ghpghly; Mfpait

njhifE}y;fs; vd;W miof;fpg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpy; Kjy; Ie;J E}y;fSk;

mfg;nghUs; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. MW kw;Wk; VohtJ E}y;fs; Gwg;nghUs; gw;wp

$Wfpd;wd. filrp E}yhd ghpghly; mfk;>Gwk; Mfpa ,uz;L gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

ew;wpid

,J Ie;jpizfisg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. 400 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ.

gd;dhl;L je;j ghz;bad; tOjp ,e;E}iy njhFj;Js;shh;. Rkhh; 267 Gyth;fs;

,e;E}iy ghbAs;sjhf fUJfpd;wJ.

FWe;njhif

,e;E}y; 400 ghf;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ. 275 Gyth;fs; ,e;E}iy ,aw;wp

cs;sdh;. Mjpke;jpahh>; ,iwadhh;> nts;sptPjpahh; MfpNahhpd; ghly;fs; ,w;E}ypy;

,lk; ngw;W cs;sJ. g+hpf;Nfh ,e;E}iy njhFg;gpj;jtuhfTk;> jg;g+hp Fbf;fpohh;

,jid njhFj;NjhuhfTk; fUjg;gLfpwhh;. fztZf;F mKJ gilj;J fspg;GWk;

jiytpapd; nghWg;G kw;Wk; gz;ilj; jkpohpd; ,y;tho;f;if rpwg;G Nghd;witfis

vLj;Jf; $Wfpd;wJ.

Iq;FWE}W

,J 500 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Ie;J Gyth;fshy; jyh 100 ghly;fs; tPjk;

ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ. Xuk;Nghrpahh;> fk;%tdhh;> fgpyh;> Xjyhe;ijahh;> Ngadhh; MfpNahh;

ghly;fis ,aw;wpAs;sdh;. $lY}h; fpohh; ,e;E}ypd; njhFg;ghrphph; MFk;.

mfehD}W

,J 400 ghf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. 140 Gyth;fs; ,jid ghb cs;sdh;.

,e;E}iy njhFj;Jth; cUjpu rd;kdhh. njhFg;gpj;Njhh; ghz;ba kd;dd; cf;fpug;

ngUtOjpahthh;.


fypj;njhif

,J 149 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. fypg;ghf;fspd; njhFg;ghf ,e;E}y;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;jpizg; gw;wp $Wfpd;wd. FwpQ;rp epyk; gw;wp fgpyUk; Ky;iyg;

gw;wp Nrho ey;YUj;jpuDk;> kUjj;ijg; gw;wp kUhdps ehfdUk;> nea;jy; gw;wp

ey;yj;JtdhUk;> ghiyg; gw;wp ngUq;fLq;NfhTk; ghbAs;shh;.

gjpj;Jg;gw;W

,J 100 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Nru kd;dh;fs; rpwg;igf; $Wfpd;wJ. gj;J

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eWKbr;Nruy;> Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd;> ngUQ;Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw Nghd;Nwhh;fspd; tPujPur;

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fpilf;ftpy;iy. njhFj;jth; njhFg;gpj;jth; gw;wpa jfty;fSk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

GwehD}W

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fgpyh;> guzh;> ,Uk;gplj;jiyahh; Nghd;w Gfo;kpf;f Gyth;fs; ,e;E}iyg; ghba

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tPuj;ijAk;> nfhilj; jd;ikAk; $Wfpd;wJ.

ghpghly;

,J 70 ghly;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Mdhy; jw;NghJ 22 ghly;fNs fpilf;fpd;wJ.

ghpe;J nry;Yk; Xiria cila ,e;E}y; xt;nthU ghlypd; ,WjpapYk; ,ir

mikj;jthpd; ngaiuf; fhzyhk;. ,g;ghly;fs; midj;Jk; jpUkhy;> KUfd;>itia

Mfpa flTs;fisg; gw;wp ghlg;gl;Ls;sJ.

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gpe;jpaitfshFk;.

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mwpayhk;.

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kiwe;jhd; vdr;rpyUk; fUJfpd;wdh;. mhpaiz kPJ Mirf; nfhz;l gifth;fs;

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cz;L.

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vDk; Kbtpw;F tUfpwh;.

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mioj;jdH. gy ntw;wpfisg; ngw;W FWepy kd;dHfs; kPJ Mjpf;fk; cilatd;


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Kbahl;rpapd; ehspypUe;J Ml;rpahz;il fzf;fpl;ldH. Kb> nfhb>

ntz;nfhw;wf;Fil> KuR Mfpait kd;dDf;Fhpa rpd;dq;fshFk;.

je;ij top jha; Kiwapy; %j;j kfDf;F muRhpik fpl;baJ. ,sk;

tajpdUk; mur gjtpf;F te;jdH vd;gjw;Ff; fhpfhyDk; jiyahyq;fhdj;Jr;

nrUntd;w neLQ;nropaDk; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. thhpR ,d;ikapy;

gl;lj;Jahid khiyapl;L kd;did NjHe;njLf;Fk; tof;F ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; NjHjy;

KiwAk;> ngz;fs; mhpaizNaWk; tof;fKk; ,y;iy. kf;fspd; jiytHfshf

kd;dH tpsq;fpdh;. murHfis vjpHj;Jf; fpsHr;rpfs; votpy;iy. kd;did

tpul;babj;j tof;F mf;fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy Mdhy; kd;dHfs; jhkhf KbJwe;jJz;L.

murit

murdpd; mit kd;wk;> Xy;fk;> ,uf;if> Ntl;lit vdg;gy ngaHfspy;

miof;fg;gl;lJ. muritapy; murdpd; ,y;yj;jtHfSk; muR mYtyh;fSk;

nghJkf;fSk; $bdH. Rq;ffhy kd;dHfs; muritapy; GytHfshy; nghpJk;

ghuhl;lg;gl;ldH. GytHfs; ,yf;fpak; gw;wp tpthjpj;jNjhL murdplk; Fiwfz;lhy;

mij jpUj;jTk; nra;jdH. muritapd; jiyahag; gzp murDf;F mwpTiu $wp

rpwe;j Kiwapy; Ml;rp mikf;f cjTtjhFk;. Murit epHthfj; jiyikafkhf

tpsq;fpaJ vdyhk;. Murit jiyefuj;jpy; nray;gl;lJ. nghJkf;fspd;

tpz;zg;gq;fs; ,jpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

Ik;ngUq;FO

murDf;F MNyhfid nrhy;yTk; Ml;rp Ghptjpy; Jiz nra;aTk;

Ik;ngUq;FO> vz;Nguhak; vd;w mikg;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. Ik;ngUq;FOtpy; mikr;rH>

GNuhfpjH> NrhjplH> kUj;JtH> kf;fs; gpujpepjp Mfpa ItH ,lk; ngw;wpUe;jdH.

mikr;rHfs; thp t#ypg;gJ ePjp toq;FtJ Mfpatw;iwf; ftdpj;jdH. GNuhfpjHfs;

kjrk;ge;jkhd tpohf;fis elj;jp te;jdH. NrhjplHfs; ey;y fhhpaq;fs;

elj;Jtjw;Fk;> kd;dd; Nghhpy; <LgLtjw;Fk; ey;y Neuq;fis Fwpj;J nfhLj;jdH.

kUj;JtHfs; kd;dDila cly;eyj;ijAk; ehl;L kf;fspd; cly;eyj;ijAk;

Ngzpte;jdH. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; kf;fspd; eyd;fisAk; chpikfisAk; fhj;J

te;jdH.

vz;Nguhak;

vz;Nguhaj;jpy; fuzj;jpaytH> fHktpjpfs;> fdfr;Rw;wk;> filfhg;ghsH>

efukhe;jH> gilj;jiytH> ahidtPuH> ,Tsp kwtH Kjypa vz;ktH ,lk;

ngw;wpUe;jdH. ,tHfs; kd;dd; eyj;ijAk; kf;fs; eyj;ijAk; Ngzp ehl;bd;

ed;ikf;fhf murDf;F Njitahd MNyhridfs; toq;fp mtDila nray;fspYk;

cWJizaha; epd;wdH.


JhJtHfs;

,sturHfSk;> me;jzHfSk;> GytHfSk; murhpd; JhJtHfshf nrd;wdH.

mz;ilehLfSf;Fk;> may;ehLfSf;Fk; JhjHfs; nrd;wdH. kd;ddpd; may;ehl;Lf;

nfhs;ifapd; Kbit vLj;Jiuf;fTk;> ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;jTk; Jg;G mwptpjw;Fk;

JhjHfs; gad;gl;ldH. fp.K.18-y; Nuhk NguurH mf];l]pd; Kb#l;L tpohtpy; fye;J

nfhs;s nrd;w ghz;ba kd;dHfspd; JhjHfs; Vjd;]; efhpd; topahf nrd;wdH.

xw;wHfs;

goq;fhy kd;dHfshy; Vuhskhd csthspfs; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdH. mikjpf;

fhyj;jpYk; NghHf; fhyj;jpYk; NtT ghHf;fg;gl;lJ. re;Njff; Fwpg;Gfis nfhz;l

khWgl;l xypfs; %yk; jk; nra;jpapid njhptpg;gH. mQ;rhJ ,ufrpak; nra;jpawpe;J

jpwikAld; xw;wHfs; nray;gl;ldH.

gilepHthfk;

gilfs; Mw;wy;kpf;NfhiuAk; toue;J nray;gLNthiuAk; Nghhpy; tpUg;gKil

NahiuAk; nfhz;L tpsq;fpaJ. murNu gilfSf;F Njitahd gilf;fyq;fis

epWtfpj;jhH. fhyhl;gil> Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> NjHg;gil vd;w thpirKiw

fhzg;gl;lJ. jhidj; jiytd; murUf;F mLj;jg;gbahf fhzg;gl;lhd;.

ePjpepHthfk;

murHfs; ePjp toq;fpl jFjpAs;stHfspd; Jiznfhz;L nray;gl;ldH.

efuq;fspYk;> fpuhkq;fpsYk; ePjpkd;wq;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. efuq;fspy; murd; ePjp

toq;fpdhd;. fpuhkq;fspy; murdpd; gpujpepjpfs; ePjp toq;fpdH. Muzpd; Kw;wNk

ePjpkd;wkhf nray;gl;lJ. ntspg;gilahf tprhuiz eilngw;wJ.fUf;fiyg;G>

gRtpd; kbaWj;jy;> ghHg;gdH nfhiy MfpaitfSf;F mjpfgl;r jz;lidfs;

mspf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ Nghy; gioa fhyq;fspy; rl;lk; vd;gJ ,y;iy. nra;j

Fw;wq;fl;F Vw;g jz;lidfs; mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

murpd; tUtha; kw;Wk; nryT

rq;f fhy murHfs; gy;NtW tpjkhd thpfis t#ypj;jdH. epy cw;gj;jpapy;

1/6 gq;F epythpahf t#ypj;jdH. epythpNa murpd; Kf;fpa tUtha; MFk;.

Rpw;wurHfs; Njw;fbf;fg;gl;l kd;dHfs; Kiwg;gb jpiw nrYj;jpdH. gapH tpisr;ry;

,y;yhjNghJ thpfs; js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;ld. t#ypf;fg;gl;l thpfs; nghJg;gzpf;Fk;>

mwg;gzpf;Fk; Myagzpf;Fk;> Vhp> Fsq;fs;> rhiyfs; Nghd;witfis Gjpjhf

mikg;gjw;Fk;> gioaitfis nrg;gdpLtjw;Fk; nryT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

nfhbAk; rpd;dKk;

rq;ffhy kd;dHfs; jq;fSf;nfd jdpf; nfhbfisAk; rpd;dq;fisAk;

itj;jpUe;jdH. ghz;baH kPd;nfhb> NruH tpy;nfhb> NrhoH Gypf;nfhbiaAk;

nfhz;bUe;jdH. ,it jtpu xt;nthU kd;dDk; jq;fSf;nfd jdp Fjpiu> ahif>

NjH MfpaitfisAk; nfhz;bUe;jdH.


rq;ffhy nghUshjhu tho;f;if

tptrhak;

tptrhak; kf;fspd; jiyaha njhopy;. mJ kf;fSila tsj;Jf;Fk;

kd;dDila tsj;Jf;Fk; mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ. ney;> fUk;G tuF> jpiz> vs;>

mtiu gaW Nghd;w gy gapHfisg; gaphpl;ldH. kUj epyj;jpy; ney;Yk; fUk;Gk;

Kf;fpa gapHfshFk;. goq;fs;> fpoq;Ffs; Nghd;wit FwpQ;rp epyj;jpy; gaphplg;gl;ld.

epyj;jpd; tsikf;F fhtphp> itif> ngz;iz> ghyhW Kjypa MWfs;

Jizg;Ghpe;jd. ePH ghrdj;jpw;F fhy;tha;fs;> kjFfs;>Vhpfs;> Fsq;fs; %yk; ghrd

trjpfs; Nkw;nfhz;ldH. MltH kfspH rpWtHfs; midtUk; Ntshd;ikapy;

gq;Nfw;wdH. coT njhopypy; <Lgl;ltH cotH vd;Wk; kfspH coj;jpaH vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;ldH. fyg;ig> VH> mhpths;> fj;jp Kjypa Btshd;ikf; fUtpfhsFk;.

fhy;eil tsHg;G tptrhaj;NjhL ,ize;J ,Ue;jJ. ML> khL Nka;g;gtH MaH

my;yJ ,ilaH vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH.

gpwj;njhopy;fs;

Ntshd;ikf;F mLj;J Fwpg;gpj;jf;f njhopy; nerT MFk;. gUj;jp> gl;L

Milfs; nea;ag;gl;ld. Milfspy; tz;zk; NrHj;jy;> moFg;g+ Ntiyfs; nra;jy;>

Mfpaitg; gw;wp jopoH njhpe;jpUe;jdH. kpf nky;ypa Jfpy;> kw;Wk; fk;gsp

MilfSk; nea;jdH. ijay; fiyQHfSk; ,Ue;jdH. ghz;ba ehl;bYk;

gpwJiwKfq;fspYk; Kj;Jf; Fspj;jy; eilg;ngw;wJ. ghz;ba ehl;L Kj;J Nkiy

ehl;ltiu ftHe;jJ. Njf;F> re;jd kuq;fspdhYk; ahid je;jj;jhYk; mofpa

nghUs;fs; nra;jdH. ,Uk;Gf; njhopy; Njhy;gjdpLjy;> Njd; vLj;jy;> kPd; gpbj;jy;>

cg;G vLj;jy;> ,Uk;G> ntz;fyk;> nrg;Gg; nghUl;fs; nra;jy;> fl;bl Ntiy nra;jy;

Kjypa njhopy;fSk; ele;jd.

msitfs; kw;Wk; fhRfs;

kh> Ntyp Kjypa epy msit KiwfSk; ehop> fyk; Kjypa

Kfj;jysitfSk;> Jyhk; foQ;R Kjypa epWj;jysitfSk; ,Ue;jd. kh vd;gJ

xU Ntyp epyj;jpw;Fr; rkk;. ehop vd;gJ kuf;fhy; mstpd; vl;by; xU gFjp. 12

kuf;fhy; NrHe;jJ xU fyk;. Rq;ffhyj;jpy; %Nte;jHfSk; Kjpjpiuaplg; ngw;w

fhRfis gad;gLj;jpdH. fhRfspy; Nkiy ehl;Lf; fhRfNs rq;ffhy

nghUshjhuj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;fpd. fhzk; vd;nwhU nghw;fhR Gof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.

thzpgk;

cs;ehl;L thzpgk;

cs;ehl;L thzpgk; kpfr; RWRWg;Gld; eilngw;W te;jJ. ngUk;ghYk;

gz;lkhw;W KiwapNyNa thzpgk; eilngw;W te;jJ. v thzpfr; rhj;Jf;fs;

vdg;gl;l tzpfHfs; $l;lk; cs;ehl;Lr; re;ijfspy; cw;gj;jp nghUs;fis tpw;W

gzk; <l;bdH. Cs;ehl;L thzpgj;jpw;F ehsq;fhb> my;yq;fhb vd ,Utif

mq;fhbfs; ,Ue;jd. ehsq;fhb vd;gJ gfy; Neuqj;jpYk; my;yhq;fhb ,uT


Neuj;jpYk; nray;gl;ld. ,it GfhH kJiu Kjypa efuq;fspy; ,Ue;jd.

nghUs;fsp;d; tpiyia vOjp njhq;ftplg;gl;ld. tzpfH $l;lkhf nrd;W thzpfk;

nra;jdH. mf;$l;lj;jpw;F thzpfr; rhj;J vd;W ngaH. fOij tz;b> glF> gha;kuf;

fg;gy;fs; ruf;Ffis nfhz;Lr; nry;y gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

may;ehl;L thzpgk;

ntspehl;L thzpgk; kpf rpwg;ghf eilg;ngw;wJ. fpof;fpy; njd;fpof;fhrpa

ehLfSld; rPdj;JlDk; thzpgj; njhlHG ,Ue;jJ. Nkw;Nf atd ehl;ltUk;>

Nkw;fhrpaHfSk; cNuhkhdpaHfSk; ,e;jpa gz;lq;fspy; ngUk; tpUg;gk; fhl;bdH.

INuhg;ghtpd; gy ghfq;fSf;Fk; ,g;gz;lq;fs; nrd;wd. nfhq;F ehl;L jq;fKk;>

ghz;b ehl;L kj;Jk;> re;jdKk;> kpsFk;> thridg; nghUl;fSk;> ,Q;rpAk;> je;jKk;>

Vyk;> fpuhk;G Nghd;witfSk; Nkw;F ehLfSf;F Vw;Wkjp Mapd. kutiffs;>

vz;nza;fs;> Njq;fha;> fUg;gl;b> Nghd;witfSk; thzpg; nghUshf tpsq;fpd.

caHjukhd Milfs;> gl;lhilfs;> tz;zgfl;lhd Milfs;> tphpg;Gfs;> Xtpa

Ntiyg;ghLila nghUl;fs;> ituk;> gpwtpiy caHe;j fw;fs; MfpaitfSk;

ntspehl;L tzpfHfis ftHe;jd. capUs;s gpuhzpfSk; fg;gy; Vwp

ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;wd. kapy;> fpwp> Fuq;F> Gyp Nghd;wit ,g;Gz;zpaj;ij

ngw;wd. jkpofk; Vw;Wkjp ehlhf kl;Lk; tpsq;ftpy;iy. ntspehLfspy; cw;gj;jpahd

nghUl;fis ,wf;FkjpAk; nra;jJ. Nkw;F ehLfspypUe;J caHtif kJ> fz;zhb

rhkhd;> Fjpiufs; Kjypait tutiof;fg;gl;ld. ,yq;ifapypUe;Jk; gHkhtpypue;Jk;

czT nghUl;fs; te;jd. rPdj;jpypUe;J mofpa tpspk;G cila gl;LfSk;

rHf;fiuAk; tutiof;fg;gl;ld.

jkpofj;J JiwKfq;fspy; mayhH fyq;fs; Ftpe;J fple;jd.

nghiwahWk;>GfhUk;> nfhw;ifAk; rpwe;j JiwKfq;fshf tpsq;fpd. Nfhl;lhWk;>

kJiuAk;> KrpwpAk;> ciwa+Uk; ntspehl;L tzpfHfspd; Muthuk; ngw;w cs;ehl;L

efuq;fshf tpsq;fpd.

rq;f fhy; rkak;

irtKk;> itztKk;> ngsj;jKk;> rkzKk; rq;f fhyj;jpypUe;;j

rkaq;fshFk;. ngsj;jKk;> rkzKk; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng khNahd;>NrNahd;> Nte;jd;>

tUzd; vd;Dk; nja;tq;fis Ky;iy> FwpQ;rp> kUjk;> nea;jy; epyq;fspy; cs;s

kf;fs; topg;gl;ldH vd;W njhy;fhg;gpak; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

xt;nthU epyj;jpw;Fk; xU nja;tk; vd;w topghl;LKiw kf;fspd; tof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;jJ. FwpQ;rp epy kf;fs; KUfidAk;> Ky;iy epy kf;fs; jpUkhiyAk; kUj

epy kf;fs; ,e;jpuidAk;> nea;jy; epy kf;fs; tUzidAk;> ghiy epy kf;fs;

nfhw;witiaAk; topgl;ldH.

rpt topghLk; rq;ffhy kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gl;lJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy;

rptd; vd;w nrhy;Ny fhzg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; rptid NtW ngaHfspy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdH. mwptpd; Kidtd;> fiw kplw;fz;zy;> fhhpz;l flTs;> ePyf;filf;

fhspjd;> My;nfO flTs;> MykHr; nry;td; KOKjy;td; Nghd;w gy ngaHfshy;


rptngUkhid rq;fg; Gyth;fs; Fwpg;gpll;Ls;sdH. ,yq;fpaq;fspy; rptNdhL NrHj;J

cikats; Ngrg;gLfpd;wdhH. jdpj;Jf; fhZk; nghOJ JHf;ifahff;

fhl;lg;ngWfpd;whh;. rpyg;gjpfhuk; rf;jp topghL Fwpj;J NgRfpd;wJ. ghiyf; fypay;

rptdJ vapy; ntd;w Kf;fz; rpwg;Gk;> gpwTk; Ngrg;gLfpd;wJ. rptdJ fil jho;e;j

ril gpiw mzpe;j ril> Kf;fz; filkplW Nghd;witfis rq;f Ehw;ghtb

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

rptd; KOKjw; nghUshy; cyfk; midj;jpw;Fk; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kjy;

fhuzk; Ik;ngUk; g+jq;fis mlf;fp jhDk; mjDld; fye;J myfpyh

tpisahliyg; Ghpe;jhH vd kJiuf; fhQ;rpapy; khq;Fb kUjdhH Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

NkYk; #yk; gpbj;j RlHg;gil fhyf;flTs; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtJ %yk; rptd; #yk;

gpbj;j RlHg;gil chpatdhf tpsq;fpdhH vd;gJ njhpfpd;wJ.

rq;f fhy itztk;

khNahd;> khy;> ew;if> fz;zy;> nta;Nahd;> jpUkhHgd;> Mopad; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;l jpUkhyplk; ifr; rf;fuk;> rq;F> tpy;> ths;> nfsNkjfH Mfpa

MAjq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. rf;fuj;jpid Nekp> Mop jpfphp> vdTk;> rq;fpid

tis>tyk;Ghp> rq;fk; vdTk; mioj;jdH. jpUkle;ij nra;NthH> jhkiuapdhs;>

ey;yhs; vdj; jpUkfis mioj;jdH. gpuk;kh jpUkhypd; Gjy;tH vdg;gl;lhH.

mofHkiy> jpUtuq;fk;> Ntq;flk; Nghd;wit jpUkhypd; jpUjyq;fshFk;.

gpw topghl;L Kiwfs;

kf;fspd; rkaf; nfhs;ifapy; fd;dp> epoq;flTs;>Nga;> $dp Mfpatw;wpy;

ek;gpf;if ,Ue;jJ. nja;tq;fis rpy kuq;fSld; ,izj;J topgl;ldH. My;>

muR> Ntk;G> flk;G> tpy;tk; Nghd;w kuq;fspd; epoypy; nja;t cUtq;fis itj;J

topgl;ldH. ,d;Wk; ,e;j Kiw jkpoH rKjhaj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. My

kuj;jbapy; rptngUkhd; tPw;wpUe;jhH vd;gJk; jpUkhy; MypiyNky; gs;sp nfhz;lhH

vd;gJk; Guhz kuGfs;. rq;f fhy kd;dHfsplKk; kf;fsplKk; kjr; rfpg;Gj;jd;ik

fhzg;gl;lJ. kd;dHfs; rka tsHr;rpf;F MjuT mspj;jdH. ,iw topg;ghl;by;

kf;fs; jPtpuk; fhl;bdH.

fsg;gpuHfs;

rq;ffhyk; KbTw;w gpd; fp.gp.%d;whk Ehw;whz;L Kjy; fp.gp. Mwhk;

Ehw;whz;L Kba Vwj;jho %d;W Ehw;whz;Lfs; jkpo; ehl;ilj; jkpo; Nte;jHfs;

Mz;ljhfr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehl;by; Fog;gq;fs; Vw;gl;L

fsg;gpuHfs; jkpofj;jpw;Fs; GFe;J jkpo; kd;dHfisj; Njhw;fbj;J Ml;rpia

ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ljhf njhpfpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fshd jkpo; ehtyH rhpij> ahg;

ngUq;fyk;> nghpaGuhzk; Mfpait fsg;gpuH Ml;rpia gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.

jpUg;GfOHf; fy;ntl;L new;Fd;wk; fpohH vd;Dk; fs;gpu kd;didg; gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.

fhrhf;Fbr; nrg;NgLfSk;> jstha;Guk nrg;NgLfSk;> fp.gp. Mwhk; Ehw;whz;bd;

,Wjpapy; ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuHfisj; Njhw;fbj;jijf; $Wfpd;wd. $w;wk;

nrg;NgLfSk; Kjyhk; eurpk;ktHkd; NrhoHfs; ghz;baHfs; MfpNahiuAk;


fsg;gpuiuAk; Njhw;fbj;jij $Wfpd;wd. vdNt rq;ffhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd; jkpofj;jpy;

Vw;gl;l fsg;gpuH Mjpf;fk; fp.gp. Mwhk; Ehw;whz;L tiu ePbj;jpUe;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

fsg;gpuHfs; ahH?

fsg;gpuHfisg; gw;wp njspthf mwpa Nghjpa tuyhw;Wr; rhd;Wfs; ,Jtiu

fpilf;ftpy;iy. vdNt tuyhw;W MrphpaHfSk;> mwpQH ngUkf;fSk;>

Muha;r;rpahsHfSk;> ,yf;fpaq;fspYk;> fy;ntl;LfspYk;> nrg;NgLfspYk; fhzg;gLk;

ngaH kw;Wk; ,d> nkhop> rka xw;Wikfis itj;J gy nfhs;iffis

tFj;Js;sdH.

fd;dlHfs; fsg;gpuHfis “fsk;ghsH” vd;Wk; “fsg;guH” vd;Wk; “fsg;ghoH”

vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH. mtHfs; jkpoHfSky;yH> MhpaHfSky;yH> mtHfs; gpuhfpUjk;>

ghyp> Mfpa nkhopfisj; jq;fsJ nkhopfshfg; Nghw;wp rkzk; ngsj;jk; Mfpa

kjq;fSf;F MjuT njhptpj;jikahy; jkpoHfshf ,Uf;fKbahJ. mtHfs;

tlnkhopf;Fk; MjuT mspf;ftpy;iy. MfNt MhpaHfSky;yH. mtHfs; jha;nkhop

fd;dlkhf ,Ug;gjhy; mtHfs; jpuhtpl ,dj;ij rhHe;j fd;dlHfs;. fUehlhf

kd;dH fd;dl ehl;bypUe;J te;jhd; vd;W $wg;gl;l NghjpYk; mtHfs; vg;gFjpapy;

Ml;rp Ghpe;jdH vd;gij nghpaGuhzk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy. fd;dlEhy;fspypUe;J

fy;ntl;LfspypUe;Jk; fd;dl ehl;by; “fsg;G” vd;w gFjpapy; murhz;ldH vd;W

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH.

fd;dl ehl;by; n`h]Nful;lh jhYfhtpy; fpilj;Js;s tPufy;rhrdk;

“];t];jp = kJuhsffstu jpUuh[;ajy;” vdl\;W Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Fsg;gp vd;gJ

fstu ehL ,jidg; Nghd;Nw fs;tH ehL> fsg;gpuH ehL vd;w ngaHfs; kw;w

rhrdq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

nfhLk;gh@H Kj;jiuaHfs; jiytDf;Ff; fs;tH> fs;td; vdg;gl;l ngaH

xd;W cz;L vdTk; jkpopy; fs;tH vdg;gl;lNj tl nkhopapy; fsg;gpuH vd Mapw;W.

Ntshs fsg;ghHfNs fsg;gpuHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;ldH. “GyaHfs;” vd;gtHfNs

fsg;gpuHfs; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH. ,e;j fUj;Jfspy; vJTk; rhpahdnjd;W Vw;W

nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. Ntq;flkiyg;gFjpapy; Gy;yp vd;w fs;tH ,dj; jiytd; Mz;L

te;jjhf rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ. fp.gp.%d;W> ehd;fhk; Ehw;whz;Lfspy;

rKj;jpuf;Fg;jdpd; gilnaLg;ghYk;> rhjthfdhpd; tPo;r;rpahYk;> gy;ytHfSila if

Xq;fp te;jhYk; njhz;il ehl;by; ehl;by; Vw;gl;l Fogq;ifs gad;gLj;jp

fsg;gpuHfs; jkpofk; GFe;J Kjypy; njhz;ilk z;lyj;jpYk; gpd; Nrho> ghz;ba

kz;lyq;fspYk; ,Ue;j epiyahd guk;giuahd muRfis ftpo;j;J tpl;L ehL

KOtJk; jq;fs; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdH vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH.

fsg;gpuH fhyk;

fsg;gpuH jkpofj;ij jq;fs; iftrk; ngw Kad;w fhyj;ijg; gw;wpAk; fUj;J

NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tr;rpuee;jpapd; jpuhtplH rq;fk; (fp.gp.470) Vw;gLtjw;F

Kd;dNu fsg;gpuH Ml;rp jkpofj;jpy; epytpapUe;jJ. ,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd;

,WjpapYk; %d;whk; Ehw;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; ,Ue;j jkpof murpay;


#o;epiyfs; fsg;gpuHfspd; gilnaLg;Gf;F rhjfkhf ,Ue;jJ. fsg;gpuH gilnaLj;J

te;jnghOJ Ml;rp Ghpe;J nfhz;bUe;j Nru> Nrho> ghz;baHfis gw;wp vr;nra;jpAk;

ekf;F fpilf;ftpy;iy. mk; kd;dHfspd; ngaHfSk; njhpatpy;iy. ,Ug;gpDk;

fsg;gpuH %Nte;jHfisAk; mtHfspd; fPo;lq;fpapUe;j> FWepykd;dHfisAk; mlf;fp

ntw;wp nfhz;ldH vd;W mwpaKbfpwJ.

jpuhtplr; rq;fk;

fp.gp.470-y; g+r;rpa ghjH vd;gthpd; khztuhd tr;rpuee;jp vd;ghH kJiuapy;

jpuhtplr; rq;fk; xd;iw epWtpdhh;. rkzf; nfhs;iffis gug;GtNj ,r;rq;fj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;. rkzf; nfhs;iffis tpsf;Fk; Ehy;fis ntspapLtJ ,jd;

nray;jpl;lq;fspy; xd;whFk;. Gjpndz;fPo;fzf;F Ehy;fspy; gy ,r;rq;f fhyj;jpy;

,aw;wg;gl;litfNsahFk;. rPtfrpe;jhkzp> Fz;lyNfrp> ePyNfrp (aNrhjh fhtpak;)

Nghd;wit ,r;rq;fj;jpd; njhz;bNyNa ntspahd fhtpaq;fshFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuKk;>

kzpNkfiyAk;> ,r;rq;f fhyj;jpy; jhd; ,aw;wg;gl;ld vdf;$Wfpd;wdH.

fsg;gpu kd;dHfs;

fp.gp.%d;whk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; gilnaLj;j fsg;gpuHfs; jkpof

kd;dHfis ntw;wp nfhz;L jq;fs; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdH vd;gij ,yf;fpa kw;Wk;

fy;ntl;L nrg;NgL Mjhuq;fs; %yk; mwpayhk;. fsg;gpuHfs; nfhbapy; kPd;> tpy;> Gyp

Nghd;w rpd;dq;fs; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gij mbg;gilahf itj;J ghHf;Fk; NghJ

fs;gpuHfs; Kjypy; Nru> Nrho ghz;ba ehLfis ifg;gw;wp ,Uf;fyhk; vd;W

vz;zg;gLfpwJ. ghz;ba ehl;by; fsg;gpuH Ml;rp ,Ue;jJ vd;gij %Hj;jp ehadhH

Guhzj;jpd; %yk; mwpayhk;. %Hj;jp ehadhH ghz;ba ehl;bypUe;j nghOJ

kJiuia fsg;gpu kd;dd; xUtd; Ml;rp Ghpe;J te;jhd;. mtDf;F thhpR fpilahJ.

Mjyhy; mk;kd;dd; ,we;jJk; mf;fhyj;J tof;fg;gb gl;lj;J ahid %yk; mLj;j

kd;dd; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;lhd;. Gl;lj;J ahid tzpfH kfd; %Hj;jpahUf;F

khiyapl;L kd;dd; Mf;fpaJ. ,t;thW NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l kd;dd; vj;jid

Mz;Lfs; Ml;rp Ghpe;jhd vd;gJk; mtDf;F gpd; kPz;Lk; fsg;gpuHfs; Ml;rp vJtiu

ePbj;jJ vd;gJk; njhpatpy;iy.

Nrho ehl;il Mz;l $w;wtehadhUk; fsg;gpuHfspy; xUtH. nghpa

Guhzj;jpd; %yk; ,tuJ tuyhw;iw mwpayhk;. ,tH fsg;ghsd; Fyj;ijr; rhHe;jtH

vd;W ek;gpahz;lhH ek;gp jdJ jpUj;njhz;lH jpUte;jhjpapy; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

,yq;if Ehyhd #ytk;rk; fsg;gpuiu “epfe;jH” vd;W miof;fpd;wJ. mtHfspd;

#ytk;rk; Ehypd; gb nkhf;fy;yhdd; vd;w rpq;fs mur mur Fkhud; fsg;gpuhpd;

cjtp ngWk; nghUl;L jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;jjhfTk;> mtd; Mjutpw;nfd;W xU

gilia epfe;jH mjhtJ fsg;gpuHfs; nfhLj;jjhfTk; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. RkhH 300

Mz;L fhyk; jkpofj;jpy; xU Kiwaw;w Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpatHfs; fsg;gpuHfs;

MthHfs;. fsg;gpu kd;dHfspd; rhjidfis Fwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; kw;Wk;

nrg;NgLfs; VJk; fpilf;fhjjhy; fsg;gpu Ml;rpfhyj;ij jkpof tuyhw;iw “,Uz;l

fhyk;” vd miof;fpd;Nwhk;.


fsg;gpuhpd; tPo;r;rp

ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd; fp.gp.6Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapy; fsg;gpuiu ntd;W

ghz;bag; Nguuir kPz;Lk; eiy epWj;jpdhd; vd;W ghz;baH nrg;NgLfs; $Wfpd;wd.

jstha;Gu nrg;NgLfspy; “ fw;wwpe;NjhH jpwy;gutf;fsg; ghbiuf;fis fl;l

kw;wpuz;Nlhs; khf;fLq;Nfhd; khdk; NgHj;jUspa Nfhd;” vd;W Fwpgplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghz;bad; fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuhpkpUe;J ghz;ba ehl;il ifg;gw;wpa mNj jUzj;jpy;

Nrhoehl;il gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;ktp~;Z fsg;gpuhplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W

gs;sd; Nfhtpy; nrg;NgLfSk;> NtYhH ghisak; nrg;NgLfSk; $Wfpd;wd. NtYhH

ghisa rhrdj;jpy; giftHfspd; Mw;wiy mlf;Fk; gyKs;stDkhd

rpk;kthkDf;F ntw;wp tPuuhd rpk;ktp~;Z Gjy;tdhfg; gpwe;jhd;. rpk;ktp~;Z

fKFj; Njhl;lq;fSk;> ney;tay;fSk; epiwe;Js;s fhtphp Mw;wpdhy;

myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l Nrho ehl;il ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

rpk;ktp~;Z Nrho ehl;il ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd;W $Wfpd;Njnahopa Nrho kd;did

ntd;wjhf $wtpy;iy. MfNt mtd; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ fsg;gpuH Ml;rp

Ghpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthff; njhpfpd;wJ. mjhtJ NrhoHfs;

fsg;gpuHfSf;F mlq;fp ,Ue;jdH. mr; Nrhokz;lyk; fsg;gpuH iftrk; ,Ue;jJ.

gyyt rpk;ktp~;Z fsg;gpuH Ml;rp Ghpe;j Nrho ehl;ilia ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

Fsg;gpuUf;F mlq;fp ,Ue;j NrhoHfs; gpd;dH gy;ytHfSf;F mlq;fp ,Ue;jdH.

,t;thW fsg;gpuHfspd; tdik eype;J tpl;ljhy;> NghuurH epiyapd;W Fiwe;J

rpw;wurHfshf Mfptpl;ldH. Nrho ehl;by; jQ;ir> nre;jiy Nghd;w ,lq;fisg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;L gy;ytUf;F mlq;fpa rpw;wurHfshf ,Ue;jdH. gpw;fhy gy;ytHfs;

fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk; eurpk;ktHkd;> ,uz;lhk; ee;jptHkd;> rhSf;fpa kd;dHfshd

Kjyhk; tpf;fpukhjpj;jpad;> tp[ahjpj;jd; KjypNahUk; fsg;gpuHfis

ntd;wtHfNsahtH.

fsg;gpuHfs; Ml;rpapy; jkpofj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;

fsg;gpuHfs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopf;Fj; jho;Tk; gpuhfpUjj;Jf;Fk;> ghyp

nkhopf;Fk; murhq;fr; nry;thf;Fk; fpilj;jd. Ml;rp nkhopahf jkpo; ,y;yhtpl;lhYk;

ngsj;j JwtpfSk;> rkzKdptHfSk; jkpo; tsHg;Gg; gzpiaAk;> jk; rka tsHg;G

gzpfspy; xd;whf Nkw;nfhz;ldH. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapYk;> gz;ghl;bYk; ngUk;

khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. “ahJk; CNu ahtUk; NfspH” vd;w mbg;gilapYk; rka

NtWghL ,y;yhky; ,aw;if newpNahL ,ize;j tho;tpid rq;fj;jkpoH elj;jp

te;jdH. Mdhy; fsg;gpuHfs; fhyj;jpYk; mjw;Fg; gpd;Dk; jkpof kf;fs; rka

rr;ruTfspy; <Lgl;L ghHg;gdHfspd; gf;jp newpia Nkw;nfhz;L nrhHf;fj;ijj; Njb

,t;Tyf tho;f;ifia eufkhf;Fk; mstpw;F khw;wg;gl;ldH. fhl;Lj;jdKk;> kjKk;

Nuhkg; Nguuirj;jhf;fp tPo;j;jpaJ Nghd;Nw fsg;gpuHfspd; fhl;L kpuhz;bj;jdKk;>

ghHg;ghdpa kjKk; jkpo; muRfis tPo;j;jp jkpoH ehfhPfj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk;

ngUk; neUf;fjYf;F cs;shf;fpd.


myF– 2

gy;ytHfspd; Njhw;wk; ;

gy;ytHfs; ntspehl;ltHfs;

gy;ytH vd;w nrhy;Yk; rhf kugpd; xU gphptpduhd ghHj;jpaiuf; Fwpf;Fk;

“g ;̀ytH” vd;w nrhy;Yk; xUthW xd;Wgl;bUg;gijf; fz;L lhf;lH ];kpj;>

ntq;ifah> N[ht;Jhg;Nu> KjyhNdhH gy;ytHfs; ghurPf ehl;bd; tl gFjpapypue;j

ghh;j;jpaH vd;wdH.

itFe;j ngUkhs; Myaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwpa rpw;gnkhd;wpy; ,uz;lhk;

ee;jptHkdpd; je;ij tp`puz;atHkd; ahid Kff;fphplk; xd;iw #l;bf;nfhz;L

fhl;rpaspf;fpd;whH. ,e;jf; fPhplk; ghf;Bhpa kd;dHfspd; fphplj;ijg; gnhy;

fhzg;gLtjhy; gy;ytHfs; ghurPfj;jpdH vd;W jpU. Ntq;flRg;ghH $Wfpd;wdH.

ntspehl;Lf; Nfhl;ghL

gy;ytHfs; ntspehl;ltHfs; vd;Wk; jkpofj;jpd; murpay; #o;epiyapy; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fbahd epiyikia jq;fSf;F rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l

ntspehl;ltH jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Ml;rpahsHfis tPo;j;jp jq;fs;

Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldH vd;Wk;> Gjpa Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhz;l kd;dHfs;

jq;fs; tk;rj;jpw;F “gy;ytHfs;” vd;W ngaH #l;bf; nfhz;ldH vd;Wk; xU rhuhH

fUJfpd;wdH.

,yq;ifapduh my;yJ ehfHfsh?

,yq;ifia mLj;j kzpgy;ytk; vd;gNj gy;ytHfspd; gpwg;gplkhFk; vd;W

rp.,uhr ehafk; $Wfpd;whH. ,tH kzpNkfiyf; fhg;gpaj;ij Mjhukhf nfhz;L

kzp gy;ytj;ijj Mz;l ehfH kfshd gPyptis vd;w ehf fd;dpf;F

fsnthOf;fj;jpd; ghy; xU kfd; gpwe;jhd;. kzpgy;ytj; jPtpypUe;J jkpofk; ve;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghOJ mtd; te;j fg;gy; cile;jJ. Mdhy; mtd; njhz;il

kz;lyf; nfhbahy; fw;wg;gl;L fiu NrHe;jhd; vd mzpNkfiy $Wfpd;wJ.

,jidf; nfhz;L mtd; njhz;ilkhd; vd;Wk; ,sk;jpiuad; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gl;lhd;. Mtd; Ml;rp Ghpe;j gFjp njhz;ilk z;lyk; vdg;gl;J. ,tNd

ngUk;ghzhw;W gilapy; Nghw;wg;gl;l njhz;ilkhd; ,sj;jpiuadhthd;.

gy;ytHfs; ,e;jpahtpw;F ntspNa ,Ue;J te;jtHfs; vd;why; mtHfs;

vg;NghJ ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jhh;fs; vq;fpUe;J ,e;jpahtpw;F te;jHfs; vg;gb te;jhHfs;>

Vd; te;jhHfs; vd;w Nfs;tpfSf;F vq;NfAk; tpsf;fk; jug;gltpy;iy. fy;ntl;Lf;fs;>

nrg;NgLfs; kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaq;fSk; ,J gw;wp $wtpy;iy. Mjyhy; gy;ytHfs;

ntspehl;by; ,Ue;J te;jtHfs; vd;w $w;wpid ngUk;ghyhd tuyhw;Wr; MrphpaHfs;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iy.

gy;ytHfs; ,e;jpatHfs;

gy;ytHfs; ,e;jpaHfNs vd;gJ ngUk;ghNyhuJ fUj;J ,tHfs; ,e;jpahtpy;

vg;gFjpapypUe;J ,q;F te;jhHfs; vd;gJ vjpYk; njspthff; Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.


rpyH tlNkw;F ,e;jpahitr; rhHe;jtHfs; vd;Wk; tl ,e;jpahit rhHe;jtHfnsd;Wk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. ,d;Dk; rpyH FWk;gHfs; vd;Wk;> Gype;jtHfs; vd;Wk;>

rhjthfdHfspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH.

gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfNs!

fps;sp tstd; vd;w NrhoDf;Fk; ,yq;iff;fUfpy; cs;s kzpgy;ytk; vd;w

jPtpypUe;j ehf fd;dpiff;Fk; gpwe;j ,se;jpiuad; njhz;ilkz;lyj;ij

fhQ;rpapypUe;J NrhoDf;F mlq;fpa rpw;wurdhf Msj;Jtq;fpdhd;.

kzpgy;ytj;jpypUe;J te;j ,se;jpiuadpd; guk;giuapdNu gy;ytHfs; vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ljhf rpyH $Wfpd;wdH. njhz;ilaH vd;w nrhy;Yk; gy;ytH vd;w

nrhy;Yk; xU nghUisNa Fwpf;Fnkd;Wk;> rhjthfdg; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd;

fhQ;rpapy; njhz;ilaHfs; Vw;gLj;jpa Rje;jpu muNr gy;ytHfs; murhFk; vd;Wk;

rpyH $Wfpd;wdH.

gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfs; my;yH vd;gjw;F Mjuthf vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLtJ

Kw;fhyg; gy;ytHfs; jkpoy;yhj gpwnkhopfspy; gl;laq;fs; ntspapl;lNjahFk;. ,e;j

Iag;ghl;il NguhrphpaH vd;.Rg;gpukzpak; fPo;fz;lthW njspthf;FfpwhH.

fp.gp.,uz;lhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; fhtphpg+k;gl;bzk; fly;NfhSf;F ,iuahd

gpd;dH Nrho kd;dd; fhQ;rpf;F jd; jiyefiu khw;wpapUf;ff;$Lk;. fhQ;rpapypUe;j

,se;jpiuad; fhQ;rpapypUf;f tpUk;ghky; Ntq;flj;Jf;F tlf;Nf nrd;W jdpahf xU

rpw;wuir Vw;gLj;jpapUf;f $Lk;. gpd;dH rhjthfdHfspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L

jq;fis njhz;ilaHfs; vd;W $whky; gy;ytHfs; vd;W tlnkhopapy;

$wpapUf;fNtz;Lk;. rhjthfdHfSf;F fl;Lgl;L gy;ytHfs; gpuhfpUjk; nkhopapy;

jq;fs; Ml;rpia elj;jp te;jdH. tlnkhopf;Fk; MjuT mspj;jdH. rhjthfdg;

NguuR rhptile;j gpd; Rje;jpukile;j gy;ytHfs; fp.gp.ehd;fhk; Ehw;whz;bd;

Jtfj;jpy; kPz;Lk; fhQ;rpGuj;jpw;F te;j nghOJ jq;fSila gioa nkhopiaAk;

kwe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Nkw;$wpa tpsf;fq;fshy; gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfshfj;jhd;

,Uf;fKbAk; vd;W vz;zg;gLfpwJ. NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s fUj;jf;fis

mbg;gilahf itj;J ghHf;Fk;NghJ gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfs; jhd; vd;W Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

Mdhy; gpd;tUk; thjq;fs; gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfs; my;y vd;gij njspthff;

$Wfpd;wJ.

gy;ytHfs; jkpoHfs; my;y

gy;ytHf; jkpo; kugpdH my;y vd;gij kl;Lk; cWjpahfr; nrhy;yyhk;.

njhlf;f fhyg; gy;ythpd; gl;laq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; jkpo; nkhopNa fpilahJ.

Jdpj; jkpo; ngaHfis rq;f fhyj;jpy; fz;Nlhk;. Cjhuzkhf neLQ;nropad;>

fhpfhyd;>nrq;Fl;Ltd; Nghd;witfs;. Mdhy; ve;jg; gy;yt murDk; jkpo;g; ngaH

nfhs;stpy;iy. rpk;ktp~;Z> rpk;ktHkd;> eurpk;ktHkd; Nghd;w ngaHfisNa gy;yt

kd;dHfs; nfhz;Ls;sdH. tp[aefug;NguurHfs; njYq;F kd;dHfshf ,Ue;j

nghjpYk; jkpopy; fy;ntl;Lf;fis nrJf;fpdH. ,yf;fpaq;fis ghHf;Fk; nghOJk;

ee;jptHkd; fhyj;jpw;F gpd; jhdl ,yf;fpak; jkpo; nkhopapy; Vw;wk; ngWfpd;wJ.


jkpo; nkhopapy; ,e;j mstpy; tlnkhop fyg;G rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,y;iy. Mjyhy;

gy;ytHfs; jkpo; kugpdH my;y vd;w Kbtpw;F mwpQH ngUkf;fs; tUfpd;wdH.

Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd;

Kjyhk; kNfe;jputHkd; fp.gp.580-y; mhpaiz Vwpdhd;. ,tDf;F gy

gl;lg;ngaHfSk;> Gid ngaHfSk; cz;L. mit kNfe;jpu tpf;ukd;> kNfe;jpu

Nghj;juhrh> rj;JUky;yd;> tprpj;jpu rpj;jd;>Fzgud;> kj;jtpyhrgpufhrd;. eNue;jpud;>

Nrj;jf;fhhp> fyfg;gphpad;> rq;fPuzrhujp> eutHfzd;> gpurpUg;gphpad;> Nghj;jpiuad;>

tpf;fpukd;> rpj;jpufhug;Gyp vd;gdthFk;.

gilnaLg;Gfs;

rhSf;fpag; gilnaLg;Gfs;

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ghz;ltH ,ujq;fs; vdf; $wg;gl;ld. mit jpnusgij ,ujk;> mHr;Rdd; ,ujk;> gPk

,ujk;> jUkuh[d; ,ujk;> rfhNjtd; ,ujk; vd;gitfshFk;. NkYk; fNzrH ,ujk;

tiyad; Fl;il ,ujk;> gplhhp ,ujk; Mfpait ,Nj ghzpapy; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jpnusgjp ,ujj;jpd; tpkhdk; rJutPl;bd; FbirNghy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;Gwj;jpy;

vt;tpj Ntiyg;ghLk; fpilahJ. thapw;fhg;NghH ngz;fshf cs;sdH. fUtiwapy;

vUik jiy Nky; epd;w epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;. Jh;f;if ehd;F fuq;fSld; fhl;rpj;

jUfpd;whs;. ,e;j ,ujj;jpid njhlHe;J mHr;Rdd; ,ujk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;Lk;

xNu gPlj;jpy; cs;sd. gPlj;jpd; mbapy; rpq;fk;> ahid cUtq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rfhNjtd; ,ujk; ngsj;j irj;jpaj;ij Nghy fhzg;gLfpwJ.

fw;wspfs; (Structural Temples)

gy;ytHfhyf; fl;blf; fiyapy; xU Gjpa khw;wj;ij ,uh[rpk;kd;

Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. nrJf;fg;gl;l fw;fisf; nfhz;L fUtiw mjd;Nky; tpkhdk;> mHj;j

kz;lgk;> Kfkz;lgk;> Rw;WGwRtH Nghd;wtw;iw Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. Khky;yGuj;J

flw;fiuf; NfhtpYk; fhQ;rp ifyhrehjH MyaKk;> itFz;lngUkhs; MyaKk;

rpwe;j fl;Lkhd Nfhtpy;fs; MFk;. ,it Njhw;wj;jpy; rpwpajhf ,Ue;jhYk;>

nghpaitfshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. khky;yGuk; flw;fiu NfhtpiyAk; gdkiy

rpthyaj;ijAk; vOg;gpa ,uh[rpk;kd; Nfhtpy;fs; ghHitf;F jh;kuhrH Njiu Nghd;W

fhl;rp jUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jl;L jl;Lfshf NknyOk;Gk; NfhGuk; rpWj;J rpWj;J

nry;tjhy; Nfhtpy; miw Ntwhf Njhd;Wtjpy;iy.

,uz;lhk; ee;jptHkd; fhyj;jpy; fhQ;rpapy; itFe;j ngUkhs;> KfjP];tuH>

kjhq;Nf];tuH Myaq;fs; vOe;jd. jpUj;jzp tpuhl;lhNd];tuH Myak; vOe;jJld;

gy;ytH fhy fl;Lkhd Nfhtpw;fiy cr;rf; fl;lj;ij vl;baJ. ,it ee;jptHkd;

fhyfiyia fhl;Lfpd;wJ. itFe;jngUkhs; Myak; ifyhrehjH Myaj;ij tpl

nghpaJ. Gpw;fhy Nfhtpy;fs; msthy; nghpait. ,jd; rpq;fj; Jhz;fspd; rpwg;Gld;

fhzg;gLfpwJ.

rpw;gf;fiy

kNfe;jputHkd; fhyk; njhl;L rpw;gf;fiy gbg;gbahf tsHr;rpaile;jpUg;gij

gy;ytH Nfhtpy; rpw;gq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. kNfe;jpud; fhy ,iwafj;Jthapy;>

fhtyHfspd; rpw;gfq;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. Jhz;fspy; Njhuzq;fSk;> rJugFjpapy;

jhkiu kyHfSk; moFgLj;Jfpd;wd. ,ul;il jpUthrp Njhuzq;fs;

ftHr;rpAilait. jsthDhhpYk;> rPakq;fyj;jpYk; rpw;gf;fiyia fhzyhk;. jpUr;rp

Fd;wpd; eLtpy; fhzg;gLk; rpthyak; kNfe;jpud; fhyj;jpy; Filag;gl;lJ.

mjd;Nkw;F RtHgJik fz;fis ftu $bait. Fq;fhjuid Fwpf;Fk; rpw;gk;

fq;if mzpe;j rptid fz; vjphpy; nfhz;L epWj;jpa tz;zk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.


ehkf;fy; kiyf; Nfhtpy; kz;lgj;J jho;thuKk; Nfhtpy; Rthpy; jpUkhy;

mtjhuj;ij czHj;Jk; RtH rpw;gq;fSk;> kNfe;jpud; fhyj;Jr; rpw;gpapd; if

tz;zj;ijAk; fw;gidj; jpwidAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

eurpk;kd; fhyj;Jf; Fiff;Nfhtpy; RtHfs; rpw;gr;RtHfs; vd

fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd. Guhzf; fijfis mit $Wfpd;wd. Nfhtpy; RtHfis mzp

nra;Ak; rpw;gq;fs; RtH vd;w vz;zj;ij fhz;Nghhpy; kiwf;fpd;wd. rpw;gq;fs;

mtHfisg; Guhzf; fijfSf;F ,Oj;Jr; nry;fpd;wd. fhtpak; rpw;g tbtpy; fz;

vjpNu fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ rpw;gpapd; jpwd;. eurpk;kdpd; khky;yGuj;ij xU jpwe;j

ntspf;fiyf; $lk; vd;W $WtH. Mq;Nf gQ;rghz;ltH ujq;fs; vd;W

miof;fg;gLk;. Xw;iwf; fw;Nfhtpy;fs; ngUk; rpw;gf;$lq;fshf mikfpd;wd. ,Ukhb

mHr;RdH ujKk; mjpy; ehw;RtHfspYk; nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; cUtr;rpiyfSk;>

gPkHujj;Jr; rpq;fJhz;fSk; jh;kuhrH Njh;rpw;gq;fSld; rfhNjtd; ujj;Jr; rpw;g

NtiyghLfSk; tpaf;fjf;fitfshFk;. ,tw;Wf;Fg; gpd;dhy; epiy nfhz;l rpq;f

cUtKk;> ahid cUtKk; ,aw;ifahd capNuhl;lj;Jld; Njhd;WfpwJ.

kfhgypGuj;Jg;ghiwr; rpw;gq;fs; rpw;gk; top Guhzf; fijfis tpsf;fp

epw;fpd;wd. rpw;gk; mq;Nf fhtpakhf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhth;j;jd kiyiaf; fz;zd;

Ve;Jk; fhl;rp> mh;r;Rdd; jtk; vd;Dk; fhl;rp> fq;if mtjhuf; fhl;rp Mfpa 153

cUtq;fis nfhz;lJ. ,ul;ilah; gzpGhpAk; fhl;rpAk; gRfd;iw ef;fp epw;Fk;

rpw;fKk;> khd; gpd; fhyhy; jiyia Ruz;Lk; fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wit rpw;gpapd;

fw;gidiaAk; ifj;jpwidiaAk; tpsf;fp nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. ifyhrehjh;

Myaj;jpd; rpw;gq;fSk; itFe;j ngUkhs; Myaj;jpd; Rth; rpw;gq;fSk;

Guhzq;fSld; tuyhW NgRfpd;wd. rpw;g fiyapd; tsh;r;rp mq;Nf cr;r epiyia

vl;baJ vdyhk;.

ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;

gy;yth; Nfhapy;fspy; kpfTk; ngUik tha;e;jJ fhQ;rp ifyhrehjh; Nfhapy;

MFk;. ,jid fl;bath; ,uh[rpk;kd; Nfhapypd; cs;Ns cs;s fiyg;gilg;Gfs;

ghh;g;gtiu fth;e;jpOf;ff; $bait. Nfhapypd; cl;Gw Rth;KOtJk; rptd;>

cikahs;> KUfd;> jpUkhy; MfpNahhpd; cUtq;fs; vopy; rpw;gq;fshfj;

jpfo;fpd;wd. fUtiwapd; Kd; kz;lgk; mofhd Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba J}z;fs;

nfhz;lJ.

gpwfiyf; Nfhapy;fs;

jpUr;rpf;F mUfpy; jpUg;gj;J}hpYk;> cj;jpuNk&hpYk;> $uj;jpYk;>

jpUtjpifapYk;> GJf;Nfhl;ilapYk gy;yth;fs; Nfhapy; fl;bdh;. itFe;j ehjh;

Nfhapy; vd;Dk; guNkr;Ru tpz;zfuk; xd;wpd; Nky; xd;whf cs;s %d;W

fUtiwfs; cilaJ. ngUtpkhdk; cilaJ. gy;yth; tuyhW ,q;Nf

tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. $uk; Nfrtg; ngUkhs; Nfhapy;> jpUtjpif tpul;lhNdRtuh;

Nfhapy;> cj;jpuNk&h; Re;jtujh; Nfhapy; GJf;Nfhl;il Fd;whz;lh; Nfhapy;

jpUj;jzpiff; Nfhapy; Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.


nrg;G jpUNkdpfs;

nrg;G jpUnkdpfs; KOtJk; fdkhf nra;ag; ngw;w jpUNkdpfs; vd;Wk;>

cs;Ns nghd;dhyhfr; nra;angw;w jpUNkdpfs; vd;Wk; ,Utifg;gLk. jQ;ir

khtl;lj;Jg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;jpy; fpilj;j jpUkhypd; nrg;G jpUNkdp kz;lfg;gl;L>

ty;yk;> fhQ;rp Kjypa ,lq;fspy; fhzg;ngWk; rpw;gq;fis epidTgLj;JfpwJ.

Rpq;fYhhpy; gy;ytH fhyj;jpa neLkhypd; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp jputhyq;fhl;by; Nrhk

Re;jH jpUNkdp> Nkiya+H nghd;%yhk; g+rg;ngw;w ikj;jpNuahpd; cUtk; $uk; rptd;

CHj;J> t[hYj;jpUNkdp> fPo;gbjYhh; eQ;fzp fz;lhpd; nrg;G gbkk;>

nfhbKbg;gs;sp nfhz;l ngUkhs; nrg;G jpUNkdp> tlf;fhyj;jhH Nfhapy; rptd;>

rptfhkp nrg;Gj; jpUNkdp Mfpad Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.

Xtpaf;fiy

Gy;ytHfs; Xtpaf;fiyf;Fg; Gj;JapH nfhLj;NjhH MthH. kNfe;jputHkDf;Fr;

rpj;jufhug;Gyp vd;Dk; ngaH cz;L. jl;rpz rpj;jpuk; vd;Dk; EhYf;F ,tH

ciunaOjpdhH. gidkiyf; NfhapYk;> jpUkiyf; NfhapYk; khkz;̂ Hf; NfhapypYk;>

fhQ;rp ifyhr ehjH NfhapypYk; gy;ytH fhy Xtpaq;fspd; vQ;rpAs;s rpije;j

gFjpfisf; fhzyhk;. Gidkiyf;Nfhapy; ghHtjpapd; Xtpak;> mkuhtjp rpw;gq;fs;

Nghd;Wk; rpwg;ghdit. ifyhrehjH Nfhapypy; nfhw;wit> ,yf;Fkp Kjypa vopy;

rpj;jpuq;fs; cs;sd. khkz^hpYk;> ky;iyapYk; ,d;Wk; mope;j Xtpaq;fisf;

fhzyhk;.

,irf;fiy

FLkpahd; kiyf;fy;ntl;by; “rpj;jk; ekr;rptha” vd;W njhlq;fg;gLk;

gytifg; gz;fisAk; jhstiffisAk; tpsf;fp $wp ,Wjpapy; ,e;j vl;bw;Fk;

Vopw;Fk; chpa vd;W $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpUkaj;jpYs;s rpthyaj;jpYk; ,iraiag;

gw;wpa EZf;fq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kj;j tpyhrj;jpYk; ,ir vd;Dila nry;tk;

vd;W kNfe;jpud; $Wfpwhd;. Njthu ghly;fspd; %yk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ,irf;fUtpfs;

,Ue;jd vd;gij mwpayhk;. aho;> Foy;> fpd;dhp> nfhf;fhp> r;rrhp> tPiz jf;if>

%otk;> nkhe;ij> kpUjq;fk;> kj;jsk;> Je;Jgp> jkUfk;>Jbjhdk;> cLf;if>

nfhLnfhl;b> Fj;jyk;> FlKyuhurk; Nghd;wit Kf;fpa ,irf;fUtpfshFk;. Rkaf;

FwtHfspd; ghf;fs; gy ,e;jsk;> rPfukuk;> el;lghil FwpQ;rp. tpahoFwpQ;rp>

GwePHik> nrt;top> nfhy;yp Nghd;w jkpo; gz;fspd; ghlg;gl;Ls;sd.

eldf;fiy

gy;ytkd;dHfs; Fwpg;ghf kNfe;jpud;> ,uh[rpk;kd; Nghd;NwhH ,irAld;

eldj;jpYk; MHtk; fhl;bdH. Gy;ytH fhyj;J RtH Nfhyq;fs; eld khJf;fspd;

eldf;fiy tbtq;fisf; fhl;LfpwJ. Nfhapy; kz;lgq;fs; top Guhzf; fijfs;

gug;gg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,irAld; eldf;fiyAk; tsHe;jJ. rpj;jd;d thry; Xtpak;

fhl;Lk; eldkhjpd; epiy ehjhe;j eldj;jpd; mikg;ig njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

,lg;gf;fj;J epiy yjh tphprpf eldj;jpd; 12 epiyiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. itFe;j


ngUkhs; Myaj;jpy; cs;s rpw;gq;fs; MltHfs; kw;Wk; ngz;bHfs; eldj;jpy;

gq;Nfw;w epfo;r;rpfis Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ehlf;fiy

kNfe;jpudpd; kj;j tpyhrg; gpufrhdk; xH caHe;j eifr;Rit ehlfkhFk;.

Irt> itztf; fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L gf;jp ehlfq;fs; gutpd. Cjzad;

fijiaf; $Wk; ngUq;fij> ehlfj;ijg; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. khzpf;fthrfH

ehlfj;jhy; cd;dbahH Nghy; ebj;J vd;Wk;> ek;kho;thH gpwtpkhaf; $j;jpidNa vd

tUk;; njhlHfs; gy;ytH fhy ehlfg; ghq;fpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd.

,yf;fpaf;fiy

gy;yth; fhyk; gf;jp ,af;f fhyk; MFk;. ehad;khHfSk;> Mo;thHfSk;;

,iwtidj; jq;fsJ jkpo; ,irg;ghf;fshy; ehSk; ghb kf;fspd; kdj;jpYk;>

epidtpYk;> neQ;rpYk;> Ngr;rpYk;> fz;zpYk;> ,iwtid epWj;jpdH. jq;fspd;

gf;jpahy; kf;fisg; gutrg;gLj;jp Njd;kJu ,irahy; jkpopirg;ghf;fs; ghbdH.

tlEhy; topj;jkpo; MrphpaHfs; gyuhy; fhg;gpyf;fz Ehy;fs; gy ,aw;wg;gl;ld.

rq;fahg;G ghl;bay;> khGuhzk; Kjypad ,f;fhyj;jit. Guhzrhfuk;> fypahzfij>

mkHjgjp> gpq;fyNfrp> kzpahuk; ke;jpHEhy;> ghitg;ghl;L Kjapad

,f;fhyj;jitNa. Kj;njhs;shapuk; vd;w Ehy; %Nte;jHfisg; gw;wp $WfpwJ. ,jpy;

nkhj;jk; 150 ghf;fs; fpilj;Js;sd. #shkzp vd;w Ehiyr; rkkzrkaj;ijr;

rhHe;j Njhyh nkhopj;NjtH mUspdhH. rpwpa fhg;gpaq;fspy; xd;whd ,J 12

fhz;lq;fisAk; 2131 ghf;fisAk; cilaJ. “ngUq;fijia” nfhq;FNtspH vd;w

fq;f murd; ,aw;wpdhd;. ,jpy; ngz;zpd; ngUikg;gw;wp $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nyhftpghfk;> fpujhH [Pdpak;> mte;jp> Re;jhpfij> kj;j tpyhrg; gpufrdk;>

fht;ah jHrk; Kjypa tlnkhop Ehy;fs; ,f;fhyj;Nj Njhd;wpd. ahg;ngUq;fy

tpUj;jpAiu> ghujntz;gh> jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif> jpUme;jhjp> ee;jpf;fyk;ghfk;>

Njthuj;jpUkiwfs; MfpadTk; Njhd;wpaJ ,f;fhyj;jpy;jhd;.

ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; %d;whk; ee;jptHkidg;gw;wpAk; mf;fhyg; gilnaLg;GfisAk;>

nghUshjhu epiyiaAk; $WfpwJ. ghujntz;gh vd;w Eahy; %d;whk; ee;jptHkdhy;

Mjhpf;fg;gl;l ngUe;Njtdhuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ehad;khHfSk; Mo;thHfSk; gy

,yf;fpa Ehy; ,aw;wp ,yf;fpaf; fiy tsHr;rpf;F ngUk; njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdH.

Kjyhk; ghz;bag; NguuR

filr;rq;f fhyj;jpy; ,Wjpahf Ml;rp nra;j rpwe;j ghz;ba kd;duhd

cf;fpug; ngUtOjpf;Fg; gpd; ghz;baH kz;lyj;jpy; fsg;gpuHfs; Mjpf;fk;

Vw;gl;lnjd;Wk; mJ fp.gp.Mwhk; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjptiu ePbj;jnjd;Wk; mjd; gpd;dH

fLq;Nfhd; vd;w ghz;ba kd;dH fsg;gpuH Mjpf;fj;ij xopj;J ghz;baHfs; Ml;rpia

kPz;Lk; Vw;gLj;jpdhd; vd;W fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk; $Wfpd;wJ. Nts;tpf;Fb

nrg;ngLfs; ghz;ba kd;dd; fLq;Nfhdpd; rhjidfis Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

fLq;NfhDf;Fg; gpd; fp.gp.10-k; Ehw;whz;bd; kj;jpa fhyk; tiu ghz;ba kz;lyj;jpy;

ghz;bauhl;rpNa eilg;ngw;wJ. ghz;ba fLq;Nfhdhy; kPl;fg;gl;L mikf;fg;gl;l


ghz;bag; NguuR jkpof tuyhw;wpy; ghz;bag; NguuRjkpof tuyhw;wpy; ghz;baHfspd;

Kjy; NguuR vdg;gLfpwJ.

fLq;Nfhd; (fp.gp.575-600)

fp.gp.575-y; ghz;ba fLq;Nfhd; fsg;gpuHfis Njhw;fbj;J ghz;ba ehl;il

kPl;L kPz;Lk; ghz;baHfs; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ,q;qdk; gpw;fhyj;Jg;

ghz;baHfspd; Nguurpid epWt cjtpa fLq;Nfhd; gy;ahfrhiy KJFLkp

ngUtOjp top te;jtd; vd;W Nts;tpf;Fb rhrdk; vLj;J ,ak;GfpwJ.

khwtHkd; mtzp#shkzp (fp.gp.600-625)

fLq;Nfhdhy; Jtq;fg;gl;l gzpfis mtd; kfd; mtzp#shkzp njhlHe;J

elj;jpdhd;. ,tDila rhjidfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitay;y. vdpDk; khwtHkd; vd;w

ghz;baH Fyg; ngUikia Vw;wtd; ,td; vdf; fUjyhk;.

rilatHkd; nropad; Nre;jd; (fp.gp.625-640)

,td; NruHfis ntd;W thdtH vd;w ngaiug; ngw;whd;. Athd;Rthq; vd;w

rPdg;gazp ,td; fhyj;jpy; fhQ;rpf;F tp[ak; nra;jhH. ghz;baH ehL gQ;rj;jpd;

nfhLikapy; rpf;fpapUe;jJ vd;Wk;> ghz;ba ehl;il Mz;L te;j kd;dd; mg;NghJ

kbe;jhd; vd;Wk; jdJ gazf;Fwpg;Gfspy; $wpAs;shH. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy;

kiyabf;Fwpr;rpapy; nropad; Nre;jd; xU Fiff; Nfhapiy Vw;gLj;jpdhd;.

khwtHkd; mhpNfrhp (fp.gp.640-670)

,td; nropad; Nre;jdpd; kfd; ,tDf;F neLkhwd;> Gypad;> kPdtd;>

nehpad;> thdtd;> khwd;> guhq;Frd; gy gl;lg;ngaHfSk; cz;L. ,td; Nru

kd;dHfs; kw;Wk; gy FWepy kd;dHfisAk; Njhw;fbj;jhd;. Nrho ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;J ciwa+iuf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. rkhjhd cwit tpUk;gpa Nrho kd;dd;

jdJ kfs; kq;ifaq;furpia khwtHkd; mhpNfrhpf;F kzKbj;J itj;jhd;.

ghz;baehl;bd; vy;iy ,td; fhyj;jpy; mjpfsT tphptile;jJ. jpUtpisahlw;

Guhzj;jpy; ,td; $d; ghz;bad; vd;Wk; Re;jughz;bad; vd;Wk;

miof;fg;gLfpd;whd;.

jpUQhd rk;ke;juhy; khwtHkd; mhpNfrhp rkz kjj;jpypUe;K irt

rkaj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lhd;. ,jd;gpd; Jyhghuk;> ,uzpa fHg;gk; Nghd;w Nts;tpfis

elj;jpdhd;. rkz rkaj;jpdH gytpjkhd Jd;GWj;jYf;Fs;shapdH. kJiuapy; ,td;

fhyj;jpy; 7500 rkzHfs; fONtw;wg;gl;ldH vd;W fijfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,td;

fhyj;jpy; Kj;Jf; Fspay; Kf;fpaj; njhopyhf ,Ue;jJ.

khwtHkd; mhpNfrhp guhq;Frd;

(khwtHkd; ,uh[rpk;kd; (fp.gp.710-765)

,td; Nfhr;riladpd; kfd; Mthd;. ,td; fhyj;jpy; gy;yt ehl;by; mhpaid

VWtjpy; rpW Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. gy;yt kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; eurpk;ktHkdpd; ,wg;gpw;F

gpwF muR ,Uf;iff;F rpj;jpNkaDk;> ee;jptHk gy;yky;yDk; Nghl;bapl;ldH.

,g;nghl;bapy; ghz;ba kd;dd; rpj;jpu NkaDf;F cjtp nra;jhd;. ,jd; tpisthf

gy;ytHfSf;Fk;> ghz;baHfSf;Fk; ,ilNa neLtay;> FWkil> nfhLk;gh@H


kz;zpf;Fwpr;rp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; itj;J NghH eilg;ngw;wJ. midj;J NghHfspYk;

ghz;baHfs; ntw;wp ngw;wdH. ,Wjpapy; Fk;gNfhzj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s ee;jpGuf;

Nfhl;ilia ghz;baHfs; Kw;Wifapl;ldH. Mdhy; cjar;re;jpud; vd;w gy;ytj;

jsgjp Kw;Wifia cilj;J rpj;jpukhaidf; nfhd;W ghz;baH gilfis

gpd;Df;Fj; js;spdhH. ghz;ba kd;didAk;> ntk;ig vd;w ,lj;jpy; rhSf;fpa

kd;didAk; gpd;dH fq;fHfisAk; Njhw;fbj;jg; Gfo; ngw;whd;. kJiu> tQ;rp>

ciwa+H Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;j Nfhl;ilia ,td; GJg;gpj;jhd;. ,td; fhyj;jpy;

ghz;bag; NguuR tlf;Nf fhtphpiaj; jhz;bAk;> tlNkw;fpy; ghz;bf;

nfhLKbtiuapYk; gutp ,Ue;jJ.

n[jpy guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; (fp.gp.765-796)

Kjyhk; ,uh[rpk;kdpd; kfd; n[jpy guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; fp.gp.765-y;

ghz;ba kd;ddhf Kb#l;lg;gl;lhd;. ,tDf;F n[jpyd;> guhe;jfd;> tuFzkfuh[h>

khwd; rilad;> neLQ;rilad; vd;nwy;yhk; gl;lg;ngaHfs; cz;L. gjtpf;F te;j

gy;yt kd;dd; ,uz;lgk; ee;jptHkid ngz;zhlfj;jpy; itj;J Njhw;fbj;jhd;.

jdf;nfjpuhf vOe;j Ma;NtsPiuAk;> ehl;Lf;FUk;giuAk; mbgzpa itj;jhd;. gy;yt

kd;dHfspd; JizAld; jd;id vjpHj;j jf^H kd;dd; mjpakhid ntd;whd;.

mLj;J nfhq;FehLk;> NtzhLk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ntk;gpy;> tpopQ;rk;> mhpTa+H

Nfhl;il Nghd;witfs; mopf;fg;gl;;lJ. ghz;bauhl;rp njhz;ilkz;lyk; kw;Wk;

nfhq;F kz;ly gFjpapYk; gutp epd;wJ. Kj;jpiuaHfSk; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;ldH.

guhe;jf neLQ;rilad; fute;jGuj;jpy; xU Nfhl;iliaf; fl;bdhd;. Nfhq;F

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kJuftp kJiuf;fUfpy; cs;s Mid kiyf;fUfpy; itztf; Nfhapiy vOg;gpdhd;.

Kjy; ghz;ba kd;dHfspy; jiyrpwe;j kd;ddhf fUjg;gLk; ,tNd Nts;tpf;Fb

nrg;Ngl;il ntspapl;ltd;.

rq;ffhyj;J ghz;ba kd;dd; KJFLkp ngUtOjpahy; nfhw;iffpohd;

ew;nfhw;wDf;F ,iwapypahff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Nts;tpf;Fb vd;w fpuhkk;

fsg;gpuHfshy; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;F kPz;Lk; kjyhk; ghz;ba NguuR

Vw;glj;jg;gl;l cld; ghz;ba kd;dd; Nts;tpf;Fb fpuhkj;ij kPz;Lk; gpukNjt

jhdkhf nfhw;iffpotd; topapy; Njhd;wpa eurpq;fDf;F nfhLf;f ghz;ba kd;dd;

,l;l rhrdNk Nts;tpf;Fb rhrdkhFk;. ,r;rhrdj;jpy; ghz;baHfisg; gw;wpa gy

nra;jpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Midkiy> jpUr;rp> mk;ghrKj;jpuk;> jpUr;nre;JhH>

fOFkiy> VHthb> Nghd;w gy fy;ntl;Lfis ,k;kd;dd; epWtpdhd;.

tuFz ghz;bad; (fp.gp.792-835)

,td; ghz;ba neLQ;riladpd; Ngud; MFk;. ,td; gy;ytHfisj; f&H vd;w

,lj;jpy; itj;J eilngw;w Nghhpy; Njhw;fbj;jhd;. Kj;jpiuaHfis mlf;fpdhd;.

njd;ngz;zhw;wq;fiuapy; cs;s mu#H tiu ghz;baH Ml;rpia tphpTgLj;jpdhd;.


irt gw;Wila ,k;kd;did khzpf;f thrfUk;> gl;bdj;jhUk; Gfo;e;J

ghbdH. mk;ghrKj;jpuk; Myaj;jpw;F 296 nghw;fhRfis topghl;L epjpahf

toq;fpdhd;. jpUr;rpf;F mUfpy; cs;s rptd; NfhapYf;F jpUtpsf;Nfw;w 130 foQ;R

nghd; nfhLj;jhd;.

rilad; khwd; (fp.gp.835-862)

(=khwd; =ty;ygd;)

,td; tuFzdpd; kfd; Mthd;. VftPud;> MtdpNrfud;> khwth;kd; Nghd;w

gl;lg;ngaHfis ngw;w ,td; nruH> gy;ytH> fq;fH> fypq;fH><otHfshfpa

,yq;ifaHfs; nghd;wtHfisj; Njhw;fbj;jhd;. ,yq;if kd;dd; Kjyhk; Nrdid

KOikahfj; Njhw;fbj;J efuq;fis nfhs;isapl;L> Gj;j tpfhuq;fis

#iwahbdhd; vd;Wk; jdf;Fg; gzpe;j Nrdid mUtpf;fiuapy; mkHj;jptpl;L ehL

jpUk;gpdhd; vd;W kfhtk;rk; $Wfpd;wJ. NkYk; tpopQ;rk;> Fd;DhH Nghd;w

,lq;fspy; eilg;ngw;wg; NghHfspYk; ntw;wp ngw;whd;. Mdhy; njs;shW vd;w

,lj;jpy; itj;J eilngw;w Nghhpy; gy;yt kd;dd; %d;whk; ee;jptHkd; ghz;ba

kd;did Njhw;fbj;jhd;. Kjyhk; ghz;bag; NguuR tPo;r;rpila njs;shW NghH xU

Kf;fpa fhuzkhFk;.

,uz;lhk; tuFzghz;bad; (fp.gp.895-905)

=khw = ty;ygd; ,wf;Fk; NghJ ghz;baH epiy rPHFiye;jpUe;jJ. <o

ehl;lhH if Xq;fpaJ. kJiuapy; khag;ghz;bad; Ml;rpiag; ngw;wpUe;jhd;. tlf;fpy;

gy;ytHfSk; NrhoHfSk; typik ngw;W ghz;baH ehl;bd; tlgFjpfis

ifg;gw;wpdH. Gy;yt ehl;by; %d;whk; ee;jp tHkDf;Fg;gpd; mtd; Gjy;td;

epUgJq;fd; murd; Mdhd;. =khw =ty;ygdpd; %j;j kfd; ,uz;lhk; tuFzd;

epUgJq;fDila cjtpAld; khag;ghz;badpd; Ml;rpia xopj;J ghz;ba ehl;ilf;

ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;Fg; gy;ytkd;dd; epUgJq;fid mtd; jk;gp mguh[pjd;>

NrhoH cjtpAld; vjpHj;jhd;. epUgJq;fDf;F tuFzd; cjtpdhd;. Fp.gp.895-y;

eilngw;w tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j jpUg;Guk;gpak; Nghhpy; epUgJq;fidAk;>

tuFzidAk; mguh[pjd; Njhw;fbj;jhd;.,jd; tpisth ghz;baHfs; tlgFjpia

tpl;L ntspNawpdhH. NrhoHfs; Kd;NdwpdH. Ghz;baHfspd; typik ,Wjpahf

xLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,uz;lhk; tuFzdpd; mwg;gzpfis jpUr;nre;JhH fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

fhzyhk;.

guhe;jfg; ghz;bad; (fp.gp.895-905)

,tDf;F riled; tu ehuhazd; vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. ,ts; ngz;zhlfk;>

tpopQ;rk; Nghd;w Nfhl;ilfis jfHj;jhd;. cj;jpud; vd;W FWepy kd;did

Njhw;fbj;jhd;. Nruehl;L ,sturp thdtd; khNjtpia ,td; kze;jhd;. mts;

epidthf jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; Nrud;khNjtp vd;w Ciu mikj;jhd;.

rpd;dkDhH nghpa nrg;NgLfis ,aw;wpa ,k;kd;dd; jQ;ir nfhLk;g@H

kd;dHfis ntd;whd;. Rkz rkaj;ij jOtpa ,td; rkz gs;spfs; mikf;f

cjtpdhd;. ,yq;if Nte;jd; fhrg;gdpd; JizAld; NrhoHfis NtYhhpy; vjpHj;J


Njhy;tp fz;lhd;. vdNt NrhoHfs; Kd;Ndwp kJiuia ifg;gw;wpdH. tlf;fpy;

NrhoHfs; ,uh~;buf; $lH;fSld; gpur;rpidapy; khl;bf; nfhz;ldH. ,ijg;

gad;gLj;jp %d;whk; ,uh[rpk;kdpd; Gjy;tH tPughz;bad; NrhoHfis Njhw;fbj;jhd;.

Nrhod; jiynfhz;l NfhtPu ghz;badhf kJiuapy; jd;dhl;rp Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. ,td;

fhyk; Kjy; NrhoH ghz;baH Nkhjy; tYtile;jJ. njhHe;J eilngw;w Nghhpy;

Re;jur; Nrhodhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L mtd; kfd; Mjpj;j Nrhodhy; tPughz;bad;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. ,tDila ,wg;Gld; ghz;baHfspd; Kjy; NguuR KbTf;F te;jJ.

ghz;ba kz;lyk; Nrhog; Nguurpd; gFjpahf khwpaJ. kJiuapy; Nrho MSeHfs;

Ml;rp nra;jdH.

gf;jp ,af;fk;

fsg;gpuh;fs; fhyj;jpy; jkpo;r; rKjhak; fl;Lz;L fple;jJ. rkzKk;>

ngsj;jKk; tpiue;J tsh;e;jd. tpbaiy Nehf;fp Vq;Ffpw epiy jkpo; rKjhaj;jpw;F

Vw;g;gl;lJ. gyh; rka ek;gpf;ifia ,oe;jdh;. gy;yth; jiyJ}f;fpf; fsg;gpuiu

tpul;baJk; ,e;Jr; rkaj;jpdh; Gj;Jzh;T ngw;wdh;. ,e;J kjj;jpw;Fg; Gj;Japh;

nfhLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gf;jp ,af;fj;jijj; Jtf;fpdh;. ,e;J kjj;jpd; xt;nthU

gphptpdUk; jkJ gphpT kPJ ghpTf; nfhz;lJ kl;Lkpd;wp vjph;g;gphpT rhpT fhz

Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; tpUk;gpdh;. mj;jifa gf;jp ,af;fk; fp.gp. Mwhk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;

xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L tiu ,Ue;jJ. mjd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fis ,q;F Ma;T

nra;ayhk;.

irtk;

ehad;khh;fs;

irt rkaj;ijg; Gj;Japh; ngwr; nra;ag; gyh; Kad;wdh;. mth;fspy; mWgj;J

%d;W ehad;khh;fs; kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs;. kd;dd; vt;top kf;fs; mt;top

vd;fpd;w tifapy; kd;d;d gpd;gw;wpa kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; kuig kf;fs;

nfhz;bUe;jdh;. vdNt> ehad;khh;fs; kd;dh;fisr; irt rkaj;jpy; <LghL nfhs;sr;

nra;ag; nghpJk; Kad;wdh;. ehad;khh;fl;F rKjhaj;jpy; ey;y kjpg;G ,Ue;jJ.

ee;jdhh;> rpWj;njhz;lh;> mg;gh;> jpUehTf;furh;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;>

Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhh; Nghd;Nwhh; Kf;fpakhd ehad;khh;fs; Mth;. jpUehTf;furh;

mtuJ rNfhjhp jpyftjp mk;ikahuhy; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;lhh;.

gy;ytd; Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kidr; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;

jpUehTf;furh;. jkJ %d;whk; tajpy; ghh;tjpaplk; Qhdg;ghy; ngw;whuhk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;. ,th; $d;ghz;bad; vDk; ghz;ba kd;ddpd; jPuhj tapw;Wtypiaj;

jPh;j;J mtiur; rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpdhh;;. Re;juKh;j;jp ehadhhpd;

jpUkz ehspy; rptngUkhd; Njhd;wp mtiu jkJ mbik thjhbj;

jLj;jhl;nfhz;ljhfg; Guhzk;cs;sJ. flTSf;fhf vt;tpj ,d;dy;fisAk;

jpahfj;ijAk; nra;a kdpjd; jahuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vDk; fUj;ij czh;j;Jk;

tifapy; ,f;fijfs; mike;Js;sd.


irtr; rkaj;jpdhpd; topKiwfs;

irtr; rkaj;ijg; gug;gg; gytpjkhd tpjpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. irt

,yf;fpaq;fs; gd;dpU jpUkiwfshf njhFf;fg;gl;ld. irt rkaj;ij Nrh;e;j

nghpath;fs; Ch; Cuhf Rw;wpdhh;fs;. xt;nthU ChpYk; njUj;njUthfr; rkag;

ghly;fis ,irAld; ghbr; nrd;wdh;. Nfhtpy;fspy; $bg; gf;jp ,ir ,irj;jdh;.

kf;fis Neubahf re;jpj;J mth;fis irt rkaj;jpy; <LgLj;j Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. kd;dh;fis re;jpj;J kjkhw;wk; nra;a Kaw;rpfs;

Nkw;bfhs;sg;gl;ld. kd;did kjkhw;wk; nra;a mtdspj;j cly; ,d;dy;fis

kfpo;r;rpAld; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ldh;. kNfe;jputh;k gy;ytd; jpUehTf;furiur; Rz;zhk;Gf;

fhsthapy; ,l;lJ Nghd;w fLikahd Nrhjidfis mth; Vw;W mtid kdk;

khw;wpg; gpd;dh; kjkhw;wk; nra;jhh; vdj; njhpfpwJ. Gpw kjj;jpdiu thjpl mioj;J

thjj;jpy; nty;tjd; %yk; jq;fsJ rkaj;jpd; kfj;Jtj;ij epiy ehl;l Kad;wdh;.

irtr; rkag; gphpTfs;

irtr; rkaj;jpy; rpy cl;gphpTfSk; ,Ue;jdh;. gRgjk; vDk; gphpitr;

Nrh;e;jth;fs; fWg;G cil mzpe;jdh;.,g;gphptpy; kzkhd> kzkhfhj Mz;fSk;

ngz;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;. fhiyAk; khiyAk; clnyq;Fk; jpUePW G+rp rptypq;fj;jpd;

tyg;Gwk; kz;bapl;L jpahdk; nra;tJ mth;fsJ gof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.fghypfh;fs;

vd;Nghh; rptdpd; xU tbtkhd fghypiy topg;gl;ldh;. ,th;fs; vYk;Gfis

khiyahf;fp mzpe;jdh;. fghyj;jpy; czit itj;J cz;ldh;. fhsKfh; vDk;

gphptpdUk; ,Ue;jdh;. ,th;fs; jpUePiug; G+RtJld; mjid cz;Zk; gof;fj;ijAk;

nfhzbUe;jdh;. fghyj;jpy; kJ ghdj;ij Cw;wp mUe;jpdh;. jPtputhjpfslq;fpa tPu

irtk; vDk; gphptpy; ,Ue;Njhh; rpW ypq;fj;ij mbapy; nfhz;l kzpkhiyia

mzpe;jdh;. rf;jp topghl;il rpyh; Kf;fpakhff; fUjpdh;. irth;fs; Nahfj;jpw;F

kjpg;gspj;jdh;. ,t;thW irt rkaj;jpy; cl;gphpTfs; ,Ue;jd. eugypapLjy;

eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jw;fhd XhpU rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.

itztk;

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gd;dpUth;. mth;fspy; Mz;lhs; kl;Lk; ngz; Mo;thuhthh;. ngha;ifaho;thh;>

jpUkq;ifaho;thh;> G+jj;jho;thh;> Ngaho;thh;> jpUkopiraho;thh; Nghd;Nwhh;

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tho;e;jth;. jpUkq;ifaho;thh; fp.gp. vl;lhk; E}w;whz;ilr; Nrh;e;jth;. ,th;

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tPjpapy; xypf;fpwJ. mOJ rphpj;J Mbg;ghbj; njhOjjhy; Ngaho;th; mglngahpidg;

ngw;whh;. nfhs;isabj;J tho;e;j fs;sh; Fyj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; jpUkq;ifaho;thh;. Nru

ehl;bd; rpk;khrdj;ijj; Jwe;J Jwtp Mdth; FyNrfuho;thh;. ,ttho;thh;fs; gf;jp

E}y;fs; ,aw;wpaJ kl;Lkpd;wp gy topapYk; itztk; gutg; ghLgl;ldh;.


tpisTfs;

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rkag; nghpNahh; jaq;ftpy;iy. kjczh;tpd; fhuzkhf gyh; Jd;GWj;;jg;gl;l

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tpf;uj;ij nfhs;isabj;J mq;fpUe;j nghd;dhyhd Gj;jh; rpiyia cUf;fp rPuq;fk;

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ngsj;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; mope;jd.

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,t;tpaf;fk; typAWj;jpaJ. rhjp> ,dk;> gpwg;Gj; juepiy Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;

rkag; nghpath;fs; kjpg;gpltpy;iy. nkag;nghUs; ehadhUk> FyNrfuhoathUk;

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mg;gh; nts;shsh;> rk;ge;jh; gpuhkzh;. ,t;thW rkag; nghpNahh;fspilNa

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NrhoHfSf;F vjpuhf fhe;jSHr; rhiyf;flypy; mzptFj;J epd;w kuf;fyq;fis

mopj;jjd; nghUl;L fhe;j@Hr; rhiy fykUj;jUspa vd;w gl;lg; ngaiug; ngw;whd;.

Nru kz;lyj;jpd; njw;fpy; Ntzhl;by; ifg;gw;wpa gFjpfspy; epHthf

xOq;Nfw;gLj;jpdhd;. Fkhp> Rrpe;jpuk;> Nfhl;lhW Mfpa gFjpfs; cs;spl;l

gpuNjrj;ij ,uhr,uhr njd;dhL vd;W ngahpl;lhd;.

nfhy;yk;

,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. cjafphpf; Nfhl;il

jfHj;njwpag;gl;lJ. nfhy;yk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. nfhy;yj;ijAk; mjid rhHe;j

nfhLq;f@iuAk; ifg;gw;wpajhy; fPHj;jp guhf;fpukd; vd;w ngaH ngw;whd;. ,g;Nghhpy;

kfd; ,uhN[e;jpud; gilj; jsgjpahf gzpahw;wpdhd;.

FlkiyehL

jw;Nghija FlF Kd;dhy; Flkiy ehL vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. Flkiy

ehl;L kd;dd; Nrho Jhjd; xUtid ,opTgLj;jpajhy; me;ehL Nrho gilnaLg;gpw;F

cs;shdJ. FlF ehl;L kd;did Njhw;fbj;J GwKJfpl;L Xl itj;jhd;.

ghz;ba ehl;Lld; NghH

jdJ Nru ehl;L gilnaLg;gpw;F gpd; ,uh[uh[d; jdJ ftdj;ij ghz;ba

ehl;bd; kPJ nrYj;jpdhd;. ghz;baehl;L kPJ gilnaLj;J me;ehl;L kd;dd;

mkug+[q;fid Njhw;fbj;jhd;. ghz;ba ehLk;> Nrhog; NguuNrhL ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

,g;NghH gw;wp jpUthyq;fhL nrg;NgLfs; tphpthf tpsf;Ffpd;wd.

<og;gilnaLg;G

<o kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; Nrho kd;ddpd; vjphpahd ghz;baHfSf;F cjtp

nra;jhd;. ,ij tpUk;ghj Nrho kd;dd; <ok; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,yq;if kPJ

gilnaLj;jhd;. kfd; ,uhN[e;jpuid ,yq;ifg; gilnaLg;Gf;F jsgjpahf

mDg;gpdhd;. uhN[e;jpuidg; ghHj;j ,yq;if kd;dd; <o ehl;bd; njd;gFjpf;Fr;

nrd;W gJq;fpdhd;. ,jid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ,uhN[e;jpud; ,yq;ifapd;

tlgFjp KOtijAk; vspjhff; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,jw;F “Kk;Kb Nrhokz;lyk;” vd;W

ngahplg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifapd; mg;Nghija jiyefH mDuhjGuk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

nghydUitia Kk;Kb Nrho kz;lyj;jpd; jiyefuhf;fpdhd;. nghydUthapy; rpt

Myak; xd;iwAk; NrhoHfs; vOg;gpdH.

fq;fghb> Esk;ghb> jbifg;ghb ntw;wp

ghz;baH> NruH> rpq;fsUila ehLfis ntd;W Kk;Kbr; Nrhod; vd;wg;

gl;lg; ngaiu ,uh[uh[d; ngw;whd;. ,jd;gpd; ,tdJ ftdk; tljpir Nehf;fpj;

jpUk;gpaJ. Nryk; khtl;lj;jpd; tlgFjpahd fq;fghbg; gFjpia Nkiy fq;fHfs;

Ml;rp te;jdH. jiof;fhL mjd; jiyefukhFk;. fHehlf khepyj;jpd; fPo;

gFjpiaAk;> ngy;yhhp khtl;lj;ijAk; nfhz;l Esk;ghbia gy;ythpd; xU

gphptpduhfpa Esk;gHfs; Mz;L te;jdH. ,t;tpU gFjpfisAk; vspjpy; ifg;gw;wp

,Wjpapy; jbifg;ghbiaAk; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.


fy;ahzp rhSf;fpaUld;; NghH

fy;ahzpiaj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;l Nkw;F rhSf;fpaH kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;.

Jq;fgj;jpuh ejpf;fiuapy; rhSf;fpa gilfSld; Nghhpl;L ntw;wp ngw;whd;.

,jd;tpisthf Jq;fgj;jpuh ejp tiu Nrho muR tphpthf;fk; ngw;wJ. Jq;fj;jpuh ejp

Nrhog; Nguurpd; tlf;F vy;iy Mf;fg;gl;lJ.

Ntq;fp rhSf;fpaUld; NghH

rhSf;fpahpy; xU gphptpdH Ntq;fpia jiyefukhff; nfhz;L fpof;Fg;

gFjpia Mz;L te;jdH. ,tHfs; Ntq;fpr; rhSf;fpaH my;yJ fpof;Fr;

rhSf;fpaHfs; vd ngaH ngw;wdH. ,uh[uh[d; fhyj;jpy; rhSf;fpa murpy; rpy

rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl;lJ. rf;jptHkd; vd;w rhSf;fpa kd;did gjtp ,wf;fk; nra;J

tpl;L tPkd; vd;w xUtd; mhpaizia mgfhpj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. rf;jptHkd; Nrho

kd;ddpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. Nrho kd;dd; Ntq;fp kPJ gilnaLj;j tPkid

Njhw;fbj;J gjtpapwf;fk; nra;J rf;jptHkid nfhz;L Ntq;fpapd; kd;duhf;fpdhH.

mtDila jk;gp tpkyhjpj;jDf;F jdJ jfs; Fe;jitia kzKbj;J itj;jhH.

,j;jpUkz cwT NrhoHfSf;Fk; fPior; rhSf;fpaHfSf;Fk; cs;s cwit

nkd;NkYk; tsHj;jJ.

mugpf;fly; jPTfspd; kPJ NghH

,uh[uh[d; jdJ Ml;rpapd; ,Wjp fl;lj;jpy; Kd;dpUg;gse;jPT gd;dPuhapuk;

vd;W mwpag;gl;l ,yl;rj;jPTfs; kw;Wk; khyj; jPTfs; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. jd;

trkpUe;j nghpa flw;gilapd; cjtpAld; mugpf;flypYs;s jPTfs; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

,t;thW ghz;b kz;lyk;> Nru kz;lyk;> njhz;il kz;lykhfpa n[aq;nfhz;l

Nrho kz;lyk;> fq;if kz;lyk;> nfhq;F kz;lyk;> Esk;ghb> ,yq;ifahfpa

Kk;Kb Nrho kz;lyk;> Kd;dpUg; gse;jPT gd;dpuhapuk; Mfpaitfs; Nrhog;Nguurpd;

fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.

,uh[uh[dpd; gpw gzpfs;

jd; tho;f;ifapy; Njhy;tp vd;gidNa jOthj khkd;dd; ,uh[uh[d;. jhd;

ngw;w gue;j Nguurpid xUKfg;gLj;jp mjpy; epHthf trjpfisg; ngUf;fpdhd;.

epHthf trjpf;fhf NguuR gy kz;lyq;fshfTk;> kz;lyq;fs; ehLfshfTk;> ehLfs;

ts ehLfshfTk; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. xt;nthU gphptpw;Fk; jdpj;jdp epHthfj; jiytHfs;

epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. Mdhy; ,tHfs; midtUk; murpd; Mizf;F fl;Lg;ghl;Nl elf;f

Ntz;Lk;. epy msit Kiwia Vw;gLj;jp thp tpjpf;Fk; Kiwia rPHgLj;jpdhd;.

tptrhapfSf;F midj;Jtpj cjtpfSk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ePhghrd rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. jiyefH jQ;irapy; rptDf;fhf jQ;ir nghpf;Nfhapy; fl;bdhd;.

,J ,uh[uhN[Rtuk; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kjyhk; ,uh[N[e;jpur; Nrhod; (fp.gp.1012 Kjy; fp.gp.1044 tiu)

fp.gp.1014-y; ,uh[uh[d; ,we;j gpd;G mtd; kfd; Kjyhk; Nrho kd;ddhf

Kb #l;lg; ngw;whd;.


gilnaLg;Gfs;

,uhN[e;jpu Nrhodpd; Mwhk; Ml;rpahz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l jpUthyq;fhl;Lr;

nrg;NgLfSk;> ,Ugj;jp ehd;fhk; Ml;rp Mz;L ,aw;wg;gl;l fy;ntl;LfSk;

mtDila NghHr; nra;jpfis tpsf;Ffpd;wd. mtdJ ntw;wpfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; gy

nka;f;fPHj;jpfSk; fy;ntl;Lf;fpsy; fhzg;Lfpd;wd. tlf;Nf fq;ifapypUe;J njw;Nf

flhuk; tiu jdJ Nguuir tphpTgLj;jpdhd;. fpof;NfAs;s tq;fhs tphpFlh fliy

NrhoHfspd; Vhpahf khw;wpdhd;. ,tdJ <o ehl;L ntw;wpia kfhtk;rk;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

<o ehl;Lg;NghH

Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[dhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ,yq;if kd;dd; Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd;

,uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;jpy; Nuhfz ehl;bypUe;J ngUk; gilAld; kPz;Lk; ,yq;ifapd;

tlgFjpf;F te;J NrhoHfsplk; ,oe;j gFjpfis Mf;fpukpj;Jf; nfhz;L jd;id

murdhf Kb#l;bf; nfhs;s Kaw;rp nra;jhd;. ,ijawpe;j ,uhN[e;jpur; Nrhod; xU

ngUk;gilia ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp mtid Njhw;fbj;J <o ehl;bd;

kzpKbfisAk;> murpuaAk;> murpsq;FkhhpfisAk;> gilfs; kw;Wk; me;ehl;L

nry;tk; midj;ijAk; ,uhN[e;jpud; ngw;whd;. ,yq;if kd;dhplk; ghz;baH

milf;fyk; itj;jpUe;j Re;ju kzpKbiaAk;> ,e;jpudpd; Muj;ijAk; Nrhokd;dd;

ifg;gw;wp kPl;lhd;. mQ;rp Xba Ie;jhk; kfpe;jd; rpiwgpbf;fg;gl;L Nrhoehl;bw;F

nfhz;L tug;gl;lhd;. ,q;F mtd; gd;dpnuz;L Mz;Lfs; fopj;J ,we;jjhf

$wg;gLfpwJ. <oehlL Nrho ehl;bd; xU gFjpahf ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nruehl;Lg; gilnaLg;G

,uh[N[e;jpud; Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; Nru kd;dd; gh];fu utptHkd; jdJ ehl;bd;

tpLjiyia epiyehl;l Kad;whd;. ,ijawpe;j Nrho kd;dd; Nruehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLj;jJ Nrug;gilfis fhe;jShpy; itj;J Kwpabj;jhd;. ntw;wp ngw;w

Nruehl;bd; epHthfg; nghWg;gpw;F gy mjpfhhpfis epakpj;jhd;. tpopQ;rj;jpw;F

uh[uhN[e;jpu Nrhog;gl;b vd;Wk;> Nfhl;lhw;wpw;F ,uhN[e;jpu kk;Kb Nrho ey;YhH

vd;Wk; ngahpl;lhd;. Nfhl;lhw;wpy; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Nrhog;gilfspd;

nghWg;ig tp[ahjpj;j tpf;fp mz;zdplj;jpy; tpl;bUe;jhd;. Nru kz;lyj;jpd;

epHthfg; ngWg;ig rilatHk Re;jur;Nrhod; nghWg;gpy; tpl;lhd;. ,t;thW Nru ehL

Nrho ehl;bd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.

ghz;ba ehl;Lg;NghH

,uh[uh[ Nrhod; ,we;jTld; NrhoH Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;j ghz;baH ehLfs;

NrhoH Nkyhjpf;fj;ij Vw;f kWj;jdH. vdNt ,uhN[e;jpu ghz;ba ehl;bw;F xU

ngUk; gilia mDg;gp ghz;ba ehl;by; XH muz;kidia vOg;gp mjpy; Nrho

ghz;bad; vd;w gl;lj;Jld; jd; kfdhd Re;jur;NrhoDf;F rilatHkd; Re;jur;Nrho

ghz;bad; vd;w ngaH #l;b mq;fpUe;J Ml;rpGhpa itj;jhd;.


rhSf;fpag; NghH

Nkiyr;rhSf;fpaHfs; NrhoHfspd; tlf;F vy;iyapy; njhy;iy nfhLj;jdH.

vdNt ,uhN[e;jpud; NkiyrhSf;fpa kd;dd; n[arpq;fDf;F vjpuhf NghH

njhLj;jhd;. ,uhN[e;jpud; ngUk;gilAld; nrd;W rhSf;fpa kd;did Kaq;fp

(k];fp) vd;w ,lj;jpy; itj;J Njhw;fbj;jhd;. Njhy;tpaile;j rhSf;fpa kd;dUf;F

fypq;fUk;> xl;ltparHfSk; cjtp nra;jdH. ,jdhy; ,ua;r;#iu mtd; kPl;L kPz;Lk;

thyhl;bdhd;. ,jd; tpisthf NrhoH tlf;F Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J ,ul;lg;ghb

KOtijAk; ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

Ntq;fpapy; tpkyhjpj;jd; kuzj;jpw;Fg;gpd; mtd; kfd; ,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud;

Ntq;fp mhpaizapy; mku ,aytpy;iy. Vohk; tp[ahjpj;jd; vd;gtd; rhSf;fpa

n[arpk;kd; cjtp ngw;W mtid vjpHj;jhd;. ,uh[uh[ eNue;jpud;

,uhN[e;jpuNrhodpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. ,uh[N[e;jpu Nrhod; clNd ngUk;gilia

cjtpf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd;. mg;gil tp[ahjpj;jid Njhw;fbj;J tpul;b ,uh[uh[

eNue;jpuid Ntq;fp mhpaidappy; mkHj;jpaJ. Ntq;fp murpay; cwit NkYk;

tYg;gLj;j tpUk;gpa Nrhod; jd; kfs; mk;kq;if Njtpia Ntq;fp ,sturDf;F

kzKbj;Jf; nfhLj;jhd;.

fq;if gilnaLg;G

njd;NfhbapYk; <oj;jpYk; Nru ehl;bYk; tlf;F vy;iyapy; ,ul;lghbapYk;

ntw;wp fz;l ,uhN[e;jpud; tl ,e;jpah Nehf;fp gilnaLj;jhd; rhSf;fpaHfSf;F

fypq;fHfSk; Xl;lrp~aHfSfk; cjtpdH. vdNt fypq;fHfSk; Xl;ltp~aHfSk;

Kjypy; jhf;fg;gl;L gzpe;jdH. Kd;Ndwpa NrhoHgil fq;if ejptiu gilnaLj;J

gy ntw;wpfis Ftpj;jJ. topapy; NrhoH gil rf;fuNfhl;lk;> kz;izf;Nfhzk;>

gQ;rg;gs;sp> KRq;fpNjrk;> ,e;jpu uh~;buh> xl;ltp~ah NfhryehL> jz;lGj;jp>

jf;fhzylk;> tq;fhsNjrk; Mfpa ehLfis Njhw;;fbj;J ,Wjpahf cj;jpuyhlk;

ehl;il mile;J me;ehl;L kd;dd; kfpghyidj; Njhw;fbj;jJ. ntw;wpg; ngw;w

NrhoHgil fq;if ePiuf; nfhz;Lte;J ,e;j ntw;wpapd; epidthf fl;ba fq;if

nfhz;l NrhoGuj;jpy; fl;ba Nrhofq;fk; vd;w Vhpapy; nfhl;b fq;fh [ykak;

];jk;gk; vd;W nfhz;lhbdhd;. ,e;j khngUk; ntw;wpiar; rpwg;gpf;f fq;if nfhz;l

Nrhod; vd;w gl;lj;ij nfhz;lhd;.

flhuk; gilnaLg;G

,uhN[e;jpuNrhodpd; ntw;wpfSs; kpfr; rpwe;jJ mtd; fly; fle;J fg;gw;gil

mDg;gp [hth Rkpj;jpuhNghHdpNah gFjpfis cs;slf;fpa =tp[a Nguuir ntd;wJ

MFk;. mJNt flhuk; ntw;wp vdg;gLfpwJ. Nrhog;Nguurpw;Fk; rPdg;Nguurpw;Fkpilapy;

eilngw;w thzpgk; ,g;Nguurpd; topahf eilngw;wJ. mjw;F ,ila+W

tpistpj;jhy; ,g;gilnaLg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

flhuk; gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ =tp[ak; gz;iz kiya+H> khapUbq;fk;>

,yq;fhNrhfk; gg;ghsk;> ,ypk;gq;fk; ,yhKhpNrjk;> ef;fhthuk;> flhuk; Mfpa

gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpdhd; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ngaHfis Nehf;f ,it ahTk;


kNyahtpYk; Rkj;jpuhtpYk; mitfis #o;e;j ,lq;fspYk; mike;J fhzg;gLk;

gFjpfshfNt cs;sd vd mwpayhk.;

,uhN[e;jpud; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; mtdJ ike;jd; ,uh[hjpuh[d; NghH

Ghpe;jhd;. Kjypy; Ntzhl;L kd;did ntd;W mtidf; nfhd;whH. gpd;dH $gf

ehl;L kd;didAk; %~f kuigr; NrHe;j vypkiyf;F mUfpYs;s ,uhk Flehl;L

kd;didAk; Fog;gk; tpistpj;j Nru ghz;baHfisAk; ntd;whd; vd;W

fy;ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

NrhoH fhy Ml;rpKiw

mjpfhuff;Ftpay; ngw;w ika epHthfj;ijAk; jd;dhl;rp cila fpuhk

epHthfj;ijAk; ,izj;j xU rpwe;j Ml;rp Kiwia tFj;jdH. kj;jpapy;

VNjr;rjpfhuj;ij ifahz;ltHfs; fpuhkq;fspYk;> CHfspYk; Rahl;rpia

itj;jpUe;jJ xU rpwe;j KiwahFk;.

murd;

murd; Ml;rpj; Jiwapd; jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhH. midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk;

murd; ifapy; Ftpe;jpUe;;jd. murH> NguurH> rf;futHj;jp vd;nwy;yhk; kd;dHfs;

miof;fg;gl;ldH. xt;nthU kd;dUk; Ml;rp Ghpe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghNj jq;fs;

thhpRfis epakpj;jdH. ,k;Kiw thhpR chpikg; NghH tuhky; jLj;jJ. kd;dHfs;

kf;fspd; ,iwahf fUjg;gl;ld. kd;dUf;F gy kidtpaHfs; ,Ue;j NghJk;

gl;lj;jurpahf xUtNu fhzg;gl;lhH. murpaHfSf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhlf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

vy;yh epHthfg; gzpfSf;Fk; kd;dNu jiytH MthH. murd; mbf;fb ehl;ilr;

Rw;wpg; ghHf;Fk; gof;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. ,J epHthfk; jpwk;gl nray;gl VJthf

,Ue;jJ.

mikr;rHFO kw;Wk; murpay; mjpfhhpfs;

Nrho kd;dHfs; VNjr;rjpfhuj;ij tpUk;gpdhYk;> mtHfSf;F murpay;

rk;ke;jg;gl;l tp~aq;fspy; MNyhridf;$w mikr;rH FOTk; ,Ue;jJ. mikr;rHfs;

epHthfj;jpYk;> ePjp toq;FtjpYk;> thp tpjpg;gjpYk; ehl;bd; ghJfhtYf;Fk;

MNyhridf; $wpdH. caH mjpfhhpfs; ngUe;juk; vd;Wk;> rpWjuk; vd;Wk;

gphpf;fg;gl;ldH. murhq;f Ntiyg; ghHg;NghUf;F khje;NjhWk; rk;gsk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. khwhf epyq;fs; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;epyj;ij mtHfs; tpw;fNth>

khw;wNth KbahJ. ,jpypUe;J tUk; tUkhdj;ij tho;ehs; g+uhTk; mDgtpj;jf;

nfhs;syhk;. jpUtha;f;Nfo;tp> jpuke;jpu Xiy> jpUke;jpu Xiy ehafk;> tpilapy;

mjpfhhp Nghd;wtHfs; murhq;f mjpfhhpfs; MFk;. ,tHfs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk;

jdpj;jdp nghWg;Gfs; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jpUtha;f;Nfo;tp> kd;dd; ,Lk;

Miziaf; $Wgtd;. jpUke;jpu Xiy ehafk; jiyikr; nrayhsH> tpilapy;

mjpfhhp kd;dUf;F nra;jpfis njhptpg;ghd;. Mzj;jp kw;Wk; jpUke;jpu Xiy

vd;gtHfs; nra;jpfis mDg;GgtHfs;. ehl;ljpfhhp cs;ehl;Lj; jiytd;> ehLfhty;

mjpfhhp fyfk; tuhky; jLg;gtH. Ehl;bd; kj;jpapy; jiyefH ,Ug;gij

Nrhokd;dHfs; tpUk;gpdh;. Mifahy; jiyefiu jQ;irapypUe;J fq;if nfhz;l


NrhoGuj;jpw;F khw;wpdH. jpUth&H> Mapuf;fy;> rpjk;guk;> fhQ;rp Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

Jizj; jiyefuq;fis itj;jpUe;jdH.

kz;ly Ml;rp

epHthf trjpf;fhf NguuR gy kz;lyq;fshf gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU

kz;lyKk; gy tsehLfshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU tsehLk; gy ehLfshfg;

gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ehLfis mLj;j rpwpa gphpT rJHNtjpkq;fyk; kw;Wk; CH

vd;gitfshFk;. Xt;nthU rJHNtjpkq;fyKk; gy rpw;WhHfis nfhz;bUe;jd.

xt;nthUkz;lyq;fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahf MSeH epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. mNdfkhf mur

FLk;gj;ijr; rhHe;jtHfNs MSeHfshf epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. kz;lyq;fspy;

mikjpfhg;gfk; kw;Wk; rpw;wurHfis fz;fhzpg;gJk; MSeHfspd; Kf;fpakhd gzp

MFk;. Nrhog; NguuR xd;gJ kz;lyq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mitNrhokz;lyk;>

NrhzhL> ,uh[uh[ ghz;ba kz;lyk;> njhz;ilehL> Kk;Kb Nrhokz;lyk;>

,yq;ifKb nfhz;l Nrhokz;lyk;> fq;fghb> epfphpypr; Nrho kz;lyk;> Esk;ghb>

mjpuh[uh[ Nrho kz;lyk;> nfhq;F ehL> kiykz;lyk; - NruehL> Ntq;ifehL

vd;gitfshFk;. Ika murpd; Mizfis nray;gLj;JtJk; kz;lyq;fspd;

epytuq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;ifia ika muRf;F mDg;GtJk; MSeHfspd; Kf;fpakhd

Ntiyfspy; xd;whFk;.

NkYk; kd;dDld; njhlHG nfhz;L neUq;fpg; gzpnra;NthH mZf;fr;

Nrtfk; vd;Wk;> muz;kidapy; gzp GhpNthH mfg;ghpthuk; vd;Wk;> muz;kidf;

fzf;Ffis rhpghHg;NghH jpUKff; fzf;F vd;Wk; kd;dhpd; Vty; Nfl;NghH coir;

Rw;wDhH vd;Wk; kd;dd; gy ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk;NghJ mtdJ tUifia

njhptpj;J kf;fs; $l;lj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; mjpfhhp fl;baq;fhud; vd;Wk; fy;

ntl;Lf;fs; $Wfpd;wd.

gilAk;> NghH KiwAk;

NrhoH gilfis ,Utiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. Mit jiug;gil> flw;gil

vd;gitfshFk;. jiug;gilapy; ahidg;gil> Fjpiug;gil> fhyhl;gil Nghd;w

gphpTfs; ,ue;jd. gilfspd; jsgjpahf ,Ue;jtHfs; khjz;l ehafd; kw;Wk;

Nrdhjpgjp vd;w ngaHfspy; miof;fg;gl;ldH. khjz;l ehafd; midj;J

gilfSf;Fk; jiytd;. NghHf;fUtpfis MWtiffshfg; gphpf;fyhk;. Mit

va;g;gil (tpy;yk;G gil) vwpgil (tl;NlW Ntw;gil) Fj;J gil (<l;b Nty;Fj;jk;)

ntl;Lg;gil(ths;) mbgil(kO> jz;L) jLgil (ftrk; Nflak;) vd;gitfshFk;.

NrhoHfs; jq;fs; fg;gw;gilapd; typikahy; mugpf;fly;

jPTfisAk;><oj;ijAk;> flhuj;ijAk; gpw njd;fpof;fhrpaj; jPTfisAk; ntd;wdH.

tq;fhs tphpFlhit Nrhog;Nguurpd; Vhp vd;W $Wkstpw;F fpof;F flw;fiug; gFjp

KOtijANk jk; tag;gLj;jp ,Ue;jdH. flw;gilapd; JizNahL fly; fle;j

ehLfspYk; NrhoHfshy; jq;fs; Nguuir tphpTgLj;j Kbe;jJ.


murpd; tUtha;

epythp murpd; Kf;fpa tUtha; MFk;. epyq;fis mse;J jpl;lg;gLj;jp thpfs;

tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; 1/3 gFjpia thpahf t#ypj;jdH

vd;W fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. epythpia gzkhfNth my;yJ nghUshfNth

my;yJ ,uz;LkhfNth nrYj;jyhk;.

epythpapy;yhj gpwthpfs; Fbik vd;W $wg;gl;ld. xt;tnhU njhopYf;Fk;

chpa rpwg;Gg; ngauhy; njhopy; thpia Fwpg;gpl;L mikj;jdH. Frf;fhzk;>

nrf;fpiw><ok; g+r;rp> ,ilg;ghl;lk;> fz;zhyf;fhzk;> tz;zhug;ghiw> xlf;$yp> fhL

fhty; thp> ,uT thp vd;gd mtw;wpy; rpythFk;.

Ntspehl;L gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;L ftHe;J tug;gl;l

tpiyAaHe;j nghUs;fs; murhq;f fUt+yj;ij epug;gpaJ. FWepy kd;dd; nrYj;Jk;

fhg;Gj; njhifAk; murpd; Kf;fpa tUtha; MFk;. thp t#ypg;gjpy; muR kpfTk;

fLikahf ,Ue;jJ. thpghf;fpapl;NlhH epyq;fis tpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;ij muR

ifahz;lJ.

murpd; nrytpdq;fs;

murUf;Fk;> murit eilKisfSf;Fk; nghJ tUthapypUe;J

nrytplg;gl;lJ. ,J jtpu gil epHthfj;Jf;Fk;> nghJg;gzpf;Fk; nrytpl;ldH.

rhiyfs; mikj;jy;>ghyq;fs; fl;Ljy;> glFj;Jiwfs; mikj;jy;> mizf;fl;Ljy;>

fhy;tha; ntl;Ljy; nghd;wit NrhoHfhy nghJg;gapfspy; Kf;fpakhditfshFk;.

ePjp epHthfk;

murd; ePjpj;Jiwapd; jiytd;. muritNa cr;r ePjpkd;wkhf tpsq;fpaJ.

mur JNuhff; Fw;wq;fis mtNd nehpy; tprhhpj;J jz;lid toq;fpdhd;.

rpiyj;jpUl;L> nfhiy nra;jy;> epahakw;w Kiwapy; thpt#y; nra;tJ> murd;

Mizia vjpHj;J fpsHr;rp nra;jy;> jpUl;L> tpgr;rhuk;> topg;gwp> ngha;ifnahg;gk;

Nghd;witfs; gpw Fw;wq;fshFk;. Fw;wk; Ghpe;jtHfSf;F mjpfgl;r jz;lid ehL

flj;jy; my;yJ rpiw thrk; Nghd;witfshFk;. Rpwpa Fw;wk; Ghpe;jtHfsl

mt;t+hpYs;s Nfhapy;fSf;F xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L ee;jh tpsf;Ffs; thq;fp

nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

NrhoHfspd; cs;shl;rp Kiw my;yJ fpuhk Ml;rpKiw

NrhoH Ml;rp Kiwapd; rpwe;j mk;rk; Rahl;rp KiwahFk;. Nrhoehl;L

CHfs;> rpw;WhHfs;> Ng&Hfs;> %JhHfs;> fpuhkq;fs; gl;bdq;fs;> ghf;fs; vd

miof;fg;gl;lJ. gpuhkzHfs; FbapUg;G mf;fpufhuk;> rJHNtjpkq;fyk; vd;w

ngaHfspy; miof;fg;gl;lJ.

tptrhapfs; FbapUg;Gk;> FbapUg;igr; rhHe;j gFjpfSk; CH vdg;gl;d.

,j;jifa CHfspy; Cuitfs; ,Ue;jd. fpuhkq;fspy; mit fpuhk rig vdg;gl;ld.

Kjyhk; guhe;jfr; Nrhodhyl fp.gp.918-921 Mfpa Mz;Lfspy; ntspaplg;gl;l

cj;jpuNk&H fy;ntl;L fpuhk rigfspd; mikg;igAk;> NtirfisAk; kpfj;

njspthf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. ,ijg;Nghd;W gps;isg;ghf;fk; fy;ntl;L> ehfg;gl;bdk;>


jpUr;rp nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;Lf;fSk; NrhoHfhy fpuhk rig gw;wpf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

cj;jpuNk&H rJHNtjpkq;fyj;J rig mikg;G

fpuhkq;fs; rpwpa> rpwpa gphpTfshf gphpf;fg;gl;ld. ,itfs; thHL vd;W

miof;fg;gl;ld. xU fpuhkj;jpy; 30 thHLfs; tiu ,Ue;jJ. thHil tl;lk; vd;Wk;

miog;gH. thHby; cs;s FLk;gk; xt;nthd;Wk;> xUtiu fpuhk rigf;F cWg;gpduhf

NjHe;njLj;J mDg;gyhk;. Fpuhk rigf;F cWg;gpdHfs; FlNthiy Kiwg;gb

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH. fpuhk rigapy; cWg;gpdH Mtjw;F rpy jFjpfs; Njit.

Mit gpd;tUkhW

cWg;gpduhfj; jFjp

• nrhe;j kidapy; FbapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• fhy; Ntyp epyk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• miuf;fhzp epyKilahH Mapd; xU NtjkhtJ njhpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• taJ 35-f;F Nky; 70f;Fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• fle;j %d;whz;bw;Fs; ve;j thhpaj;jpYk; cWg;gpduha; ,Ue;jpUf;ff; $lhJ.

cWg;gpdH Mtjw;F jFjpaw;NwhH

• thhpa cWg;gpduha; ,ue;J fzf;F fhl;ljtH.

• fzf;F fhl;lhjtuJ cwtpdHfs;

• jfhjtHfSld; NrHe;jtHfs;

• Ik;ngUk; ghjfk; Ghpe;NjhH

• gpwH nghUl;fis jpUbatHfs;

• Fw;wk; fhuzkhf fOijNky; Vw;wg;gl;ltHfs;

• Fs;sf; ifnaOj;J Nghl;ltHfs;

NkNy nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;s egHfs; midtUk; fpuhk rigapy; cWg;gpdH Mtjw;F

jFjpaw;NwhHfs; MFk;.

FlNthiy Kiw

fpuhk rig cWg;gpdHfs; FlNthiy Kiwapy; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH.

xt;nthU thHLk; FLk;G vdg;gl;lJ. xt;nthU FLk;gpw;Fk; xt;nthU cWg;gpdH

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;ldH. cj;jpuNk&hpy; Kg;gJ FLk;Gfs; ,Ue;jd. fpuhk rigapy;

cWg;gpdH Mtjw;F jFjp cilatHfspd; ngaHfisj; jdpj;jdp Xiyapy; vOjp

mf;FLk;gpd; ngaH tiuag;ngw;w Xiy xd;iw NrHj;Jf; fl;b Flj;jpypLtH. Kg;gJ

FLk;gpw;Fk; Kg;gJ fl;Lfs; ,Uf;Fk;. xd;Wk; mwpahr; rpWtidf; nfhz;L xU

FLk;gpw;Fhpa Xiyf;fl;il mtpo;j;J Flj;jpy; nfhl;b XH Xiyia vLf;fr; nra;tH.

Mt;thW vLf;fg;l;l Xiyapy; cs;s ngahpdNu xU FLk;gpd; gpujpepjp. ,t;thW

NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l fpuhk rig cWg;gpdHfs; gpd;dH gy;NtW thhpaq;fspy;

cWg;gpdHfshf mkHj;jg;gLtH. fpuhk rig epHthf trjpf;fhf gy thhpaq;fshf

gphpj;J nray;gl;lJ.


thhpag; gphpT

cj;jpuNk&H fpuhk rigapd; Kg;gJ cWg;gpdHfspd; Kjy; 12 NgHfs; rk;tw;ru

thhpaj;jpw;Fk; mLj;j 12 NgHfs; Njhl;l thhpaj;jpw;Fk; kPjKs;s 6 Ngh;fs; Vhp

thhpaj;jpYk; gzpakHj;jg;gl;ldH. kPz;Lk; FlNthiy NjHjy; Kiw %yk; 12 NgHfs;

NjHe;njLf;fg;gLtH. mjpy; 6 NgH nghd; thhpauhfTk; kPjKs;s 6 NgH gQ;r epthuz

thhpauhfTk; gzp mkHj;jg;gLtH. ,tHfspd; gjtp fhyk; xU Mz;L MFk;.

thhpaq;fspd; gzpfs;

rhk;rj;u thhpak; Chpd; nghJf; fhhpaq;fis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;. Vhpthhpak;

Chpd; ePH epiyfis fz;fhzpj;J tptrhaj;jpw;F Vw;w #o;epiyfis cUthf;fpf;

nfhLf;Fk;. Njhl;lthhpak; tpisepyq;fs;> Gwk;Nghf;F epyq;fis fzf;nfLj;J

murpw;F rkHg;gpf;Fk;. gQ;rthhpak; gQ;rj;ij rkhspf;f CH kf;fsplk; jhdpak; thq;fp

Nrfhpj;J ghJfhj;J itf;Fk;. nghd; thhpak; fpuhk rigf;F tUk; nghd;id

kjpg;gpl;L mwpf;if rkHg;gpj;jy; Ntiyia nra;jJ.

fpuhk rig CopaHfs; muRf;F nghWg;ghspfshthHfs;. Flikapy; jtWk;

rigapdUf;Fj; jz;lid nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. nghJ epjpfs; fpuhk rigapd; ngahpy;

itf;fg;gl;lJ. Njtjhd fpuhkq;fspd; rigfs; gzKk;> nghd;Dk;> nghUSk;

t#ypj;J Nrkpj;jd. fpuhk rigfs; jdpj;Jk;> $l;lhfTk; nray;gl;lJ. KuR nfhl;b

fpuhk rig $Lkplk; kw;Wk; $Lk; Neuk; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhapy; kw;Wk;

kz;lgq;fspy; rig $Lk;. fpuhk rigfs; ePjpkd;wq;fshfTk; nray;gl;ld. jtW

nra;jtHfis jz;bj;J mguhjk; tpjpj;jJ. fsT> tpgr;rhuk;> uh[JNuhfk;

Nghd;witfSf;F fLikahd jz;lidfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,j;jz;lidfs; murpd;

Kd; mDkjp ngw;w gpd;dNu epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld. rigapYs;s %j;j mq;fj;jpdHfs;

ePjpgjpfshf nray;gl;ldH.

fpuhk epHthfj;jpy; cs;s gpw CopaHfs;

kj;jpa];j;jd;> fuzj;jhd;> ghbfhg;ghd;> jz;Lthd;> mbfPo; epw;ghd; MfpNahH

Cjpak; ngw;W gzpGhpgtHfs; MFk;. fuzj;jhd; rigf; fzf;if rkHgpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

ghbfhg;ghd; jpUl;L> nfhiyapypUe;J kf;fis fhg;gtd;> kj;jpa]j;jd; eLtdhf

,Ue;jhd; mbfPo; epw;ghd; fpuhk rig mq;fj;jpdUf;F cjtp nra;gtd;. Fpuhk

rigapy; ngz;fSf;F jdp ,l xJf;fPL ,y;iy.

NrhoH fhy ,yf;fpa fiy> fy;tp fl;blf;fiy tsHr;rpp

gy;ytHfisg; nghd;W NrhoHfSk; ,yf;fpak;> fiy. Fy;tp> fl;blf;fiy

Nghd;wtw;wpd; tsHr;rpf;F kpFe;j njhz;lhw;wpAs;sdH. irt> rkz> itzt

,yf;fpaq;fs; tsHe;J fUj;jhsKila jj;Jt ,yf;fpaq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;jd.

rpw;gf;fiy> Xtpaf;fiy> eldf;fiy> ehlff;fiy> ,irf;fiy Mfpa midj;J

fiyfSk; mghpkpj tsHr;rpf; fz;lJ. fy;tp $lq;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;L Kiwahd

MrphpaHfs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. Ntjk;> ,yf;fzk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;w ghlq;fs;

khztHfSf;Fk; fw;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;blf;fiyfs; ed;F tsHr;rpaile;jJ. jQ;ir


nghpa Nfhapy;> fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;> Nrho muz;kidfs; Nghd;wit ,jw;F

rhd;WgfUfpd;wd.

fhg;gpaq;fs;

rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy> tisahgjp> Fz;lyNfrp> rPtfrpe;jhkzp vd;w

Ie;jpDs; Kjy; ,uz;Lk; rq;f fhyj;jit. kw;wit NrhoH fhyj;jit.

Fz;lyNfrpia ehjFj;jdhH vd;gtH ,aw;wpdhH. ,J ngsj;j fijia $WfpwJ.

rPtf rpe;jhkzpia jpUj;jf;fj;NjtH vd;w rkz Jwtp vOjpdhH. rPtfd; vl;Lg;

ngz;fis jpUkzk; Ghpe;j tuyhw;iwf; $wp mtd; tPLNgW mile;j fijia

$WfpwJ.

IQ;rpW fhg;gpak;

cjaz Fkhu fhtpak;> ehfFkhu fhtpak;> aNrhjh fhtpak;> #shkzp>

ePyNfrp Nghd;wtw;NwhL rkz ngsj;j fhg;gpaq;fSk; Njhd;wpd. #shkzp 2331

ghf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Njhohnkhopj;NjtH ,ij ,aw;wpatH. NkU ke;jpu Guhzj;ij

thkhzhr;rhhp ,aw;wpdhH.

,yf;fz Ehy;fs;

Gj;jkpj;jpuhpd; tPu Nrhopak;> Iadhhpjdhhpd; Gwg;nghopd; ntz;ghkhiy>

mkpHjrhfhpd; ahg;ngUq;fyk;Ehw;ftpuhrhpd; ek;gpaf nghUs;> gtzj;jpabfspd;

ed;Dhy;> FztPu gz;bjuhpd; Nekpehjk; kw;Wk; tr;rze;jpkhiy> jz;bapapd;

jz;bayq;fhuk; Nghd;witfs; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;l ,yf;fz Ehy;fs;

MFk;.

rka ,yf;fpaq;fs;

Njthug; ghly;fs; gy;ytH fhyj;jpy; mg;gH> rk;ke;jH> Re;juH MfpNahuhy;

ghlg;gl;lit. mg;ghly;fis xd;W jpul;b ek;gpahz;ltH ek;gp vd;gtH Njthuk; vd;w

,yf;fpakhf njhFj;jhH. gpuge;j ghly;fs; it~;zt mbahHfshd Mo;thHfshy;

ghlg;gl;lit. mit ehjKdp vd;gtuhy; ehyhapuk; ghly;fs; nfhz;l ,yf;fpakhf

njhFf;fg;gl;ld. ,J ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; vd;W ngaH ngw;wJ.

Nrf;fpohuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l rka ,yf;fpaEhy; nghpa Guhzk;. <J mWgj;jp

%d;W rptdbahHfspd; gf;jp tho;f;ifg; gw;wp $Wfpd;wJ. fy;yhlhpd; fy;yhlk; vd;w

,yf;fpa Ehypy; rptngUkhdpd; jpUtpisahly;fs; tpthpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fk;gH

,aw;wpa fk;guhkhazk; jkpopy; jiyr;rpwe;j fhtpaq;fSs; xd;W MFk;.

rka rhHgw;w Ehy;fs;

n[aq;nfhz;lhhpd; fypq;fj;Jguzp> FNyhj;Jq;fdpd; fypq;fj;Jg; gilnaLg;G

gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. xl;lf; $j;jhpd; %tUyh Nrho kd;dHfs; tpf;uk Nrhod;>

,uz;lhk; ,uh[uh[d;> ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; MfpNahH gw;wp tpthpf;fpd;wJ.

GNfoe;jpg; Gythpd; esntz;gh> rq;ffhyg;ngz;ghy; Gytuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mj;jpr;#b

Nghd;wit mwnewpfis typAWj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ.


epfz;Lfs;

jpthfu Kdptuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l jpthfuk; mtuJ Fkhuhpd; gpq;fy epfz;L>

kz;ly GUlhpd; #lhkzp epfz;L> fahju Kdpthpd; fahju epfz;L Mfpait

NrhoH fhyj;jpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lit.

rpw;gf;fiy

NrhoHfhy fiyQHfs; fy;ypYk;> ntz;fyj;jpYk; jq;fs; if tz;zq;fisf;

fhl;bdH. NrhoH fhyj;jpa jpUNkdp cUtq;fs; gf;jHfSf;F ,iw cUtj;Jld;

neUf;fk; Vw;glr; nra;jJ. NrhoH fhy rpw;gq;fs; gy Njhw;wq;fspy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. mit nja;tr; rpiyfs;> kdpj cUtq;fs;> ehad;khHfspd;

tbtq;fs;> eld khjHfspd; eld kbbkq;fs;> thapw;fhg;Nghhpd; rpw;gq;fs;>

tpyq;Ffspd; cUtq;fs; KjyhditfshFk;. Nfhapy;fspy; kd;dH> murpahH

cUtq;fSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;ld. jhuhRuk; Nfhapypy; 63 ehad;khHfspd; cUtq;fs;

nghwp;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jpy;iy fpof;F NfhGuk;> jQ;ir> jpUg;Gtdk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;

eld khe;jHfspd; rpw;gq;fSk; ,uhkhaz tuyhw;W rpw;gq;fSk; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.

Itzt Myaq;fspy; %tif fhyj;jpy; jpUkhypd; jpUcUtj;ij

nrJf;fpdH. Mit epd;w jpUNkdp> maHe;j jpUNkdp> fple;j jpUNkdp vdg;gLfpd;wd.

rkag; GutyHfshfpa rptdbahHfspd; cUtq;fs;> jpUkhybahHfspd; gJikfSk;

nrJf;fp thpirapy; epw;f itj;jdH. jpUg;Gtd fk;Nf];tuH Myaj;jpy; epiyngw;w

ngz;bH> thapw;fhtyH cUtr;rpiyfs; cs;sd.

ntz;fy cUtr;rpiyfs; mikg;gjpy; jhd; NrhoHfs; rpwe;J fhzg;gl;ldH.

NrhoHfhy ntz;fyrpiyfs; cyfg; Gfo; ngw;wit. mitfSs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghdJ

jl;rpzh%Hj;jp tbtpy; NrhoH fhyj;jpy; thHj;j rpjk;guk; eluh[dpd; jpUcUtr;

rpiyahFk;. El;g Ntiyg;ghLfSld; $ba ,r;rpiy fiyaoF kpf;fjhFk;. NkYk;

Nfhapy;fspy; 63 ehad;khHfspd; thHg;Gr; rpiyfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. %ytHfs;

Nghd;W cw;rt %Hj;jpfSk; thHg;Gr; rpiyfspy; tbf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;Wk;

jQ;irf;fUfpy; cs;s Fk;gNfhzk; vd;w Chpy; ntz;fyr; rpiyfs; tbf;Fk;

njhopy; rpwg;ghf eilngw;W tUfpwJ.

Xtpaf;fiy

rpw;gf;fiy Nghd;W Xtpaf; fiyapYk; NrhoHfs; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdH. jQ;ir

gpufjP];tuH Nfhapypy; jPl;lg;gl;Ls;s tz;z Xtpaq;fs; mofpy; m[e;jh

Xtpaq;fSf;F epfuhdit. mit Nrukhd; ngUkhSk; Re;juUk; ifyhak; nry;Yk;

fhl;rp> Re;jdhiu jpUkzj;jpd;NghJ rptd; jLj;jhl; nfhz;l fhl;rp> eluh[iu

topgLk; Nrho kd;ddJ Xtpak; Nghd;witfshFk;. Eld khjHfspd; fhy;fs;

gpd;dg;gl;l tpjKk;> iffis caHj;jp ,ilia nespj;J fhjsNthba

fz;fshy;ghHf;Fk; fhe;jg; ghHitAk;> NkNy mzpe;Js;s gytifg;gl;l

Mguzq;fspd; tdg;Gk; Xtpaf;fiyapd; rpwg;igf; fhl;LtNjhL eldf; fiyiaAk;

tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.


fy;tp

fy;tp ,U tiffspy; eilngw;wJ. Ntj fy;tp epiyaq;fs; itjPfHfSf;F

kl;Lk; fy;tpaspj;jd. nghJkf;fs; toh epfo;r;rpapd; NghJ Nrg;gLk; Guhzq;fspd;

%yk; fy;tp ngw;wdH. Nrhoehl;by; mbg;gil fy;rp epiyaq;fSk;> caH fy;tp

epiyaq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. NtjpaH Fy khztHfSf;F gy rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;ld.

vz;zhapuk; vd;Dkplj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fspd; %yk; ,uhN[e;jpud; vz;zhapuk;

vd;Dkplj;jpy; vOg;gpa fy;tp epiyaj;jpy; 340 khztHfSk; 14 NguhrpaHfSk;

,Ue;jdH vd;W njhpatUfpd;wJ. jpUKf;$ly; fy;ntl;L Nfhapy; epHthfj;jpd; fPo;

xU fy;Yhhp ,Ue;jijAk;> jpUtpilkUJhH> jpUtilf;fop> mzpa+H> vz;ZhH

Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; cs;s fy;ntl;Lf;fs; Ntjk;> ,yf;fzk;> kUj;Jtk; Nghd;wit

gapw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lijg; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd. fy;tp epiyaq;fs; fz;bg;ghd

xOf;ftpjpfis nfhz;bUe;jd. khztHfs; kdg;ghl Kiwapy; fy;tp fw;wdH.

NrhoH fhyj;J fl;blf;fiy

NrhoHfs; fhyj;jpy; thdhshtpa fw;Nfhapy;fis vOg;gpdH. ,f;Nfhapy;fs;

Myag; gzpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhTk; kf;fspd; rka tho;f;ifapd; eLehafkhfTk;

,Ue;jd. Nfhapy;fspd; Jhz;fspYk; RtHfspYk; mofpa rpw;gq;fs;

tbtikf;fg;gl;ld. NrhoH fhyj;J efuq;fSk;> muz;kidfSk; jpl;lkpl;L

mikf;fg;gl;litfshFk;. jQ;irAk;> fq;ifnfhz;l NrhoGuKk; NrhoHfspd;

fhyj;jpy; jpl;lkpl;L tbtikf;fg;gl;l efuq;fs; MFk;.

jQ;ir gpufjP];tuH Nfhapy;

NrhoH fl;blf;fiyf;F tpsf;fk; $wp epw;Fk; jQ;ir gpufjP];tuH Nfhapy;

khkd;dH ,uh[uh[dhy; vOg;gg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Myak; VO Mz;Lfspy; fl;b

Kbf;fg;gl;lJ. (fp.gp.1003-1010) Nfhapy; 500 mb ePsKk; 200 mb mfyKk;

cilaJ.,jd; NfhGuk; 14 mLf;FilaJ. NfhGuj;jpd; cauk; 216 mb MFk;. mjd;

cr;rpapy; 25 mb rJuj;jpy; 80 ld; vilAila xw;iwf;fy; cs;sJ. ,J

mf;fhyj;J nghwpapay; rhjidf;F tpsf;fkspf;fpd;wd. fUtiw> cl;Gw Rw;W

kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> ];ehd kz;lgk;> eHj;jd kz;lgk;> thj;jpa kz;lgk;

Nghd;wit Nfhapypd; gpwgFjpfshFk;. Nfhapypd; Kd; xNu fy;ypy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s

ee;jp RkhH %d;W kPl;lH cauKilaJ. ,f;NfhapYf;F ,uh[uhN[Rtuk;> gpufjP];tuk;

vd;w ngaHfSk; cz;L.

fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk; (fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk;)

fq;if nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk; fq;if gilnaLg;gpd; epidthf Kjyhk;

uhN[e;jpudhy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,jd; mikg;Gfs; midj;JNk jQ;ir nghpaf; Nfhapy;

Nghd;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd; NfhGuk; 160 mb cauKilaJ. Vl;L jsq;fis

cilaJ. ,jd; ntz;fyg; gJikfs; ,aw;ifahd moif ngw;Ws;sd. 12

uhrpfisAk;> etf;fpufq;fisAk; tpsf;Fk; gFjpfs; rpwe;j fiyj;jpwDf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;L. cl;RtHfSk; Jhz;fSk; ntw;wplj;Jld; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.


vdNtjhd; jQ;irf; Nfhapy; Mz;nghypT nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ fq;if nfhz;l

NrhoGuj;J Myak; ngz;ik moFld; tpsq;Ffpd;wnjd;Wk; $WtH.

gpwf;Nfhapy;fs;

Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fdhy; #hpadhH Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhapy;

Fk;gNfhzj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. #hpaDf;nfd;W fl;lg;gl;l kjy; Nfhapy; ,J.

,ijg;Nghd;W nfhdhHf; vd;w ,lj;jpy; #hpaDf;F jdpf;Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fw;whiyapy; fhzg;gLk; jdpf;Nfhapy;fs; tpehafH> f&Hj;NjtH> rz;NljtuH

Nghd;wit Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpw Nfhapy;fshFk;.

Nkyf;flk;g+hpYs;s mkpHjfNlRtuk; Myak;> fPog;gOt+hpys;s FNyhj;Jq;f

NrhoPr;Ruk;> jpUitahhpy; cs;s Nfhapy; Kjypad FNyhJq;f Nrhod; fhyj;jpy;

fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,uz;lhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; jhuhRuj;jpy; IuhtNjRtuf; Nfhapiyf;

fl;bdhd;. ,jd; tpkhdk; ehd;F jsq;fis cilaJ. ,uh[ fk;gPu kz;lgk;>

rf;fuq;fNshL Fjpiufisg; g+l;b ,Oj;Jr; nry;Yk; NjH Nghd;w tbtKilaJ.

muz;kidfs; kw;Wk; efuq;fs;

Nrho kd;dHfs; Mlk;guj;ij tpUk;gpdH. jiyefhpYk; Jizj; jiyefhpYk;

muz;kidfis vOg;gpdH. muz;kidapy; rpj;jpuf;$lk;> tpisahLtjw;Fg;

nghopy;fs;> me;jg;Guk; Nghd;witfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. muz;kidiar; Rw;wp

mfopfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

NrhoHfs; efuq;fis ed;F tbtikj;jdH. ,uh[uh[d; jQ;iria

tbtikg;gjpYk;> muhN[e;jpud; fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuj;ij tbtikg;gjpYk; kpFe;j

ftdk; nrYj;jpdhHfs;. Kjyhk; ,uh[hjp ,uh[d; fhyj;jpy; kd;dhHFbapYs;s

n[aq;nfhz;l NrhoPr;Ruk; fl;lg;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; ghz;bag; NguuR

fp.gp.10 Mk; Ehw;whz;bypUe;J Nrho Vfhgjpgj;jpw;F mbgzpe;jpUe;j ghz;ba

muR fp.gp.13-Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; jd;Dhpik ngw;w ehlhf jiyJhf;fp

fp.gp.14-Mk; Ehw;whz;bd; Muk;gk; tiu njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jiyrpwe;j ty;yurhf

tpsq;fpaJ.

Kjyhk; khwtHk Re;jughz;bad;

ghz;ba ehl;il Ml;rp Ghpe;j riltHkd; FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; rNfhjuhd

khwtHk Re;jughz;bad;fp.gp.1216y; ,stuR gl;lk; #l;lg;gl;lhd;. jd; jikad;

fhyj;jpy; %d;whk; FNyhJq;fd; kJiu kPJ jhf;fpaij gop jPHj;Jf; nfhs;s gh;ba

kd;dd; Nrho ehL kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. Nrho kd;diuj; Njhw;fbj;jJld; epy;yhky;

ciwa+H> jQ;rht+H Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mike;Js;s fl;blq;fs; midj;ijiaAk;

jPf;fpiuahf;fpdhd;. gl;bdg;ghiy ghba cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhUf;F fhpfhwNrhod;

ghprhf toq;fpa gjpdhW fhy;kz;lgk; jtpu gpw fl;blq;fs; midj;Jk; jiukl;l

khf;fg;gl;ldthk;. Gpd; Nrhohpd; ,uz;lhk; jiyefuhfpa gioahiwapy; tPuhgpNQfk;

nra;J nfhz;L rpjk;guk; eluhriu tzq;fp kJiu jpUk;gpdhd;. jpUk;gp tUk;

topapy; ghz;ba kd;dd; nghd;dkuhtjpapy; jq;fp ,Ue;jhd;. mg;NghJ %d;whk;


uhN[e;jpu Nrhod; ghz;ba kd;dhplk; ruzile;J ,oe;j Nrho mhpaizia kPz;Lk;

ngw;whd;. %d;whk; ,uh[ ,uh[d; ghz;ba kd;dDf;F jpiw nrYj;Jk; FWepy

kd;ddhf khw;wg;gl;lhd;. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd; ghz;ba kd;dd; NrhzhL

toq;fpaUspa vd;w gl;lg; ngaiu #l;bf; nfhz;lhd;.

rpy Mz;Lfs; fopj;J Nrho kd;dd; ghz;baUf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba jpiwia

nrYj;jtpy;iy. ntFz;lnlOe;j ghz;ba kd;dd; Nrhoehl;bd; kPJ kPz;Lk;

jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdhd;. jhf;FjYf;F jhf;F gpbf;f Kbahj Nrhokd;dd; n`ha;rhs;

kd;ddpd; cjtpia ngWk; nghUl;L tlf;F Nehf;fp nrd;whd;. Mg;nghOJ gy;yt

FWepy kd;dd; Nfhg;ngUk; rpq;fd; Nrho kd;did rpiwgpbj;J NrHe;j kq;fyk; vd;w

,lj;jpy; rpiwapyilj;jhd;. ,ijawpe;j tPu eurpk;kd; vd;w n`ha;rhs ehl;L

kd;dd; ngUk; gilAld; te;J Nrho kd;did gy;ytHfsplkpUe;J kPl;L kPz;Lk;

mtid Nrho mhpaizapy; mkHj;jpdhd;. gpd;dH n`ha;rhs kd;dd;

ghz;baHfisAk; Njhw;fbj;J ghz;baH trk; ,Ue;j Nrho ehl;Lg; gFjpfisAk;

kPl;L kPz;Lk; mij NrhoDf;Nf mspj;jhd;. ,r;nra;jpia rj;jpa fHzhkpHjk; vd;w

fd;dl Ehy; $Wfpd;wJ.

nfhq;F ehl;L Ml;rpAhpikg; gw;wp jfuhW Ghpe;j ,U nfhq;F ,sty;fis

rkhjhdg;gLj;jp mq;F jd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiy ehl;bdhd;. Re;ju ghz;baDf;F

fypAfuhkd; mjprag; ghz;baj;Njtd; Nghd;w gl;lg; ngaHfSk; cz;L.

,uz;lhk; khwtHk Re;jug; ghz;bad; (fp.gp.1238-1251)

,uz;lhk; khwtHkd; Re;ju ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy; %d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;

ghz;ba ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J te;J Re;jug;ghz;baidj; jhf;fp Njhw;fbj;jhd;.

Mdhy; n`ha;rhs kd;dd; tPuNrhNkRtud; jiyapl;L Re;jughz;baid kPz;Lk;

ghz;ba ehl;Lf;F kd;ddhf;fpdhd;.

Kjyhk; rilatHkd; Re;ju ghz;bad; (fp.gp.1251-1268)

,td; Kjypy; Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Nrukd;dd; ,utp cja

khh;j;jhz;lid Njhw;fbj;jhd;. gpwF Re;jughz;bad; fz;Zhhpy; jq;fp ,Ue;J

jkpofj;jpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa n`ha;rhs kd;dd; tPuNrhNk];tuid Njhw;fbj;jhd;

Nrho ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J Nrho kd;did ntw;wp fz;L ghz;baDf;F

Mz;LNjhWk; jpiw nrYj;Jk; gb nra;jhd;. gpd;dH NrHe;jkq;fyj;ij Mz;L te;j

fhltHNfhd; Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fid Njhw;fbj;jhd;. gpd; Mz;LNjhWk; ghz;baDf;F

jpiw nrYj;Jk; epiyf;F Nfhg;ngUQ;rpq;fd; js;sg;gl;lhd;.

rilatHkd; Re;jughz;bad;

fp.gp.1254-y; ,yq;ifapd; kPJ gilnaLj;J ,yq;if murid ntd;W

fhzpf;ifahf ahidfisAk;> kzpfisAk; ngw;whd;. mLj;J thzHfisAk;>

nfhq;fHfisAk; ntd;wlf;fp mtHjk; kfjehl;ilAk;> nfhq;Fehl;ilAk; jk;

NguuNrhL ,izj;jhd;. njYq;F Nrho kd;dd; fz;l Nfhghyid Njhw;fbj;Jf;

nfhd;W fhQ;rpGuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhd;. ,Wjpahf fhfj;jpa fzgjpia Njhw;fbj;J

ney;Yhhpy; tPuhgpN~fk; Ghpe;J vk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa kfhuh[uh[d; vd;w


gl;lngaiuAk; Gide;J nfhz;lhd;. ,t;thW ghz;ba ehl;L mhpaizNawpa MNw

Mz;Lfspy; rilatHk Re;jughz;bad;NruH> NrhoH> fhltH> n`ha;rhyH> rpq;fsH

MfpNahHkPJ ntw;wp nfhz;L ghz;baHfspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij tlngz;iz Kjy;

njw;fpy; njd;Fkhp tiu gutr; nra;jhd;.

rka gf;jp kpFe;j ,g;ghz;bad; irtHfspd; Gdpj ];jykhfpa jpy;iyak;

gjpapYk;> it~;ztHfspd; Gdpj Myakhd =uq;fj;jpYk; gy jpUg;gzpfs;

nra;Js;shd;. jpy;iyak;gy gjpapy; Nkiyf; NfhGuj;ijf; fl;baNjhly;yhky;

nghw;$iu Nta;e;J Nfhapy; nghd; Nta;e;j ngUkhs; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngaiuAk;

ngw;whd;. jpUttuq;fj;jpy; cs;s muq;fehjHNfhapYf;F ngw;fhRfis jhdkhf

toq;fpdhd;. =guNkRtu> fhQ;rpGuq; nfhz;lhd; kufjg; ghpjptp Nghd;w rpwg;Gg;

ngaHfSk; ,tDf;F cz;L. jdJ Ml;rpapd; Kbtpy; vy;yhk; jiyahd ngUkhs;

vd;W ngaH ngw;W mg;ngahpy; ehzaKk; mr;rpl;lhd;. rka rfpg;Gj; jd;ikia

gpd;gw;wpdhd;. rkz gs;spfSf;F ed;nfhilfs; nfhLj;jhd;.

khwtHkd; FyNrfug;ghz;bad; (fp.gp.1268-1310)

Kjyhk; rilatHkd; Re;jug;ghz;baid mLj;J khwtHkd; FyNrfug;

ghz;bad; ghz;ba Nguurdhf Kb#l;bf; nfhz;lhd; ,td; fhyj;jpy; ghz;bauhl;rp

NruehL> nfhq;FehL> NrhoehL> njhz;il ehL><oehL Mfpa ,lq;fspy; NkYk;

tphptile;jJ. Nru ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J ntw;wp fz;L vk;kz;lyKk;

nfhz;lUspa nfhy;yk; nfhz;lhd; vd;w rpwg;Gg; ngahpidg; ngw;whd;. Nrho kd;dd;

%d;whk; ,uhN[e;jpuidAk; Nghrhs kd;didAk; Njhw;fbj;jhd;.

,td; fhyj;jpy; <o ehl;by; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,jid gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L

,tDk; ,tdJ jk;gpkhHfSk; Mhpa rf;futHj;jp vd;w gilj;jsgjpapd; jiyikapy;

rpq;fsk; kPJ gilnaLj;jdH. mg;nghOJ %d;whk; ghuf;fpukghF ,yq;ifia

Ml;rpGhpe;jhd;. ghz;bag; gilfs; ,yq;ifapy; Nguopit Vw;gLj;jpd. Rgfphp vd;w

Nfhl;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. mq;F ,Ue;j Gj;jhpd; gy;iy mgfhpj;Jf; nfhz;L

jkpofk; jpUk;gpdhd;. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd; ,yq;if kd;dd; kJiu te;J ghz;ba

kd;dNuhL el;GwTf; nfhz;L Gj;jH gy;iy jpUk;g ngw;Wr; nrd;whd;. Gpw;fhyj;jpy;

me;j gy;ypw;F ,yq;ifapy; cs;s fz;bapy; xU Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,tdJ 20-

Mk; Ml;rpahz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;l Nrud;khNjtp fy;ntl;by; ,td; kiyehL> NrhoehL>

,U nfhq;F ehLfs;><oehL> njhz;il ehL Mfpatw;iw ntd;w nra;jp

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,j;jhypa ehl;by; cs;s ntdP]; efuj;ijr; rhHe;j khHf;NfhNghNyh>

khwtHkd; FyNrfu ghz;bad; fhyj;jpy;ghz;ba ehl;bw;F tUif Ghpe;jhH. ghz;ba

ehl;ilr; Rw;wp gazk; nra;j khHf;NfhNghNyh jkJ Fwpg;Gfspy; ghz;baH Ml;rpiag;

gw;wp caHthf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. mf;fhyj;jpy; ghz;ba kz;lyj;jpy; eilngw;w

Fjpiu tHj;jfk; gw;wpAk;> Jhj;Jf;Fbapy; eilngw;w Kj;Jf;Fspay; gw;wpAk;>

Jhj;Jf;Fbf;F mUfhikapypUf;Fk; fhay;gl;bdk; rpwe;jnjhU JiwKfkhf

tpsq;fpanjd;Wk; jdJ Fwpg;Gfspy; $wpAs;shH. NkYk; jk; gazf; Fwpg;Gfspy;


ghz;ba ehl;bw;F may;ehl;lhH nry;y tpUk;gpdh; vd;Wk;> ehl;Lkf;fs; Nkyhilapd;wp

cytpdH vd;Wk;> rFdq;fspYk;> N[hjplq;fspYk; kf;fs; ek;gpf;if nfhz;bUe;jdH

vd;Wk; $wpAs;shH. cld;fl;il VWjy; Njtjhrp Kiw> jhk;g+yk; jhpj;jy;> czTg;

gof;fk;> NghHKiw> nry;tnropg;G Mfpait gw;wpAk; Ritahd jfty;fis

jUfpd;whH. ghz;baH ItH Ml;rp Ghpe;jdH vd;Wk; kpFe;j nry;tj;ij jpul;b

itj;jpUe;jdH vd;Wk; $wpAs;shH.

khwtHk FyNrfuDf;F Re;jughz;bad;> tPu hz;bad; vd;w ,U Gjy;tHfs;

,Ue;jdH. Re;ju ghz;bad; gl;lj;jurpapd; kfd;. tPughz;bad; kw;nwhU kidtpapd;

kfd;. mtHfSs; Re;jug;ghz;badpd; jpwikiag; ghuhl;b mtDf;Nf Ml;rpg;

nghWg;ig mspj;jhd; kd;dd;. Mdhy; tPughz;baDf;F ,J gpbf;ftpy;iy.

Mj;jpukile;j tPughz;bad; kd;didf; nfhiy nra;Jtpl;L Ml;rpiaf;

ifg;gw;wpdhd;.

khypf;fg+hpd; gilnaLg;G

njd; ,e;jpahtpd;kPJ gilnaLj;j Kjy; K];yPk; kd;dd; nly;yp Ry;jhd;

myhThPd; fpy;[p MFk;. ,td; tl ,e;jpahtpy; jdJ Mjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;ba

gpd;dH njd; ,e;jpah kPJ jdJ ftdj;ij jpUg;gpdhd;. ghz;baHfspd;

Ml;rpapd;NghJ jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdH. ,k;kd;ddJ njd; ,e;jpag;

gilnaLg;ig ,tdJ gilj;jsgjp khypf;fg+H jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdhd;.

njd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• myhTjPd; fpy;[p ,sturuhf ,Uf;Fk; nghONj Njtfphpapd; ahjt kd;did

Njhw;fbj;J NjtfphpapypUe;J tpiyAaHe;j nghUl;fis ftHe;J

nrd;wpUe;jhd;. ,e;j NkhfNk mtid njd;dfj;jpd; kPJ kPz;Lk;

gilnaLf;fj; Jhz;baJ.

• K];yPk; kd;dHfs; ,e;Jf;fspd; kPJ NghH njhLg;gij jq;fsJ Gdpj

flikahf fUjpdH. ,e;j vz;zk; jhd; nly;yp Ry;jhidAk; njd; ,e;jpah

kPJ gilnaLf;fj; Jhz;bapUf;fyhk;

• njd;df Nfhapy;fs; nry;tq;fspd; ,Ug;gplkhfj; jpfo;tij nly;yp Ry;jhd;

ed;F mwpthd;. ,jid nfhs;isabj;J nly;ypf;F ftHe;J tu jdJ

gilj;jsgjp khypf;fg+iu mDg;gpdhd;

• njd;dfj;jpy; epytpa Fog;gkhd murpay; #o;epiy khypf;fg+hpd; njd;d

gilnaLg;gpw;F Cf;fkspj;jJ.

• myhTjPd; fpy;[p tl,e;jpahtpy; kl;Lkpy;yhky; njd;dfj;jpYk; jdJ

typikia epiyehl;l tpUk;gpdhd;.

jkpofg; gilnaLg;gpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

• ghz;ba Nguurpy; Vw;gl;l mhpaizg; Nghl;b khypf;fg+hpd; jkpof

gilnaLg;gpw;F rhjfkhd #o;epiyia cUthf;fpaJ. ghz;bakd;dd;

FyNrfug; ghz;badpd; Gjy;tHfshfpa Re;jug; ghz;bad;> tPu ghz;bad;

MfpNahUf;fpilNa mhpaizg; Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. ,g; Nghl;bapy; tPughz;bad;


jd;Dila rNfhjud; Re;jug; ghz;baid Njhw;fbj;J je;ij FyNrfug;

ghz;baidAk; nfhiy nra;jhd;. jhf;FjYf;F jhf;F gpbf;f Kbahky;

Re;jug; ghz;bad; tlf;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W nly;yp Ry;jhd; myhTjPd;

fpy;[papd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. cldbahf myhTjPd; fpy;[p khypf;fg+iu

ghz;ba ehl;L murpaypy; jiyapl Mizg;gpw;gpj;jhd;.

• khypf;fg+H n`ha;rhy ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;jNghJ> me;ehl;L kd;dd;

tPugy;yhsdh; ghz;badpd; cjtpia ehbdhd;. mg;nghOJ Ml;rpapypUe;j

tPughz;baDk; ngUk;gil xd;iw mDg;gp n`ha;rhy kd;dDf;F cjtp

Ghpe;jhd;. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j khypf;fg+H jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f

Kw;gl;lhd.

• fpy;[p tk;rj;jpdH njd;dfnkq;Fk; ,];yhk; kjj;ij gug;g Ntz;lk; vd;W

vz;zpdH. njd;df ehLfis ifg;gw;whky; mtHfSila ,e;j vz;zk;

<NlwhJ. Mjyhy; ,];yhk; kjj;ij jkpofj;jpy; gut nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w

vz;zKk; fpy;[p tk;rj;jpdiu jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLf;f Jhz;baJ.

khypf;fg+hpd; njd;df gilnaLg;Gfs;

njd;dpw;jpahtpy; cs;s ehd;F muRfspd; nry;t nropg;G> gytPdk;> Fog;gkhd

murpay; #o;epiy MfpaitNa khypf;fg+hpd; gilnaLg;gpw;F mbg;gil fhuzkhf

mike;jJ. ,tdJ njd; ,e;jpa gilnaLg;G ehd;F njd;df muRfSld;

eilngw;wJ.

Njtfphp gilnaLg;G (fp.gp.1307)

fp.gp.1294-y; xUKiw Njtfphp muR myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; jhf;FjYf;F

cs;shfp Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L jpiw nrYj;j rk;kjpj;jjpUe;jJ. Mdhy; fle;j %d;W

Mz;Lfshf Njtfphp kd;dH uhkre;jpu ahjt; jpiwg;gzk; nrYj;jtpy;iy.

Nfhgkile;j nly;yp Ry;jhd; khypf;fg+H jiyikapy; xU ngUk;gilia Njtfphpf;F

mDg;gpdhd;. ,k;KiwAk; Njtfphp kd;dd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhH. NkYk; Kd;dhisa

F[uhj; kd;dhpd; kfshd NjtyhNjtpf;F Njtfphp kd;dH milf;fyk; nfhLj;jhH.

khypf;fg+H NjtyhNjtpia rpiwgpbj;J nly;ypf;F mDg;gpdhH. ,e;epfo;r;rpf;Fg;gpd;

Njtfphpapy; Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;lJ. Gjpjha; mhpaizNawpa rq;fuNjtH

Ry;jhDf;Fj; jpiw nrYj;j kWj;jjhy; %d;whk; Kiwahf me;ehl;bd; kPJ

gilnaLf;f NeHe;jJ. Njtfphp kd;dH Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. Njtfphp muR

by;yp Ry;jhdpaj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

thuq;fy; ntw;wp (fp.gp.1307-1310)

,uz;lhk; gpujhgUj;ud; thuq;fy; Ml;rp nra;J te;jhH. fp.gp.1307-y; khypf;fg+H

jiyikapyhd nly;yp Ry;jhdpag; gil mtiu Njhw;fbj;J by;yp Ry;jhDf;F

fg;gk; fl;Lk;gb nra;jhH.

Jthu rKj;jpu gilnaLg;G (fp.gp.1310-1311)

%d;whk; gy;yhsH Jthu rKj;jpuj;jpd; kd;dH MthH. khypf;fg+H n`ha;rhy

ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLj;J %d;whk; gy;yhsiu Njhw;fbj;jhd;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpy;


khypf;fg+Uf;F gy rpw;wurHfSk; cjtp nra;jdH. n`ha;rhy kd;dH %d;whk;

gy;yhsH nly;yp muRf;F fg;gk; nrYj;jTk; xg;Gf; nfhz;lhH.

khypf;fg+hpd; kJiu gilnaLg;G (fp.gp.1311)

kJiuapy; ghz;ba kd;dd; khutHkd; FyNrfug; ghz;bad; ,we;jJk; mtuJ

,U gps;isfshd tPughz;bad; Re;jughz;bad; MfpNahUf;fpilNa thhpRikg; NghH

%z;lJ. ,g;Nghhpy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L tpul;lg;gl;l Re;jughz;bad; nly;yp Ry;jhdpd;

cjtpia ehbdhd;. Ry;jhd; jdJ gilj;jsgjp khypf;fg+iu mDg;gp kJiuiar;

#iwahbdhd;.

fp.gp.1311-Mk; Mz;L khHr; 10-Mk; ehs; khghH vd;W Kfkjpa

tuyhw;whrphpaHfshy; miof;fg;gl;l jkpo; ehl;bd; kPJ gilnaLg;gjw;fhf Jthu

rKj;jpuj;jpypUe;J khypf;fg+H Gwg;gl;lhd;. ciwa+Uf;F mz;ikapypUe;j

tPughz;badpd; jiyefuhd gPHJhy; vd;w ,lj;ij Nehf;fp khypf;fg+H jd; gilfis

nrYj;jpdhd;. tPughz;badpd; gilapy; gzpGhpe;J te;j RkhH 20>000 K];yPk;

giltPuHfs; jf;f rkaj;jpy; jk; flikfis kwe;J khypf;fg+hpd; gilNahL NrHe;Jf;

nfhz;ldH. tPughz;bad; ehl;il tpl;Bl Xbtpl;lhd;. gPHJhiy ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;l

khypf;fg+H fz;zDhiu Nehf;fp tpiue;jhd;. fz;zDhhpypUe;J khypf;fg+H rpjk;guk;

nrd;W mq;Fg; nghd;dk;gyj;ij mbNahL ngaHj;Jf; nfhz;L NfhapiyAk; jP

itj;J nfhSj;jp> CiuAk; #iwahb Vuhskhd kf;fisAk; nfhd;W Ftpj;jhd;.

rpjk;guj;jpypUe;J khypf;fg+H jpUtuq;fk; te;J Nfhapiy ,bj;J ghohf;fp tpl;L

kJiuapd; Nky; gha;e;jhd;. khypf;fg+hpd; jhf;Fjiy Kd;$l;bNa mwpe;jpUe;j Re;ju

ghz;bad; kJiuia iftpl;L ,uz;L %d;W ahidfis kl;Lk; tpl;;L tpl;L kw;w

vy;yhr; nry;tq;fisAk; jd;Dld; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L jiykiwthfp tpl;lhd;.

,jdhy; nghpJk; Vkhw;wkile;j khypf;fg+H ntFz;L kPdhl;rp mk;kd; NfhapYf;Fj;

jPapl;lhd;.

khypf;fg+hpd; kJiu gilnaLg;ig gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; tuyhw;whrphpaHfs;

$Wfpd;wdH. Re;jug; ghz;bad; jd; rpj;jg;ghthd tpf;fpuk ghz;baDld; NrHe;J

khypf;fg+iu vjpHj;J Nghhpl;L mtid tpul;babj;jdH vd;W thRg; vd;gthpd; Fwpg;G

$Wfpd;wJ. ,d;Dk; rpyH khypf;fg+H jdJ kJiu gilnaLg;gpw;Fgpd; Nfhapy;fis

Nrjg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vd;W KbT nra;jhd; vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdH. khypf;fg+H kJiuapy;

ntw;wp ngw;w gpd;dH ,uhNkRtuj;ij Nehf;fp gilnaLj;J rpy ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fis

,bj;J ngUk; nghUis ifg;gw;wpaNjhly;yhky; mq;F k#jp xd;iwAk; fl;bdhd;

vd;W K];yPk; tuyhw;W MrphpaH nghp~j;jh $Wfpd;whH. Mdhy; rPty; vd;gtH ,ij

kWfpd;wdH. NkYk; khypf;fg+H ,yq;if kPJ gilnaLj;jhH vd;Wk; nghp~j;jh

$Wfpd;wdH. ,J ve;j mstpw;F cz;ik vd;gJ njhpatpy;iy.

khypf;fg+iu njhlHe;J myhTjPd; fpy;[papd; kfd; Kghuf;~h fp.gp.1317-k;

Mz;L jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. ,g;NghJ kPz;Lk; kJiuapy; mhpaizg;

Nghl;b Vw;gl;lJ. tPughz;baDf;F jpUthq;$H kd;dd; utp tHk FyNrfug; ghz;bad;


cjtp nra;jhd;. Kghuf;~h F];&fhd; vd;gtd; jiyikapy; jkpofj;jpw;F gilia

mDg;gp ,Ue;jhd;. Mdhy; eilngw;w Nghhpy; F&];fhd; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhd;.

kJiu Ry;jhdpaHfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsHr;rpAk;

KfkJ gpd; Jf;sf;fpd; Ml;rpapd; rPHNfLfshy; mtDila ehl;bd; typik

Fiwe;jJ. jpiw nrYj;j Ntz;ba rpw;wurHfs; ahUk; jpiw nrYj;jhky;

jd;Dhpikg; ngw;w ehLfs; Nghd;W jdpj;jpaq;f Muk;gpj;jdH. tlf;Nf KfkJ gpd;

Jf;sf; jdf;nfjpuhd Gul;rpfis mlf;Ftjpy; <Lgl;bUe;jijg; gad;gLj;jp njw;Nf

,Ue;j nly;yp Ry;jhdpd; gpujpepjpahfpa [yhYjPd; mnrd;~h jd;id jd;dhl;rp

ngw;w kJiuapd; Ry;jhdhf gpufldg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhH. ,t;tpjk; fp.gp.1335-Mk;

Mz;L ghz;baH Ml;rp nra;j kJiuapy; Ry;jhdpd; Ml;rp epWtg;gl;lJ. gpd;

kJiuia ntt;NtW Ry;jhd;fs; fp.gp.1333 Kjy; 1378 tiu Ml;rp nra;jdH.

[yhJjPd; mnrd;~hthy; ntWk; Ie;J tUlq;fNs kJiuia Ml;rp Ghpa

Kbe;jJ. ,r;Ry;jhd; ,td; ngahpy; jq;fk; kw;Wk; nts;spapdhy; Md ehzaq;fis

ntspapl;lhd;. fp.gp.1340-Mk; Mz;L ,tdJ gpuGfspy; xUtdhfpa myhTjPd; njs[p

vd;gtdhy; ,td; nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. gpd; myhTjPd; cnjs[p kJiuapd; Ry;jhd;

Mdhd;. ,td; xU tUl fhyNk kJiuia Mz;lhd;. ,tdJ Ml;rp fhyj;jpy;

n`ha;rhy kd;dd; jkpofj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jhd;. fp.gp.1341-Mk; Mz;L n`ha;rhs

kd;dd; Njhw;fbf;fg;l;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.

myhTjPd; cj;njs[pf;Fg; gpd; mtdJ kUkfd; Fj;GjPd; vd;gtd; kJiuapd;

Ry;jhdhf gjtp Vw;whd;. Ml;rp nghWg;Ngw;w ehw;gJ ehl;fSf;Fs; ,td;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhd; ,tid njhlHe;J fpah]; cj;jPd; jk;fhdp vd;gtd; Ml;rp

nghWg;Ngw;whd;. ,td; xU nfhLq;nfhy; kd;dH Nghd;W nray;gl;lhd;. K];yPk;

my;yhjtHfis kpfTk; Jd;GWj;jpdhd;. ,tdJ fhyj;jpy; Nghrs kd;dd; %d;whk;

ty;yhsd; njd;dfj;ij K];yPk;fspd; Mjpffj;jpypUe;J tpLtpf;f vz;zpdhd;.

fz;zDhhpy; K];yPk; ghJfhg;G gilfs; jq;fpapUe;jJ. ty;yhsd; xU gilia

mDg;gp kJiuia Kw;Wifapl;lhd;. ,e;j Kw;Wif MW khj fhyk; ePbj;jJ.

K];yPk; giltPuHfs; ty;yhsDf;F gzpe;J 14 ehl;fs; NghH epWj;jk; nra;af;

NfhhpdH. Gy;yhsDk; rk;kjpj;jhd;. Mdhy; K];yPk; gilfs; xg;gj;ij kPwp fpahRjPd;

jiyikapy; ngUk;gilAld; nrd;W n`ha;rhs kd;dd; gy;yhsid Njhw;fbj;jhd;.

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l ty;yhsd; kJiu nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhd;. fp.gp.1341-y; mq;Nf

nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. mtd; clypy; itf;Nfhiy jpzpj;J ,e;Jf;fspd; vr;rhpf;iff;fhf

kJiu kjpw;Rthpd;Nky; njhq;ftplg;gl;lJ. mq;Nf njhq;ftplg;gl;bUe;j mr;rlyj;ij

,gpd; gJhjh fp.gp.1342-y; fz;Zw;whH. ,e;epfo;r;rpia mtH jd;Dila Fwpg;gpy;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. fpahRjPd; jd;Dila ,Wjp fhyj;jpy; fhyuh Nehapdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;L ,we;jhd;.

fpahRjPidf; njhlHe;J erPH cj;jPd; vdgtd; kJiuapd; Ry;jhd; Mdhd;.

,td; fp.gp.1341 Kjy; 1356 tiu kJiuia Mz;lhd;. ,tDk; xU nfhLq;Nfhy;

kd;dd;jhd;. ,tDf;Fg;gpd; mby;~h vd;gtd; kJiu Ry;jhd; Mdhd;. ,td;


fp.gp.1356 Kjy; 1361 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhd;. gf;UjPd; Kghuf;~h vd;gtd; mLj;j

Ry;jhd; MFk;. ,tdJ Ml;rp fhyk; fp.gp.1361 Kjy; 1370 tiu MFk;.

kJiu Ry;jhdpaHfspd; tPo;r;rp

kJiuapy; Ry;jhdpaHfspd; Ml;rp kpfTk; nfhLikahf ,Ue;jJ. ,e;Jf;fs;

gytpjkhd rpj;jputijf;F Ml;gLj;jg;gl;ldH. ,e;epfo;r;rpfs; ,e;J kf;fis

cd;WgLj;jpaJ. Rpy njd;dpw;jpa kd;dHfSk; xd;W NrHe;jdH. gy;yhsdpd; kiwit

Nfs;tpAw;w `hpRuH fp.gp.1334-y; jd;Dil;a rNfhjuhd Gf;fiug; ngUk;gilAld;

kJiuf;F mDg;gp itj;jhd; mg;gil FHgj; frd; `q;F vd;w Ry;jhid

Njhw;fbj;J Gf;fhpd; kfdhd tPuFkhu fk;gd; kPz;Lk; xU gilnaLg;ig kJiu kPJ

elj;jpdhd;. ,g;gilnaLg;gpd; %yk; kJiu Ry;jhdpaHfspd; Mjpf;fk; Kw;wpYk;

xLf;fg;gl;L KbTf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpia Fkhuf; fk;gzpd; kidtp

fq;fhNjtp vOjpa kJuh tp[ak; vd;w Ehy; rpwg;ghf tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

ghz;baHfspd; nry;thf;F kJiuapy; miwe;jJk; ,uh[ fk;gPuj;ij

jiyefuhff; nfhz;L rhk;GtuhaHfs; Ml;rp Ghpaj; njhlq;fpdH. mtHfisAk;

mlf;fp> kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;ijAk; xopj;Jf; Fkhufk;gzH jkpofj;jpy; tp[aefu

Ml;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;jhH.

kJiu ehaf;fh;fs;> jQ;ir ehaf;fh;fs;

jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

kJiuia Mz;l ehafh;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdth; jpUkiy ehaf;fuhth;;. ,th;

Kjyhk; Kj;JtPug;g ehaf;fhpd; jk;gpahthh;. Kj;JtPug;g ehaf;fh; 1623-y; kiwe;jJk;

,th; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;Wh;. ,tuJ mz;zd; fhyj;jpy; jiyefh; jpUr;rpf;F

khw;wg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjid kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F khw;wpr; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; Ml;rp

nra;jhh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh;.

Nghh; ntw;wpfs;

jpUkiyehaf;fh; nghWg;Ngw;W rpwpJ fhyj;jpNyNa KjyhtJ ik$h; Nghh;

epfo;e;jJ. ik$h; kd;ddpd; gilfs; jpz;Lf;fy;iy Kw;Wifapl;ld. mg;NghJ

jpz;Lf;fy;ypd; ghisaf;fhuuhf ,Ue;jth; muq;fz;z ehaf;fh; vd;gtuhthh;. mtUf;F

cjt ,uhkag;gd; vd;ghuJ jiyikapy; xU gilia mDg;gpdhh; jpUkiy kd;dh;.

1625y; eilngw;w ,g;Nghhpy; ik#h; gilfs; Njhw;Nwhbd. 1634y; fg;gk; fl;lkWj;j

jpUtpjhq;$h; kd;dh; kPJ Nghh;njhLj;J mtiu mlf;fpdhh; jpUkiy kd;dh;.

,g;NghhpYk; jpUkiy ehaf;fhpd; gilfis topelj;jpr; nrd;wth; ,uhkag;gd; Mthh;.

1637y; NrJgjp ehl;by; Vw;gl;l Fog;gj;ij mlf;fTk; ,uhkag;gd; jiyikapy; xU

gil nrd;wJ. ,k;KiwAk; ,uhkag;gd; ntw;wpAld; jpUk;gp te;jhh;. Nghh;f;fsq;fspy;

ntw;wp tPudhf jpfo;e;j ,uhkag;gd; 1648y; ,we;jhh;. mtuJ tPu tuyhw;iw

,uhkafg;gd; mk;khid vDk; E}ypd; thapyhf mwpayhk;. 1641y; tp[a efug;

Nguurh; %d;whk; =uq;fd; vd;ghh;; jdJ Nkyhjpf;fj;ij epiyehl;l kJiu kPJ

gilnaLj;J te;jhh;. jpUkiy ehaf;fh; Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhdpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;.

Nfhy;nfhz;lh> gp[g;G+h; Mfpatw;wpd; Ry;jhd;fs; nrQ;rpia ifg;gw;wpdhh;fs;. tp[a


efug; gilfs; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ld. jpUkiyehaf;fh; tp[aefug; NguurplkpUe;J

KOikahf tpLjiy ngw;whh;.vdpDk; K];yPk;fs; ifg;gw;wpa nrQ;rpia kPl;f

jpUkiyehaf;fhuhy; Kbatpy;iy. 1656y; ,uz;lhk; ik#h; Nghh; Vw;g;gl;lJ. ik#h;

kd;dh; jdJ jsgjp mk;igah vd;ghhpd; jiyikapy; kJiuia Nehf;fp xU

gilia mDg;gp itj;jhh;. mg;gil rj;jpakq;fyj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp kJiuia Nehf;fp

Kd;NdwpaJ. ,g;gilapypUe;j ik#h; Nghh; tPuh;fs; kpff; nfhLukhd rpy nray;fspy;

<Lg;gl;ldh;. jkpofj;jpy; gpbg;gl;l vy;yh kf;fSila %f;FfisAk; mWj;jhh;fs;.

mWf;fg;gl;l %f;Ffis %l;il %l;ilahf ik#Uf;F mDg;gg;gl;ld. vdNt

,g;Nghh; %f;fWg;Gg; Nghh; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,g;Nghh; njhlq;fpaNghJ jpUkiyehaf;fh;

cly; eykpd;wp ,Ue;jhh;. vdNt ,uFehj NrJgjp ngUk;gilAld; NkhJkhW

Ntz;bdhh;. ,uFehj ngUk;gilAld; ik#h; gilfis Kwpabj;J gpbg;gl;lth;fspd;

%f;Ffis mWj;jhh;. ik#h; tiuapy; mg;gilfs; tpul;b nry;yg;gl;lJ. ntw;wpAld;

jpUk;gpa ,uF ehjNrJgjpf;F jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;w rpwg;G gl;lj;ij jpUkiy

ehaf;fh; toq;fpdhh;. NkYk; ,uF ehjNrJgjp fg;gk; fl;LtjpypUe;J

tpyf;fspf;fg;gl;lJ.

INuhg;gpaUldhd njhlh;G

,uhgh;l;-b-Nehgpyp vDk; ,j;jhypa fpwp];Jt ghjphpahh; rka Nehf;Fld;

jkpofk; te;jhh;. jkpofj;jppyUf;fpd;w Jwtp Nghy tho njhlq;fpdhh;. jd;id

NuhkhGhp ma;ah; vd;W mioj;Jf;nfhz;lhh;. FLkpAk; nghl;Lk; itj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;

$l fpwp];Jtdhf ,Uf;fyhk; vdg;Nghjpj;jhh;. ,th; fpwp];Jt kjj;ij

,e;jpakakhf;f Kad;whh; vd;gjhy; ,tuJ kjj;njhz;L fpwp];Jt rka

cah;kl;lj;jpdhy; jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; jdJ fUj;Jhpikf;fhf Nghuhb

gd;dpuz;lhz;Lfs; fopj;J mt;Thpikiag; ngw;whh;. mjidg; gad;gLj;jpg y

jkpoh;fis fpwp];Jtuhf;fpdhh;. jpUkiy ehaf;fh; ,tuJ rkaj;njhz;bw;F

Mjutspj;jhh;. jpUkiy ehaf;fhpd; fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;jpy; Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpaUf;Fk;

lr;Rf;fhuUf;Fk,ilapy fLk; thzpfg; Nghl;bapUe;jJ. Jtj;jpy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

eLepiy nfhs;if tfpj;jhh;. Mdhy; ,uhkehjGuk; rPikapy; NrJgjp ,uz;lhk;

rilaj; NjtUld; ,th; Nghh; elj;jpa NghJ Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpah; ,tUf;F cjtpdhh;fs;.

mth;fs; cjtpiag; ghuhl;b mth;fSf;Ff; gy rYiffis toq;fpdhh; jpUkiy

ehaf;fh;. ,jdhy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; ntWg;gpw;F Mshdhh;. Nghh;j;Jf;fPrpahpd;

J}z;Ljypy; 1648y; lr;Rf;fhuh;fis mth; fhay;gl;bdj;jpypUe;J tpul;bdhh;.

Rpdkile;j lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; jpUr;nre;J}iuAk; J}j;Jf;FbiaAk; ifg;gw;wpdh;. ,t;thW

INuhg;gpahpilapy; xU gadpf;Fk; nfhs;ifiag; gpd;gw;wp jdf;F ,og;G tuhky;

,Uf;Fk; tifapy; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; nray;gltpy;iynadf; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jpUg;gzpfs;

Nghh;fsq;fspy; ntw;wp thif #bajhy; kl;Lkpd;wp gy jpUg;gzpfs;

nra;jjhYk; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwhh;. kJiuapd; fpof;F thapypy;

mike;Js;s khhpak;kd; njg;gf;Fsk; mtuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;df;fj;jpNyNa


kpfg; nghpa njg;gf;Fskhf mJ tpsq;FfpwJ. ,th; kPdhl;rp NfhapYf;F vjphpy;

GJkz;lgk; vDk; mofhd kz;lgj;ijf; fl;Ltpj;jhh;. ehaf;f tk;rj;ij Nrh;e;j gj;J

ehaf;fh;fspd; MSaur; rpiyfs; ,k;kz;lgj;ij myq;fhpf;fpd;wd. rpw;g

NtiyghLfs; mike;j ,k;kz;lgk; ,d;W thzpg Nehf;fj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;L

rPuope;J epw;fpd;wJ. ,e;jpa ,Ryhkpa fl;blf;fiyapd; fyg;ghf khbgUk;

muz;kidiaf; fl;bdhh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh;. mf;fhy fl;blf; fiyapd; rpwg;gig

vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; tz;zk; ,d;Wk; me;j muz;kid nghypTld; jpfo;fpwJ.

,uhzp kq;fk;khs; (1689 – 1706)

jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F gpwF ,uz;lhk; Kj;J tPug;g ehaf;fh; vd;ghh; mhpaid

Vwp rpy fhyj;jpy; khz;lhh;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; 1659 Kjy; 1682 tiu nrhf;fehj

ehaf;fh; Mz;lhh;. mtUf;Fg; gpd; 1689 tiu %d;whk; Kj;JtPug;g ehaf;fh; Mz;lhh;.

mth; ,we;j NghJ mtuJ kidtp fUTw;wpUe;jhh;. xU Mz; Foe;ijiag;

ngw;Wtpl;L jd; ehafdhd ehaf;fiuj; Njb tpz;Zyfk; nrd;whh;. me;j Mz;

Foe;ijapd; ghl;bAk; nrhf;fehjhpd; kidtpAkhd ,uhzp kq;fk;khs; 1689 Kjy; jd;

NguDf;Fg; gfh Ml;rpahsuhf Ml;rp nra;jhh;. kJiuia Mz;l ehaf;fh;fspy; ,uhzp

kq;fk;khSk; Kf;fpakhdth;.

,uhzp re;jpj;j Nghh;fs;

Kfyhag; Nguurh; mTuq;frPg; jf;fhzj;ijj; jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;sngUk; Kaw;rp

nra;J ntw;wpAk; ngw;whh;. mtuJ jsgjp ry;gpfhh;fhd; vd;ghh; xU gilAld;

kJiuia Nehf;fp te;jhh;. tYTld; te;j Kfyhag; gilAld; Nkhjy; tpNtfkw;wJ

vd vz;zpa kq;fk;khs; KfyhaUf;F ngUk; nghUis md;gspg;ghf nfhLj;J

mth;fl;F cl;gl;L Ms xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;. 1697y; jpiw nrYj;j kWj;j jpUtpjh$h;

kd;did kq;fk;khspd; gilfs; ntd;W jpUk;gpd. kq;fk;khspd; gilfis eurg;gd;

vd;ghh; topelj;jp nrd;whh;. 1700y; kq;fk;khspd; gilfs; jQ;iria jhf;fp ntw;wp

ngw;wJ. kwth; ehl;by; ,uFehj NrJgjp kJiuf;F mbgzpa kWj;jhh;. fpotd;

NrJgjp vd miof;fg;gl;l mtUf;F vjpuhf 1702y; kq;fk;khs; gilfis

mDg;gpdhh;. Mdhy; mth;fsplk; kJiug; gil Njhy;tpAw;wJ.

kq;fk;khspd; ,Wjp ehl;fs;

kq;fk;khspd; ,Wjp ehl;fs; gw;wp gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd. mtuJ

,Wjpf; fhyj;jpy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L rpiwapy; khz;lhh; vdr; rpyh;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;fs;. Ngud; tp[a uq;f nrhf;fehjd; tajpw;F te;j gpd;dUk; Ml;rpg;

nghWg;ig mthplk; mspf;fkWj;jjhy; me;jpkf; fhyj;jpy; kq;fk;khs; my;yYw;whh;

vdj; njhpfpwJ. jdJ Ik;gj;ije;jhtJ tajpYk; mr;irah vd;w mikr;rh; kPJ

mth; ikay; nfhz;ljhy; mtUf;F ,e;epiy Vw;gl;lJ vd;ghUk; cz;L. ,f;$w;wpid

lhf;lh; fpUcp;zrhkp ma;aq;fhUk; rj;jpaehja;aUk; xg;Gf; nfhs;s kWf;fpd;wdh;

mjpfhu khw;wk; njhlh;ghfg; NguDld; vOe;j fUj;J NtWghNl kq;fk;khspd;

,d;dYf;F fhuzkhf ,Ue;jJ.


kq;fk;khspd; mwg;gzpfs;

kq;fk;khs; kf;fs; eyk; fhf;Fk; murpahfr; nray;gl;lhh;. ,th; fhyj;jpy;

Nkw;f;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJg;gzpfs; Vuhsk;. rhiyNahu rj;jpuq;fs;> FbePh;f; fpzWfs;

Mfpait gy cUthf;fg;gl;ld. kq;fk;khspd; nghJg;gzpf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf

kq;fk;khs; rj;jpuk; ,d;iwf;Fk; kJiuapy; epd;W nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. kq;fk;khs;

fiyf;Fk; fy;tpf;Fk; NguhjuT je;jhh;. gy Nfhapy;fspy; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;jhh;.

NfhapyfSf;F kl;Lkd;wp k#jpf;Fk; nfhil toq;fpdhh;. gpuhkzh;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp

fpwp];Jth;fSf;Fk; rYiffs; nra;jhh;. kJiug; gFjpapy; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gy

fpwp];Jth;fs; FbNawpdhh;fs;. NrJgjp ehl;by; [hd; gphpl;Nlh vd;w ghjphpahh; nfhiy

nra;ag;gl;ljhy; gy fpwp];Jth;fs; ghJfhg;Gj; Njb kJiu te;jdh;. gy

mwg;gzpfSk; nghJg;gzpfSk; nra;J kf;fspd; kdq;fspy; khwhj ,lk; ngw;whh;

kq;fk;khs;.

kPdhl;rp

tp[auq;f nrhf;fehjd; Mz; Foe;ijapd;wp ,we;jhh;. vdNt mtuJ kidtp

kPdhl;rp murpahf Msj; Jtq;fpdhh;. kfd; tp[a FkhuKj;J jpUkiyiaj;

jj;njLj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. Mdhy; gq;fhU jpUkiy kPdhl;rpiaj; Jf;fpnahpe;J jhNd

murhs tpUk;gpdhh;.kJiuapYk;> jQ;irapYk; jpiw ngw;W tUkhW Mw;fhl;L ethG

xU gilia mDg;gpdhh;. ,e;j tha;g;ig gad;gLj;jpjhd; mhpaidiaf; ifg;gw;w

Ntz;Lnkd gq;fhU jpUkiy tpUk;gpdhh;. Mdhy; kPdhl;rp re;jh rhfpg;gpw;F ngUk;

gzj;ijf; nfhLj;J jpUg;gp mDg;gpdhh;. kPz;Lk; xU Kiw re;jh rhfpg; gilAld;

te;jjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. jpUr;rpapypUe;j kPdhl;rpaplk; rpy ngha; thf;FWjpfisf;

$wpf; Nfhl;ilf;Fs; Eioe;jhh; re;jh rhfpg;. kPdhl;rpf;F ve;jtpj Mgj;Jk; tuhJvd

rptg;Gj; Jzpapy; Rw;wg;gl;l Fuhdpd; Kpj mth; Mizapl;lhh;. Mdhy; MiziaAk;

kPwp jpUr;rpf;Nfhl;iliaAk;> jpz;Lf;fy;iyAk;> kJiuuaAk; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. kPdhl;rpia

Vkhw;w rptg;Gj;Jzpapy; nrq;fy;iyr; Rw;wp Fuhd; vdg; ngha;Aiuj;jhh; re;jhrhfpg;

vd tpy;f]; vd;ghh; $Wfpd;whh;. re;jhrhfpg;gpd; kPJ kPdhl;rp ikay; nfhz;bUe;jhh;

vd Xh;k; vd;ghh; $Wfpwhh;. vJ vt;thnwdpDk; Vkhe;j kPdhl;rp 1733y; jw;nfhiy

nra;J nfhz;lhh;. jPapy; jPa;e;jhs; vdr; rpyUk; eQ;Rz;L khz;lhs; vdr; rpyUk;

$Wfpwhh;fs;. kPdhl;rp kiwTld; kJiu ehaf;fh; guk;giu mope;jJ.

jQ;ir ehaf;fh;fs;

Nrtg;g ehaf;fh; vd;ghiu tp[aefu Nguurh; mr;Rjuhah;. 1532y; jQ;irapd;

ehaf;fuhf epakpj;jhh;. Nrho kz;lyKk; njhz;ilk z;lyj;jpd; xU gFjpAk; ,tuJ

Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Ue;jJ. 1560 tiu Mz;l ,tUf;Fg; gpd; ,tuJ kfd; mr;Rjg;g

ehaf;fh; Ml;rpg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;.,tuJ fhyj;jpd; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; Nghh; epfo;e;J

tp[aefuk; tPo;e;jJ. vdpDk; ,th; njhlh;e;J tp[aefug; NguuRf;F tpRthrj;Jld;

ele;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. ,tUf;Fg; gpd; 1600 y; mhpaizNawpa mtuJ kfd; ,uFehj

ehaf;fh; 1633 tiu Mz;lhh;. mtUf;Fg;gpd; mhpaizNawpath; tp[auhft ehaf;fh;

vd;gtuhthh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; tp[aefu kd;dd; Kd;whk; =uq;fd; jkpofk; Nehf;fpg;


gilAld; te;jhh;. jpUkiy ehaf;fh; tp[aefu kd;dDf;nfjpuhf jpl;lk; jPl;baNghJ

,th; fhl;bf; nfhLj;jhh;. gp[g;G+h;> Nfhy;nfhz;lh Ry;jhd;fs; gilnaLj;jg; NghJ Xb

xspe;jhh;. 1673y; kJiuapd; ehaf;fuhf ,Ue;j nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh; jQ;irkPJ

Nghh;njhLj;j NghJ me;jg;Gug; ngz;fisnay;yhk; nfhd;Wtpl;Lj; jhDk;khz;lhh;.

nrhf;frhj ehaf;fh; mofphp vd;ghiuj; jQ;iria MSk; nghWg;gpy; mkh;j;jpdhh;.

tp[auhft ehaf;fhpd; kfd; nrq;fkyjhR vd;ghh; ehfg;gl;bdj;jpy; xU tzpfhplk;

tsh;e;J te;jhh;. tp[auhft ehaf;fhpd; mikr;ruhf ,Ue;jntq;fz;zh gp[g;G+h;

Ry;jhdpd; cjtpAld; nrq;fkyjhirj; jQ;irapd; mhpaizapy; mkh;j;j

Kaw;rpj;jhh;. gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd; jdJ jsgjp ntq;fh[p vd;fhiuj; jQ;iria Nehf;fp

mDg;gpdhh;. ntq;fh[p mofphpia tpul;b tpl;L nrq;fkyjhir mhpaizapy;

mkh;j;jpdhh;. ntq;fz;zhtpd; #o;r;rpfs; fhuzkhfj; jQ;irapy; mDkjp

epyttpy;iy. vdNt 1675y; ntq;fh[p jhNd Kb#l;bf;nfhz;L jQ;irapy;

kuhl;bauhl;rpiaj; Jtq;fpdhh;. ,j;Jld; jQ;ir ehaf;fh; guk;giu mope;jJ.

ehaf;fh; fhy murpay;> fiy> fl;blf; fiy> r%fk;

murpay;

ehaf;fh;fs; tp[aefug; Nguurpw;F cl;gl;Nl Msj;Jtq;fpdh;. Mdhy;

fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mth;fs; Rje;jpykhfr; nray;gl;ldh.; jiyf;Nfhl;ilg; NghUf;Fg;

gpd;dh; tp[aefu Nguurpd; Nkyhjpf;fk; kpfTk; FiwthgNt ,Ue;jJ vdyhk;.

ehaf;fh;fs; guk;giu chpikapd; mbg;gilapy; gl;lk; #l;bdh;. ehaf;fh;fs; jkJ

epyg;gug;ig ghisaq;fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. kJiu ehaf;fh;fspd; epyg;gug;G 72

ghisaq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gh;. ghisaq;fs; ,Ue;jg;NghjpYk; ehaf;fh; gy

mjpfhuq;fis jk;kplk; itj;jpUe;jhh;. ehaf;fUf;F Ml;rpJiwapy; cjtpa

mjpfhhpfspy; Kf;fpakhdth; jdtha; vd;ghh; Mthh;. rl;lk; xOq;if epiyehl;LtJ

,tuJ Kf;fpa gzpahf ,Ue;jJ. md;dpa ehl;bdNuhlhd cwitg; guhkhpf;Fk;

Kf;fpag; nghWg;Gk; mtUf;F cz;L. jsthia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ehaf;fUf;F

kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. mth;fs; ehaf;fh;fspd; gilfl;F jiyikNaw;Wr; nrUfsKk;

nrd;wdh;. ,uhkaa;ad;> mhpaehjh;> eurg;gd;> Nghd;Nwhh; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; Mth;.

Gpujhdp vd;ghh; Ml;rpj;Jiwapd; jiyik mjpfhhpahf jpfo;e;jhh;. fzf;fd;>

];jdhjpgjp vDk; fzf;Fj; Jiw mYtyh;fs; gw;wpAk; mwpa KbfpwJ. ehaf;fh;

jkJ gFjpiar; rpy khepyq;fshfTk; gphpj;jdh;. xt;nthU khepyj;jpw;Fk; xU mSeh;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ghisaq;fspd; Ml;rpj;Jiwia mth;fs; fz;fhzpj;jdh;. fpuhkk;

Ml;rpj;Jiwapd; mbg;gil myfhf ,Ue;jJ. fpuhkq;fs; XusT Rahl;rp chpik

ngw;wpUe;jd.

ehl;bd; Kf;fpa tUthahf jpfo;e;jJ epythp tUthahFk;. Ghisaf;fhuh;fspd;

fg;gKk; gpwthpfSk; tUthapy; mlq;fpd. fg;gk; fhyj;jpw;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fk; Vw;g

khWgl;lJ. ehaf;fh;fs; jkJ tUthiag; gil mikg;G> fhty;j;Jiw>

nghJg;gzpj;Jiw> mwg;gzpfs; Mfpatw;wpw;fhfr; nrytpl;ldh;. vy;yh ehaf;fh;fSNk

mwg;gzpf;fhf mjpfk; nrytpl;ldh;. fpuhk mstpNy ePjpj;Jiw mikg;Gfs; nrt;tNd


nray;g;gl;ld. vdNt kj;jpa mikg;gpw;F ePjpj; Jiw nraw;gS Fiwe;jJ.

jz;lidfs; kpfTk; fLikahf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ehaf;fh;fspd; gilapy; fhyhl;gil>

Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> xl;lfg;gil Mfpa gphpTfs; ,Ue;jd.

rKjhak;

ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; rhjpfs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpf Mokhf gjpe;jpUe;jd.

gpuhkzh;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpf cah;e;j epiyapypUe;jhh;fs;. Nfhapy;fspy; G+rhhpfs;

kl;Lkpd;wp murDf;F MNyhrid $Wk; mjpfhhpfshfTk;> gpujhdpfshfTk;>

jstha;fshfTk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ,uhkg;ga;ad; vDk; Gfo;ngw;w jsgjp xU gpuhkzh;

Mthh;. rhjpfspilNa jpUkz cwTfs; jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. fk;khs rhjpapy;

,Ue;J Ie;J cl;gphpTfspilNa jpUkz cwT ,Uf;ff; $lhJ vd Kj;J tPug;gd;

fhyj;jpy; Mizaplg;gl;bUe;jJ. xt;nthU rhjpiar; Nrh;e;jth;fSk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

gFjpapy; trpj;jhh;fs;. rhjpfspd; ngah;fspNyNa njUf;fs; mike;jpUe;jd. ,lq;if>

tyq;ifg; gphpTfspilNa mbf;fb Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jd. ,t;thW rhjpg;gphpTfs;

Mokhf gjpaTk; rpy %lek;gpf;iffs; gutTk; rpy Kf;fpakhd mjpfhhpfs;

jpl;lkpl;Nl nray;gl;lhh;fs;. ehaf;fh;fSk; mth;fSf;F Jizahf epd;whh;fs;.

gpuhkzh;fs; irt czit kl;LNk cz;lhh;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mirt

czitAk; tpUk;gp cz;ldh;. ngz;fs; Mlk;gu Mil mzpfyd;fis

tpUk;gpdhh;fs;. Ntl;ilahLtJk; FjpiuNaw;wKk; nghJthf nghOJg;Nghf;Ffs;.

Nfhyhl;lk;> Fk;kp Nghd;wit ngz;fs; nghpJk; tpUk;gpdh;. jpUkiy ehaf;fh;

fhyj;jpy; gy jpUtpohf;fs; nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. rpj;jpiu jpUtpoh> Gl;Lj;jpUtpoh>

njg;gj;jpUtpoh> Vfhjrp> ngsh;zkp> mkhthir> rptuhj;jphp> etuhj;jphp Nghd;wit

nfhz;lhlg;gl;ld. kJiu xU jpUtpoh efukhf khwpaJ.

rkak;

ehaf;f kd;dh;fs; nghJthf itzth;fshf ,Ue;jdh;. rpwe;j gf;jpkhd;fshf

,Ue;j mth;fs; gy;NtW mwg;gzpgisr; nra;jhh;fs;. rf;jp topghLk; ,th;fs;

fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. ,th;fSila fhyj;jpy;jhd; kJiu kPdhl;rp

Nfhapy; rpwg;nga;jpaJ. ehaf;fh;fs; nghJthd rkaNehf;Ff; nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.

rptd;Nfhapy;fSf;Fk; jpUg;gzp nra;jhh;fs;. fpwp];Jt rkaj;jpdhpd; topghl;bw;Fk;

trjpfs; nra;J nfhLj;jhh;fs;. 1592y; fpwp];Jt rkag; gug;G eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jd. ,uhgh;-b-Nehgpyp vd;guhJ rka gug;G Kaw;rpfSf;F

jpUkiy ehaf;fh; NgUjtp nra;jhh;. gy ,e;Jf;fs; fpwp];jtuhapdh;. ,e;j kj

khw;wj;jpw;F vjph;g;GfSk; fpsk;gpd. kj khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lth;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldh;.

NrJgjp ehl;by; xU ghjphpahh; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. jpUr;rpapy; MSeNu

fpwp];Jth;fisj; Jd;GWj;jpdhh;. vdpDk; ,JNghd;w rkaq;fspy; ehaf;fh;fs;

jiyapl;L fpwp];Jth;fSf;F MjuTk; ghJfhg;Gk; mspj;jdh;. fpwp];Jt rka gug;G

Kaw;rpfspd; fhuzkhf itztg; gphpTfspilNa G+ry; kiwe;J ,U gphptpdUk;

,ize;J fpwp];Jtj;ij vjph;j;jdh;. cah;Fy ,e;Jf;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;Ak;

Kaw;rpapy; fpwp];Jt rkag; nghpahh;fs; mjpfkhf ntw;wp fhz Kbatpy;iy. vdNt


rKjhaj;jpd; mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;Njhiu kjkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapy; <Lg;gl;ldh;.

nghUshjhuj;jpy; jho;e;jpUe;j kf;fSf;F rpy trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;f

jiyg;gl;ldh;. ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ,Ryhkpa rkaj;jpdh; rpy gFjpfspy; tho;e;jdh;.

mth;fs; Fwpg;gpljf;f rkar; rr;ruTfspNyh eltbf;iffspNyh <Lgltpy;iy vdyhk;.

fiy> fl;blf;fiy

jpUkiyehaf;fh; fl;blfiyf;Fr; rpwg;gspj;jhh;. mtuJ muz;kidAk;

tz;bA+h;j; njg;gf;FsKk;> GJkz;lgKk; ,d;Wk; epd;W mtuJ Gfo; ghLfpd;wd.

Nfhapy; jpUg;gzpfs; nra;tjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. jpUg;guq;Fd;wk; KUfd; Nfhapy;>

mofh; Nfhapy;> jpUtpy;ypG+j;J}h; Mz;lhs; Nfhapy;> jpUthidf; fhty; rptd;Nfhapy;>

ney;iyapYs;s ney;iyag;gh; Nfhapy; Mfpait mtuJ jpUg;gzpfshy;

rpwg;nga;jpd. kPdhl;rpmk;kd; Nfhapiyg; GJg;gpj;J Kf;FWzpg; gps;isahUf;nfd

jdpahd ,lk; mikj;jhh.; Nfhapy; eph;thf rPuikg;gpw;F tif nra;jhh;

jpUkiyehaf;fh;. ehaf;fh;fs; ,irf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jdh;. mth;fs; mikj;j

Nfhapy;fspy; fhzg;gLk; ,irj;J}z;fs; mjid nrg;Gfpd;wd. rpjk;guj;jpYk;

fhQ;rpapYk; mth;fsJ fl;blf;fiyj;njhz;L fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. ehaf;fh;fspd;

fl;blf;fiy Kiw Nrhoh;> ghz;bah;. Tp[aegug; Nguurh; MfpNahuJ fl;blf;fiy

Kiwfspd; fyg;ghf mike;jJ. mth;fsJ Kiwfis gpd;g;gw;wpNa ehaf;fh;fs;

jkJ Kiwia mikj;jdh;. vdNt> ehaf;fh;fspd; fl;blf;fiy KOikahd jpuhtpl

Kiw vdyhk;.

kuhl;bah;fs;

jQ;ir ehaf;fh;fspd; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapl jdJ jsgjp ntq;fh[pia

mDg;gpdhh; gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhd;. Fog;gq;fs; njhlh;e;jjhy; ntq;fh[p Kb#l;bf; nfhz;L

jkpofj;jpy; kuhl;bah; Ml;rpiaj; Jtq;fpdhh;.

ntq;fh[p (1676-1684)

,tUf;F vf;Nfh[p vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. jhd; ngw;w epyg;gug;ig kpFe;j

ftdj;Jld; Ml;rp nra;jhh;. kf;fSf;Fg; gadspf;F gy ePh;g;ghrdj; jpl;lq;fs

eilKiwg;gLj;jpDh;. ,tUf;Fg; gy jpirfspypUe;J Mgj;Jfs; te;jjhy; jdJ

jpiyia tYg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s kf;fspd; kPJ fLikahd thpfs;ypj;jhh; vdTk;

$wg;gLfpwJ. 1676-y; kuhl;ba jiyth; rpth[p fh;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnLj;J te;jhh.;

mtuJ gilnaLg;G ngUk; mstpyhd murpay;fs; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

vdpDk; ntq;fh[p gy ,d;dy;fis mDgtpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. 1684y; ntq;fh[p

kiwe;j gpd;dh; `h[p vd;w mtuJ %j;j kfd; gl;lNkw;whh;. ,th; 1712 tiu Ml;rp

nra;jhh;.

Kjyhk; ruNgh[p (1712-1728)

`h[papd; rNfhjuh; Kjyhk; ruNgh[pahth;. ,th; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; Vw;g;gl;l

thhpRhpikg; Nghhpy; jiyapl;lhh;. Kjyhk; ruNgh[p 1728y; kiwe;j NghJ jQ;irapy;

thhpRhpikf; Fog;gk; Vw;g;gl;lJ. ntq;fh[papd; filrp kfd; Jf;Nfh[p vd;ghh;

mhpaizNawpdhh;. mth; ,uhkehjGu murpd; tptfhuq;fspy; jiyapl;lhh;. kJiu


murpahf ,Ue;j kPdhl;rpia mfw;wp mjidf; ifg;gw;w tpUk;gpdhh;. Mdhy; mtuJ

Kaw;rpfs; gypf;ftpy;iy. Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpd; gilfs; ,tuJ Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;

jQ;iria jhf;fpd. mjpfkhd gzj;ijf; nfhLj;J mikjpia tpiyf;F thq;fpdhh;

Jf;Nfh[p. 1737y; ,th; kiwe;jNghJ ,tuJ kfd; ghghrhfpg; mhpaizNawpdhh;. mth;

iraJ vd;w gilj;jsgjpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;. iraJ rjp nra;J

ghghrhfpg;igf; nfhd;whh;. 1737y; ghghrhfpg;gpd; kidtp R[hdhgha; vd;ghh; Ml;rpg;

nghWg;Ngw;whh;. Mdhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpNyNa Kjyhk; ruNgh[papd; Kiwaw;w

ike;jd; xUth; mhpaizNawpdhh;. mth; rpj;J}[p my;yJ fhl;Luh[h vd

miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ghghrhfpg;gpd; jk;gp fhl;Luh[hit mhpaizapypUe;J ,wf;f

gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fspd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. irah[p vd miof;fg;gl;l ,th; 1738y;

jQ;irapy; mhpaizNawpdhh;. 1739y; irah[p J}f;fpnawpag;gl;L gpujhg; rpq; vd;ghh;

mhpaizNawpdhh;.

gpujhg;rpq; (1739-1763)

mtuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs; ele;jd. jQ;iria tYg;gLj;jg;

gy Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;f;nfhz;lhh;. Mw;fhl;L ethg; ep[hk; cy;Ky;f; vd;ghh; jQ;iria

Kw;Wifapl;lhh;. mtUf;F ngUk; njhifaspg;gjhf thf;fspj;J jd; mhpaizia

fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhz;lhh; gpujhg;rpq;. 1749y; re;jh rhfpg;Gk; K[hgh; [q;Fk; gpnuQ;R

cjtpAld; jQ;iriaj; jhf;fpdh;. gpujhg;rpq; KfkJmyp kw;Wk; Mq;fpNyah;

cjtpia ehbdhh;. mth;fs; tUk;tiu rkurg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijiaf; fhyk; jho;j;jpdhh;.

KfkJmyp Mq;fpNyag;gilAld; jQ;iriaf; Nehf;fp te;jJk; re;jhrhfpg;Gk; K[hgh;

[q;Fk; gpd;thq;fpdhh;fs;. gpd;dh; jpUr;rpf;Nfhl;ilia Mq;fpNyah; Kw;Wifapl;lNghJ

gpujhg;rpq; mtUf;F cjtpdhh;. Re;jhrhfpg; kdhf;[p vd;w kuhl;baj; jsgjpaplk;

ruzile;jhh;. ruzile;j re;jhrhfpg;ig <T ,uf;fkpd;wpf; nfhd;whh; kdhf;[p. 1763y;

gpujhg;rpq; khz;lhh;. mtiuj; njhlh;e;J Jy;[h[p vd;ghh; mhpaizNawp 1787 tiu

Ml;rp nra;jhh;. Jy;[h[p ik#h; kd;dh; i`jh; mypf;F cjtp nra;jhh;. Mw;fhl;L

ethg;gpd; gilfs; 1771y; jQ;iriaj; jhf;fpd. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; epiyFiye;j

Jy;[h[p ethg; Nfl;ljw;nfy;yhk; xg;Gf;nfhz;lhh;. 1773y; ethg;gpd; ,uz;lhtJ

jhf;Fjy; epfo;e;jJ. ,j;jhf;Fjypy; Jy;[h[pAk; mtuJ cwtpdh;fSk;

ifjpfshdhh;fs;. 1773y; Vg;uy; Kjy; 1776 tiu jQ;irg; gFjpapy; xU gaq;fu

Ml;rp epytpaJ. jQ;irapy; thp t#ypf;Fk; nghWg;G xU lr;Rf; fk;ngdpf;Ff;

nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. jQ;ir kf;fs; nrhy;y Kbahj ,d;dYf;F Mshdhh;fs;. Mq;fpNya

fk;ngdp 1776y; kPz;Lk; Jy;[h[pai mhpaizapy; mkh;j;jpaJ. Mdhy; fk;ngdpapd;

gy epge;jidfSf;Fl;gl;Nl mth; MsKbe;jJ. 1780y; ik#hpd; i`jh;myp

gilnaLj;J te;J gy mopTfisr; nra;J tpl;L jpUk;gpdhh;. Mapuf;fzf;fhd

Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfis mth; ,Ryhkpauhf;fpajhff; $wg;gLfpwJ. Jy;[h[p

1787y; kiwe;jhh;. Jy;[h[pf;F kfd; ,y;iy. vdNt ruNgh[p vDk; rpWtid

thhprhf mwptpj;Jj; jdJ rNfhjud; mkh;rpq;if gfu Ml;rpahsuhf epakpj;jhh;.

mkh;rpq;fpd. gytPd epiyiag; gad;gLj;jp Mq;fpNyah; xU cld;gbf;if nra;J


nfhz;ldh;. ,t;Tld;gbf;ifapd;gbgy rYiffis Mq;fpNyah; ngw;wdh;. mkh;rpq;

rpWtdhf ,Ue;j gl;lj;J ,sturid rhptu elj;jtpy;iy. Mq;fpNyahpd; cjtpAld;

ruNfh[p 1792y; mhpaiz Vwpdhh;. ,th; ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p vd miof;fg;gLfpwhh;.

1792y; Mq;fpNyaUld; Gjpa cldgbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. 1833y; ,uz;lhk;

rpth[p nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,th; 1855y; kfdpd;wp kiwe;jhh.; mtfhtpypf; nfhs;ifia

Nkw;nfhs; fhl;bj; jQ;ir Mq;fpNyauhy; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. jQ;irapy;

kuhl;bah; Ml;rp Kbtile;jJ.

kuhl;bah; Ml;rp-rpy mk;rq;fs;

Ml;rpj;Jiw

jQ;irapy; kuhl;bahpd; Ml;rp Vw;g;gLj;jg;gl;lTld; kuhl;ba ehl;bypUe;J gy

gpuhkzh;fSk; gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhUk; jQ;irf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;ldh;.

Ml;rpj;Jiwapy; gpuhkzh;fl;F mjpfk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ntq;fh[p

kuhj;jpia Ml;rp nkhopahf;fpdhh;. vdpDk;> gpd; te;j kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; jkpOf;F

Mjutspj;jdh;. murdplNk midj;J mjpfhuq;fSk; Ftpe;jpUe;jd. ke;jphp vd;w

miof;fg;gl;l mikr;rh; jstha; vdg;gl;l jsgjp jpthd; vdg;gl;l tUtha; mjpfhhp>

GNuhfpjh; vdg;gl;l rka MNyhrfUk; Kf;fpakhd mjpfhpfshf ,Ue;jdh;. epythp

Kf;fpakhd tUthahf ,Ue;jJ. mJ mbf;fb mjpfkhf;fg;gl;lJ. jQ;irehL

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il> kd;dhh;Fb> Fk;gNfhzk;> khatuk;> jpUtbvDk; Ie;J rghf;fshf

gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nrhoh; fhyj;jpypUe;Nj eilKiwapypUe;j fpuhk Ml;rpj;Jiw

njhlh;e;J gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jQ;ir kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; ePjpj;Jiw jiyth;fshf

tpsq;fpdh;. gz;bjh;fspd; cjtpAld; jPh;g;Gf;fis toq;fpdh;. gpujhg;rpq; jdpahd

ePjpkd;wk; xd;wpid mikj;jhh;.

rKjhak;

rhjpKiw Mokhf gjpe;jpUe;jJ. gpuhkzh;fs; cah; kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jdh;.

gpuhkzh;fl;F gy khdpaq;fs; toq;fg;gl;ld. ,e;Jkjr; rlq;Ffs; xOq;fhfg;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gRtij jilnra;ag;gl;lJ. rFdq;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jd.

tlnkhop Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wJ. njYq;F nkhopAk; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. jkpo; chpa ,lk;

ngwtpy;iy. ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p fhyj;jpy; ru];tjp kfhy; vDk; E}yfk;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Rthh;l;R vDk; fpwp];Jtr; rka gug;ghsh; gy gs;spfis

cUthf;fp Mq;fpyf; fy;tpia mwpKfk; nra;jhh;. ngz;fs; cld;fl;ilNaWk;

tof;fk; mur FLk;gj;jpdhpilNaAk; gpuGf;fs; FLk;gq;fspYk; ,Ue;jJ. kuhl;ba

kd;dh;fs; gy kidtpfisAk; Mir ehafpfisAk; itj;jpUe;jdh;. tlnkhopapy;

fy;tpkhdhf tpsq;fpa ePyfz;l jPl;rpjh;> ,uhkgj;u jPl;rpjh; Nghd;Nwhh; kuhl;ba

kd;dh;fspd; Mjuit ngw;wdh;. kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; ,iriag; Nghw;wpdh;. ,uz;lhk;

ruNgh[papd; mitapy; jpajfuh[h;> Kj;Jr;rhkp jPl;rpjh;> rpahkh rh];jphp Mfpa

%d;W ,ir ty;Ydh;fs; ,Ue;jdh;.,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p rq;fPj kfhy; xd;wpidf;

fl;bdhh;. kUj;Jtj;Jiwapd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; kuhl;ba kd;dh;fs; Mjutspj;jdh;. Gjpa


nghpa fl;blq;fs; vtw;iwAk; mth;fs; fl;ltpy;iy. vdpDk; rpy Nfhpay;fs;

mth;fs; GJg;gpj;jdh;.

kuhl;ba kz;zpypUe;J te;J jkpofj;jpy; jq;fs; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;jpr; rpy

milahsr; rpd;dq;fis tpl;L kiwe;jdh;

Mw;fhl;L ethg;Gfs;

jpUkiyehaf;fhpd; Ntz;Lfspd;gb gp[g;G+h; Ry;jhdpd; gilfs; 1646y;

fh;ehlj;ij jhf;fpd. nrQ;rp mth;fs; trkhfpaJ. Mjid kPl;f jpUkiyehaf;fh;

Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gadw;Wg; Nghapd. 1690y; mTuq;frPg;gpd; Mizg;gb

Ry;gpfhh;fs; nrQ;rpia Kw;Wifapl;ldh;. 1697y; nrQ;rp mth; trkhfpaJ. 1710y;

Mw;fhl;ilj; jiyefukhff; nfhz;l fh;ehlfj;jpd; ethg;ghf mTuq;frPg;

rjj;Jy;yhfhid epakpj;jhh;.

rjj;Jy;yhfhd; (1710-1732)

Mw;fhl;L ethGfspd; Ml;rpiaj; Jtq;fpa Kjy; ethG ,tNu. ,tuJ

fhyj;jpy; tlf;Nf Xq;NfhpypypUe;J njw;Nf nrQ;rp tiuapYk; Mw;fhl;bd; vy;if

gutpapUe;jJ. ,tuJ Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; nrQ;rp ,uh[hNjrpq;fpd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ue;jJ.

,uh[hNjrpq;F jpiw nrYj;j kWj;jjhy; ,th; nrQ;rp kPJ gilnaLj;jhh;. 1713y;

ethg;gpd; Kw;Wif epfo;e;jJ. ,uh[hNjrpq;F Nghhpy; Njhw;W tPukuzkile;jhh;

NjhRj;J myp (1732-1740)

1732y; rjj;Jy;yhfhd; kowe;j gpd;dh; mtuJ rNfhjuh; NjhRj;J myp Ml;rpg;

nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; ,tuJ kfd; rg;jh; myp kw;Wk; kUkfd; re;jh

rhfpG MfpNahh; nghWg;gpy; kJiu> jpUr;rp> jpUney;Ntyp Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fp

gilia mDg;gpdhh;. 1738y; re;jh rhfpG kJiu murp kPdhl;rpia Vkhw;wpajhy; mth;

jw;nfhiy nra;J khz;lhh;. 1740y;kuhl;bah; fh;ehlfj;jpd; kPJ gilnaLj;jdh;.

kuhl;baUld; Nkhjpajpy; NjhRj;J myp khz;lhh;. xU Nfhb &gha; nfhLj;J rg;jh;

myp mikjpia tpiyf;F thq;fpdhh;. 1741y; kuhl;bah; kPJ kPz;Lk; gilnaLj;J

re;jh rhfpigr; rpiwgpbj;J nrd;wdh;.

rg;jh; myp 1740-1742)

NjhRj;J mypapd; kiwtpw;F gpd;dh; mtuJ kfd; rg;jh; myp ethg;ghdhh;.

Mdhy;> FWfpa fhyj;jpNy mtuJ ikj;Jdh; Kh;j;jhrh myp jd;id ethghf

gpufldk; nra;J nfhz;lhh;. Mdhy; fil tPuh;fspd; vjph;g;gpd; fhuzkhf NtY}iu

tpl;L Xbdhh;. ,jw;fpilapy; rg;jh; mypapd; kfdhd iraj; KfkJfhd; vDk;

rpWtid Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rp nghWg;gpy; mkh;j;jpdh;. Mw;fhl;by; elf;fpd;w

Fog;gq;fisj; jf;fhz RNgjhuhf ,Ue;j eprhk; cy;Ky;f; fz;Zw;W xU gilAld;

te;jhh;. iraj; Kfkj;fhd; ePf;fg;gl;L Nfhrh mg;Jy;yhfhd; ethghf Mf;fg;gl;lhh;.

mtUk; tpiutpy; khz;lhh;.

md;tUjPd; fhd; (1743-1749)

Nfhrh mg;Jy;yhfhd; kiwe;j gpd;dh; md;tUjPd;fhid ethghf epakpj;jhh;

Ijuhghj; eprhk;. Md;tUjPdpd; fhyj;jpy; jhd; Mq;fpNyaUk; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSk;


jkJ ths;typikiaAk; ,uh[je;jpuj; jpwikiaAk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; Nrhjpj;Jf;

nfhz;ldh;. fh;ehlfg; Nghh;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis gpd;tUk; gf;fq;fspy; fhzyhk;.

1749y; ele;j Mk;G+h; Nghhpy; md;tUjPd; khz;lhh;.

KfkJ myp (1749-1795)

Md;tUjPidj; njhlh;e;J Mw;fhl;bd; Ml;rpg; nghWg;igNaw;wth; KfkJ myp.

Mw;fhl;bd; tptfhuq;fspy; gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fSk; Mq;fpNyaUk; jiyapl;ldh;. KfkJ

mypf;F thyh[h vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. nrd;idapy; Nrg;ghf;fj;jpy; xU

muz;kidiaf; fl;bdhh; KfkJ myp. Mth; 1795y; kiwe;jhh;.

ck;jj;-cy;-ckhuh (1795-1801)

KfkJ mypapd; kfd; ck;jj; cy; ckhuh 1795y; Ml;rpg;nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

,tUk; mjpfkhd fld;fis thq;fpmd;dpahpd; nry;thf;fpy; rPuope;jhh;. ,tUld; xU

Gjpa xg;ge;jk; nra;a Mq;fpNyah; Kad;w Ntisapy; 1801y; khz;lhh;. mtUila

kfd; myp cNrd; fhyj;jpYk; mj;jifa Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. myp cNrd;

Gjpa xg;ge;jk; nra;a kWj;jjhy; mrPk;-cj;-njsyh vd;ghiu Mw;fhl;bd;

mhpaizapy; Mq;fpNyah; mkh;j;jpdh;. Mdhy; Mw;fhl;bd; eph;thfg; nghWg;G

Mq;fpNyah; trkhfpaJ vdyhk;. Kfk;kJ fTR vd;ghh; filrp ethghf ,Ue;jhh;.

mth; thhprpd;wp 1855y; ,we;jjhy; mtfhrpypf; nfhs;ifapd;fb Mw;fhL Mq;fpNyah;

trkhfpaJ. Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpd; Ml;rp Kbtile;jJ.

Mw;fhl;L ethgpd; Ml;rp-rpy mk;rq;fs;

Ml;rpj;Jiw

Kfyhag; Nguurpd; fPo; Ijuhghj;jpy; xU MSeh; ,Ue;jhh;. mth; eprhk; vd

mwpag;gl;lhh;. Ijuhghj; MSeUf;Ff; fl;Lgl;ltuhf Mw;fhl;L ethG ,Ue;jhh;.

ghyhw;wpd; fiuapy; mike;Js;s Mw;fhL ,th;fspd; jiyefh; Mw;fhl;L ethg; jdJ

Ml;rpf;F cl;gl;l gFjpia ,uz;L Rghf;fshf gphpj;jhh;. ney;Y}h;> nrq;fy;gl;L>

Mw;fhL Mfpa khtl;lq;fis cs;slf;fpa Mw;fhL xU RghthfTk; jpUney;Ntyp>

kJiu> jpUr;rp Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fpa jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp RghTk; mike;jpUe;jd.

xt;nthU RghTk; gy khtl;lq;fshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. khtl;lk; gy gh;fhdhf;fshfg;

gphpe;jpUe;jJ.Kfyha murpy; ,Ue;jJNghy; fDq;Nfh> K];jhgp> Ng ;̀fhh;> fh[p>

ngs[;jhh; Nghd;w mjpfhhpfs; ,Ue;jdh;. mky;jhh; vd;ghh; thpt#Yf;F nghWg;ghf

,Ue;jhh;. ethg;gpd; tUthapy; epythpNa Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. rpy fl;lhag;

ghpRfSk; kf;fsplk; t#ypf;fg;gl;ld. ethGfs; jkJ jdpg;gl;l nrytpw;Fk;

md;dpahpd; fld;fis milf;fTk; mjpfkhd gzj;ijr; nrytpl;ldh;. kf;fspd;

ey;tho;tpw;fhf vJTk; nrytplg;gltpy;iy. ,e;Jf;fspd;tof;Ffis ,e;J rka

jiyth;fs; tprhhpj;jdh;. fh[pfs; ,Ryhkpahpd; tof;Ffis tprhhpj;jdh;

ngs[;jhh;fs; Fw;wtpay; tof;Ffis Nfl;Lj; jPh;g;gspj;jdh;. gilapy; fhyhl;gil>

Fjpiug;gil> ahidg;gil> MAjg;gil Mfpa gphpTfs; ,Ue;jd. gil tPuh;fspilNa

rpy Neuq;fspy; Fog;gq;fs; epfo;e;jjhfTk; njhpfpwJ. fpuhkk; kpfTk; rpwpa

Ml;rpj;Jiw myfhf mike;jJ. fpuhkj; jiyth; fpuhk Ml;rpf;Fg; nghWg;ghf


,Ue;jhh;. mtUf;F cjt fh;zk; ,Ue;jhh;. Ch; fhtYf;F fhty;fhuh;fs;

epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jdh;. fpuhkj;jpy; Vw;gl;l tptfhuq;fisf; fpuhk kd;wk; tprhhpj;Jj;

jPh;j;jJ.

rKjhak;

Mw;fhl;L ethg;gpd; vy;iff;Fs; jpUr;rp> kJiu> Mw;fhL khtl;lg; gFjpfspy;

K];yPk;fs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jdh;. gy kuhl;bah;fSk; fh;ehlfj;jpy; FbNawpdh;.

INuhg;gpahpd; tUif fhuzkhfg; gy fpwp];Jth;fSk; ,Ue;jdh;. fpwp];Jtr; rkag;

gug;ghsh;fspd; Kaw;rpahy; gy ,e;jpah;fs; fpwp];Jtuhapdh;. njYq;F NgRk;

nul;bah;fs;> ehaf;fh;fs;> uh[hf;fs;> ehALfs;> nrl;bah;fs; Nghd;w gy gphptpdh;

jkpofj;jpw;Fs; FbNawpdh;. ,jd;fhuzkhf gy;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRNthh; mUfUNf

,ize;J thOk; epiyNaw;wgl;lJ. kJiu ehaf;fh;fs; mjpfkhd nrsuh ;̀buf;

FLk;gq;fis FbNaw;wpapUe;jdh;. rhjpKiwfis Mokhfg; gpd;gw;wpa goikthjr;

rKjhakhf md;iwa rKjhak; ,Ue;jJ. gpuhkzh;fs; rKjha mikg;gpy;

Nkyhjpf;fk; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. rFzq;fis kf;fs; ek;gpdh;. rhjfk; fzpg;gpy; ek;gpf;if

nfhz;bUe;jdh;.tpjitfs; nfl;l rFzj;jpd; milahskhf fUjg;gl;ld. kf;fs; rka

nghiwAld; tho;e;jdh;. gpuhkzh;fspilNa rpWgpuhakzk; ele;jJ. fyg;G

jpUkzq;fs; jil nra;ag;gl;bUe;jd. Njtjhrpfs; rKjhaj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;jdh;.

INuhg;gpaf; fk;ngdpfs; Mg;gphpf;fhtpypUe;J mbikfisf; nfhz;L te;J

njhopw;rhiyapy; gzpapy; mkh;j;jpdh;. nerT Ntshz;ikf;F mLj;jg;gbahd

njhopyhf jpfo;e;jJ.

jQ;irapy; kuhl;bah; Ml;rpAk>; fh;ehl;lfj;jpy; ethGfspd; Ml;rpAk;

ehaf;fh;fs; Ml;rpAk;>INuhg;gpahpd; tUifAk; Nkyhjpf;fKk; jkpofj;jpy; gy;NtW

nkhopfs; Ngrpg;gy;NtW rkag; gphpTfisg; gpd;gw;WNthh; Njhd;w tig nra;jJ.

,k;khw;wq;fspd; fhuzkhfj; jkpo;r; rKjhaj;jpy; gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;g;gl;ld.

,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjpfs;

,uhkehjGuj;ij Mz;l kwth; jiyth; NrJgjpnad miof;fg;gl;lhh;.

NrJrKj;jpuk; vdg;gLk; ,uhNk];tuj;ijf; fhj;jjhy; ,th;fSf;F ,g;ngah;

Vw;gl;bUf;fNtz;Lk;. kJiuia Mz;l Kj;JfpU ;̀zg;g ehaf;fh; fhyj;jpy; Kjyhk;

rilf;fj;Njth; kwth; ehl;bd; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. ,th; 1605 Kjy; 1622

tiu Ml;rp nrYj;jpdhh;. jkJ gFjpapy; rl;l xOq;if epiyehl;bdhh;. NrJgjpapd;

ngahpy; ehzak; ntspaplTk; ehaf;fh; mDkjpj;jhh;. rilf;fj;Njth; ,uhNk];tuk;

,uhkehjRthkp Nfhapypy; rpy jpUg;gzpfis nra;J khdpaKk; toq;fpdhh;. ,tiu

njhlh;e;J Fl;ld; NrJgjp 1636 tiu Mz;lhh;. mtUf;F kfd; ,y;yhjjhy; mtuhy;

jj;njLf;fg;gl;l ,uz;lhk; rilf;fNjth; 1636 Kjy; 1645 tiu Ml;rp nra;jhh;.

Fl;ld; NrJgjpf;F Mirehafpapd; %yk; jk;gp vd;w kfd; ,Ue;jjhfTk; mtidj;

jpUkiyehaf;fh; mhpaizapy; mkh;j;jKad;wjhfTk; njhpfpwJ. ,uhkg;ga;ad;

jiyikapy; te;j ehaf;fh; gil ,uz;lhk; rilf;fj;Njtiu ifJnra;J nrd;wJ.


vdpDk; kwth; ehl;by; Fog;gk; epytpajhy; mtiu kPz;Lk; mhpaizapy; mkh;j;jpdhh;

jpUkiyehaf;fh;. ,uz;lhk; rilf;fj;Njth; kiwe;jNghJ kPz;Lk; Fog;gk; epytpaJ.

,uFehj NrJgjp (jpUkiy NrJgjp- 1645-1670)

,uhkehjGuj;ij Mz;l NrJgjpfspy; Kf;fpakhdth; ,th;. ,th; jQ;iriaj;

jhf;fp kd;dhh;Nfhapy;> NjtNfhl;il>mwe;jhq;fp Mfpa gFjpfis ifg;gw;wpdhh;.

jpUkiyehaf;fh; kPJ mstw;w gw;Wf; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ik#h; gilfs; kJiuiaj;

jhf;f te;jNghJ jpUkiyehaf;fUf;F cjtpf; fuk; ePl;bath; ,th;. %f;fWg;Gg;

Nghhpy; ik#h; gilfis Kwpabj;J %f;fWj;J tpul;bdhh;. ,tuJ Nritia ghuhl;b

jpUkiy NrJgjp vd;Dk; gl;lj;ij jpUkiy ehaf;fh; toq;fpdhh;. K];yPk;

gilnaLg;gpd;NghJk; jpUkiy ehaf;fUf;F ,th; nghpJk; cjtpdhh;. jpUkiy

ehaf;fh; Ngud; nrhf;fehjd; fhyj;jpy; ehaf;fh; gpbapypUe;J tpLgl ,th;

Kaw;rpj;jhh;. jpiw nrYj;j kWj;j Njtiu xLf;f nrhf;fehj ehaf;fh; gilAld;

,uhkehjGuk; te;jhh;. ehaf;fhpd; gilfs; ntw;wp ngw;wd. Mdhy; njhlh;e;J jhf;Fk;

nghWg;igj; jsgjpfsplk; tpl;L tpl;L nrhf;fehf ehaf;fh; kJiu jpUk;gpdhh;.

,t;tha;g;ig gad;gLj;jp ,uFehj NrJgjp ehaf;fh; gilia Kwpabj;J tpul;bdhh;.

,th; ,uhNk];tuk; ,uhkRthkp Nfhapypy; Rw;Wg; gpufhuk; fl;bdhh;.,uFehj NrJgjp

fy;tpf;Fk; fiyf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhh;. ,f;fhuzj;jhy; ,th; rpwg;Gg;ngWfpwhh;.

,tiuj; njhlh;e;J fl;ilaj; Njth; vd;ghh; Ml;rpnghWg;Ngw;whh;. mth; ehaf;fhpd;

gilfshy; ifJ nta;ag;gl;L kJiu nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhh;. mq;F mth; jpBnud

kuzkile;jjhy; ,uhkehjGuj;jpy; thhpRhpijf; Fog;gk; Vw;gl;lJ.

,uz;lhk; ,uFehj NrJgjp

fl;ilaj;Njthpd; Mirehafpapd; ike;jdhf ,th; fUjg;gLfpd;whh. ,th;

mhpaizf;F chpikAs;sth; vd;w nghUspy; fpotd; vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tuJ

Ml;rp fhyj;jpy; ,uhkehGuk; tYg;ngw;wJ. ,uhkehjGuk; Nfhl;ilia tYg;gLj;jpdhh;.

jdJ gilapy; Gjpa tPuh;fisr; Nrh;j;Jg; gapw;rpaspj;jhh;. kJiuapy; U];jk;fhd;

vd;ghh; nrhf;fehjiu mhpaiztpl;L ,wf;fptpl;L mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. fpotd;

NrJgjp NtW rpyUila cjtpAld; jpUr;rp nrd;W nrhf;fehjUf;F mhpaizia

kPl;Lj; je;jhh;. mjdhy; kdk; kfpo;e;j nrhf;fehj fpotd; NrJgjpf;F „guuh[Nfrhp‟

vDk; gl;lj;ij mspj;jhh;. nrhf;fehjhpd; jsgjp Fkhugps;is vd;ghiu fpotd;

NrJgjpaplk; gzpnra;a mDg;gpdhh;.

kJiu ehaf;fhplkpUe;J jd;id tpLtpj;Jf;nfhs;s fpotd; NrJgjp

tpUk;gpdhh;. kJiuia jhf;Ftjw;F jQ;ir kuhl;bahpd; cjtpia fpotd; NrJgjp

ngw;whh;. ehaf;fUf;F vjpuhf mth; vLj;j Kaw;rpfisj; jsgjp Fkhug;gps;is

vjph;j;Jf; fpsh;r;rp nra;jhh;. mtuJ fpsh;r;rpia xLf;fp mtiuf; nfhd;whh; NrJgjp.

jQ;irg; gilfSk; ,uhkehjGuk;gilfSk; rpy ntw;wpfis <l;bd. jQ;irf;Fk;

NrJgjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd el;G ePbf;ftpy;iy. NrJgjp jQ;irf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

mwe;jhq;fp> jpUkak;> gpuhd;kiy Mfpatw;iwf; ifg;gw;wpdhh;. NrJgjpia xLf;f

,uhzpkq;fk;khs; jQ;ir kuhl;baUila cjtpAld; xU ngUk; gilia mDg;gpdhh;.


mg;gilAk; Njhw;Wj; jpUk;gpaJ. ,j;jhf;FjYf;Fg; gpwF Rje;jpu Ml;rpiaf; fpotd;

NrJgjp gpufldk; nra;jhh;.

fpwp];Jt rkaj;jpdh; kjkhw;w eltbf;iffspy; jPtpukhf <Lgl;bUe;jdh;.

fpotd; NrJgjp ,jid vjph;j;jhh;. [hd; b gphpl;Nlh vd;w fpwp];Jtg; ghjphpahiuf;

nfhy;y Mozapl;lhh;. mjid rkak; rhh;e;j nfhLPur; nray; vdr; rpyh;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;fs;. Mdhy; [hd; b gphpl;Nlhtpd; eltbf;iffs; NrJgjpf;Fvjpuhf

,Ue;jd. kf;fspd; tpUg;gj;ij epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy;jhd; NrJgjp gphpl;Nlhitf;

nfhd;whh; vd lhf;lh; v];.fjph;Nty; thjhLfpwhh;. fpwp];Jt rkag; gug;ghsh;fSf;F

vjpuhf ,th; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhz;ljhy; kjk; khwpa gyh; kJiuf;F Xbdhh;fs;.

fpotd; NrJgjp xU jpwikahd Ml;rpahsuhfTk; jsgjpahfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;.

,e;J kjj;ijg; Nghw;wpdhh;. jpUthlhid> fhisahh; Nfhapy; Mfpa ,lq;fspy;

cs;s Nfhapy;fSf;F khdpak; toq;fpdhh.; mtuJ rPikapy; kjkhw;wk; eilngwhky;

jLj;jhh;;. Kfit Cuzp vDk; nghpa Fsj;ij ntl;bdhh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy;

,uhkehjGu Nfhl;il tYg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. lr;Rf;fhuh;fSld; ey;y cwtpid

nfhz;bUe;jhh;. ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; GfY}hpypUe;J jiyefh; ,uhkehjGuj;jpw;F

khw;wg;gl;lJ. 1709y; fLikahd gQ;rk; ,uhkehjGj;ijj; jhf;fpaJ. Kg;gj;jhW

Mz;L fhyk; Ml;rp nra;j fpotd; NrJgjp 1710y; jdJ vz;gjhtJ tajpy;

kuzkile;jhh;. mtUld; mtuJ ehw;gj;NjO kidtpah; cld;fl;ilNawpajhff;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

fpotd; NrJgjp thhpR ,y;yhky; kiwe;jjhy; jpUTilaj; Njth; vd;w

,uFehj NrJgjp Ml;rpg; nghWg;gpy; mkh;j;jg;gl;lhh;.

NrJgjpfspd; Ml;rp-rpy mk;rq;fs;

NrJgjpfs; kJiu ehaf;fUf;Fl;gl;lth;fshfj; Jtf;f fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jhh;fs;.

Mdhy; fpotd; NrJgjp fhyj;jpy; mth;fs; Rje;jpukhf Msj;Jtq;fpdhh;fs;.

,uhkehjGuk; mhpaiz guk;giu chpikapy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; mhpaiz

mgfhpf;fg;gl;l epfo;rprpfSk; cz;L. kJiu ehaf;fhpd; Ml;rpj;Jiw mikg;G

,uhkehjGuj;jpYk; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. jstha;> gpujhdp> ,uhark; vdg;gl;l mjpfhhpfs;

,Ue;jhh;fs;. ehL fhf;fpd;w gzp ghisaf;fhuh;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,g;gzp

Njrf;fhty; vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. ngUtopfisf; fhf;fpd;w gzp ghijf;fhty; vd

mwpag;gl;lJ. ,jw;nfd jdpahd fhty;fhuh;fs; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. Ch;f;fhtYf;nfd

fpuhkf; fhtyhspfs; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhhpfisr; NrJgjp itj;jpUe;jhh;.

vdpDk; fpuhk mstpYk; ePjpghpghydk; nra;ag;gl;lJ.,uhkehjGuk; NrJgjp nghJthf

kw;w rPikfspd; ghisaf;fhuh;fistpl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wj;jpfo;e;jhh;. NrJgjpfs;

jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;> fiyf;Fk; ,irf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;.

gpw;fhyj;jpy; kJiuapy; ehd;fhk; jkpo;r;rq;fk; ,th;fshy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. rPjf;fhjp>

gbf;fhRg;Gyth;> ckWg;Gyth;> rh;f;fiug;Gyth;> rt;thJg; Gyth; Nghd;Nwhh;,th;fshy;

Mjhpf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. ,e;Jkjj;ij fhf;f ,th;fs; ngUk; Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;fs;.


myF - 5

4. ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw

Njhw;wk;

ghisak; vDk; nrhy; xU gil Kfhikf; Fwpj;jJ. ghisaj;jpw;Fj;

jiyik jhq;fpath; ghisaf;fhuh; vdg;gl;lhh;. Mdhy; ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw xU

epykhdpa Kiwahf tpRtehj ehaf;fhpd; fhyj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpRtehj

ehaf;fh; tp[aefuj;jpypUe;J tUk;NghNj jdJ cwtpdh; gyiu cld mioj;J

te;jhh;. kJiu kz;lyj;jpy; Gjpa tho;T fpilf;Fnkd;w NguhirAld; mth;fs;

te;jhh;fs;. mth;fisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; mtrpak; tpRtehj ehaf;fUf;F ,Ue;jJ.

Vw;fdNt fhyk; fhykhf rpW epyg;gFjpfis Mz;l jkpofj; jiyth;fSk;

,Ue;jhh;fs;. ghz;bah;fspd; topte;j gy rpw;wurh;fSk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;. fd;dlk;>

njYq;F nkhop NgRfpd;w fytu kdg;ghq;F nfhz;l rpy Ngh;fSk; ,Ue;jhh;fs;.

,th;fs; midtiuAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; tpRtehj ehaf;fUf;F

,Ue;jJ. vdNt mhpaehjUld; MNyhrid nra;J jkJ ehl;il vOgj;jpuz;L

ghisaq;fshf mth; gphpj;jhh;. xt;nthU ghisaj;jpd; jiytUk; ghisaf;fhuh;

vDk; gl;lk; ngw;whh;. mth;fSf;Fr; rpy rpwg;GhpikfSk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

ghisaf;fhuhpd; Ml;rpj;Jiw

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Xh; murhq;f mikg;ig mikj;J Ml;rpj; Jiwia

cUthf;fpdhh;fs;. ghisaf;fhuUf;nfd murit ,Ue;jJ. mtUf;F Ml;rpj; Jiwapy;

cjtp nra;ag; gpujhdp my;yJ jstha; vd;w Kf;fpakhd mjpfhhpAk; kw;Wk; gy

mjpfhhpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;. ehaf;fUlDk; kw;w murh;fSlDk; mjpfhug;G+h;tkhd

nra;jpj; njhlh;Gfs; itj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;fs;. mth;fl;nfdj; jdpahd gilg; gphpTfs;

,Ue;jd. jq;fSf;nfdj; jdpahd tpis epyq;fis itj;Jf; nfhz;L kw;wtw;iw

Ntshz;ik nra;jth;fl;F toq;fpdhh;fs;. ,t;thW Xh; muriug; Nghy; murhq;f

mikg;Gk; Ml;rpj; JiwAk; xt;nthU ghisaj;jpYk; ,Ue;jd. ghisaf;fhuh;fs;

jkJ epyq;fspy; gaphplTk; Nghh;f;fhyq;fspy; gilfis elj;jpy; nry;yTk;

nrNuhfh;fs; vdg;gl;Nlhiu epakpj;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; gzpfSk; mjpfhuq;fSk;

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jkJ ghisaj;jpypUe;J epyq;fspypUe;J tUthiaj; ngWk;

mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; epyk; fhpry;> nrt;ty;> nghl;ly;> ntg;gy;

vd ehd;F tiffshfg; gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,g;gphpTfspd; tpisr;ry; jd;ik

khWg;gl;ljhf mike;jpUe;jJ. mjw;Nfw;g mtw;wpy; gaph; nra;jy; eilngw;wJ.

epyq;fisg; gaphpl;NlhhplkpUe;J fzprkhd tpisr;riyj; jkf;Fhpa thpahfg;

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldh;. thp tpfpjk; epiyahdjhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jq;fsJ ghisa Ml;rp chpikf;fhf xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia

Mz;LNjhWk; ehaf;fUf;F toq;fpdh;. Nghh;fhyj;jpy; ehaf;fh; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w msT

giltPuh;fis mth;fs; mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;ba flikAk; mth;fl;F ,Ue;jJ.


ehaf;fhpd; gpwe;j ehs; kw;Wk; Kf;fpa tpohf;fs; Nghd;w rkaq;fspy; ehaf;fUf;F

md;gspg;Gfs; mspj;jdh;.

fhty; Kiw

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jq;fs; ghisaq;fspd; Ml;rpahsh;fshfNt nray;gl;ldh;.

jq;fs; ghisa kf;fsplkpUe;J thpt#y; nra;tJ kl;Lkpd;wpr; rl;lk; xOq;if

epiyehl;LtJk; mth;fs; flikahf ,Ue;jJ. mjw;fhfg; Nghh;g;gilia kl;Lkpd;wp

xU fhty; KiwiaAk; eilKiwg;gLj;jpdh;. ghisaf;fhuh;fspd; fhyj;jpw;F

Kd;dNu fhty;Jiw jkpofj;jpy; tof;fj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ.

Fbf;fhty;

kpfg; goq;fhye; njhl;Nl ,k;Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;ljhfj; njhpfpwJ. Fbf;fhty;

nghWg;G nghJthfj; njd; khtl;lq;fspy; kwth;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU

fpuhkj;jpYk; kf;fspd; cilikfis mth;fs; fhj;jdh;. xt;nthU fpuhkj;jpYk; E}W

fhty;fhuh;fshtJ ,Ue;jdh;. mth;fs; jq;fisg; gj;Jg; gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Jf;

nfhz;L fhty; gzpGhpe;jdh;. mth;fspd; Copaj;jpw;fhd Cjpak; Ch; kf;fshy;

gzkhfNth nghUshfNth toq;fg;gl;lJ. fhtiy kPwpj; jpUl;L eilngw;why; jpUl;L

Nghd nghUspd; kjpg;igf; fhty;fhuh;fs; <Lfl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpjpAk; ,Ue;jJ.

ngUk;ghYk; fhty;fhuh; gzp guk;giu chpikapy te;jJ. Fbf;fhty; vd;gJ

];jyf;fhty; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;lJ. ghisaf;fhuh; Kiw mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l

gpd;dh; ,J nghpJk; khw;wkile;jJ.

ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; fhty;KiwAk;

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; jq;fs; ghisaq;fspy; murh;fisg; Nghd;Nw nray;

gl;lhh;fs;. ehaf;fh;fs; fhyj;jpy; ehaf;fh;fl;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

mitad;wpg; ghisaf;fhuh;fl;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fSk; ,Ue;jd. ethGfspd;

fhyj;jpy; mit rh;f;fhh; epyq;fs; vd mwpag;gl;ld. jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fisr;

nraw;gLj;Jk; typikahd fUtpahfj; Njrf;fhty; vDk; Kiwiag;

ghisaf;fhuh;fs; mwpKfk; nra;jdh;. ehaf;fh; my;yJ rh;f;fhUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd

fpuhkq;fspYk; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; fhty;fhuh;fis epakpj;jdh;. Njrf;fhty; vDk;

,k;Kiwapd; fPo; fhtyh;fs; fpuhkq;fisf; fhty; fhj;jdh;. mj;jifa fhty;

gzpf;ffhff; fpuhk kf;fs; mth;fl;F Cjpak; toq;fpdh;. ngUQ;rhiyfspy; topg;gwp>

vy;iyg; gFjpfspy; nfhs;is kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fspy; rl;lq;fis kPWjy; Nghd;w

Fw;wq;fisr; nra;Njhiuj; jLf;fTk; mj;jifNahiuf; fz;lwpe;J jz;lidf;F

cs;shf;fTk; ,th;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. njhlf;fj;jpy; ey;y Kiwpay; nray;gl;l

Njrf;fhty; Kiw fhyg;Nghf;fpy; rPh;nfl;Lg; NghdJ.

Njrf;fhtypy; <Lgl;l fhty;fhuh;fs; mjpfkhd fl;lzq;fis t#ypj;jdh;.

fl;lzq;fis t#y; nra;a td;Kiw rhh;e;j topKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld.

fl;lzq;fs; fl;lj; jtwpa fpuhkj;jpdh; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldh;. fpuhk kf;fs; rTf;fhy;

mbf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fsJ fhy;eilfs; fhtyh;fshy; gwpf;fg;gl;ld. fpuhk kf;fs;

midtiuAk; fpuhkj;ij tpl;L ntspNa nry;ytplhky; fpuhkj;jpw;Fs;Ns rpiw


itf;Fk; nfhLikAk; epfo;e;jJ. rpy rkaq;fspy; fhty;fhuh;fs; nfhiyfisAk;

nra;jdh;. tpisr;ry; rhpahf ,y;yhj fhyq;fspy; Njrf;fhtYf;fhd fl;lzq;fisr;

nrYj;jf; fpuhkj;jpdh; my;yy;gl;ldh;. Vhpfs;> jwpfs;> filfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fj;

jdpahd fhty; fl;lzq;fSk; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. rh;f;fhUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyq;fspy;

Ntshz;ik nra;jth;fisj; Jd;GWj;jj; Njrf;fhty; Kiwiag ghisaf;fhuh;fs;

gad;gLj;jpajhfTk; $wg;gLfpwJ. Njrf;fhtYf;fhd fhty;fhuh;fis epakdk;

nra;aTk; ghisaf;fuhh;fs; ngUk; njhifiag; ngw;wdh;.

ethGfspd; Ml;rpapYk; Njrf;fhty; Kiw njhlh;e;jJ. fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp

mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;dh; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld. Njrf;fhty; gzpapy;

kwth;fs; kl;LNk gad;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyia khw;wp kw;wth;fisAk; <LgLj;jpdh;.

,jd; fhuzkhf kwth;fl;Fk; Gjpath;fl;Fk; ,ilapy; Nkhjy;fs; epfo;e;jd.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp

ghisaf;fhuh;fisAk; mth;fs; eilKiwg; gLj;jpa Njrf;fhty; KiwiaAk;

xOq;FgLj;Jk; Kaw;wpapy; ,wq;fpaJ. mjpfkhd mjpfhuq;fisf; fk;ngdp ngw;w

gpd;dh; 1801y; Njrf;fhty; Kiwia Kw;wpYk; xopj;jJ. vdpDk;> khWg;gl;l tbtpy;

,k;Kiw fpuhkq;fspy; njhlh;e;jJ.

tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd;

njd;dfj;jpy; fg;gKk; thpAk; t#ypf;Fk; chpik fk;ngdpahUf;Fr; rl;l

G+h;tkhf Vw;gl;bUe;jJ. ,t;thW thp t#ypg;gjw;fhf nrapd;l; [hh;[;Nfhl;il

Mq;fpNyah;fs; „fnyf;lh;‟fis epakpj;jdh;. mth;fSf;F cjt Mq;fhq;F uhZtKk;

,Ue;jJ.

,e;epiyapy; kJiu> jpUney;Ntypg; gpuNjrj;jpy; rpw;wuR Ghpe;J te;j

ghisaq;fspw; rpy ,t;Thpikiag; Gwf;fzpj;J thp nfhlhky; ,Ue;jd. mit

xd;Nwhnlhd;W ve;NeuKk; rz;ilapl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jjhy; ehl;by; epytpa

mikjpapd;ikNahL thpnfhlhikAk; Nrh;j;J mj;jifa ghisaq;fis tw;GWj;jp thp

t#ypf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;lJ. ngUk;ghd;ikg; ghisaf;fhuh;fs; thp

nfhLj;jdh;. xU rpyh; thpnfhLf;f Ntz;baij xg;Gf;nfhz;L> cz;ikapy;

nfhLg;gijj; jtph;j;J te;jdh;: xU rpyh; thp nfhLf;fhky; ,Ue;jNjhL thp

t#ypf;Fk; chpik ethGf;Nfh Mq;fpNyaUf;Nfh ,y;iy vd;Wk; fUjpdh;.

Mq;fpNyahpd; thp t#y; chpikia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ghisaf;fhuh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth;

vl;ilaGuk; ghisaf;fhuh;;; Mdhy; ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpg; ghisaf;fhuh; Nghd;w rpyh; thp

nfhLf;f kWj;jdh;. 18-k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy;> ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rpia Mz;l

ghisaf;fhuh; ngah; tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;kd; vd;gJ. ,th; Kd;Ndhh;fs; tpraefug;

NguuRj; njhlf;ffhyj;jpy; Me;jpu ehl;bypUe;J jkpo; ehl;bw;F te;J rpwpJ rpwpjhfj;

jq;fs; epiyikia Kd;Ndw;wpf;nfhz;L ghisaf;fhuh; Mdth;fs;. tPughz;ba

fl;lnghk;kd; Mq;fpNyaUf;F thp nfhLf;f kWj;jhh;. mg;NghJ uhkehjGuk; muR

Mq;fpNyah; trkpUe;jJ. GJf;Nfhl;ilj; njhz;ilkhd; Mq;fpNyaUila ez;gh;.


ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rp vl;ilaGuj;jpd; mUfpy; cs;s xU rpw;W}h;. mt;T+iuahz;l

fl;lnghk;kDf;Fk; vl;ilaGuk; rpw;wurUf;Fk; gifik ,Ue;jJ. md;wpAk; mth;

Mq;fpNyaUf;F thpAk; ju kWj;jhh;. Mjyhy; fh;dy; khf;];nty; vd;Dk; Mq;fpNyaj;

jsgjp fl;lnkhk;kid thp fl;Lk;gb $wpdhh;. Mdhy; ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rpg;

ghisaf;fhuh; mijg; nghUl;gLj;jtpy;iy. MfNt kJiuapypUe;J fnyf;lh; [hf;]d;

vd;gth; 1798 ngg;Uthpapy; fl;lnghk;kDf;F cWjpahd fbjk; xd;wpy; thp fl;Lk;gb

Ntz;b vOjpdhh;. fl;lnghk;kd; gjpypWf;ftpy;iy. mt;thz;L Mf];L khjj;jpy;

mDg;gg;gl;l ,d;ndhU fbjj;jpd; tpisthf fl;lnghk;kd; fnyf;liuf; fhz

,ire;J kJiuf;Fr; nrd;wth; mq;F fnyf;liuf; fhzhky;> mf;fnyf;lh;

nrd;wtplnky;yhk; gpd;njhlh;e;J nrd;W> filrpapy; uhkehjGuj;jpy; re;jpj;jhh;.

fnyf;lh; jd;idr; rpiwg;gpbf;fj; jpl;lkpl;bUe;jjhff; fUjpa fl;lnghk;kd; jdJ

Njhoh;fNshL mq;fpUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;whh;. fnyf;lh; mYtyfj;jpw;F Kd;G>

,f;Fog;gj;jpy; fh;dy; fpshh;f; vd;Dk; xU Mq;fpNyah; nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. gpwF

uhkehjGuj;ijf; nfhs;isabj;J tpl;Lf; fl;lnghk;kd; jd;D}h; jpUk;gpdhh;.

fl;lnghk;kNdhL fnyf;liuf; fhzr; nrd;wpUe;j mtuJ tf;fPy; Rg;ukz;ag;gps;is

vd;gth; Mq;fpNyahplk; rpf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.

[hf;]idaLj;J Y}\pq;ld; vd;gth; kJiuapy; fnyf;luhdhh;. mth;

ghQ;rhyf;Fhpr;rpapUe;J t#yhf Ntz;ba thpia tw;GWj;jpg;ngwj; jpl;lkpl;lhh;.

,jw;fpilapy; Mq;fpNyauhy; jpUr;rp rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l Rg;ukz;ag;

gps;is ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rpf;Fj; jpUk;gpdhh;;;; ;;;; mth; Mq;fpNyah; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy;

gphpf;nfl; vd;ghh; ghJfhtypy; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;j Vuhskhd new;Fitfisf;

fth;e;J nrd;whh;. ,e;epfo;r;rpapy; XusT caph;NrjKk; Neh;e;jJ. ,ijnay;yhk;

fl;lnghk;kd; jLf;fTkpy;iy> fz;bf;fTkpy;iy. MfNt kJiuapypUe;J Mq;fpNyag;

gilj;jiyth; Nk[h; ghdh;nkd; vd;gth; fl;lnghk;kid Nehpy; te;J

,e;epfo;r;rpfSf;Fr; rkhjhdk; $Wk;gb tpjpj;jhh;. fl;lnghk;kd; rhptug; gjpy;

$whjjhy;> ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rp Nfhl;il jfh;f;fg;glNt> fl;lnghk;kDk; mtNuhL rpyUk;

Nfhl;ilia tpl;Lj; jg;gpg; GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F Xbtpl;ldh;. ghQ;rhyq;Fhpr;rpf;Nfhl;il

rpd;dhl;fspy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ. fl;lnghk;kdpd; jk;gpahd Cikad; vd;gtUk; kw;w

rNfhjuh;fSk; rpiwg;gpbf;fg;gl;L ghisaq;Nfhl;ilr; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;ldh;.

Rg;ukz;ag; gps;isiag; gpbj;Jj; J}f;fpypl;ldh;. Nfhl;il jiukl;lkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

fl;lnghk;kidg; GJf;Nfhl;il kd;dh; tprauFehjj; njhz;ilkhd; vd;gth;

Vtyh;fisf; nfhz;L rpiwg;gpbj;J Mq;fpNyah; trk; xg;Gtpj;J tpl;lhh;.

mg;ghisaf;fhuiu Nk[h; ghdh;nkd; gpw ghisaf;fhuh; Kd;dpiyapy; tprhuiz

nra;J mth; uh[JNuhff; Fw;wthsp vd;W eph;zapj;J 1799 mf;Nlhgh; 16-Mk; ehs;

faj;jhW vd;Dkplj;jpy; J}f;fpypl;Ltpl;lhh;.

INuhg;gpah; tUif

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; topj;jlj;ij khw;wpaikj;j epfo;rprpfspy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fnthd;W th];Nfhlfhkhtpd; ,e;jpa tUifahFk;. fp.gp.1498 Vg;uy; 22-


Mk; ehs; mth; fs;spf;Nfhl;il te;jpwq;fpa epfo;r;rp INuhg;gpahpd; ,e;jpa tUif

vDk; nghaNjhh; epfo;tpd; Jtf;fkhf mike;jJ. jkJ Kjy; tUifapd; NghJ

%d;W khjq;fSk;> jkJ ,uz;lhtJ tUifapd; NghJ (1501-1503) %d;W Mz;LfSk;

mth; ,e;jpahtpy; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; ,e;jpa tzpfj;jpw;Ff; fhy;Nfhs;

ehl;bath; ,tNu. ,e;jpahtpw;Fk; Nkiy ehLfSf;F ,ilapYkhd tzpfj; njhlh;G

ePz;lnjhU tuyhwhFk;. fp.gp.Vohk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; muhgpa tzpfh;fs;

Nkiyehl;bw;Fk; ,e;epahtpw;F kpilapyhd tzpfj;jpy; ,ilj;jufh;fs; Nghd;W

nray;gl;L te;jdh;. fhd;];lhz;b Nehgps; topahfNt tzpfk; eilngw;wJ. fp.gp.1453-

y; fhd;];lhz;bNehgpisj; JUf;fpah; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhz;ldh;. INuhg;gpahpd;

tzpfj;jpw;Fj; JUf;fpah; jil tpjpj;jdh;. vdNt fPio ehLfSldhd tzpfj;jhy;

,yhgk; <l;b te;j tzpfh;fs; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. jiu top tzpfg;

Nghf;Ftuj;J jilg;gl;ljhy; fly;top fz;lwpAk; Kaw;wpapy; INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

<Lgl;ld. kWkyh;r;rp ,af;fk; tpistpj;j Gj;jzh;r;rp Gjpa khh;f;fq;fSk;> Gjpa

ehLfSk; fz;lwpAk; Mtiyj; J}z;Ltjha; mike;jJ. fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopy;

tsh;r;rpAk;> jpir fhl;Lk; fUtp fz;lwpag;gl;likAk; flw;gaz Kaw;rpfSf;Fj;

Jiz Ghpe;jd. ,j;jifa #o;epiyapy;> gy INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; muRfSk;> jdp

egh;fSk; Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; Mf;fg;G+h;tkhd gy tuyhw;W epfo;TfSf;F

tpj;jpl;ld.

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs;

fly;top fz;Lgpbg;gjpy; Kd;Ndhbfsha;j; jpfo;e;jth;fs; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpauhth;.

rpy rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; ,k;Kaw;rpfSf;Fr; rhjfkha; mike;jpUe;jd.

miahtd: 1. ePz;lnjhU ml;yhz;bf; fiuapid me;ehL ngw;wpUf;fpwJ. 2.

Mg;gphpf;ff; fiufSk; kpf mUfpNyNa mike;Js;sd. 3. flw; gazq;fspy;

mDgtk; cilath;fsha; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; ,Ue;jdh;. 4. %h;fSldhd Gdpjg;Nghhpd;

njhlh;r;rpahf mth;fis Mg;gphpf;ff; flw;gFjpfspYk; jhf;fpdh;. vdNt Mg;gphpf;f

Nkw;Ff; flw;gFjpfspypUe;J njw;F Nehf;fpr; nrd;W Gjpa flw;ghijfisf;

fz;lwpaj; jiyg;gl;ldh;.

th];Nfhlfhkh

flw; gazq;fisAk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa ehl;L

,sturh; n`d;wp (1393-1460) nghpJk; Mjhpj;jhh;. flw;gazk; Nkw;nfhs;gth;fSf;F

mwptpay;G+h;tkhd gapw;rp toq;fplg; gs;spnahd;wpid epWtpa ,th; tuhyhw;NwLfspy;

khYkp n`d;wp (Henry the Navigator) vd;W rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa

khYkpfs; fp.gp.1471-y; epy eLf; Nfhl;ilf; (Equator) fle;jdh;. 1481-y; fhq;Nfh

ejpiar; nrd;wile;jdh;. 1487-y; ghh;j;jNyhkpah la]; (Bartholomew Diaz)

vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l flw;gazk; Gaypd; rPw;wj;jhy; jpirkhwp Mg;gphpf;fhtpd;

njw;F Kidiar; nrd;wilar; nra;jJ. Gay;Kid vdg; ngahplg;gl;l mg;gFjp

gpd;dhspy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;fhd ek;gpf;ifia toq;fpajhy; „ed;dk;gpf;if

Kid‟ vdg;gl;lJ. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa kd;dh; ,k;khDNtypd; MjuTld; th];Nfhlfhkh


vd;w Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa khYkp> laR Nghd;Nw Mg;gphpf;fhtpd; ml;yhz;bf; flw;gFjp

topNa ed;dk;gpf;if Kidiar; Rw;wp ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypy; cs;s nkhrhk;gpf

nrd;wile;jhh;. mq;F rpy ,e;jpaf; fg;gy;fisf; fz;Zw;whh;. mf;fg;gy;fspd;

khYkpfspd; Nritiag; gzk; nfhLj;Jg; ngw;whh;. mth;fspd; cjtpAld; 1498 Vg;uy;

22-Mk; ehs; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff; flw;fiug; gFjpapYs;s fs;spf;Nfhl;il

te;jile;jhh;.

th];Nfhlfhkhtpd; ,t;tUif Nkiy ehl;bw;Fk; ,e;jpahtpw;F kpilapyhd

Neubf; fly; topapd; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; ,e;jpahTldhd

tzpf tphpthf;fj;jpw;F Kd;NdhbahfTk; mike;jJ.

lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;

gjpNdohk; E}w;whz;bd; Jtf;fj;jpy; tzpf Nehf;Fld; ,e;jpahtpw;F

lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; tUif Ghpe;jdh;. Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiug; Nghd;W tzpf ikaq;fis

cUthf;fpdh;. ,th;fsJ tUifahy; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; tzpfk; nghpJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwpJ fhyNk ,e;jpahtpy; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wpUe;jdh;. Mq;fpNyahpd;

FbNaw;w eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ,th;fsJ nry;thf;F gbg;gbahff; Fiwe;jJ.

njhlf;f epiy

ePz;l fhykhf lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; Kf;fpakhd tzpfg; nghUs; Mrpahtpd;

eWkzg; nghUl;fshFk;. Mjpf yhgk; jUk; ,g;nghUl;fis MrpahtpypUe;J mth;fs;

Neubahf nfhs;Kjy; nra;atpy;iy. Nghh;r;Rf;fypd; yp];gd; JiwKfj;jpypUe;J

mtw;iwg; ngw;W tskhd tzpfj;jpy; <Lgl;bUe;jdh;. 1580-y; ,uz;lhk; gpypg;

kd;duhd NghJ Nghh;r;Rf;fy; ];ngapDld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ];ngapd; fj;Njhypf;f

ehL. Mdhy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fspd; ehlhd `hye;J Guhl;l];lz;L ehL. vdNt ];ngapd

muR yp];gd; JiwKfj;jpy; tzpfk; nra;Ak; chpikia lr;Rf;fhuh;fSf;Fj;

jilnra;J Miz gpwg;gpj;jJ. vdNt> tzpfg; nghUl;fis Neubahf Mrpa

ehLfsplkpUe;J ngw lr;rRf;fhuh;fs; KbT nra;jdh;. 1592-y; Mk;];lh;lhk; efu

tzpfh;fshy; tzpff; FOkk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; jiytuhd fhh;dPypa];

`_l;kd; (Comelius Houtman) 1595-y; Kjy; gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ed;dk;gpf;if

Kidiar; Rw;wp 1596-y; [hth nrd;wile;jhh;. xU fg;gy; epiwa tzpfg;

nghUl;fis Vw;wpf; nfhz;L jha;ehL jpUk;gpdhh;. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J kpff; FWfpa

fhyj;jpNyNa Vwj;jho gjpd;%d;W Gjpa tzpff; FOkq;fs; Njhd;wpd. 1602-y; mit

midj;Jk; xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;L lr;R fpof;fpe;jpa tzpff; FO cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

mNj Mz;by; `hye;J muR ,f;FOtpw;Ff; fPio ehLfSld; tzpfk; nra;a

chpik toq;fpg; gl;lak; mspj;jJ. Nghl;b tzpff; FOf;fSld; NghhplTk;> tzpf

ikaq;fis epWtTk;> fpof;fpe;jpa ehLfSld; cld;gbf;iffs; nra;J nfhs;sTk;

,g;gl;lak; tzpff; FOtpw;F chpik toq;fpaJ.

,yhgk; juf;$ba ,e;jpa tzpfj;jpd;ghy; ehl;lk; nfhz;l lr;Rf;fhuh;fs; 1605-

y; k#ypg;gl;bzj;jpYk;> 1608-y; Njtdhk;gl;bzj;jpYk;> 1610-y; Gypf;Nfhl;ilapYk;

(Pulicat) tzpf ikaq;fis epWtpdh;. #uj;> rpd;Ruh> ghl;dh> J}j;Jf;Fb> nfhy;yk;>


fpuhq;fD}h;> nfhr;rp> fz;zD}h; Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; jq;fs; tzpf ikaq;fis

mikj;jdh;. 1689-y; ehfg;gl;bdj;ijj; jq;fsJ jiyikaplkhf;fpf; nfhz;ldh;.

Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpaiug; Nghd;W kjk; khw;Wk; Kaw;rpfspy; lr;Rf;fhuh;fs;

<Lgltpy;iy. tzpfj;jpd; %yk; ngWk; ,yhgNk mth;fsJ ,yf;fhf ,Ue;jJ.

,z;bNfh> eWkzg; nghUl;fs;> gl;L Jzp tiffs;> mhprp. mgpdp Mfpait

Kf;fpakhd tzpfg; nghUl;fshFk;. Mdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fpy; mbik tzpfj;jpy;

<Lgl;ldh;. vdNt ,e;jpahpd; ntWg;gpw;F cs;shapdh;.

Mq;fpNyah;fs;

,e;jpahtpd; tskhd th;j;jfk; gpw gy INuhg;gpa ehLfis <h;j;jJ. tzpf

ehl;lk; kpFjpahff; nfhz;bUe;j Mq;fpNyah; ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif Ghpe;jdh;. cyif

tyk; te;j bNuf;fpd; gazKk;> ];ghdpa Mh;klhtpid ,q;fpyhe;J ntd;wJk;

Mq;fpNyah; fPio ehLfSld; tzpf cwT nfhs;s Cf;fkspg;gjha; mike;jd.

1599-y; ,yz;ld; Nkah; jhkR Rikj; (Thomas Smythe) jiyikapd; fPo; ,yz;ld;

tzpfh;fs; „,yz;ld; tzpff; FOkk;‟ xd;iw mikj;jdh;. ,f;FOtpd;

Ntz;LNfhspd; gydhf fPio ehLfSld; tzpfk; Nkw;nfhs;s mDkjp toq;Fk;

gl;lak; xd;wpid ,yz;ld; tzpff; FOtpw;F murpahh; 1600 brk;gh; 31y; toq;fpdhh;.

gjpide;J Mz;L fhyk; tzpfk; nra;Ak; jdpAhpikia ,g;gl;lak; toq;fpaJ.

njhlf;f epiy

gq;Fjhuh;fslq;fpa ,t;tzpff; FOkj;jpd; eph;thfk; gq;Fjhuh;fshy; xt;nthU

Mz;Lk; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLk; 24 cWg;gpdh; mlq;fpa eph;thff; FOthy;

eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ. Jtf;fj;jpy; jdp egh;fSk;> $l;LwT KiwapYk; fPio ehLfSld;

tzpfk; nra;jdh;. <l;ba ,yhgj;ijg; gq;Fjhuh;fSf;Fk; toq;fpdh;. Kjy; ,uz;L

gazq;fspd; NghJk; eWkzj; jPTfNs mth;fsJ ,yf;fhf mike;jJ. 1608-y;

tpy;ypak; `hf;fpd;R (William Hawkins) jiyikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l %d;whtJ

gazj;jpd; NghJ ,e;jpahtpy; #uj; te;jpwq;fpdh;. ,q;fpyhe;J kd;dh; Kjyhk;

N[k;]pd; tzpfr; rYiffs; NfhUk; fbjj;ij [`hq;fPhplk; toq;fpdhh;. %d;whz;L

fhyk; Kfyha muritapy; jq;fpapUe;jhh;. vdpDk;> Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd; nry;thf;F

Kfyha muritapy; kpFjpahf ,Ue;jjhy; rhjfkhd tzpfr; rYiffisg; ngw

,ayhJ Nghapw;W.

nrd;idg;gl;lzk;

1611-y; k#ypg;gl;bzj;jpYk; Muhk;fhd; vd;Dkplj;jpYk; tzpf ikaq;fs;

mikf;fg;gl;ld. 1640-; tp[a efug; Nguurpd; gpujpepjpahd re;jpufphp murhplkpUe;J

gpuhd;rp]; Nl vd;gth; nrd;idiaf; Fj;jiff;Fg; ngw;whh;. mt;turhpd; je;ij

nrd;dg;gd; epidthf nrd;dg;gl;bdk; vdg; ngahpl;L mq;F Nfhl;il xd;wpidf;

fl;bdhh;. mf;Nfhl;ilNa Gdpj [hh;[; Nfhl;ilahFk;. nrd;idiar; Rw;wpa rpy rpwpa

fpuhkq;fSk; tzpff; FOkj;jpd; mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; te;jd. 1653-y; nrd;id jdp

khfhzkhf;fg;gl;lJ. Mud;Ngfh; (Aaron Baker) Kjy; MSeuhf; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.


gpnuQ;Rf;fhuh;fs;

fk;ngdpapd; Njhw;wk;

gpuhd;R ehl;bdhpd; Kjy; thzpgf; fg;gy; 1527 ilA flw;fiuia Kj;jkpl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyaf; fg;gy;fs; tUtjw;F Vwj;jho Ik;gJ Mz;Lfl;F Kd;dh; ,J epfo;e;jJ.

mjd; gpd;dh; gy jdpg;gl;l Kaw;wpfisg; gpnuQ;R tzpfh;fs; Nkw;nfhz;ldh;.

gpnuQ;R murh; 14Mk; Y}apapd; fhyj;jpy; mtuJ epjpaikr;rh; fhy;gh;l; (calbert)bd;

jPtpu Kaw;rpahy; 1664y; gpnuQ;R fpof;fpe;jpaf; fk;ngdp Jtf;fg;gl;lJ. gpnuQ;R

kf;fSf;Ff; fPioehl;L thzpgj;jpy; mjpfkhd Mh;tk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. fpof;fpe;jpaf;

fk;ngdpapy; KjyPL nra;a kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J KjyPLfis gpnuQ;R murhq;fk;

tuNtw;w NghJ kpff; Fiwthdth;fNs Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ

mth;fSf;F ek;gpf;if gpwf;ftpy;iy. thzpgf; fk;ngdpapy; KjyPL vDk; ngahpy;

murhq;fk; kiwKfkhf thp tpjpg;ig Nkw;nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gjhf vz;zpdh;. fly;

fle;J nrd;W thzpgk; nra;J nghUs; Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; cs;sy; mth;fs;

cs;sq;fspy; votpy;iy. vdNt> fLikahd Kaw;rpf;Fg; gpd;dUk; gpnuQ;R

murhq;fj;jhy; FwpaPL nra;ag;gl;l njhifapid KjyPlhfg; ngw ,aytpy;iy.

Fiwia epiwthf;fTk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;ifia cUthf;fTk; gpnuQ;R murh;

fzprkhd njhifia toq;fpdhh;. murpd; gq;fPL mjpfkhdjhf ,Ue;jjhy;

,f;fk;ngdp gpnuQ;R murhq;fj;jpd; Jiw Nghd;Nw ,aq;fpaJ.

njhlf;f epiy

ngg;gh; vd;w gpnuQ;R Kfth; Kfyhag; Nguurh; mTuq;frPg;ig mZfpdhh;.

mTuq;frPg; gpnuQ;R thzpgj;jpw;Fr; rhjkhf toq;fpa Mizg;gb 1667 brk;gh;

jpq;fspy; #uj;jpy; Xh; cw;gj;jprhiy epWtg;gl;lJ. mjidj; njhlh;e;J 1669y;

k#ypgl;bdj;jpy; kw;nwhU cw;gj;jprhiy cUthdJ. gpnuQ;R ehl;bd; thzpg

eph;thfg; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j gpuhd;rp];fuhd; gpuhd;rpd; thzpgk; ngUfg; ngUk;

Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

Mq;fpNyahpd; tUtha;j; jpl;lk;

fhud;thyp]pd; epiyahd jpl;lk;

fhud;thyprpd; epiyahd epythp jpl;lk; 1793Mk; Mz;L khh;r; jpq;fspy;

,Ugj;J ,uz;lhk; ehspy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ. mj;jpl;lk; [kPd;jhh;fis epyr;

nrhe;jf;fhuh;fshf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. tptrhapfsplkpUe;J t#y; nra;Ak; Fj;jifj;

njhifapy; gj;jpy; xd;gJ gq;fpid mth;fs; fk;ngdpf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd

tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mwpf;ifapd; ,uz;lhtJ cWg;G ,j;jpl;lk; epiyahdJ vd

mwptpj;jJ. jq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyj;ij mlkhdk; itf;fTk; tpw;fTk;

[kPd;jhh;fs; chpik ngw;wpUe;jdh;. fk;ngdpf;F epythpia xOq;fhf t#y; nra;J

nfhLg;gJ [kPd;jhh;fspd; nghWg;ngd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. thpapidr;

nrYj;jhjth;fisj; jz;bf;Fk; nghWg;ig fk;ngdp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.


epiyahd jpl;lj;jpd; epiwfs;

epiyahd jpl;lk; [kPd;jhh;fl;Fg; ngUk; eyd;fisr; nra;jJ. vdNt mth;fs;

Gjpa epyg; gFjpfis tpisr;ry; epykhf;Ftjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;. ,jdhy; czT

cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jJ. epiyahd jpl;lk; eilKiwf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dh; [kPd;jhh;fs;

nghWg;Ngw;wTld; thhpRf; fg;gk; vDk; fl;lzj;ijr; nrYj;jpdh;. epyq;fis tpw;fTk;

mth;fl;F chpik mspf;fg;gltpy;iy. Mdhy; epiyahd jpl;lj;jpy; epyj;ij tpw;f

chpikaspf;fgl;ljhy; epyj;jpd; kjpg;G cah;e;jJ. ,jw;F Kd;dh; mbf;fb epythp

jpl;lq;fs; khw;wg;gl;likahy; [kPd;jhh;fshy; XusT gzj;ijr; Nrkpf;f Kbe;jJ.

vdNt> gpw;fhyj;jpy; mth;fs; me;jg; gzj;ij njhopyfq;fspy; KjyPL nra;jdh;.

,j;jpl;lj;jhy; jdJ Mz;L tUkhdj;ijr; rhpahff; fzf;fpl murhq;fj;jhy;

Kbe;jJ. xt;nthU Mz;Lk; thpj;jpl;lk; nra;a Ntz;ba nghWg;G Fiwe;jjhy;

murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghl;bd; jpwik mjpfkhfpaJ. Mq;fpNyaUf;F ,J ,d;DnkhU

Kf;fpa eyidr; nra;jJ. typik ngw;w nry;tk; gilj;j [kPd;jhh;fs; vDk; r%fg;

gphpit ,J Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mth;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F tpRthrj;Jld; ele;J nfhz;ldh;.

Fiwfs;

epiyahd jpl;lj;jpy; rpy FiwfSk; ,Ue;jd. ,e;jpahtpy; typik kpf;f

epyg;gpuGf;fs; Njhd;w mJ tif nra;jJ. ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; gy

gpuGf;fSf;F cjtNt ,j;jpl;lj;jpid tbj;jdh; vd V.A.Rkpj; $Wfpwhh;.

fhud;thyp]; xU epyg;gpuG. vdNt [kPd;jhh;fl;Fr; rhjfkhf ,j;jpl;lk;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. vdpDk;> fk;ngdp kpf mjpfkhd njhifiaf; Nfl;ljhy; rpy

[kPd;jhh;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ epyq;fis tpw;f Ntz;ba epiy

Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;thW gy [kPd;jhh;fs; rPuope;jdh;. tptrhapfs; ,j;jpl;lj;jhy; mjpfkhd

ghjpg;igr; re;jpj;jdh;. mth;fs; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; vDk; epiyapy; itf;fgl;ldh;.

vdNt mth;fs; ve;Neuj;jpYk; ntspNaw;wg;glyhk; vDk; mr;rk; mth;fspilNa

tsh;e;jJ. [kPd;jhuh;fl;Fr; nrhe;jkhd epyj;jpy; tpah;itahy; ePh;gha;r;rp Ntshz;ik

nra;j NghjpYk; mth;fsJ ciog;G tpoYf;F ,iwj;j ePuha; mth;fl;Fg;

gadw;Wg;NghdJ. Vio tptrhapfs; [kPd;jhh;fspd; jatpy; tho;e;jdh;. gy

[kPd;jhh;fs; efuq;fspy; nghpa fl;blq;fisf; fl;b trjpfSld; mq;F thoj;

Jtq;fpdh;. xU tpjj;jpy; ,j;jpl;lk; Mq;fpNyahpd; muirAk; ghjpj;jJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jhy;

[kPd;jhh;fspd; gzg;igfs; nfhOj;jdNtnahopa Mq;fpNyahpd; gzg;ngl;bapy;

Fwpg;gpl;l njhiffs; jhd; tpOe;jd. murpd; tUtha; mjpfkhfhky; epiyahf

,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; mjd; nryT mjpfkhapw;W. vdNt Ntshz;ikapy; <Lglhj kf;fs;

kPjhd thpia murhq;fk; mjpfhpj;jJ. ,t;thpf; $Ljyhy; kf;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

jhk]; kd;Nwhtpd; uaj;thhp Kiw

fhud; thyprhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l epiyahd Kiw tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> Xhprh Mfpa

gFjpfspy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ. njd;Gyj;jpy; thp mikg;G Kiw jPuhj

xd;whfNt ,Ue;jJ. 1807 thf;fpy; njw;fpy; rpy khtl;lq;fs; epiyahd thptpjpg;G

Kiwapd; fPopUe;jd. kyghh;> fduh> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> Mw;fhL> jpUr;rp> kJiu>


jpUney;Ntyp Nghd;w khtl;lq;fs; epiyahd Kiwapd; fPo; tutpy;iy.

,k;khtl;lq;fspy; [kPd;jhhp Kiw nghUj;;jkhdjhff; fUjg;gltpy;iy. vdNt

jhk]; kd;Nwh Gjpa Kiw gw;wpa Ma;tpidr; nra;J jdJ mwpf;ifiar;

rkhg;gpj;jhh;. mth; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa Gjpa Kiwf;F uaj;thhp Kiw vdg;ngauhFk;.

uaj;thhp Kiw

,k;Kiw rhFgb nra;gtiu epyj;jpd; clikahsuhf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

rhFgb nra;gth; epyj;ij mlkhdk; itf;fNth tpw;fNth chpik mspf;fg;gl;lhh;.

Fj;jif fl;ba rhFgb nra;gtNu chpikahsuhf fUjg;gl;lhh;. epythp tpisr;rypy;

%d;wpy; xU gq;fhf eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. rhjhuzkhf Nkhrkhd tpisr;ry;> ,aw;if

tpgj;J Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf thpia ,uj;J nra;tjw;Nfh Fiwg;gjw;Nfh tif

nra;ag;gltpy;iy. fh;zk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l tUtha;j;Jiw Copah;fsplk; thp

t#y; nra;Ak; nghWg;G xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; fnyf;lhpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by;

itf;fg;gl;ldh;. jhk]; kd;Nwh> nrd;id khepyj;jpy; fnyf;luhfg; gzpahw;wpath;.

fnyf;luhfg; gzpahw;wp mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; mth; uaj;thhp Kiwia

tFj;jhh;. 1807y; INuhg;ghtpw;Fr; nrd;w kd;Nwh 1820y; nrd;id jpUk;gp mjd;

MSeuhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. uaj;thhp Kiwiar; rpy epiyfspy; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.

kjpg;gPL

tq;fhsj;jpd; epiyahd epythp Kiwiatpl kd;Nwhtpd; uaj;thhp Kiw ey;y

Kiwahff; fUjg;gl;lJ. uaj;thhp Kiwapy; [kPd;jhh;fSf;F ,lkpy;iy. tptrhapfs;

epy clikahsuhff; fUjg;gl;ldh;. epyj;ij mlkhdk; itf;fTk; tpw;fTk; mth;fs;

chpik ngw;wdh;. epiyahd thp tpjpg;G Kiwia tpl ,k;Kiwapy; tptrhapfs;

mjpfkhd ed;ik ngw;wdh;. ,e;jpa kf;fs; kPJ kd;Nwh mf;fiw nfhz;bUe;jjhy;

thptpfpjj;ijf; Fiwf;fg; nghpJk; Kaw;rpj;jhh;. mtuJ ngUk; Kaw;rpapd;

fhuzkhfNt thptpfpjk; Vwj;jho Ik;gJ my;yJ Ik;gj;ije;J rjtpfpjj;jpypUe;J

%d;wpy; xU gq;fhfff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. fk;ngdpapd; gzpfspy; ,e;jpah;fl;F

tha;g;gspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; kd;Nwh tpUk;gpdhh;.

uaj;thhp Kiwapy; rpy FiwfSk; ,Ue;jd. murpd; epytUtha;

njhifastpy; eph;zapf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ cz;ikapy; xU tptrhap itj;jpUe;j

epyj;jpd; msitNah mjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tpisr;rypd; msitNah my;yJ

tpisnghUl;fspd; tpiyfisNah nghUj;J mikatpy;iy. vdNt ,k;Kiw

tptrhapfl;Fg; gy ,d;dy;fisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jJ. mth;fshy; jq;fspd; thpfis

xOq;fhfr; nrYj;j Kbatpy;iy. rhpahd tpisr;ry; ,y;yhj rkaq;fspy;

thpf;Fiwg;G nra;a tif nra;ag;gltpy;iy. ,jd; fhuzkhf thp nfhLf;f ,ayhj

tptrhapfs; kpf mjpkhd tl;bf;F jdpg;gl;l fld;thq;f Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ.

,uj;jj;ij ml;il cwpQ;RtJ Nghy; mth;fspd; ciog;gpd; gaidf; fld;

nfhLj;jth;fs; cwpQ;rp tpl;ldh;. thpt#y; nra;a fLikahd Kiwfs;

gpd;gw;wg;gl;ld. tptrhapfisj; Jd;GWj;jy; rhjhuzkhf ele;jJ. thp

nfhLf;fhjth;fis thp nfhLf;Fk tiu Xhplj;jpy; milj;Jj; Jd;GWj;jpdh;. czT


cz;zTk; ,aw;iff; fld;fisr; nra;aTk; $l mth;fs; mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. rpy

rkaq;fspy; Fdpe;j epiyapy; mth;fs; fl;b itf;fg;gl;Lj; Jd;GWj;jg;gl;ldh;. kpfTk;

fLikahd jz;lid mth;fsJ jiyKbiaf; fOij my;yJ vUikapd; thypy;

fl;b ,Of;fr; nra;j nrayhFk;. rpyUf;F vYk;G khiyfs; mzptpf;fg;gl;ld.

,j;jifa fLikahd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld vDk; cz;ik

,q;fpyhe;jpd; ghuhSkd;wk; elj;jpa tprhuizapd; NghJ ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

gpw Kiwfs;

tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xhprh Mfpa gFjpfspy; [kPd;jhhp Kiw eilKiwapy;

,Ue;jJ. nrd;id khepyj;jpy; uaj;thhp Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. gk;ghapYk; uaj;thhp

Kiw mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

njd;dfg; Gul;rp (1800-1801)

murpay; fhuzq;fs;

,e;j kz;zpd; khe;jiuAk; mtkhdg; gLj;Jk; tifapy; Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp

ele;J nfhz;lJ. nghUs; tpw;Wg; nghUs; Nrh;f;f te;Njhh; Gyk; Nrh;j;J ,e;ehl;bd;

kf;fisNa tpyq;Ffsha; elj;Jk; epiy te;jJ. ik#hpd; jpg;G Ma;fpNyaUldhhd

Nkhjypy; Njhy;tpapd; frg;igNa re;jpj;jhh;. mtuJ gFjpfspy; gytw;iwf; fk;ngdp

ifg;gw;wpaJ. Jizg; gilj;jpl;lj;ijg; gy Nrhk;Ngwp murufs; ,dpjhf tuNtw;wdh;.

tpsf;fpy; jhTk; tpl;by;fshfg; guq;fpah; tphpj;j mg;nghwpapy; rpf;fpdh;. fk;ngdpapy;

gil jdJ vy;iyf;Fs; ,Ue;jjhy; mth;fs; ghJfhg;ig gw;wpf; ftiyaw;wpUe;jdh;.

NkYk; kf;fisj; Jd;Gwj;jTk; jiyg;gl;ldh;. ,t;thW xusT nghpa muRfisj; jd;

tag;gLj;jpa fk;ngdp rpw;wuRfspd; kPJ ftdj;ijj; jpUg;gpaJ. njd;dfj;jpy;

[kPd;jhuh;fSk; ghisaf;fhuh;fSk; fk;ngdpf;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fg;gj;ijf; fl;l

kWj;jdh;. i`jh; myp> jpg;G MfpNahUf;F cjtpfs; nra;jdh;. Njhy;tpfisf; fz;L

Jtshky; md;dpaiu vjph;g;gnjd cWjp nfhz;ldh;. ghisaf;fhuh;fis mlf;fp

itf;f Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij czh;e;j fk;ngdp jdJ gilg;gphpTfis mDg;gj;

Jtq;fpaJ.

nghUshjhuf; fhuzq;fs;

fk;ngdpapd; nghUshjhur; Ruz;ly; kf;fis ntFthfg; ghjpj;jJ. thpfs; kpf

mjpfkhf cah;j;jg;gl;ld. fhyf;fpukkhd Ma;Tfs; nra;af; fk;ngdp jdJ

mjpfhhpfis mDg;gpaJ. mth;fs; kf;fisj; Jd;GWj;jpdh;. Vio tptrhapfl;F

tpisr;rypy; fpilj;j gq;F Fiwe;jJ. thpfl;l Kbahky; jpzwpa tprhapfs;

epyq;fis tpl;L ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. mth;fSila epyq;fs; Gjpath;fl;Ff;

nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. fk;ngdpapy; tPuh;fs; fpuhkq;fspd; topNa nry;Yk; NghJ mq;fpUe;j

fhy;eilfisAk;> czTj; jhdpaq;fisAk; #iwahbr; nrd;wdh;. fk;ngdpiaj;

jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpw;wurh;fSk; rpukg;gl;ldh;. INuhg;gpa NythNjtpf;fhuh;fsplk;

mjpfkhd tl;bf;Ff; fld; thq;fpdhh;fs;. flidj; jpUg;gpj; ju ,ayhjth;fs;

nfhLikg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. njd;dfj;jpy; njhopyfq;fs; nrayw;Wg;Nghapd. fk;ngdpapy;

thzpgj;jhYk; fk;ngdp Copah;fs; elj;jpa jdpg;gl;l thzpgj;jhYk; Fbirj;


njhopy;fs; nghpJk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. kf;fspd; Jauj;ij mjpkhf;fg; gy ,aw;if

,d;dy;fSk; epfo;e;jd. 1798y; thd; ngha;j;jjhy; gQ;rk; jiytphpj;jhbaJ.

gl;bdpahy; gyh; khz;ldh;. fk;ngdp jd;dplkpUe;j jhdpaq;fis kpf mjpfkhd

tpiyf;F tpw;wJ. ,t;tifapy; nghUshjhu epiy ntFthf kf;fisg; ghjpj;jJ.

Nghf;F

njd;df muRfspd; $l;likg;G ,uz;L Kf;fpakhd KbTfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

mjpy; gq;F ngw;w rpw;wurh;fs; Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd Nghul;lj;jpy; xw;WikAld;

nray;gl KbT nra;jdh;. ,uz;lhtJ Kf;fpakhd KbT Nghh;Kiw gw;wpajhFk;.

nfhhpy;yhg; Nghhh;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;w mth;fs; jPh;khdpj;jdh;. $l;likg;igr;

Nrh;e;jth;fs; jq;fs; muRfisr; rpy gFjpfshfg; gphpj;jdh;. xt;nthU gFjpf;Fk;

xt;nthU jsgjp nghWg;ghf epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. kUJghz;bah; kJiuf;Fk;> Nfhghy

ehaf;fh; jpz;Lf;fy;ypw;Fk;> fhd; , [fhd; Nfhak;Gj;J}Uf;Fk;> Nfusth;kh

kyghUf;Fk;> fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fh; Nkw;F ik#h;g; gFjpf;Fk;> J}d;jh[p thf;

kuhl;bag; gFjpf;Fk; nghWg;Ngw;wdh;. kpf tphpthd nray;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

NghUf;Fj; Njitahd czTg;nghUl;fs; jpul;lg;gl;ld. gh;kh> =yq;fh Nghd;w

,lq;fspypUe;J czTg; nghUl;fs; thq;fg;gl;ld vd;Wk; $wg;gLfpwJ. gioa

MAjq;fs; Gjg;gpf;fg;gl;Lf; fhLfspy; Gijj;J itf;fg;gl;ld. fhisahh;Nfhapy; Xh;

MAjr;rhiyahf khwpaJ 1800Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; jpq;fspy; tpUg;ghl;rp vDkplj;jpy;

$l;likg;igr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; $bdh;. mf;$l;lj;jpw;f;F Nfhghy ehaf;fh;

jiyikNaw;whh;. mf;$l;lj;jpy; rpy Kf;fpakhd KbTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

Nfhak;Gj;J}hpy; Kjy; jhf;Fjiyj; Jtf;FtJ vd KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjidj;

njhlh;e;J kw;w ,lq;fspYk; Nkhjy;fisj; Jtf;f KbT nra;jdh;.

1800Mk; Mz;L [_d; jpq;fspy; J}d;jh[p thf; vd;ghhpd; jiyikapy;

Gul;rpf;fhuh;fs; ngl;E}iuAk; rpNkhfhitAk; ifg;gw;wpdh;. rtD}h;> Flhf; Mfpa

gFjpfSk; mth;fspd; fPo; te;jd. mNj Neuj;jpy; ik#hpy; fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fhpd;

jiyikapy; Gul;rp ntbj;jJ. [khyhghj; vDkplj;jpy; Mq;fpyg;gil

Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJ. kyghhpy; Nfus th;kh jdJ mjpfhuj;ij epiyehl;bdh;. kw;Wk;

gy gFjpfSk; mtuhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld. fh;dy; Mh;jh; nty;ny];yp Gul;rpf;fhuh;fis

mlf;Fk; nghWg;gpidg; ngw;whh;. mth; Mq;fpyg; gilapid KOtJkhfj; jpul;bdhh;.

Ng\;thtpd; cjtpiaAk; eprhkpd; cjtpiaAk; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. J}d;jh[p

thf;fpw;F vjpuhfj; jdJ Kjy; eltbf;ifiaj; Jtf;fpdhh;. J}d;jh[p XusT

vjph;j;Jg; Nghuhba gpd;dh; Nghh;f;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;jhh;. gpd;dh; nty;ny];yp

jdJ ftdj;ij fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fhplk; jpUg;gpdhh;. fpU\;zg;g ehaf;fUk; rpwpJ

vjph;g;gpw;Fg; gpd;dh; tPo;e;jhh;. mth; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. kyghhpy; Mq;fpNyah; jkJ

#o;r;rp ehlfj;ij Mbdh;. Vkd; ehah; vd;ghiug; gzk; nfhLj;Jj; jkJ gf;fk;

,Oj;jdh;. th;khtpd; gytPdq;fs; gw;wpa ,ufrpaq;fs; midj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;l

fk;ngdpg;gil 1801 etk;gh; 30Mk; ehs; mtiu vspjhf Kwpabj;jJ.


jkpofj;jpy; guq;fpah;f;F vjpuhd Gul;rp thpthdjhfTk; tPuk; kpf;fjhfTk;

jpfo;e;jJ. 1801y; Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ Mjuthsh;fSk; rpiwapypUe;J jg;gpj;jdh;.

mth;fl;L Mjuthf Vwj;jho 30>000 Ngh;fs; Nrh;e;jdh;. ghQ;rhyq;Fwpr;rpf;Fk;

=itFz;lj;jpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l gFjpfis mth;fs; ifg;gw;wpdh;. khh;r;Rj; jpq;fspy;

mth;fs; J}j;Jf;Fbia Nehf;fpr; nrd;W mjidAk; jk;tag;gLj;jpdh;.

Gul;rpahsh;fspd; tsh;r;rp fz;L kpul;rpaile;j nts;isah; murhq;fk; cldbahf

ney;iyr; rPikf;F Gjpa gilapid mDg;gp itj;jJ. kf;fhNy vd;ghh; Gul;rpahsiu

vjph;j;Jg; Nghhpl;Lj; Njhy;tpaile;jhh;. mf;D} vd;ghh; Mq;fpyg;gilapd; jiyikg;

nghWg;gpy; itf;fg;gl;lhh;. mth; Gul;rpahsh;fis mlf;Ftjpy; XusT ntw;wp fz;lhh;.

Cikj;JiuAk; mtuJ Mjuthsh;fs; rpyUk; rptfq;ifr; rPikf;Fr; nrd;wdh;. kwth;

ehL KOtJk; Gul;rpahsh;fs; iffspy; ,Ue;jJ. mth;fs; kJiuiaAk; ifg;gw;w

Kad;wdh;. 1801 [_d; jpq;fspy; Gul;rp jQ;irf;Fg; gutpaJ. jQ;irapd; tptrhapfs;

Gul;rpf;F Mjutspj;jdh;. mf;D} kpFe;j Kawrpfis Nkw;nfhz;L Gul;rpia mlf;f

Kaw;rpj;jhh;. [_d; kj;jpapy; mth; ,uhkdhjGuk; nrd;wile;jhh;. njhz;bf;F MAjk;

jhq;fpa Mq;fpyf; fg;gnyhd;W mDg;gg;gl;lJ. mJ Gul;rpahsh;fs; czTg;

nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag; gad;gLj;jpa glFfis ehrk; nra;jJ.

Gul;rpahsh;fl;F MAjq;fSk; czTg; nghUl;fSk; fpilg;gJ jilg;gl;lJ.

kUJghz;bahpd; jiyikapy; Gul;rpahsh;fs; tPuj;Jld; Nghhpl;ldh;. Vwj;jho %d;W

jpq;fl;fhyk; mf;D}thy; vijAk; rhjpf;f Kbatpy;iy. nrg;lk;gh;j; jpq;fspy; xNu

rkaj;jpy; fhisahh; Nfhtpy; kPJ %d;W gf;fq;fspy; ,Ue;J jhf;Fjy; elj;j

Mizapl;lhh;. ,d;];> gpshf;fh;d;> kf;fhNy Mfpa %tUk; %d;W gphpTfl;Fj;

jiyikNaw;W ,j;jhf;Fjy;fl;F top elj;jpdh;. tPuj;Jld; Nghhpl;l Gul;rpahsh;fs;

Kk;Kidj; jhf;Fjypy; tPo;r;rpaile;jdh;. 1801 Mk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpf;Fs; Gul;rpapy;

jiyikNaw;wth;fs; midtUNk ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;. mth;fspy; gyh; kf;fs;

Kd;dpiyapy; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.

Gul;rpapd; Njhy;tpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

Gul;rpahsh;fs; jq;fsJ jpl;lj;ijr; rhpahfr; nray;gLj;jtpy;iy. mth;fsJ

jpl;lg;gb xNu Neuj;jpy; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; Gul;rp Njhd;wpapUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Gul;rp

Jtq;fpaJk; njd;gFjpf;F mjw;fhd milahsr; rq;Nfjj;ij mDg;Gk; nghWg;ig

kuhl;bah; Vw;wdh;. Fjpiu vDk; nrhy; rq;Nfjkhf KbT nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy;>

tlf;fpypUe;J rq;Nfjr; nrhy; tutpy;iy. vdNt kuhl;baj;jpy; ele;j Gul;rpAk;

jkpofg; Gul;rpapy; xNu Neuj;jpy; ntbf;ftpy;iy. NkYk; fh;ehlfk;> ik#h;> jQ;rht+h;>

Ijuhghj;> jpUtpjhq;$h; Mfpa gFjpfspd; Ml;rpahsh;fs; Mq;fpNyahpd;

mbtUbfsha; ,Ue;jdh;. Gul;rpia mlf;f md;dpaUf;F cjTk; Gy;YUtpfsha;

mth;fs; nray;gl;ldh;. Jtf;fj;jpy; nfhhpy;yhg; Nghh; Kiwiag; gpd;gw;WtJ vdg;

Gul;rpahsh;fs; KbT nrajpUe;jdh;. Mdhy; J}d;jh[p thf; mk;Kiwiag; gpd;gw;whJ

jtW nra;jhh;. Ng\;th> eprhk; MfpNahuJ gFjpfisAk; mth; CLUtpajhy;

mth;fs; rpdk; nfhz;L Mq;fpNyah; gf;fk; rha;e;jdh;. Nfusth;kh mtuJ jsgjp


xUthpd; JNuhfk; fhuzkhfj; Njhy;tpiaj; jOt Neh;e;jJ. Mq;fpNyahpd; Nghh;

trjpfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jd. njd;dff; $l;likg;G murh;fsplk; nra;jpj; njhlh;G

trjpfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,j;jifa fhuzq;fshy; njd;dfg; Gul;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ.

tpisTfs;

njd;dfg;Gul;rp jhafg;gw;Wf; nfhz;l jiyth;fspd; Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

Gul;rpia topelj;jpa gy;NtW jiyth;fSk; fLikahd jz;lidf;F cs;shfpdh;.

,g;Gul;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G fzprkhf ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; MjuT mtrpak;

vd;gijg; Gul;rpia top elj;jpa jiyth;fs; Ghpe;J nraw;gl;ldh;. njd;dfg;

Gul;rpapy; Gul;rpahsh;fspd; gf;fk; fLikahd caphpog;G Vw;gl;lJ. njd;dfg; Gul;rp

fk;ngdpahhpd; vz;zq;fspYk; rpy khw;wq;fis cUthf;fpaJ. Mjpf;f rf;jpia

epiyehl;b tpl;ljhf cWjp nra;J nfhz;l mth;fs; Ml;rpj;Jiwapy; khw;wq;fisr;

nra;aj; jiyg;gl;ldh;. njd;dfg; Gul;rp ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy;

eilngw;w Kjy; Gul;rp vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;Gul;rpapd; Kbtpy; Mq;fpNyauJ

Ml;rpKiw tphpthfr; nray;glj; njhlq;fpaJ.

NtY}h;f; fpsh;r;rp (1806)

fhuzq;fs;

NtY}h;r; rpiwr;rhiy tPo;e;Jtpl;l Nghuhspfspd; ikakhf ,Ue;jJ. jpg;Gtpd;

tPo;r;rpf;Fg; gpd;dh; mtuJ kfd;fSk; kfs;fSk; NtY}hpy; rpiwitf;fg;gl;ldh;.

jpg;Gtpd; gy Nghh; tPuh;fSk; mq;F ifjpfshf ,Ue;jdh;. ghisaf;fhuh;fs; fpsh;r;rp

kw;Wk; njd;dfg; Gul;rp Mfpatw;wpy; tPo;e;j jiyth;fs; J}j;Jf; fapw;Wf;F

Kj;jkpl;L kiwe;jdh;. mtw;wpy; Mq;fpNyaiu vjph;j;j gyUk; ifjpfshf NtY}hpy;

thbdh;. ,th;fsJ cs;sq;fspnyy;yhk; tpLjiy neUg;Gf; fdd;W nfhz;bUe;jJ.

jkpof Ml;rpahsh;fspd; gy;NtW fpsh;r;rpfspYk; Nghh;fspYk; gq;Nfw;Wj;

jq;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fisAk; cwTfisAk; ,oe;J thba gyh; Mq;fpyg; gilapy;

tPuh;fshfr; Nrh;e;jpUe;jdh;. tapw;Wg; gpiog;gpw;fhff; fk;ngdpapy; gilg;gphptpy;

gzpnra;j NghJk; mth;fs; gioa epidTfis Kw;wpYk; kwf;ftpy;iy. ,t;thW

NtY}h; tho;e;J nfl;ljhYk; tPo;e;J tpl;ljhYk; tpk;kpf;nfhz;Lk; ntk;gpf;nfhz;Lk;

,Ue;j neQ;rq;fspd; $lhukhfpaJ.

fk;ngdpapd; rpg;gha;fs; gpd;gw;wNtz;ba rpy Gjpa xOq;FKiwfs;

mwptpf;fg;gl;ld. mf;D}tpd;njhg;gp vd;w Gjpa njhg;gpia mzpAkhW ,uhZt

tPuh;fSf;Ff; fl;lisaplg;gl;lJ. gioa njhg;gpia tpl;Lg; gphpa gy ,uhZt

tPuh;fl;F tpUg;gkpy;iy. rpg;gha;fs; tstsg;ghfr; rtuk; nra;ag;gl;l fd;dq;fSld;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w tpjp nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. jhbiaj; jq;fsJ rkaj;jpd; Xh;

milahskhff; fUjpa K];yPk;fs; ,e;j tpjpKiwia ntWj;jdh;.

,e;Jr; rpg;gha;fspd; kdk; Gz;gLk;gbahfTk; rpy xOq;F Kiwfs;

eilKiwf;F te;jd. rpg;gha;fs; fhjpy; tisaq;fs; mzpaf; $lhJ vd;Wk;

mth;fs; jq;fs; rhjpfspd; milahsq;fs; vtw;iwAk; new;wpapy; mzpaf;$lhJ

vd;Wk; jiltpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa khw;wq;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;s ,e;Jr; rpg;gha;fs;


jahuhf ,y;iy. rpg;gha;fs; gR kw;Wk; gd;wpj; Njhyhy; nra;ag;gl;l fhyzpfis

mzpAkhW Mizaplg;gl;lJ. mt;thizAk; ,e;J kw;Wk; K];yPk; tPuh;fspd; rka

czh;Tfisg; ghjpf;Fk; tz;zk; mike;jJ. rpg;gha;fisf; fpwp];j;Jt rkaj;jpw;F

khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy; Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp ,wq;fpajhf mth;fs; IAw;wdh;. Gjpa

tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wj; jaq;fpa tPuh;fs; fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. tpjpKiwfisg;

gpd;gw;whjth;fs; rTf;fb Nghd;w jz;lidf;Fk; cs;shfpdh;.

,j;jifa #o;epiyiaj; jpg;Gtpd; Gjy;th;fSk; Gjy;tpaUk; jq;fSf;Fr;

rhjfkhfg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldh;. rpg;gha;fs; kj;jpapy; jhafj;ij tpLtpf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;w czh;tpid mth;fs; jl;b vOg;gpdh;. Kfkjpahpd; Ml;rpia cUthf;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fj;Jld; jhd; NtY}h;f; fpsh;r;rp epfo;e;jJ vd;w fUj;J

Mq;fpNyahpd; mwpf;ifapy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. Mw;fhl;by; tho;e;j rpyUld;

rpiwapypUe;j jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; topj;Njhd;wy;fs; njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gjw;Fk;

Mjhuq;fs; cs;sd. mth;fsJ tpLjiy Ntl;ifAk; Ml;rp kPl;rp MirAk;

J}z;LNfhyhf mike;jd. rpj;J}hpypUe;j rpg;gha;fSld; mth;fs; njhlh;G nfz;ldh;

vd;Wk; Ijuhghj;jpy; fpsh;r;rp njhlh;ghd ,uffpaf; $l;lq;fs; ele;jd vd;Wk;

Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdpapd; csthspfspd; mwpf;if cWjp nra;fpwJ.

Nghf;F

NtY}h; Gul;rp 1806 Mk; Mz;by; #iyj; jpq;fs; gj;jhk; ehs; mjpfhiyapy;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jpar; rpg;gha;fs; Mq;fpNya mjpfhhpfspd; jq;Fkplq;fis Nehf;fpr; Rlj;

Jtq;fpdh;. kpf tpiutpy; mth;fs; Nfhl;iliaj; jk; tag;gLj;jpdh;. rpw;wurh;fs;

ifjpfshf milgl;Lf;fple;j rpiwf; $lq;fis Nehf;fp mth;fs; Xbdh;.

gNli`jhpd; naiuf; $tp mioj;jdh;. mtiuj; jq;fsJ Gjpa ethghf Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Ue;jdh;. jpg;Gtpd; nfhb Nfhl;ilapy; Vw;wg;gl;lJ. fh;dy;

fpy;y];gp vd;ghh; NtY}iu tpLtpf;f xU gilg;gphpTld; tpiue;J te;jhh;. rpg;gha;fis

Kwpabj;J mth; Nfhl;ilia kPl;lhh;. mg;NghJ epfo;e;j Nkhjypy; Vwj;jho 113

INuhg;gpaUk; 350 rpg;gha;fSk; khz;ldh;. Vwj;jho IE}W rpg;gha;fs; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;ldh;. ,t;thW NtY}h; Gul;rp Njhy;tpapy; Kbtile;jJ.

Gul;rpapd; jd;ik

NtY}h; Gul;rp Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhf ntbj;jJ. mg;Gul;rp gw;wp ntt;NtW

fUj;Jf;fs; epyTfpd;wd. gil mikg;gpy; rpy Gjpa khw;wq;fisr; nra;jNj

Gul;rpf;fhd xNu fhuzk; vdr; nrhy;thUz;L. Gul;rpahsh;fs; K];yPk; Ml;rpia

Vw;gLj;j xU rjpj;jpl;lk; tFj;jdh; vdTk; mjw;fhfNt NtY}h; Gul;rp elj;jg;gl;lJ

vdTk; $WthUz;L mg;NghJ nrd;idapy; MSeuhf ,Ue;j tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; xU

tprhuiz elj;jpdhh;. mjd; Kbtpy; ,e;J kjj;jpNyh ,];yhk; kjj;jpNyh

jiyg;ghifiag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vjpuhf vJTkpy;iy vd mth; mwptpj;jhh;.

,g;Gul;rp gw;wp tprhuiz elj;jpa kd;wKk; Gjpa khw;wq;fis Gul;rpf;fhd

fhuzq;fs; my;y vd KbT nra;jJ. rpiwapypUe;j rpw;wurh;fNs Gul;rpiaj;

J}z;bdh; vd tprhuiz kd;wk; KbT nra;jJ. Gjpa rPUil mwpKfk; nra;jJ xU


fhuzkhff; $wg;gl;lNjnahopa ,];yhkpahpd; Ml;rpia Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj

Gul;rpapd; cz;ikahd Nehf;fk; vd fpulhf; vDk; gilj;jsgjp fUj;Jf; $wpdhh;.

fk;ngdpahy; vt;tpj Kbtpw;Fk; tpiue;J tu Kbatpy;iy. Gjpa rPUil mwpKfk;

fhuzkhf kdf;frg;G rpg;gha;fspilNa gutpaJ. mjidj; jkf;Fr; rhjfkhfg;

gad;gLj;jp Ml;rp khw;wk; nra;Ak; Nehf;fj;Jld; Kd;dhs; murh;fs; nra;j

Kaw;rpapd; tpisNt NtY}h; Gul;rp vdf; fk;ngdpapd; ,af;Feh;fs; kd;wk; KbT

nra;jJ. ,jidr; rpyh; jiyg; ghifg; Gul;rp vdTk; Fwpg;gpLtJz;L.

lhf;lh; F.,uh[a;adpd; fUj;Jg;gb NtY}h; Gul;rp jpl;lkplg;gl;l xd;whFk; 1806

[_iy 13Mk; ehs; xNu rkaj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; Gul;rpiaj; Jtf;fj;

jpl;lkplg;gl;bUe;jJ. Mdhy; mtrug;gl;l xU [kPd;jhh; Gul;rp Kd;dNu Vw;glf;

fhuzkhf ,Ue;jhh;. 1857 ele;j Gul;rpf;F Kd;Ndhb NtY}h; Gul;rp vd tPurthh;f;fh;

Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. H.nrsj;hp vd;ghUk; mj;jifa fUj;jpidf; nfhz;Ls;shh;.

tpisTfs;

Mq;fpyf; fk;ngdp jPtpukhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. fpulhf;> ngz;bq;

Mfpa ,UtUk; mth;fsJ gjptpfspypUe;J jpUg;gp miof;fg;gl;ldh;. gNl i`jh;

fy;fj;jhtpw;F mDg;gg;gl;lhh;. Gilg;gphpitj; jPtpukhd fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; itf;f

fk;ngdp murhq;fk; Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. fl;Lg;ghl;L mjpfhuq;fs; INuhg;gpahpd;

iffspy; nfhLf;fg;gl;ld. INuhg;gpag; giltPuh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf;fg;gl;lJ.

fk;ngdpapd; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rp XusT ntw;wp ngw;wJ vd;Nw nrhy;yhk;. Vnddpy;

1857y; tlGyj;jpy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;lNghJ njd;dhl;by; rpg;gha;fs; vt;tpj MjuTk;

mspf;ftpy;iy.

md;dpahpd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhd tpLjiyg; NghUf;F KfTiu vOjpath;fs;

njd;dfj;Jg; Gul;rp tPuh;fs;. njd;dfg; Gul;rp Kjy; ,e;jpa tpLjiyg; Nghuhf

mike;jJ. mjpy; vQ;rpa tPuh;fspd; Kaw;rpNa NtY}h; Gul;rp vdyhk;. ,g;Gjpa

Kaw;rpapy; Njhw;w gpd;dh; njd;dfj;jpy; tpLjiy Ntl;if eRf;fg;gl;lJ. njd;dfg;

Gul;rpAk; NtY}h;g; Gul;rpAk; Njrg; gw;W cilath;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

tpLjiy mth;fsJ ,yl;rpa Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. njspthd jpl;lkplYk; mth;fshy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

jkpofKk; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lKk;

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk;

Mq;fpNyah;fs; rpy thf;FWjpfis mt;tg;NghJ mspj;j NghjpYk; Njrpa

,af;fj;jpdhpd; Nfhhpf;iffs; KOikahf epiwT ngwtpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf 1929

mf;Nlhgh; 31y; itrpuha; ,h;tpd; gpuG ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkpdpad; me;j];J tpiutpy;

toq;fg;gLk; vd;whh;. rhjfkhd epfo;Tfs; vitAk; Vw;glhj epiyapy; 1930 gpg;uthp

15y; td;Kiw rhuhj rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;FkhW fhe;jpf;F fhq;fpu];

nraw;FO mjpfhukspj;jJ. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; cg;Gr; rj;jpahfpufj;Jld;

njhlq;fpaJ. khh;r; 12y; fhe;jp jdJ Gfo; ngw;w jz;bahj;jpiuiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.


gpufhrk; elj;jpa cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufk;

cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufj;ij kw;w ,lq;fspYk; elj;jyhk; vd fhe;jp

mwptpj;jTld; 1930 Vg;uy; 13k; Njjp $.gpufhrKk; ehNfRtuuhTk; nrd;idf;

flw;fiuapy; cg;Gf; fha;r;rpdhh;. cg;igf; fha;r;Rtjd; %yk; cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpa

mth;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L tpLtpf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,uz;L ehl;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; cg;Gr;

rj;jpahf;fpufj; jpahfpfisj; jiyik jhq;fp mth;fis mioj;Jr; nrd;wNghJ mth;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,k;Kiw mth;fs; kPJ NtW Fw;wq;fs; Rkj;jg;gl;L

xt;nthUtUf;Fk; &.500 mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; mguhjk; fl;l kWj;jjhy;

mth;fSila fhh;fis NghyPrhh; gwpKjy; nra;J Vyj;jpy; tpl;ldh;. ,r;nraiyg;

gyUk; fz;bj;jdh;. gy tzpfh;fs; ed;nfhil mspj;Jg; Gjpa fhh;fis thq;fp

mth;fSf;F mspj;jdh;. Vg;uy; 22k; ehs; ele;j Xh; mikjpg; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fhty;

Jiwapdh; jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdh;. mjw;F vjph;g;Gj; njhptpj;J 27k; ehs; flw;fiuapy;

ele;J xU nghJf;$l;lj;jpy; fhty; Jiwapdh; jbab nra;J Jg;ghf;fpr;#Lk;

elj;jpdh;. mjpy; ,Uth; caph; ,oe;jdh;. nghJthf ,r;rl;l kWg;G ,af;fk;

mikjpahf eilngw;wJ. Mdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiw fhuzkhf

Nfhak;Gj;J}h;>Fkhughisak;> Mw;fhL> NtY}h;> Fbahj;jk;> jpz;btdk; Nghd;w

,lq;fspy; kf;fs; vjph;g;G ,af;fq;fis elj;jpdh;.

Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufk;

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; jiyik ,lk; jpUr;rpf;F khw;wg;gl;bUe;jJ.

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;j ,uh[h[p Ntjhuz;aj;jpy; cg;Gr;

rj;jpahf;fpuj;ij elj;j vz;zpapUe;jhh;. cg;Gr; rj;jpahf;fpufj; njhz;lh;fisj;

jpUr;rpapypUe;J top elj;jpf; fhy;eilahfNt Ntjhuz;ak; nry;tJ vd;w KbT

nra;jpUe;jhh;. Kd;Ndw;ghlhf khtl;lq;fspy; Rw;Wg; gazq;fisr; nra;J kf;fs;

kj;jpapy; cw;rhfj;ij Vw;gLj;jp epjpAk; jpul;bdhh;. ,jpy; gq;Nfw;f Ke;E}W

njhz;lh;fs; nrd;id> kJiu> jpUney;Ntyp> ,uhkehjGuk; kw;Wk; Nryk; Mfpa

,lq;fspypUe;J kDr; nra;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fspy; E}W Ngh;fis ,uh[h[p njhpT

nra;jpUe;jhh;. 1930 Vg;uy; 13k; ehs; ,uh[h[p jiyikapy; jpUr;rpapypUe;J

njhz;lh;fs; Gwg;gl;ldh;. cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPWfpd;w tiuapy; mth;fis ifJ nra;a

Ntz;lhk; vd murhq;fk; Miz ,l;bUe;jJ. Mdhhy; jQ;ir khtl;l ePjpgjp

rj;jpahf;fpufj; njhz;lh;fSf;F cjTgth;fs; jz;bf;fg;gLthh;fs; vd;W vr;rwpj;jhh;.

mijAk; kPwp njhz;lh;fs; nrd;w ,lq;fspnyy;yhk; kf;fs; tpUe;J cgr;rhuq;fs;

nra;jdh;. eilg;gazj;jpd; fisg;Gj; njhpahky; ,Uf;f ehkf;fy; ftpQh;

,uhkypq;fk; gps;is vOjpa fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ vd;w

ghliy top neLfg; ghbr; nrd;wdh;.

Vg;uy; 30k; ehs; Nghuhl;lf;FO Ntuhuz;aj;ij mile;jJ. kWehs; fhiy

mf];jpad;gs;sp vd;Dkplj;jpy; ,uh[h[papd; jiyikapy; gd;dpnuz;L Ngh; cg;G

Nrfhpj;jdh;. rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghfr; Nrfhpj;j cg;ig fhty; Jiwapdh; gwpKjy;

nra;a Kad;wdh;. fhty; Jiwapdh; ,uh[h[pia kl;Lk; ifJ nra;jdh;. kw;wth;fs;


mikjpahff; fiye;J nrd;wdh;. Xt;nthU ehSk; xt;nthU FO ,JNghd;W

cg;igr; Nrfhpj;jJ. khiy Neuq;fspy; njhz;lh;fs; nghJf; $l;lq;fis

elj;jpdhh;fs;. mth;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy; fhty; Jiwapdh;

K.re;jhdk; kw;Wk; Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is cl;glg; gy njhz;lh;fisf; ifJ

nra;jdh;. xt;nthU ehSk; njhz;lh;fspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfhpj;J te;jJ.

mth;fSf;fhd epjp trjpia T.S.S.,uh[d; nra;J te;jhh;. Nk 29k; ehs;

T.S.S.,uh[Dk; Uf;kzp yl;RkpgjpAk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;fs;. NkYk; Nghuhl;lj;ijj;

njhlutplhky; nra;aj; njhz;lh;fspd; Kfhik fhty; Jiwapdhh; mbj;J

nehWf;fpdh;. cg;Gr; rl;lj;ij kPwpa Fwj;jpw;fhf ,uh[h[pf;F MWkhj rpiwj;

jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJNghd;w jz;lid gpw jiyth;fSf;Fk; fpilj;jJ.

Kjy; Kiwahf ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ngz;fs; gq;Nfw;wdh;. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr;

rj;jpahfpufk; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ngUk; tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jpaJ. jpl;lkpl;Lf;

fl;Lg;ghl;Lld; nra;ag;gl;l ,g;Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf mike;jJ. 1931 khh;r; 4k; ehs;

fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;ljhy; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; epWj;jp itf;fg;gl;lJ.

mjpfhug;G+h;tkhfr; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; epWj;jg;gl;l gpd;dUk; jkpofj;jpy; gy

,lq;fspy; mJ njhlh;e;jJ.

nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;

nrd;idf;Fg; Nguhgj;J

,uz;lhtJ cyfg;Nghhpy; 1942 njhlf;fj;jpy; [g;ghd;> rpq;fg;G+h;> kNyrpah

kw;Wk; me;jkhd; jPTfisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. mt;thz;L Vg;uypy; nrd;idapd; ghJfhg;G

Nfs;tpf; FwpahdJ. nrd;idj; JiwKfk; [g;ghdpahpd; Fz;L tPr;rpw;F cs;shdJ.

mtrpakpy;yhj kf;fisr; nrd;idiatpl;L ntspNaWkhW murhq;fk; Mizapl;lJ.

nrd;id efhpy; vQ;rpapUe;j kf;fSf;Ff;$lg; NghJkhd czTg; nghUl;fis

mspf;f Kbatpy;iy. ngUk;ghyhd tPLfs; %bf;fple;jd. efuNk ,af;fkw;wJ

Nghd;W Njhw;wkspj;jJ. [g;ghd; njd;dpe;jpahit CLUtyhk; vd;w mr;rk; vOe;jJ.

mj;jifa [g;ghdpa CLUtiyr; re;jpf;fg; NghJkhd gphpl;b\; gilfs;

,q;fpUf;ftpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; ,e;jpah;fs; Nghhpy; gphpl;lDf;F cjtNtz;Lk; vd

Mq;fpNyah;fs; tpUk;gpdh;. ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpuirAk; K];yPk; yPf;ifAk;

,e;jpar; rk];jhdq;fisAk; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; fph;g;]; jdJ fUj;Jiufis

1942 khh;r;rpy; mwptpj;jhh;. fph;g;]; J}Jf;FOtpd; fUj;Jiufs; epuhfhpf;fg;gl;ld.

Mf];l; jPh;khdk;

midj;jpe;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b 1942 Mf];l; vl;lhk; ehs; nts;isah;fis

ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawf; Nfhhpa jPh;khdj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ. ,q;fpyhe;J

ntspNawpaJk; midj;Jf; fl;rpfisAk; cs;slf;fpa Njrpa murhq;fk;

cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; ,j;jPh;khdk; typAWj;jpaJ. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpw;Fr;

nrtprha;j;J Mq;fpNyah;fs; ntspNawhtpby; rj;jpahf;fpufk; njhlq;fg;gLk; vdf;

fhe;jp mwptpj;jhh;. nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb vdj; jkJ njhz;lh;fl;F mth;


Mizapl;lhh;. Mf];l; 9k; ehs; fhe;jpAk; gpw Kf;fpaj; jiyth;fSk; ifJ

nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

jkpofj;jpy; jPtpug; Nghuhl;lk;

jkpoff; fy;Y}hpfspy; khzth;fs; tFg;Gfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jdh;. gr;irag;gd;

fy;Y}hp kw;Wk; Nyhayh fy;Y}hp khzth;fisf; fiyf;ff; fhty;Jiwapdh; jbab

elj;jpdh;. khepynkq;Fk; gy ,lq;fspy; mwg;Nghuhl;lq;fs; ele;jd. ,uapy;fs;

kwpf;fg;gl;ld. khepyf; fy;Y}hp khzth;fs; NtiyepWj;jk; nra;jdh;. fhe;jpiaAk;

kw;wj; jiyth;fisAk; tpLjiy nra;af; Nfhhp khzth;fs; Nghuhbdh;. fy;Y}hpapy;

tFg;Gfl;F tuhj khzth;fs; kPJ fLikahd eltbf;if vLf;FkhW fy;tpj;Jiw

,af;Feh; fy;Y}hp Kjy;th;fl;F Mizapl;lhh;.

gy;NtW njhopw;rhiyfisr; Nrh;e;j njhopyhsh;fSk; Ntiy epWj;jk;

nra;jhh;fs;. nrd;idapy; rpy ,lq;fspy; fs;Sf;fil kwpaYk; eilngw;wJ. gy

,lq;fspy; mQ;ry; ngl;bfl;Fj; jP itf;fg;gl;lJ. cah;ePjpkd;wf; fl;blj;jpy; jP

itf;f Kad;wdh;. nrd;idapy; Kj;ijahy;Ngl;il vDkplj;jpy; fhty;epiyaj;jpd;

kPJ Fz;L tPrg;gl;lJ. njd;dhw;fhL> tlMw;fhL> jpUr;rp> ee;jpahy;> mde;jg;G+h;>

nrq;fy;gl;L> Nfhit> kJiu> Kfit> ney;iy Mfpa khtl;lq;fspy; gy ,lq;fspy;

gy;NtW Nghuhl;lq;fs; ntbj;jd. filailg;G> Ch;tyq;fs;> jP itg;G> njhiy

Ngrpf; fk;gj;ijf; jhf;Fjy; Nghd;w gy epfo;r;rpfs; gutyhf epfo;e;jd.

Nghj;jD}Uf;Fk; rpq;fey;Y}Uf;Fk; ,ilapy; MAjq;fs; Vw;wpte;j Xh; ,uapy;

ftpo;f;fg;gl;lJ. kJiuapy; fhty; Jiwapduhy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj epiyapy;

,uhZtk; tutiof;fg;gl;lJ. ,uh[ghisak;> fhiuf;Fb> jpUthlhid kw;Wk;

G+yhq;Fwpr;rp Mfpa Kfit khtl;l Ch;fspy; jP itg;Gr; rk;gtq;fs; gy epfo;e;jd.

jQ;ir khtl;lj;jpy; jpUitahW> jQ;rhT+h;> kd;dhh;Fb kw;Wk; Fk;gNfhzk; Mfpa

,lq;fspy; td;Kiw ntbj;jJ. ney;iy khtl;lj;jpy; FyNrfug;gl;bdj;jpy; Xh;

cg;Gj; njhopw;rhiy jfh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiw

cyfg;Nghhpy; ,e;jpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngwg; gy Kaw;rpfis

Nkw;nfhz;l Mq;fpNyah;fs; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;ij elj;jpa

fhq;fpu];fhuh;fs; kPJk; kf;fs; kPJk; mlf;F Kiwiaf; fl;ltpo;j;J tpl;lJ.

,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F Mjuthfj; jPh;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wpa cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;

Klf;fg;gl;ld. Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lgl;l khzth;fs; kPJ fLikahd eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. fhq;fpu]; FOf;fs; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; Gwk;ghdit vd

mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. gj;jphpf;iffs; fLikahd jzpf;iff;F cs;shfpd. mikjpahd

$l;lq;fSk; Klf;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fSk; $lj; jil nra;ag;gl;ld. rj;jpa%h;j;jp>

k.ngh.rptQhdk;> fhkuh[h;>T.gpufhrk;> V.V.fphp Nghd;w jiyth;fs; rpiwfspy;

milf;fg;gl;ldh;.


t.c.rpjk;guk; gps;is

J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; xl;lg;gplhuk; vDkplj;jpy; 1872Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh;

Ie;jhk; ehs; cyfehj gps;is kw;Wk; gukhap MfpNahh;f;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh;.

,tUf;F ehd;F ,isa rNfhjuh;fSk; ,uz;L rNfhjhpfSk; ,Ue;jdh;.

xl;lg;gplhuj;jpy; fy;tpiaj; njhlq;fpa ,th; J}j;Jf;Fb fhy;LNty; cah;epiyg;

gs;spapy; gs;spf; fy;tpiaAk; jpUney;Ntyp k.jp.jh ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpapy;

gl;lg;gbg;igAk; epiwT nra;J jpUr;rpapy; fzgjp Iah; kw;Wk; `hpù Iah;

MfpNahhplk; rl;lk; gapd;whh;. 1895y; xU tof;fwpQuhd t.c.rp.ts;spak;ik vd;ghiu

kze;jhh;. 1901 Kjy; kidtp kiwe;j gpd;dh; kPdhl;rp vd;ghiu kze;J nfhz;lhh;.

Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G

t.c.rp.,sk; tajpNyNa Njrpa czh;Tld; tpsq;fpdhh;. Njrpa ,af;fk;

njhlh;ghd tof;Ffspy; Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth;fl;fhf ,ytrkhf tof;fhbdhh;. Njrpa

,af;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhd RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy; kpFe;j <LghL nfhz;lhh;. jh;k rq;f

nerTr; rhiy vDk; mikg;igAk; RNjrp gz;lf rhiy vDk; mikg;ig

cUthf;fpdhh;. ,itapuz;Lk; kf;fspilNa RNjrp czh;it tsh;g;gjw;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Nryk; tp[auhfthr;rhhpahh; vd;ghUld; Vw;gl;l njhlh;gpd;

fhuzkhf ,th; xU jPtputhjpahdhh;. gy ,lq;fspy; $l;lq;fs; elj;jpj;

jPtputhjj;ijg; gpur;rhuk; nra;jhh;. t.c.rp.apd; nrhw;nghopTfs; gy ,isQh;fis

<h;j;jd.

RNjrpf; fg;gy; epWtdk;

RNjrp czh;tpy; jpisj;j t.c.rp. xU khWgl;l RNjrp Kaw;rpia

Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mf;fhyj;jpy; J}j;Jf;Fbapy; ,aq;fpa Mq;fpNyaf; fg;gy;fs;

nfhs;is yhgk; <l;bd. RNjrpf; fg;gy;fis kpjf;ftpl KbT nra;jhh; t.c.rp.

kpFe;j Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;L 1906y; RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpiaj; njhlq;fpdhh;.

,f;fk;ngdpf;Ff; fg;gy;fs; thq;fj; jpyfhpd; cjtpia ehbdhh;. jpyfUk; jdJ

rPluhd t.c.rp.f;F cjtp nra;jhh;. fhypah> Nyhth vDk; ,U fg;gy;fs; ,e;jpar;

RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpiag; giwrhw;wpg; Gwg;gl;ld. mf;fg;gy;fs; ,af;fj;

njhlq;fpaij kfpo;r;rpAld; ghuhl;br; Rg;gpukzpa ghuhjpahhh; jdJ ,e;jpah ,jopy;

fUj;Jg; glq;fis ntspapl;lhh;. jkpo; ,jopy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspaplg;gl;l fUj;Jg;

glq;fshf mit mike;jd. RNjrpf; fk;ngdpia eRf;Fk; nghUl;L Mq;fpyf;

fk;ngdpapdh; jq;fsJ fl;lz tpfpjq;fisf; fzprkhff; Fiwj;jdh;. ,jdhy;

RNjrpf; fk;ngdp ,og;igr; re;jpf;f Nehpl;lhYk; t.c.rp. kdk; jsuhJ njhlh;e;J

nraw;gl;lhh;.

jPtpur; nraw;ghL

gpgpd; re;jpughiy kjuh]; khfhzj;jpw;F tuioj;Jg; gy $l;lq;fspy; Ngrr;

nra;jhh; t.c.rp. ghy; Ngrpa $l;lq;fspy; jPtputhj tpj;Jf;fs; tpijf;fg;gl;ld.

RNjrp kw;Wk; Rauh[;ak; Mfpa ,yl;rpa KOf;fq;fis mth; Koq;fpdhh;. te;Nj

khjuk; vd;w tpLjiyg; Nghhpd; Nghh; KOf;fj;ij Koq;fpdhh;. njd;dfnkq;Fk;


,bnad Koq;fpa mtiu Mq;fpy murhq;fk; ifJ nra;jJ. gpgpd; re;jpughy; 1908

khh;r; xd;gjhk; ehs; tpLjiy nra;ag;gLthh; vDk; nra;jp jPtputhjpfis kfpo;r;rpapy;

Mo;j;jpaJ. mk;kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhz;lhl t.c.rpAk; mtuJ ez;gh;fSk; tpoh

vLj;jdh;. gpgpd; re;jughiy Rauh[;ar; rpq;fk; vd t.c.rp. th;zpj;jhh;.

jpUney;Ntypapy; mtuJ nrhw;nghopT czh;r;rpfisj; J}z;Lk; tz;zk;

mike;jpUe;jJ. md;dpag; nghUl;fis ntWj;J xJf;FkhW kf;fisf; Nfl;Lf;

nfhz;l mth; %d;W khjq;fspy; Rauh[;ak; fpilf;Fk; vd Koq;fpdhh;. nghJf;$l;lk;

Kbtile;j gpd;dh; jd;id te;J re;jpf;FkhW jpUney;Ntyp fnyf;lh; tpQ;r;

Mizapl;lhh;. t.c.rp. Rg;gpukzpa rpth kw;Wk; gj;kdhg Iaq;fhh; MfpNahUld;

fnyf;liur; re;jpj;jhh;. ,r;re;jpg;gpy; tpQ;r; t.c.rpia fLikahf vr;rhpj;jhh;. Mdhy;

t.c.rp. ftiyg;glhky; tpQ;r;ir vjph;j;Jg; Ngrptpl;L ntspNawpdhh;. mth;fspilNa

ele;j Ngr;R Nkhjiyr; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; mUikahd ftpijfshf tbj;J

ntspapl;lhh;.

fLikahd jz;lidNaw;G

mtkhdg;gl;ljhf czh;e;j tpQ;r; jdJ mlf;F Kiwiaf; fl;ltpo;j;jhh;.

t.c.rp.gj;kdhg Iaq;fhh; kw;Wk; Rg;gpukzpa rpth MfpNahh; kPJ rjp tof;Fj;

njhlug;gl;lJ. jpUney;Ntypr; nrrd]; ePjpkd;wk; t.c.rpiaAk; Rg;gpukzpa

rpthitAk; JNuhfpfs; vd KbT nra;jJ. gj;kdhg Iaq;fhh; epuguhjp vd

tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhh;. 1908 khh;r; 12y; mwptpf;fg;gl;l jPh;gpd;gb JNuhfj;jdkhd

nrhw;nghopit epfo;j;jpaikf;fhf ,Ugjhz;Lfs; jPthe;jpuKk; rpthitj;

JNuhfj;jpw;Fj; J}z;bajw;fhf ,Ugjhz;Lfs; jPthe;jpuKkhf ehw;gjhz;Lfs; ehL

flj;jg;glj; jPh;g;gspf;fg;gl;lJ. Rg;gpukzpa rpthtpw;Fg; gj;jhz;L ehL flj;jg;gl

jPhg;gspj;jJ. nrd;id cah; ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fr; nra;ag;gl;l Nky; KiwaPl;bd;

fhuzkhf t.c.rp.f;F Mwhz;L rpiwj; jz;lidAk; rpthtpw;F ehd;fhz;L rpiwj;

jz;lidAk; toq;fg;gl;ld.

fz;ldg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;

t.c.rpf;Fk; rpthtpw;Fk; mspf;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; kf;fs; kj;jpapy;

fLikahd vjph;g;ig cUthf;fpd. jpUney;NtypapYk; ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapYk;

mh;j;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. gy ,lq;fspy; fz;ldf; $l;lq;fs; ele;jd. fz;ldk;

nra;jth;fs; kPJ murhq;fk; fz; %bj;jdkhf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lJ.

ghisaq;Nfhl;ilapy; eilngw;w mh;j;jhiyj; njhlhe;J td;Kiw ntbj;jJ.

murhq;f mYtyfq;fs; nehWf;fg;gl;ld. mt;tYtyfq;-fspypUe;j nghUl;fSk;

jPf;fpiuahf;fg;gl;ld. efuhl;rpf; fl;blk; jP itf;fg;gl;lJ. fl;Lf; flq;fhj

$l;lj;ijf; fl;Lg;gLj;j khtl;l ePjpgjp ,l;l Mizapd; Nghpy; epfo;e;j Jg;ghf;fpr;

#l;by; ehd;F egh;fs; ,we;jdh;. J}j;Jf;Fbapy; gzpahw;wpa Jizf; fnyf;lh;

M\;kpff; fLikahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. jpUney;Ntypapy; eilngw;w

epfo;r;rpfs; khfhznkq;Fk; vjpnuhypj;jd.


nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;

Nfhitr; rpiwr;rhiyapy; t.c.rp. nrhy;nyhzhj; Jauq;fl;F cs;shdhh;.

gy;NtW clYiog;Gj; jz;lidfs; mtUf;F toq;fgl;ld. nrf;if ,Oj;Jr; Rw;Wk;

jz;lid mtUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; mth; nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky; vDk;

gl;lj;ijg; ngw;whh;. gy;NtW nfhLikfl;F cs;shd NghJk; t.c.rp. kdk;

jsutpy;iy. mtuJ jz;lidf; fhyk; KbtilAk; Kd;dNu 1921 brk;ghpy; [hh;[;

kd;dh; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Ml;rp gPlk; Vwpaij Kd;dpl;L tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l ifjpfspy;

t.c.rpAk; xUth;. ,e;j kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf Koq;fpr; rpiwg;gl;L my;yy;fis

mDgtpj;j mtiu tuNtw;f xhpUtNu ,Ue;jdh;.

gpw;fhy epiy

RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpia cUthf;fp elj;Jk; Kaw;rpy; jd; nrhj;Jf;fis

,oe;jhh;. murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiw fhuzkhf tof;fwpQh; gzpfhd mDkjpia

,oe;jhh;. rpiwapy; nrf;fpOj;J thb tpLjiy ngw;W ntspapy; te;j NghJ murpay;

#o;epiyfs; khwpapUe;jd. nrd;idapy; jq;fpr; rpwpJ fhyk; njhopw;rq;f

eltbf;iffspYk; Njrpar; nraw;ghLfspYk; <Lgl;lhh;. mtuJ tho;f;ifr;

nrytpw;fhfj; jpyfh; mtUf;F xt;nthU khjKk; xU rpwpa njhifia mDg;gp

itj;jhh;. gpd;dh; rpy Mq;fpy ez;gh;fspd; cjtpAld; jdJ tof;fwpQh; gzpf;fhd

mDkjpia kPz;Lk; ngw;Wj; J}j;Jf;Fbf;F jpUk;gp tof;fwpQh; gzpiaj; njhlh;e;jhh;.

jPtputhjpahfj; jpfo;e;J my;yw;gl;Lj; jpUk;gpa t.c.rpf;Ff; fhe;jpag; Nghuhl;l

topKiwfspy; cld;ghL ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mth; fhq;fpurpd; nraw;ghLfspy;

gq;Nfw;fhky; xJq;fpapUe;jhh;. Md;kpfj;jpYk; ,yf;fpaj;jpYk; <LghL nfhz;L rpy

E}y;fis vOjpdhh;. ePjpf;fl;rpapy; mtiu ,izg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfSk; $l ele;jd.

Mdhy; mth; mjw;F KOikahf ,iratpy;iy.

jkpofj;jpy; jPtputhjpfspd; gpujpepjpahfj; jpyfh; rfhg;jj;jpy; tpLjiyg;

Nghuhl;l tPuuhfj; jpfo;e;J rhjidfs; gilj;jth; t.c.rp. mth; xU njhopw;rq;fj;

jiytuhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. gy rPh;jpUj;jf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. tpjit

kWkzk;> fyg;Gj; jpUkzk; Nghd;wtw;iw Mjhpj;jhh;. jPz;lhikia xopf;fj;

jPtpukhf vOjpdhh;. mth; xU jkpo;f; ftpQuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. njd;dhl;bd; jpyfh;

vd mtiu Nerpj;jth;fs; md;NghL mioj;jdh;.

Rg;gpukzpa rpth

kJiu khtl;lj;jpYs;s tj;jyf;Fz;L vDk; ,lj;jpy; gpwe;jth; Rg;gpukzpa

rpth. t.c.rpapd; neUq;fpa NjhouhfTk; jpyfh; rfhg;jj;jpd; tPuuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;.

,sikf; fhyj;jpNyNa rpyk;gk;> Fj;Jr;rz;il Nghd;w tPu tpisahl;Lf;fspy; ehl;lk;

nfhz;bUe;jhh;. jha;ehl;Lg; gw;W ,aw;ifahfNt mtuJ FUjpapy; CwpaJ. mtuJ

tPu rhfrq;fs; gy ,isQh;fis <h;j;jd. 1988y; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;l NghjpYk;

xU Jwtpiag; Nghy; ,th; tho;e;jhh;.


,af;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G

Rg;gpukzpa rpth t.c.rpAld; ,ize;J Njrpa ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fspy;

gq;Nfw;whh;. mtUf;F cWJizahf ,Ue;J kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Njjpa czh;itg;

gug;gg; ghLgl;lhh;. fnyf;lh; tpQ;r; t.c.rpia tprhuizf;F mioj;jNghJ ,tiuAk;

Nrh;j;J mioj;jhh;. rjp tof;Fj; njhlug;gl;l NghJ rpthTk; xU rjpfhuh; vdf;

Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lhh;. rpthitj; J}z;b tpl;l Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Kjypy; t.c.rpf;F

,Ugjhz;L fhyj; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUney;Ntyp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gj;jhz;Lfs;

jz;lidf;F cs;shdhh; Rg;gpukzpa rpth. nrd;id cah;ePjp kd;wj;jpy; nra;ag;gl;l

Nky; KiwaPl;by; mtuJ jz;lid ehd;fhz;Lfs; fLq;fhtyhff; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.

Rpjk;gudhUld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;l rpth rpiw tho;f;ifapy; gphpf;fg;gl;lhh;.

kpff; fLikahd clYiog;gpw;F cs;shdhh; rpth. rpiwj; jz;lid epiwT ngw;W

tpLjiyahd NghJ rpiwf; nfhLikfs; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; NfLfspd; fhuzkhf xU

njhONehahspahf ntspte;jhh;. rpiwr;rhiyf; nfhLikfshy; mth; kdk;

jsutpy;iy. t.c.rp. Nfhitr; rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy ngw;w NghJ mtiu tuNtw;f

Nfhitr; rpiwr;rhiy thapypy; fhj;jpUe;jhh; rpth.

rpiw tho;f;iff;Fg; gpd;dh; tj;jyf;Fz;by; jq;fpj; Njjpaj;jpw;fhfg; ghLgl;lhh;

rpth. jpyfhpd; fUj;Jf;fisj; Njjpa vOr;rp ngWk; tz;zk; rpy E}y;fshf

tbj;jhh;. ghujpahhpd; gy ghly;fis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; gug;Gk; gzpapy; <Lgl;lhh;.

kz;zpd; gw;Wf; nfhz;L jpfo;e;j ,uh[h Njrpq;F kw;Wk; rpth[p Nghd;wth;fspd;

tuyhw;iw ehlfq;fshfg; gilj;J ,isQh;fspd; kdq;fspy; vOr;rpA+l;bdhh;.

tj;jyf;Fz;Ltpy; ghujkhjh Nfhapy; vDk; Nfhapy; xd;wpidf; fl;bdhh;. rka

czh;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa czh;it tsh;f;fg;ghLgl;lhh;.

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;

md;W J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j vl;laGuj;jpy; 1882 brk;gh; 11k; ehs;

rpd;dr;rhkp IaUf;Fk; ,yl;Rkp mk;khtpw;Fk; kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh; Rg;gpukzpa ghujp.

Ie;J tajpNyNa jdJ md;idia ,oe;j ,tiu ,tuJ rpwwd;id md;Gld;

tsh;j;jhh;. ,tiu xU nghpa tpQ;Qhdpahf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mtuJ je;ij tpUk;gpdhh;.

Mdhy; ghujpf;Fs;spUe;j ghtbf;Fk; cs;sy; mtiu xU Njrpaf; ftpahf;fpaJ.

gjpNdhuhtJ tajpNyNa rpwg;ghff; ftpijfs; gilj;Jg; „ghujp‟ vDk; gl;lj;ijg;

ngw;whh;. ,tuJ gjpdhd;fhtJ tajpy; nry;yk;khs; vd;w VO taJr; rpWkpia

kze;jhh;. FLk;gr; #oy;fs; fhuzkhf thuzhrp nrd;w ,th; myfhghj;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; nkl;hpFNyrd; Njh;tpy; Njwpdhh;. vl;laGuk; rk];jhdj;jpy; rpwpJ

fhyk; gzpahw;wpa gpd;dh; kJiu NrJgjp cah;epiyg; gs;spapy; jkpohrphpauhfTk;

gzpGhpe;jhh;. gpd;dh; RNjrkpj;jpud; ,jopd; Jiz Mrphpauhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. 1906y;

,e;jpah vDk; ,jopidj; njhlq;fpdhh;. t.c.rpapd; rpe;jidfspYk; nraw;ghLfspYk;

ghujp <LghL nfhz;lhh;. fy;fj;jh fhq;fpurpy; gq;Nfw;fr; nrd;w ghujpahh;

epNtjpjhitr; re;jpj;jhh;. mtiuj; jkJ murpay; FUthf Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;.

t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; rpiwg;gl;lNghJ mth;fsJ Ntz;LNfhspd;gb ghujpahh;


ghz;br;Nrhpf;Fr; nrd;whh;. mq;fpUe;J nfhz;L ,e;jpah ,jioj; njhlh;e;J

ntspapl;lhh;. 1918y; mth; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa vy;iyf;Fs; Eioe;j NghJ flY}hpy;

ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;. rpy epge;jidfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpLtpf;fg;gl;l ghujp ney;iy

khtl;lk; filak; vDk; fpuhkj;jpy; rpwpJ fhyk; ,Ue;jhh;. 1919y; nrd;idf;Fj;

jpUk;gp mq;F fhe;jpiar; re;jpj;jh;. 1920y; RNjrkpj;jpud; ,jopd; Jiz Mrphpauhdhh;.

1921y; jpUty;ypf;Nfzp ghh;j;jrhujp Nfhapy; ahidapd; fhy;gl;Lg; gLf;ifapy;

tpOe;j mth; fhydpd; fuk;gl;L nrg;lk;gh; 11k; ehs; ,aw;if va;jpdhh;.

vOr;rp gilj;j Njrpaf;ftp

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; Njrpa czh;itj; jkpoh; neQ;rq;fspy; vOr;rp ngwr;

nra;Ak; tz;zk; czh;r;rp kpf;ff; ftpijfs; gytw;iwg; gilj;jhh;. me;j Kz;lhRj;

jiyf;Fs;spUe;J ftpij Kj;Jf;fs; cjph;e;jd. tpLjiyapaf;f tpj;Jf;fs;

tpOe;jd. 1907y; mtuJ RNjr fPjq;fs; vDk; Njrpaf; ftpijfspd; njhFg;ig

ntspapl;lhh;. ,jpy; Kjy; ghly; te;Nj khjuk; vDk; ghlyhf ,Ue;jJ. Mapuk;

cz;bq;F rhjp vdpy; md;dpah; te;J Gfy; vd;d ePjp vd xU ghlypy; Nfs;tpf;

fiz njhLj;jhh;. mNj jiyg;Gld; mLj;j Mz;bNyNa kw;nwhU ftpijj; njhFg;G

ntspaplg;gl;lJ. ghujpahh; tho;e;j fhyj;jpy; mtuJ ftpijfs; gj;njhd;gJ

njhFjpfshf ntspte;jd. mtw;wpy; gd;dpuz;L njhFjpfs; Njrpak; gw;wp mike;jd.

mtuJ kiwtpw;Fg; gpd;dh; gilf;fg;gl;l ehw;gj;J ehd;F njhFjpfspy; Kg;gj;J

,uz;L E}y;fs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;G ntspaplg;gl;ld.

ghujpahhpd; ghly;fs; ghLtjw;F vspikahdit. ,dpikahdit. ghkuDk;

Nfl;Lg; gutrpf;Fk; thpfis mtuJ Ngdh gpurtpj;jJ. gy tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l

tPuh;fs; mtuJ ftpijfis kd;dk; nra;J Nkilfspy; ghbdh;. fy;tpawpT

,y;yhjth;fSk; $lg;Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; mtuJ ftpijfs; cs;sd.

mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa vd;w mtuJ ghly; mQ;rpr; nrj;Jf;

nfhz;bUe;j ,k;kz;zpd; khe;jh;fspd; neQ;rpy; tPuj;ij tpijj;jJ. ghujpahh; xU

jPtputhjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. jpyfiuAk; t.c.rpiaAk; ,e;j kz;zpd; tpLjiyf;fhf

vOe;j tpbnts;spfs; vd vz;zpdhh;. fhe;jp rfhg;jk; njhlq;fpa rpwpJ

fhyj;jpNyNa mth; kiwe;jhYk; fhe;jpiar; re;jpf;Fk; tha;g;G mtUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ.

tho;f eP vk;khd; vd mtiu tho;j;jpg; ghbdhh;. ,e;j kz;zpd; murpapy; tpLjiyf;F

kl;Lkpd;wpg; ngz;zpd; tho;f;if tpLjiyf;fhfTk; mth; ghbdhh;. rhjpaf;

nfhLikfisr; rhbdhh;. Mz;kpfr; rpe;jidapYk; top Njbdhh;. fhf;if FUtpiaAk;

$l Nerpj;j me;j mkuftp xU Nrhryprr; rpe;jidahsuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;.

,af;fj; njhz;luhfg; ghujp

Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; njhz;luhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. mjpy;

xU jPtpu cWg;gpduhfr; nraw;gl;l mth; gdhu]; fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fye;J

nfhz;lhh;. ghy ghujk; vDk; mikg;gpid cUthf;fp ,isQh;fs; kj;jpapy; Njrpa

czh;it tsh;f;fg; ghLgl;lhh;. mt;tikg;gpd; rhh;gpy; fhy;fj;jh (1906) fhq;fpu];

khehl;by; gq;Nfw;whh;. gpgpd; re;jpughypd; md;igg; ngw;wth; ghujpahh;. 1907 #uj;


fhq;fpurpYk; xU gpujpepjpahff; fye;J nfhz;l ghujpahh; mq;F Vw;gl;l gpstpy;

jpyfhpd; mzpapy; epd;W jd;id xU jPtputhjp vdg; gpufldk; nra;jhh;. jkpofj;jpd;

gy ,lq;fspy; fhq;fpu]; Nkilfspy; ghujpahh; Koq;fpdhh;. mth; ,aw;wpa

ghly;fis mtNu Nkilapy; ghbdhh;. rpy rkaq;fspy; kf;fspd; ftdj;ij <h;f;fj;

njUf;fspy; ghbr; nry;tJk; tof;fk;.

gj;jphpf;ifahsuhfg; ghujp

ghujpahh; ftpijfs; gilj;Jj; jkpoh; neQ;rq;fspy; tpLjiy tpj;Jf;fis

tpijj;jJ kl;Lkpd;wpg; gj;jphpf;ifahsuhfTk; Njrpag; gzp Ghpe;jhh;. RNjrkpj;jpudpd;

Jiz Mrphpauhf mth; jdJ gj;jphpf;ifg; gzpiaj; njhlq;Fk; NghNj Njrpaf;

fUj;Jf;fis vOjj; njhlq;fpdhh;. jkJ vOj;jpw;F KOikahd Rje;jpuk;

fpilf;fhj epiyapy; 1906y; ,e;jpah vDk; ,jopy; Mrphpauhdhh;. ,jd; mjpfhug;

G+h;tkhd Mrphpauhf S. rPdpthrd; vd;ghh; ,Ue;jhh;. Mdhy;> cz;ikahd Mrphpauhfr;

nraw;gl;lth; ghujpahh;. ,jpy; Njrpa kzk; gug;gpa nra;jpfSk; fl;LiufSk;

ntspte;jd. t.c.rpapd; RNjrpf; fg;gy; fk;ngdpf;F Mjuthf ,t;tpjopy; gy

fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;. Kjd; Kjypy; fUj;Jg;glk; ntspapl;l jkpo; ,jo; ,tuJ

,jo; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. t.c.rpAk; rpthTk; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lNghJ mth;fsJ

Ntz;LNfhspd;gb ghz;br;Nrhpf;Fr; nrd;W mq;fpUe;J jdJ ,e;jpah ,jio

ntspapl;L te;jhh;. ,e;jpah ,jopw;F Mq;fpNyah;fs; gy ,ilA+Wfisr; nra;jdh;.

rf;uth;j;jdp vd;w jkpo;j; jpq;fs; ,jo;> fh;kNahfp vDk; jkpo;j; jpq;fs; ,jo;>

#hpNahjak; vDk; thu ,jo; Nghd;wtw;wpd; MfphpauhfTk; mth; jpfo;e;jhh;. tp[ah

vDk; ehspjior; rpwpJ fhyk; ntspapl;lhh;. aq; ,e;jpah vDk; Mq;fpy ,jopy; gy

fl;Liufis vOjpdhh;. Vwj;jhog; gjpNdO Mz;Lfs; mth; xU gj;jphpf;ifahsuhfr;

nraw;gl;lhh;. gj;jphpf;ifahsh; vd;w jkJ epiyiaj; Njrj;jpw;fhfNt mth;

gad;gLj;jpdhh;. mtuJ fl;Liufs; murpay; fUj;Jr; nrwpTk; Njrpa czh;Tk;

kpf;fitahf ,Ue;jd. xU Njrpag; gj;jphpf;ifahsh; vt;thW ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;gjw;Fg; ghujpahh; Kd; khjphpahf mike;jhh; vd;gtjpy; Iakpy;iy.

jpyfhpd; rfhg;jj;jpd; epiwT

jPtputhjpfs; Nkyhjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa jpyfhpd; rfhg;jk; tpiutpNyNa epiwT

ngw;wJ. t.c.rp. jPtpu murpay; ,af;fj;jpypUe;J xJq;fpdhh;. fhe;jpag; Nghuhl;l

topfspy; mth; ek;gpf;if nfhs;stpy;;iy. Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; fhe;jpapd;

jiyikia Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;lhh;. jpyfhpd; kiwT>

Kjy; cyfg;Nghhpd; njhlf;fk;> ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; fhe;jpapd; vOr;rp Nghd;w

fhuzq;fshy; jkpofj;jpy; jpyfhpd; rfhg;jk; epiwT ngw;wJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vOr;rpAk;

jd;dhl;rp ,af;fKk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; rpy jhf;fq;fis cUthf;fpd.

ePjpf;fl;rpAk; <.Nt.uhTk;

,e;E}w;whz;bd; ,uz;lhk; gj;jhz;Lf; fhyj;jpy; ghh;g;gdh; my;yhjhh; ,af;fk;

Njhd;wpa tiuapy; Kf;fpakhf NtWtpj murpay; ,af;fq;fs; Njhd;wtpy;iy.

ghh;g;gduy;yhjhh;. ,af;fj;ij jpahfuh[ nrl;bahh;> b.vk;. ehah; vd;Dk; ,Uth;


njhlq;fp itj;jdh;. mth;fs; Muk;gpj;j fl;rpf;F ePjpf;fl;rp vd;W ngahplg;gl;lJ.

mf;fl;rpapd; jiyth;fs; ghh;g;gdh;fs; nghJ tho;f;ifapYk; muR epWtdq;fspNyAk;

nfhz;bUe;j msTf;F kpQ;rpa nry;thf;fpid vjph;j;jdh;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;; mNj msT mth;fs;

gphpl;b\; Ml;rpiag; Nghw;wpdh;.

1919y; ntspaplg;gl;l khd;l;Nghh;L rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; tpisthf khfhzq;fspy;

mikf;fg;gl;l ,ul;il Ml;rp muR Kiwapidf; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdh; vjph;j;jdh;;

Fiw $wpdh;. Mdhy; ePjpf; fl;rpapdh; mr;rPh;jpUj;jj; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf; nfhz;L

nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; Ml;rp elj;jpdh;. 1926y; fhq;fpu]pd; xU gFjpahapUe;j

Rauh[;af; fl;rpapdh; Ml;rpapy; xj;Jiof;fj; Jzpe;j tiuapy; ePjpf;fl;rpapdh;

nrd;id khfhzj;ij mikr;rh;fshapUe;J Mz;ldh;. jkpo;ehl;by; fhq;fpu]; murpay;

tYthfg; GFe;j gpwF ePjpf; fl;rpapd; murpay; gpbg;Gj; jsh;e;J Nghapw;W.

mjidaLj;J mjd; rpy nfhs;iffis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L cUthdJ jpuhtplh;

,af;fk;> mt;tpaf;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jth; <.Nt.uhkrkp ehaf;fh; vd;gth;. ,g;GJ ,af;fk;

murpay; fpsh;r;rp> r%fr; rPh;jpUj;jk; vd;Dk; ,U JiwfspYk; ftdj;ijr;

nrYj;jpw;W. MapDk; mjd; mbg;gilj; jj;Jtk; „ghh;g;gdh; vjph;g;G‟ vd;gJjhd;.

mt;tpaf;fj;jhh; Njrpa tpLjiyiag; gw;wpf;$l mj;Jiz mf;fiwg;gltpy;iy;

ghh;g;gdh; my;yhjhhpd; Kd;Ndw;wk; mth;fSila Kf;fpa Fwpg;NfhshapUe;jJ. mjd;

nry;thf;Fj; jkpofj;jpy; ,d;Dk; tYj;Js;sJ. ePjf;fl;rpapd; njhlf;f fhyj;jpy;

mjd; jiyth;fspw; ngUk;ghNyhh; njYq;F NgRgth;fshapUe;jdh;; MapDk; mjd; gpd;

Njhd;wy;fshf te;Js;s ,af;fq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jkpofj;jpNyNa rpwe;J

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; ,f;fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffs; NtW ,lq;fspy;

if$btpl;ld. jkpofj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,d;Dk; rpwpJ jilg;gl;L epw;fpd;wd vd;gjhf

,Uf;fyhk;. ePjpf;fl;rp Ml;rp nrYj;jp te;j fhyj;jpy; rpy muR cj;jpuTfs;

gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. mit rhjp mbg;gilapy; murpay; mYty;fisg; gfph;e;J

nfhLg;gijg; gw;wpait. mtw;wpd;gb xt;nthU rhjpf;Fk; ,t;tsT rjtpfpjk; vd;Dk;

Kiwapy; nghJ mYty;fs; gphpj;J itf;fg;gLk;. mjd;gb mYtyh; epakpf;fg;gLth;.

,jidr; “rhjpthhp muR cj;juT” vd;gh;.

1916y; ePjpf;fl;rp jkpofj;jpy; Njhd;wpajpypUe;J xU tpe;ijahd murpay;>

rKjha epiyik ,q;F epyTtjhapw;W. mjid xustpw;F mfpy ,e;jpahtpy;>

rpwg;ghf tl ,e;jpahtpy;> epytpa ,e;J-K];ypk; gpurpidNahL xg;gplyhk;. mq;F

K];ypk;fs;> ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd ,e;Jf;fs; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijr; nrYj;Jk;

tha;g;gpidg; ngWtuhapd;> rpWghd;ikapduhd jq;fis mbNahL mbg;gLj;jp tpLtNuh

vd;W mQrpajhy; Njhd;wpaJ mg;gpurpid. Mdhy; jkpofj;jpy; cUntLj;j

ghh;g;gduy;yhjhh; ,af;fk; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhd ghh;gduy;yhjhh; kpfr;

rpWghd;iapduhd ghh;g;gdhpd; Mjpf;fj;jpdpd;Wk; tpLgl tpioe;J Njhd;wpajhFk;.

mdpngrd;l; mk;ikahh; „N`hk;&y;‟ (Rahl;rp) ,af;fj;ijj; njhlq;fpaNghJ

ghh;g;gduy;yhjhh; ,af;fk; tYg;ngw;W mt;tk;ikahiu vjph;j;jJ. mt;ntjph;g;G

gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jpw;F xU nghpa murpay; tha;g;ghf mike;jJ. ePjpf;fl;rpapdh;


murpay; mikg;Gr; rl;lj; jpUj;jq;fisf; fz;Lk; mQ;rpdh;. mg;NghjpUe;J epiyapy;

[dehf Vw;ghLfs; $l mth;fSf;F Ntz;lh ntWg;ig mspj;jd. 1921 Mk; Mz;L

kf;fs; njhif fzpg;gpd; gb nkhj;j kf;fspd; ,uz;L rjtpfpjj;jpduhf ,Ue;j

ghh;g;gdh; muR mYty;fspy; kpf Nky;epiyapy; ,Ue;j eLj;ju mYty;fs; tiuapy;

kpfg; ngUk;ghd;ik Ntiyfspy; ,Ue;jikahy;> gpwUf;F mt;Ntiytha;g;Gfs;

kWf;fg;gl;ld. vd;gNjhL murpy; ghh;g;gdUf;F msTfle;j nry;thf;F ,Ue;jJ

vd;gJk; Rl;bfhl;lg;gl;lJ> ePjpf;fl;rpapdh; mdpng]d;l; mk;ikahhpd; Rahl;rp

,af;fj;ij td;ikaha;f; fz;bj;jdh;.

ePjpf; fl;rpapdh; 1920 Njh;jypy; fye;J nfhz;L Nghl;bapl;L vspjpy; ntw;wp

ngw;wdh;. Njh;jy; KbTfs;gb 65 ghh;g;gduy;yhjUk;> 22 gpuhkzh;fSk;> 5

K];ypk;fSk;> 14 ,e;jpaf; fpUj;Jth;fSk;> 5 muR epakdh;fSk;

Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. ePjpf;fl;rp cWg;gpdh;fspy; nry;te;juhd epyr;Rthd;jhh;fs;>

efh;g;Gwj;J ,ilepiy tFg;gpduhd mYtyh;fs; KjypNahh; ,Ue;jdh;. nghUshjhu

trjp kpf;fth;fs; mf;fl;rpapy; ,Ue;jdh;. Njh;jypy; ntw;wpile;J $l ePjpf;fl;rpj;

jiytuhd jpahfuh[ nrl;bahh; mikr;ruit mikf;f Kd; tuhjjhy;> flY}hpy;

Gfo; ngw;w tof;fwpQuhapUe;j m. Rg;guhaY nul;bahh; Kjyikr;ruhdhh;.

,uh[Nfhghyr; rhhpahh; (1879-1972)

tho;f;iff; Fwpg;G

rf;futh;j;jp ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp Nryk; khtl;lj;jpy; xU itztg; gpuhkzf;

FLk;gj;jpy; %d;W kfd;fspilNa ,isatuhfg; gpwe;jhh;. ,tuJ je;ij fpuhk

Kd;rPg;ghfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. nrd;idapYk; ngq;fShpYk; jdJ fy;tpia Kbj;J

tof;fwpQuhdhh; ,uh[h[p. kpf Mokhd ,yf;fpa mwpTk; Mh;tKk; nfhz;bUe;j

mth; nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jhy; <hf;f;g;gl;Lj; Njjpa ,af;fj;;jpy;

,ize;jhh;. Nryk; efuhl;rpapd; jiyth;> ,e;jpa kJtpyf;Ff; fofj;jpd; nrayh;

Nghd;w gjtpfis tfpj;jhh;. kjuh]; khfhfzf; fhq;fpurpd; topfhl;bahfr;

nraw;gl;lhh;. ,UKiw ,k;khfhzj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhf ,Ue;jhh;. tpLjiyf;F

Kd;dNu fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; fUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhf tpyfp ,Ue;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpd;

Kjy; ,e;jpa fth;dh; n[duy; kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh; n[duy; vd;w

nghWg;gpid tfpj;Jg; ngUik Nrh;j;jth;. tpLjiyf;Fg; gpd;dh; Rje;jpuf;fl;rp vd;w

Gjpa fl;rpiaj; njhlq;fpj; Njrpa murpaypy; xU ey;y vjph;f;fl;rpahfr; nraw;glr;

nra;jhh;. jPz;lhik xopg;G> kJtpyf;F> Mfpa nfhs;iffl;fhf mauhJ ghLgl;lhh;.

mZ MAjf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhfTk; ,af;fk; elj;jpdhh;. rpwe;j vOj;jhsuhfTk;

jpfo;e;jth; ,uh[h[p. rhzf;fpah; vd;W gyuhYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mth; 1967y;

jkpofj;jpy; fhq;fpurpw;F vjpuhd $l;lzpia cUthf;fpdhh;. ,e;jpj; jpzpg;gpw;F

vjpuhf 1965y; Fuy; nfhLj;jhh;. Kw;wpYk; vjpuhd nfhs;iffisf; nfhz;l nghpahhpd;

el;ig ,th; ngw;wpUe;jhh;.


fhq;fpu]; ,af;fg; gzpfs;

midj;jpe;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; nrayuhfTk; khfhzf; fhq;fpu];

fkpl;bapd; jiytuhfTk; rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gl;lhh;. Ntjhuz;ak; cg;Gr;

rj;jpahf;fpufj;ijr; rpwg;ghfj; jiyikNaw;W elj;jpdhh;. fhe;jpAld; neUq;fpa

njhlh;G nfhz;bUe;j mtuJ MNyhridfisf; fhe;jp Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhh;. 1937y;

murhq;fj;jpy; gq;Nfw;gJ njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidapy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp xU rhjfkhd

Kbtpid Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ,uh[h[papd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdJ. ,k;khfhzj;jpd;

Kjyikr;ruhfg; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpaj;ijf; fl;bf; fhf;f xU Njrpa

nkhop mtrpak; vdf; fhe;jp epidj;jhh;. mj;jifa nkhopahf ,e;jpiaf; fUjpa

mth; ,e;jpg; gpur;rhuj;ijAk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; xU nraw;jpl;lkhf tFj;jspj;jhh;.

,k;khfhfzj;jpy; ,e;jpia mwpKfk; nra;a ,uh[h[p jpl;lkpl;L mjidg; gs;spfspy;

mwpKfk; nra;jhh;. ,jd; fhuzkhfj; jkpofj;jpy; Kjy; ,e;jp vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;

vOe;jjJ. 1938-39 Mk; Mz;L tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; 125 cah;epiyg; gs;spfspy;

,e;jpiaf; fw;Wf; nfhLf;f epjp xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;lij ePjpf;fl;rpapdh; fLikahf

vjph;j;jdh;. ,e;jpj; jpzpg;gpw;F vjpuhff; fpsk;gpa ,af;fk; jdpj;jpuhtpl ehl;Lf;

Nfhhpf;iff;F toptFj;jJ. Kjyikr;ruhfg; gzpGhpe;j Kjw;fhy fl;lj;ij epiwT

nra;J 1939 ,uh[h[p ,uh[pdhkhr; nra;jhh;.

nrd;idj; jPh;khzk;

,uz;lhtJ cyfg; Nghhpy; [g;ghd; tpiuthd ntw;wpfisg; ngw;W

njd;dfj;jpd; topahf ,e;jpahit jhf;fyhk; vd;w #o;epiyNaw;gl;lJ. ,e;epiyapy;

gphpl;b\;fhuh;fSld; Nghh; Kaw;rpfspy; ,e;jpah;fs; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk; vd Mq;fpy

murhq;fk; vjph;ghh;j;jJ. fhq;fpu]; fl;rp ,jid Vw;ftpy;iy. ,e;epiyapy; 1942

Vg;uypy; ,uh[h[papd; jiyikapy; ,k;khfhzr; rl;lkd;wf; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp xU

jPh;khzj;ij epiNtw;wpaJ. ,j;jPh;khdj;jpd; xU gFjp K];yPk; yPf;fpd; jdp ehL

Nfhhpf;ifia mq;fPfhpf;fg;ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. kw;nwhU gFjp kj;jpapy; xU Njrpa

murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gLtijAk; khepyq;fspy; $l;lzp murhq;fq;fs;

mikf;fg;gLtijAk; ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. nrd;idj; jPh;khdk; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l ,J

kpFe;j ryrg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ. khfhz mstpyhd $l;lzp murhq;fk; mikf;Fk;

Nahridia ,uh[h[p MSehplk; $wpaNjhL kl;Lkpd;wpf; fhq;fpurpypUe;J gphpe;J

te;J $l mj;jifa murhq;fj;ij mikf;fj; jahuhf ,Ug;gjhf $wpdhh;. [g;ghdpd;

jhf;Fjy; njhlh;ghd mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,j;jifa epiyia mth; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

vdpDk; nrd;idj; jPh;khdk; kpFe;j fz;lzj;jpw;Fs;shfpaJ. ,jid tbf;fTk;

epiwNtw;wTk; fhuzkhf ,Ue;j ,uh[h[p murpay; nraw;ghLfspy; tpyfp ,Uf;f

Ntz;ba epiy vOe;jJ.

fhq;fpurpy; fUj;J NtWghL

gy;NtW fUj;J NtWghL fhuzkhff; fhq;fpu]; nraw;ghLfspy; tpyfpapUe;j

,uh[h[p kPz;Lk; khfhzf; fhq;fpurpy; ,iza tpUk;gpdhh;. mtuJ Kaw;rpf;Fj;

Njrpa mstpy; fhe;jp> gNly; NeU Nghd;w jiyth;fs; Mjutspj;jdh;. Mdhy;


fhkuh[Uk; gpw khfhzj;jiyth;fSk; mth; kPz;Lk; fhq;fpurpy; ,iztij

tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,uh[h[p kPz;Lk; khfhzf; fhq;fpurpy; Nrh;f;fg;gLk; tp\ak; nghpa

gpur;rpidahf vOe;jJ> ,g;gpur;rpidapy; kdk; nehe;J 1946y; kPz;Lk; murpay;

tdthrk; nfhs;tjhff; $wp tpyfpapUe;jhh;. fhq;fpurpd; nraw;ghLfspypUe;J

tpyfpapUe;jhYk; nghJ tho;f;ifapypUe;J tpyftpy;iy. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd;

tho;f;if eydpw;fhfg; ghLglj; njhlq;fpdhh;. Fwpg;ghf mth;fsJ Nfhtpy; EioTg;

Nghuhl;lq;fl;F Mjutspj;jhh;.

gpw gjtpfs;

1946-47y; fth;dh; n[duypd; eph;tff; FO cWg;gpduhfTk; 1947 Mf];l; Kjy;

etk;gh; tiu Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpd; MSeuhfTk; gzpahw;wpdhh;. 1948 Kjy; 1950 tiu

fth;dh; n[duyhfg; gjtp tfpj;jhh;. 1952 Kjy; 1954 tiu ,uz;lhtJ Kiw

,k;khfzj;jpd; Kjyikr;ruhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. jhd; Nkw;nfhz;l nfhs;iffl;fhf

mauhJ ghLgLk; gz;Gfisg; ngw;wpUe;j ,uh[h[p Xh; murpapy; mwpQuhfj;

jpfo;e;jhh;.

rj;jpa%h;j;jp (1887-1943)

tho;f;iff; Fwpg;G

GJf;Nfhl;il khtl;lj;jpy; gpwe;J tsh;e;J> nrd;idf; fpwp];j;Jtf;

fy;Y}hpapy; gl;lk; ngw;Wr; rl;lk; gapd;W toq;fwpQuhd rj;jpa%h;j;jp ,stajpNyNa

Njrpar; rpe;jidAld; jpfo;e;jhh;. rPdpthr rh];jphpAld; 1919y; ,q;fpyhe;J nrd;W

te;j mth; rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhfTk; nray;tPuuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. 1923y; nrd;idr;

rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhfj; Njh;njLf;fg; gl;lhh;. rpwe;j ghuhSkd;wg; gz;Gfs; epiwe;j

mtuJ rl;lkd;wr; nrhw;nghopTfs; jiyth;fshYk; kf;fshYk; ghuhl;lg;gl;ld.

fhe;jpa rfhg;jj;jpy; ,e;jpaj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpy; ,ize;j mth; rpwe;j

Njrpathjpahfj; jpfo;e;jhh;. jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; gy nghWg;Gfis tfpj;j mth;

1939y; nrd;id efu NkauhfTk; ,Ue;jhh;. 1940y; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpd;

JizNte;juhfg; nghWg;Ngw;f miog;G tplg;gl;lNghJ Njrpag; gzpfl;fhf mjid

kWj;jhh;. 1942 Mf];l; 11k; ehs; midj;jpe;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; $l;lj;jpy

gq;Nfw;Wr; nrd;idf;Fj; jpUk;gpf; nfhz;bUe;j ,tiu muf;Nfhzk; ,uapy;

epiyaj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdh;. Kjypy; NtY}h;r; rpiwr;rhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l

,tiu Mq;fpNyNa murhq;fk; mk;Nuhjp rpiwr;rhiyf;F khw;wpaJ. ehf;G+h;ypUe;J

njhz;Z}Wfy; njhiytpYs;s mr;rpiwr; rhiyapy; mth; nrhy;nyhshj;JaUw;whh;.

gpd;dh; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapdhpd; KiwaPl;bw;Fg; gpd;dh; nrd;idf;Fj; jpUk;gTk nfhz;L

tug;gl;lhh;. cly; eyk; Fd;wpa epiyapy; nrd;id nghJ kUj;Jt kidapy;

Nrh;f;fg;gl;l rj;jpa%h;j;jp 1943 khh;r 28 Mk; ehs; xU ifjpahfNt fhykhdhh;.

Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; jplkhd ek;gpf;ifAk; <LghLk; nfhz;bUe;j mth; jd;id

,uhkgpuhdpd; gilapy; filrp thduk; vdr; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;lhh;. Mq;fpNyahpd;

mlf;F Kiwf;Fk; ePjpf;fl;rpapd; vjph;g;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,k;khepyj;jpy; fhq;fpu];


,af;fj;ij tsh;f;fTk; fhf;fTk; mUk;ghLgl;l mtuJ epidthfr; nrd;idapYs;s

fhq;fpu]; jiyikafk; rj;jpa%h;j;jp gtdk; vdg; ngaw; #l;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

fhq;fpu]; ,af;fg; gzp

,isQuhfNt fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; ,ize;j rj;jpa%h;j;jp Rauh[;af;

fl;rpapy; Nrh;e;J fhq;fpu]; fl;rp Njh;jy;fspy; gq;Nfw;gjpy; Mh;tk; fhl;bdhh;. gy;NtW

FOf;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpy; rpf;fpapUe;j fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy; ,uh[h[papd; nry;thf;F

mjpfkhfpaJ. Njrpa mstpy; fhe;jpAlDk; kw;wj; jiyth;fSlDk; neUq;fpa

njhlh;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;j mth; rj;jpa%h;j;jp Nghd;w ,isQh;fisr; rl;il

nra;atpy;iy. mbkl;lj; njhz;lh;fSlDk; kf;fSlDk; njhlh;G nfhz;L fhq;fpu];

,af;fj;jpy; XusT nry;thf;fpidg; ngw;W te;j fhkuh[h; kw;Wk; mtuJ neUq;fpa

ez;gh; mz;zhkiyg; gps;is MfpNahuJ njhlh;G rj;jpa%h;j;jpf;F Vw;gl;lJ>

mth;fSila el;Gld; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; mikg;Gj; Njh;jy;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

gq;fpidr; nra;jhh;. ,jdhy; ,af;fjpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;w ,th; 1930 kw;Wk; 1935y;

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; jiytuhdhh;. ,g;nghWg;gpidr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;J

jkpofj;jpy; fhq;fpu]; Nghpaf;fj;ijf; fl;bf; fhj;jhh;.

tptrhapfspd; ,af;fk;

rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; rw;Wj; njha;tile;jpUe;j fhq;fpuir kPz;Lk;

typikg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpapy; fhq;fpu]; jiyth;fs; <Lgl;lNghJ rj;jpa%h;j;jp

mk;Kaw;rpapy; jdJ gq;fpidr; nrYj;jpdhh;. mj;jifa Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf `hp[d

Nkk;ghl;L ,af;fk; elj;jg;gl;lJ. mt;tpaf;fj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; gy jho;j;jg;gl;l

kf;fSk; gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhUk; fhq;fpurpw;F <h;f;fg;gl;ldh;. mNj Nghd;W

tptrhapfspd; gpur;rpidfis Kd; itj;J Xh; ,af;fj;ij elj;jr; rj;jpa%h;j;jp

Vw;ghL nra;jhh;. mjd;gb 1933y; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fis xUq;fpizj;J epytUtha;

jpdk; vd;w ehs; mD\;bf;fg;gl;lJ. epythpapy; 33.3 rjtpfpjk; Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Nfhhpf;if itf;fg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhug; ngUke;jj;jpd; fhuzkhfj;

jhdpaq;fspd; tpiyfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jpUe;jd. ,jdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;bUe;j tptrhapfs;

,e;j ,af;fj;jhy; ftug;gl;ldh;. ,t;tpaf;fj;ij Xh; murpay; Aj;jp vd Mq;fpNya

murhq;fk; fUjpaJ. vdpDk;;> kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; tw;GWj;jy; fhuzkhf 1934

rdthpapy; mWgJ ,yl;r &gha; mstpy; thpr;rYif mspf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW

fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpf;F toptFj;jJ.

cs;shl;rp mikg;Gj; Njh;jy;fs;

1935y; eilngw;w cs;shl;rp mikg;Gj; Njh;jy;fspy; fhq;fpurpd; epiyia

tYg;gLj;jr; rj;jpa%h;j;jp fhkuh[h; P.S. Fkhurhkpuh[h kw;Wk; gf;jtr;ryk;

MfpNahuJ cjtpAld; rpwg;ghfr; nraw;gl;lhh;. Coiy mfw;wTk; RNjrpg;

nghUl;fspd; Ntl;ghsh;fs; ghLgLthh;fs; vdr; rj;jpa%h;j;jp mwptpj;jhh;.

,j;Njh;jy;fspy; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp fzprkhd ntw;wpiag; ngw;wJ. Fwpg;ghf nrd;id

khehfuhl;rpapy; fhq;fpurpd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; te;jJ.


rl;lkd;wg; gzp

nrd;idr; rl;lkd;wj;jpy; rj;jpa%h;j;jp Mw;wpa gzpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.

jdJ Ngr;rhw;wypd; %yk; Njrpa ,af;ff; nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy; fUj;Jf;fis

Mzpj;jukhf ciug;gjpy; jpwik ngw;wpUe;jhh;. mtuJ rl;lkd;wg; gzpfspy; kpfTk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ ghujpahhpd; ghly;fSf;F tpjpf;fg;gl;l jilia vjph;j;J mth;

rl;lkd;wj;jpy; epfo;j;jpa nrhw;nghopthFk;. 1928 Mf];l; 7Mk; ehs; gh;kh murhq;fk;

ghujpahhpd; ghly;fl;Fj; jil tpjpj;jJ. gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;j

gh;khapy; tho;e;j jkpoh;fs; ghujpahh; ghly;fshy; J}z;lg;gl;ljhf murhq;fk;

fUjpaJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; gphpl;b\; gFjpfspy; Xh; murhq;fk; ,aw;wpa rl;lk; kw;wg;

gFjpfspYk; nghUe;Jk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; 1928 nrg;lk;gh; 11 Mk; ehs; nrd;id

murhq;fk; muR ,jopy; mt;thizia mwptpj;jJ. mjd;gb ghujpahh; ghly;fisf;

nfhz;l E}y;fs; gwpKjy; nra;ag;gl;ld. E}y;fis ntspapl;l ntspaPl;lhsuhd

`hpù rh;kh ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhh;.

Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jpd; mlf;FKiwia vjph;j;Jr; rl;l kd;wj;jpy; 1928

mf;Nlhgh; 9Mk; ehs; rj;jpa%h;j;jp Xh; xj;jpitg;Gj; jPh;khdj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jhh;.

,uz;L khjq;fl;F Kd;dh;jhd; ghujpahhpd; ghly;fisg; gs;spfisy; fw;gpg;gij

murhq;fk; vjph;f;fhJ vd Kjyikr;rh; mwptpj;jpUe;jhh;. ,jidr; Rl;bf; fhl;ba

rj;jpa%h;j;jp ghujpahh; gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpy; gpwe;jJ. Jujph;\;lk; vd;whh;. ghhjpahhpd;

ftpij thpfspy; rpytw;iwr; rj;jpa%h;j;jp ghbf;fhl;bdhh;. ,t;thpfs; Kjyikr;rh;

Rg;guhadpd; FUjpiar; #lhf;ftpy;;iyah vd;wk; ,jaj;Jbg;ig glglf;fr;

nra;atpy;iyah vd;Wk; Nfs;tpf; fizfs; njhLj;jdh;. gpd;dh; 1929 rdthpapy;

ghujpahh; ghly;fs; kPjhd jil uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

xU rhjhuzj; njhz;luhff; fhq;fpu]; ,af;fj;jpy; Nrh;e;j rj;jpa%h;j;jp

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpurpd; jiytuhf vOr;rp ngw;whh;. fl;bf;Fs;spUe;j FOf;fspilapyhd

murpaypy; rj;jpa%h;j;jp jdJ epiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. ,e;jpa

tpLjiyf;fhd Nghuhl;lq;fspy; tPuj;Jld; gq;Nfw;w mth; mlf;FKiwapd;

nfhLikfl;F cs;shfp xU ifjpahfNt khz;lhh;.

fhkuh[h; (1903-1976)

tho;f;iff; Fwpg;G

tpUJefhpy; Fkhurhkp rptfhkp mk;khs; jk;gjpf;F kfdhfg; gpwe;jhh; fhkuh[h;.

Kiwg;gbahd fy;tpawpT mjpfk; ngw tha;gpy;yhj fhkuh[h; rpW tajpNyNa xU

tzpfhplk; gzpapy; Nrh;e;jhh;. 1923y; Rauh[;af; fl;rp cs;shl;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy;

Nghl;baplj; njhlq;fpa NghJ rj;jpa%h;j;jp fhkuh[iug; nghJ tho;f;ifapy;

,izj;jhh;. khWgl;l rKjhar; #oypy; fPo;kl;l kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahf murpaypy;

gq;Nfw;w fhkuh[h; gy;NtW Nghuhl;lq;fspYk; Fjpj;jhh;. 1930y; Ntjhuz;ak;

rj;jpahf;fpufj;jpy; gq;Nfw;W ,uz;lhz;L rpiw jz;lid ngw;whh;. MW Kiw rpiw

nrd;w mth; Vwj;jho vl;liu Mz;Lfs; ,e;ehl;bw;fhfr; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jhh;.

rj;jpa%h;j;jpiaj; jkJ murpay; FUthf Vw;Wf;nfhz;l fhkuh[h; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapy;


Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;Wj; jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; jiytuhdhh;. 1954 Kjy; 1963

tiuj; jkpof Kjyikr;ruhfTk; 1963y; midj;jpe;jpaf; fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd;

jiytuhfTk; nghWg;Ngw;whh;. NeU kiwe;j NghJk; rh];jphp kiwe;jNghJk; ehl;bd;

mLj;j gpujkh; ahh; vd;gij KbT nra;gjpy; fhkuh[hpd; gq;F Kf;fpakhdjhf

,Ue;jJ. fhyh fhe;jp vd;Wk; ngUe;jiyth; vd;Wk; [dehaf Nrhryprr; rpw;gp vd;Wk;

kf;fshYk; njhz;lh;fshYk; Nghw;wg;gLk; Njjpaj;jiyth; fhkuh[h;.

,af;fj;jpy; vOr;rp

jkpo;ehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp gpuhkzh;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fj;jpy; rpf;fpj; jtpj;j

fhuzj;jhy; Njrpar; rpe;jid nfhz;bUe;j rpyh; ePjpf;fl;rpapy; ,ize;jdh;. fhq;fpu];

,af;fj;jpd; Nky;gl;l murpay; Fog;gq;fspy; mjpf ehl;lk; fhl;lhj nray; tPuh;fs;

(activists) FO xd;W nraw;gl;lJ. mj;jifa nraw;FOtpd; nray;tPuuhff; fhkuh[h;

vOr;rpaile;jhh;. rhjhuzg; gpw;gl;l rKjhaj;jpd; gpujpepjpahf ,Ue;j mth; jd;Dld;

fUj;njhUkpg;Gf; nfhz;bUe;j ,isah;fisj; jpul;bj; jkpofj;jpd; gy;NtW

fpuhkq;fspy; Njrpa ,af;fk; gpur;rhq;fspy; <Lgl;ldh;. fhkuh[Uld; ,ize;J

mz;zhkiyg; gps;is vd;ghh; nraw;gl;lhh;. njhlf;f epiyapy; gy;NtW gpuhe;jpaj;

jiyth;fSld; ,ize;J vOr;rp ngw;whh;. ,uh[ghisk; P.S. Fkhurhkpuh[h

fhkuh[Uld; ,ize;J nra;w;gl;lhh;. fhq;fpurpy; rj;jpa%h;j;jpapd; mzpapy; ,th;fs;

,ize;J nra;w;gl;ldh;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,uh[h[papd; Nkyhjpf;fj;ij xLf;Fk;

Kaw;rpapy; ,th;fs; <Lgl;ldh;. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; midj;J epfo;r;rpfspYk;

gq;Nfw;Wr; rpiwr;rhiy nrd;wth; fhkuh[h;. nghpahh; elj;jpa itf;fk; Nguhl;lj;jpYk;

gq;Nfw;wth;. fl;rpapd; gy;NtW nra;w;ghLfspy; gq;Nfw;w fhkuh[h; jdJ 37 tajpy;

jkpo;ehL fhq;fpu]; fkpl;bapd; jiytuhdhh;. jkpofj;jpy; njhz;lh;fs; kw;Wk; kf;fs;

kj;jpapy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fg; ngw;whh;. nghpahhpd; MjuTk; mtUf;F ,Ue;jJ.

Prepared by

DR. B. MUTHARASI Associate Professor, Department of History,

A.P.C. Mahalaxmi College for Women, Tuticorin – 628 002.

DJH1B - HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1947 A ... - Paper 2...Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli. 1 B.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DJH1B

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