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Divisions of organizationDivisions of organizationKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies AnimalAnimal
ss
InvertebratesInvertebrates VertebratesVertebrates
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsMulticellularHeterotrophicSymmetry
RadialBilateral
No cell wallsMost are made of tissuesMost reproduce sexually
“Without backbone”
97% of all animals
Most are marine
Sponges – no tissues
“With backbone” and Nerve cord
Bilaterally symmetric
Endoskeleton
Fishes were the first
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Animal Phyla of the Animal Phyla of the OceansOceans
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Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera• Benthic, suspension feedersBenthic, suspension feeders
• AsymmetricalAsymmetrical
• Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction
• No tissues or organsNo tissues or organs
• Osculum- large opening(s) at topOsculum- large opening(s) at top
• Pores for incurrent waterPores for incurrent water
• Collar cells (choanocytes)Collar cells (choanocytes)
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Ex: Sponges
Encrusting sponges
Coralline sponge
Tubullar sponge
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• Wonderful world of spongesWonderful world of sponges– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW0
5vMziy2o
• Sponge filteringSponge filtering– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1
rq7zHLc
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Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
• Benthic or pelagicBenthic or pelagic• Predators, passive suspension feedersPredators, passive suspension feeders
– Extra and intracellularExtra and intracellular• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry• Oral and aboral surfaceOral and aboral surface• Two stagesTwo stages
– Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)Polyp – attached to bottom (sessile)– Medusa – free swimmingMedusa – free swimming
• Nematocysts - stinging cells on tentaclesNematocysts - stinging cells on tentacles
Polyp
Medusa
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Nematocysts firing Nematocysts firing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zJiBc_N1Zk&feature=related
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Class HydrozoaClass Hydrozoa• Colonial Colonial
• Polyp stage Polyp stage dominantdominant
Portugese Man of War
HydraFreshwater Jelly
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Class ScyphozoaClass Scyphozoa
• Individual organismsIndividual organisms
• Medusa stage dominantMedusa stage dominant
• JellyfishJellyfish
Bell
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Killer cnidarianKiller cnidarian
• Box jellyfishBox jellyfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ws5h
ImeonEA
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Class AnthozoaClass Anthozoa• SessileSessile
• Solitary or colonial polypSolitary or colonial polyp
• Nematocyst to sting and capture Nematocyst to sting and capture preyprey
Anemone
Sea fan
Coral
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AnemonesAnemones
• And clownfishAnd clownfish– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVNW
3mO8hCE
• ReproducingReproducing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPwi
2QcLKao&feature=PlayList&p=68713C56DE93FD18&index=14&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
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Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora
• No stinging cellsNo stinging cells– Colloblasts that stick to preyColloblasts that stick to prey
• Pelagic predatorsPelagic predators
• Radial symmetryRadial symmetry
• Ciliary combsCiliary combs
Comb jelly
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• Lobed comb jellyLobed comb jelly– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW3s
qB7RTIc
Comb jellyComb jelly
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Phylum PlatyhelminthesPhylum Platyhelminthes• FlatwormsFlatworms
• Benthic parasitesBenthic parasites
• Simple brainSimple brain
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• True organs and organ systemsTrue organs and organ systemsFluke
Turbellarian
Tapeworm
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FlatwormsFlatworms
• PlanarianPlanarian– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Qz
SYQGsnA
• FencingFencing– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wn3x
luIRh1Y
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Phylum Nemertea Phylum Nemertea
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
• Circulatory systemCirculatory system
• Proboscis – long tube to entangle Proboscis – long tube to entangle preyprey
Ribbon worm
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• ProboscisProboscis– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qT2x
9YuowqU
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Phylum NematodaPhylum Nematoda
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Common in sedimentCommon in sediment
• Parasite (sushi)Parasite (sushi) Round worm
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• Nom nomNom nom– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1YiIi
PUQR8
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Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Annelida
• Segmented worms Segmented worms
• CoelomCoelom
• Muscles (longitudinal/circular)Muscles (longitudinal/circular)
• Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system
• Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
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Class PolychaetaClass Polychaeta
• Each segment has parapodia with Each segment has parapodia with sharp bristles, setaesharp bristles, setae
SandwormBeard worm Tube worm
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• Clam wormClam worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LdHz
RNdz2HU
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Class OligiochaetesClass Oligiochaetes
• Found in mud and sandFound in mud and sand
• Lack parapodiaLack parapodiaBlack worm
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Class HirundineaClass Hirundinea
• Suckers at each endSuckers at each end
• No parapodiaNo parapodia
Leeches
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Phylum SipunculaPhylum Sipuncula
• Soft, unsegmentedSoft, unsegmented
• Mouth contains small lobes or Mouth contains small lobes or tentaclestentacles
• Retractable mouthRetractable mouth
Peanut worm
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• Peanut wormPeanut worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O5ea
Yp6Jw_g
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Phylum EchiuraPhylum Echiura
• Non-retractable proboscisNon-retractable proboscis
• Benthic predatorsBenthic predators
Spoon worm
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• Fat innkeeper wormFat innkeeper worm– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PZw
kx-YSbs&playnext=1&list=PL3D098C5C1CC08E6B&feature=results_video
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Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca
• Calcium carbonate shellCalcium carbonate shell– Internal or externalInternal or external
• Separate mouth and anusSeparate mouth and anus
• ““Rasping tongue” - radulaRasping tongue” - radula
• Mantle – secretes shellMantle – secretes shell
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Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda
• ““stomach foot”stomach foot”
• Torsion Torsion developmentdevelopment– Anus over headAnus over head
Nudibranch Cowrie
Abalone
Snail
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Killer cone snailKiller cone snail
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcBmMPJrrKk
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Class BivalvaClass Bivalva• Bivalve named for number of shellsBivalve named for number of shells
• No eyes or distinct headNo eyes or distinct head
• Siphons (feed/breathe)Siphons (feed/breathe)
• Byssal threadsByssal threads
• Umbo – oldest part Umbo – oldest part
Scallop
Mussel
OysterClam
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FoulingFouling
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=609ChAyR3yM
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Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda• ““head-footed”head-footed”
• Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry
• Ink sacInk sac
• Most intelligent Most intelligent invertebratesinvertebrates
Nautilius
Octopus
Cuttlefish
Squid
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• Color changingColor changing– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove
ry/29084-the-ultimate-guide-octopus-color-changing-cuttlefish-video.htm
• Walks on landWalks on land– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjQr3
lRACPIm
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Class PolyplacophoraClass Polyplacophora
• All marineAll marine
• 8 overlapping shells8 overlapping shells
chiton
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Class MonoplacophoraClass Monoplacophora
• Only known as fossils until 1952Only known as fossils until 1952
• Deep waterDeep water
• Similar to segmented wormsSimilar to segmented worms
Monoplacophoran
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Class ScaphopodaClass Scaphopoda
• Deep waterDeep water
• Tentacles with adhesive tipsTentacles with adhesive tips
Tusk shells
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Phylum ArthropodaPhylum Arthropoda
• Most dominant animals on EarthMost dominant animals on Earth
• Segmented, bilaterally symmetricSegmented, bilaterally symmetric
• Exoskeleton (chitin)Exoskeleton (chitin)– moltsmolts
• Jointed appendagesJointed appendages
• Well developed Well developed – sensory systemsensory system– nervous systemnervous system– circulatory systemcirculatory system
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Subphylum CrustaceaSubphylum Crustacea• Calcified Calcified
exoskeletonexoskeleton
• Compound eyesCompound eyes
• 2 pairs of antennae2 pairs of antennae
• Gills Gills Barnacles
Decapods (10 legs)
Shrimp
Lobster
Crab
CopepodIsopod Amphipod Krill
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• Mating danceMating dance– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gwet
0JLuqWY
• Mantis shrimpMantis shrimp– http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discove
ry/4564-the-predatory-shrimp-video.htm
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Class MerostomataClass Merostomata
• 5 pairs of legs5 pairs of legs• Lay eggs on beachLay eggs on beach
• 4 or more pairs of legs4 or more pairs of legs
• Large proboscisLarge proboscis
• Common in cold watersCommon in cold waters
Horseshoe Crab
Spider CrabClass PycnogonidaClass Pycnogonida
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Phylum EctoproctaPhylum Ectoprocta• ““moss animals”moss animals”
• Lophophore – tentacles for feedingLophophore – tentacles for feeding
• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders
• Benthic and colonialBenthic and colonial
Bryozoan
Phylum PhoronidaPhylum Phoronida• Sessile Sessile
• LophophoreLophophore
• Filter feederFilter feeder
• U-shaped gutU-shaped gut
California phoronid
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Phylum BrachiopodiaPhylum Brachiopodia
• Shell with two valvesShell with two valves– Dorsal/ventralDorsal/ventral
• Lopophore with 2 ciliated armsLopophore with 2 ciliated armsLamp shells
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Phylum ChaetognathaPhylum Chaetognatha
• Smallest animal phylaSmallest animal phyla
• Transparent, streamlinedTransparent, streamlined
• Fish-like fins and tailsFish-like fins and tails
• Eyes, spines, and teethEyes, spines, and teeth
Arrow worm
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Phylum EchinodermataPhylum Echinodermata
• Water-vascular system Water-vascular system – Locomotion, respiration, and food captureLocomotion, respiration, and food capture
• Pentamerous radial symmetryPentamerous radial symmetry
• Tube feet for movementTube feet for movement– Ampullae (muscular sacs)Ampullae (muscular sacs)– MadreporiteMadreporite
• EndoskeletonEndoskeleton
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Class StelleroideaClass Stelleroidea• Central discCentral disc
• 5 or more arms5 or more arms
• Regenerative Regenerative abilitiesabilities
Crown of thorns
Sea star
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• RegenerationRegeneration– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXe
WxxfD4
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Class OphiuroideaClass Ophiuroidea
• Long, thin flexible armsLong, thin flexible arms
• Tube feetTube feet– lack suckerslack suckers– Used for feedingUsed for feeding
Brittle Star
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Class EchinoideaClass Echinoidea• Interlocking plates form a Interlocking plates form a
testtest
• Movable spinesMovable spines
• Artistotle’s lanternArtistotle’s lantern– Jaw musclesJaw muscles Sea urchin
Sand dollar
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• Walking sand dollarWalking sand dollar– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLK7
1-vsi2E&NR=1
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Class HolothoroideaClass Holothoroidea
• Elongated bodyElongated body
• Leathery skinLeathery skin
• Deposit feedersDeposit feeders
• Evisceration Evisceration Sea Cucumbers
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• Spilling gutsSpilling guts– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCxK
Fc3XtJs&feature=related
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Class CrinoideaClass Crinoidea
• Mouth with feeding Mouth with feeding armsarms
• Suspension feedersSuspension feeders
• Three sectionsThree sections– StemStem– CalyxCalyx– ArmsArms
Feather stars
Sea lilly
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Phylum HemichordatesPhylum Hemichordates
• Dorsal hollow nerve cordDorsal hollow nerve cord
• Proboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slitsProboscis, collar, and trunk with gill slits
• Some live sedentary lives in the deep Some live sedentary lives in the deep oceanocean
Acorn worm
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Subphylum UrochordatesSubphylum Urochordates
• TunicatesTunicates
• Sac-like bodiesSac-like bodies
• Sessile Sessile
• Filter feeders with siphonsFilter feeders with siphons– Incurrent = mouthIncurrent = mouth– Excurrent = anusExcurrent = anus
• Tadpole larvaeTadpole larvae
Sea squirts
Salps
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Subphylum Subphylum CephalochordataCephalochordata
• LanceletsLancelets
• Laterally compressed and elongatedLaterally compressed and elongated
• Filter feeders using gill slitsFilter feeders using gill slits
Amphioxus
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Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata• Characteristics Characteristics
– NotochordNotochord– Dorsal, hollow nerve Dorsal, hollow nerve
cordcord
– Pharyngeal gill Pharyngeal gill slits / Respiratory slits / Respiratory OpeningsOpenings
– Post-anal tailPost-anal tail
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Class AgnathaClass Agnatha
• Jawless fishesJawless fishes
• Suction with aid of round mouth and Suction with aid of round mouth and teethteeth
• Lack fins, scales and true vertebraeLack fins, scales and true vertebraeHagfishLamprey
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Class ChondrichthyesClass Chondrichthyes• Cartilage bodiesCartilage bodies
• Movable jawsMovable jaws
• Placoid scales cause rough Placoid scales cause rough skin skin
Hammerhead SharkStingray
Manta ray
Skate
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Ray videoRay video
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Shark videoShark video
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Class OsteichthyesClass Osteichthyes
• Bony fishesBony fishes
• Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) Cycloid(smooth) or ctenoid(spines) scalesscales
• Gills covered by operculumGills covered by operculum
Pufferfish
Angelfish
Sea Dragon
Gramma
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What is a fish videoWhat is a fish video
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Class ReptiliaClass Reptilia
• Ectothermic – “cold blooded”Ectothermic – “cold blooded”
• Skin covered in dry scalesSkin covered in dry scales
• Lay eggs on beach Lay eggs on beach
Sea Turtle
Sea SnakeMarine IguanaSaltwater
Crocodile
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Marine turtlesMarine turtles
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Class AmphibiaClass Amphibia
• NONENONE
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Class AvesClass Aves• Endothermic– “warm-blooded Endothermic– “warm-blooded
• Feathers and light bones for flightFeathers and light bones for flight
• Nest on land but feed at seaNest on land but feed at sea
Tubenoses
Seagull
Penguins
Tern
Pelican
Cormorant
Frigate birds
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Seabirds videoSeabirds video
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Class MammaliaClass Mammalia
• HomeothermsHomeotherms
• Viviparous – embryos develop in Viviparous – embryos develop in mother nourished by placenta mother nourished by placenta
• Lungs Lungs
• Can be fully or semi-aquaticCan be fully or semi-aquatic
• Mammary glandsMammary glands
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Order PinnipedsOrder Pinnipeds• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquatic
• Flippers - “winged feet”Flippers - “winged feet”
• Thick layer of blubberThick layer of blubber
• Breed on landBreed on land
Elephant Seal
Monk Seal
Sea lion Walrus
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Elephant Seal videoElephant Seal video
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Order CarnivoraOrder Carnivora
• Insulation from fur instead of blubberInsulation from fur instead of blubber
• Semi-aquaticSemi-aquaticPolar Bear
Sea otter
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Order SireniaOrder Sirenia• HerbivorousHerbivorous• Front flippers, no rear limbsFront flippers, no rear limbs• Paddle shaped horizontal tailPaddle shaped horizontal tail• BlubberBlubber
Manatee
Dugong
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Order Cetacea Order Cetacea • Warm blooded, have hair, produce Warm blooded, have hair, produce
milkmilk
• Front flippers with horizontal flukeFront flippers with horizontal fluke
• Blowhole on top of headBlowhole on top of head
• Toothless vs. toothedToothless vs. toothedBaleen Whale
Orca
Common dolphin
Humpback Whale
Sperm Whale
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Dolphin videoDolphin video
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Whale videoWhale video