1 1 Important Dates May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: - Study your notebook - most algae you've already seen - know your phycologist terms - bring your MAC - microscope section - matching section - 2 unknowns - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab - labs 1-5 graded - 3 hours - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due May 28- Presentation Question Due University of California, Santa Cruz ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J . Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1 Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014 Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner Herbarium assignment: current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html current order: http://www.algaebase.org/ 3 Division: Rhodophyta 4 DOMAIN 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae) 2.Archae 3.Eukaryotes Groups (Kingdom) 1. Alveolates- dinoflagellates 2. Stramenopiles- diatoms, heterokonyophyta 3. Rhizaria- unicellular amoeboids 4. Excavates- unicellular flagellates 5. Plantae- rhodophyta, chlorophyta, seagrasses 6. Amoebozoans- slimemolds 7. Fungi- heterotrophs with extracellular digestion 8. Choanoflagellates - unicellular 9. Animals- multicellular heterotrophs “Algae”
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Important Dates May 9- Practical I & Notebooks Due: - Study your notebook - most algae you've already seen - know your phycologist terms - bring your MAC - microscope section - matching section - 2 unknowns - turn in notebooks & MAC to TA at start of lab - labs 1-5 graded - 3 hours - AM lab starts at 9 AM!!! May 12- next Monday Presentation Paper Due May 28- Presentation Question Due
University of California, Santa Cruz
ALGAE OF Chlorophyta, Cladophorales
Name Acrosiphonia coalita (Ruprect) R.F. Scagel, D.J .
Garbary, L.Golden & M.J.Hawkes
Location Davenport Landing , Santa Cruz, California
Habitat found in low intertidal, growing on rocks
Collected by your name Date April 19, 2014 No. 1
Identified by your name Date April 19, 2014
Heterokontophyta Incertae sedis
Phaeostrophion irregulare Setchell & N.L. Gardner
Herbarium assignment: current name: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/californiaseaweeds.html
current order: http://www.algaebase.org/
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Division: Rhodophyta
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DOMAIN 1.Bacteria- cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
Photosynthetic organisms on earth 3.45 bya = Cyanobacteria appear and introduce photosynthesis 1.5 bya = first Eukaryotes appeared (nuclear envelope and ER thought to come from invagination of plasma membrane) 0.9 bya = first multicellular algae (Rhodophyta - Red algae) 800 mya = earliest Chlorophyta (Green algae) 400-500 mya = plants on land – derived from Charophyceae 250 mya = earliest Heterokontophyta (Brown algae) 100 mya = earliest seagrasses (angiosperms)
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Division Rhodophyta
- most speciose of the macroalgae
Location S. Australia N. Atlantic CA Red 800 (70%) 589 (50%) 459 (69%) Brown 231 324 137 Green 123 258 72 1154 1171 668
> 6,500 species total 98% marine
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Biogeography/distribution • Found at all latitudes
• Temperate / Tropical highest # of spp (outnumber browns and greens)
• Polar
relatively few species – browns and greens dominate lots of crustose coralline reds, to 200 m
• Size distribution
tropical = mostly small filamentous plants (except calcareous forms) temperate = larger fleshy species
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1) Pigments: chl a carotenoids: phycobilins:
2) Chloroplast structure:
• envelope: layers • thylakoids: single, no stacks
3) Storage product: s
4) Flagella: n
5) Mitosis:
Rhodophyta Characteristics
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Hierarchical system of classification: Level: suffix: example: Domain Eukaryote Group Plantae Division -phyta Rhodophyta Class -phyceae Florideophyceae Subclass -phycidae Rhodymeniophycidae Order -ales Rhodymeniales Family -aceae Rhodymeniaceae Genus Rhodymenia species pacifica
Algal taxonomy
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Phycobilisome structure:
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Pigments
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Structure of phycoerythrin + protein
Phycobilisome on thylakoid membrane
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…vs. other divisions: pigments imbedded within the thylakoid membrane
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Reds respond to changing light conditions by: 1. Changing the number/density of phycobilisomes
2. Changing the # of molecules of pigment in each antennae …what is this called?
Rhodophyta Pigments
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Buoy
Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - place on rope at 3 depths
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Buoy
PC
PE
Pigments Experiment: - same species of red algae - place on rope at 3 depths
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Two Main Components: 1. Cellulose microfibrils
Function: structural support
2. Phycocolliods- Mucilaginous polysaccarides
surrounds the microfibrills a. agar (agarose) b. carageenan
Function: elasticity; flexibility; prevent
desiccation; and osmoregulation (ion exchange) (“carageenan” after Irish county where Chondrus crispus is found)
Rhodophyta Morphology of Cell Walls
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Human Uses of Rhodophyta
• Food • nori (Porphyra) • 1949 life cycle completed – advanced cultivation techniques
• Phycocolliods = dervived from mucilagenous polysaccharides of cell walls
•Thickeners •Stabilizers •Gels
•Two important phycocolliods: • Carageenan (toothpaste, cosmetics, chocolate milk, ice cream, dessert gels, pet foods), found in Chondrus, Gigartina, Eucheuma and Kappaphycus •Agar (food gel, pharmaceutical capsules, medium for culturing microorganisms, gel electrophoresis) , found in Gelidium, Gracelaria, Pterocladia, and Ahnfeltia
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Rhodophyta Cell Characteristics: large cells due to:
1. Multinucleate = one cell has multiple nuclei # of nuclei correlated to the number of plastids (replication, mitosis, no cytokinesis) 2. Polyploidy- repeated genome duplication buffer against mutation of essential genes (Endoreduplication = replication, no mitotic nuclear division)
•Surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath • Large stellate chloroplast
• Reproduction by cell division, release of vegetative cells or by endospores Genus: Porphyridium, Rufusia 34
Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Genus: Porphyridium
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Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 1.Class: Porphyridiophyceae -12 species Order: Porphyridales Genus: Rufusia
Found only in sloth hair
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- “simple” reds
- unicells, filaments, parenchymatous blades
- marine, terrestrial, freshwater
- uninucleate
-one stellate chloroplast per cell
- pit plugs rare; if present, only primary, and in 2N stage
- biphasic life history
Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 2.Class: Bangiophyceae-158 species Order: Bangiales
Genus: Bangia & Pyropia
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Genus: Bangia
• Unbranched uniseriate filament in early development; later becomes multiseriate; rhiziodial extensions of lower cells •2N conchocelis stage like Porphyra
•Asexual reproduction by monospores
• Pit plugs present in conchocelis stage but not in gametophyte
•Inhabits upper intertidal splash zone on rocks – rarely epiphytic
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Genus: Pyropia (Porphyra) 1N gametophyte: parenchymatous blade monostromatic or distromatic
2N sporophyte: “conchocelis” stage discovered in 1949 by Kathleen Drew Baker REVOLUTION microscopic filament lives on/in mollusk shells perennial
• Haplodiplontic life history • Saxicolous or epiphytic • Harvested for nori
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Algal Life Histories :Terminology
Spermatium, spermatia (pl) = a non motile cell that functions as a male gamete
Life Cycle of the BangialesHaplo-diplontice.g. Porphyra gardneri
2N carpospores
syngamy
carpogonium
spermatium
meiosis occurs inconchosporangium
microfilamentous2N conchocelis stage
1N conchospore
monospore
plantlet
1Ngametophyticmacrothalli
Life History of Bangaliales ex Pyropia
Haplodiplontic Alternation of Generations: organism having a
separate multicellular diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage
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- advanced reds
- always multicellular: filaments or psuedoparenchymatous
-marine, freshwater
-almost always multinucleate
-many discoid chloroplasts
-primary and secondary pit plugs
- triphasic life history
Division: Rhodophyta- 6504 species 3.Class: Florideophycidae-6199 species
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Triphasic Life History 1) Gametophyte: haploid, 1N multicellular releases gametes 2) Carposporophyte: all 2N material on the female gametophyte where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores releases carpospores 3) Tetrasporophyte: diploid, 2N multicellular releases tetraspores
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1N gametophytes
mitosis
2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte
2N
1N
growth
2N
1N
1N
Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch
Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments
Carpogonial branch (cb)= filamentous branch on which the carpogonium are formed
Carpogonium (cp) =female gamete
Trichogyne = extension of egg to which spermatium attaches
Male Gametophyte-hapliod, 1n, multicellular release gametes
Spermatangial branch = filamentous branch which holds the spermatangia
Spermatangium, Spermatangia-male reproductive structure that produce spermatia
Spermatia= male gamete
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Female gametophyte - Polysiphonia
Male gametophyte - Polysiphonia
Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology
Trichoblast = usually a uniseriate filament of cells (with little pigmentation) that either remains sterile or can undergo division to form either spermatangia or carpogonium.
47 2N tetrasporophyte
1N gametophytes
mitosis
2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte
growth
2N
1N
1N
2N
1N Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch
Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments
2N carpospores
meiosis
1N tetraspores
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Carposporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2N generations; develops from the fusion of the carpogonium & spermatium (all 2N material on the female gametophyte); this is where the 2N zygote is cloned to form the carpospores
Pericarp = 1N vegetative tissue that surrounds the carposporophyte
Cystocarp = pericarp (1N) + carposporophyte (2N).
Carposprorangia = reproductive structures that produce carpospores
Gonimoblast = 2N filaments bearing carposporangia in the carposporophyte
Carpospore = dipliod (2n) spore formed by mitosis by the carposprophyte
Triphasic Life Histories :Terminology
2N
1N
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49 2N tetrasporophyte
1N gametophytes
mitosis
2N carposporophyte on 1N female gametophyte
2N
1N
growth
2N
1N
1N
Carpogonium on a carpogonial branch
Multiple 2N carpospores produced through mitosis in gominoblast filaments
2N carpospores
meiosis
1N tetraspores
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types of tetraspore arrangement within the tetrasporangia (four 1N spores)
Zonate Cruciate (two views) Tetrahedral
Tetrasporophyte = diploid, multicellular, one of the 2n generations; develops from
germinating carpospore & release tetraspores
Tetrasporangium = 2N cell which undergoes meiosis to form 4 tetraspores
Tetraspore = haploid (N) spore formed by meiosis by the tetrasporophyte