diversity Q and A

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Q1(CBSE 2011): What do you mean by bio diversity?

Answer: Bio-diversity means the existence of a wide variety of species or other taxa of plants, animalsand micro-organisms in a natural habitat within a specific environment.

Q2(NCERT): Why do we classify organisms?or

Q(CBSE 2011): Why is there a need for classification and systematic naming of living organisms?

Answer: Classification helps us understand biodiversity better way. Biodiversity have direct and indirecteconomic benefits to humans as well as to our ecosystem. Systematic study of such biodiversity isessential to better understand the inter-relationships in our ecosystems. Following are the needs toclassify them:

1. Plants and animals have valuable genetic variation information. It will help us understand theways evolution take place.

2. Humans often benefits from plants and animals in different ways. Systematic study will helpexploring other potential benefits.

3. Certain species warn us of imbalances in our ecosystem. e.g. white-rumped vultures becamealmost extinct because of use of drug brufen (diclofenac) in domestic animals. When vultures atethese dead animals, it led to their kidney failures. Systematic study of the organisms would helpin restoring the balance in their ecosystems.

4. Plants and animals have been the inspiration for technology and engineering design. e.g.SONARS and RADARS work on the same acoustics principles as used by bats. Classification willhelp us revealing such more inspirations.

5. It is estimated that the Earth has almost 8.8 million animal, plant, and fungi species, but weveonly discovered less than a one fourth of this. Classification gives a system for identification ofknown and unknown organisms.

Q3(NCERT): What are the advantages of classification?

Answer: Following are the advantages of classification:

1. Classification helps us identify the living organisms easily.2. It makes study of such a wide variety of bio-life in systematic manner.3. It help us learning different plants and animals, similarities and dissimilarities among them.4. Enables us understand how complex organisms evolve over the time.5. Classification help us understand the inter-relationships among different groups.6. It forms the basis of other branches of bio-sciences like bio-geography, environmental biology,

ecology etc.7. It also provides a systematic way to identify known and unknown organisms.8. Classification systems are adapted internationally. This aids communication between scientists.

Q4: Define Taxonomy.

Answer: The branch of science that classify living organisms among different categories or groups iscalled taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them intosystems of classification.

Q5: Who is known as father of taxonomy?

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Answer: Carl Linnaeus

Q6(NCERT): Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in lifeforms around you.

Answer: The present bio-diversity is the outcome of millions years of evolution. We find various kinds ofrange of variations among bio-life such as:

1. Variation in terms of size: Microorganisms are very small of size of micrometers to 100m highlarge redwood trees and blue whales (30 meters in length).

2. Variations in terms of age: Some organisms like mosquitoes do not live more than two days whileanimals like tortoise and elephants live upto 100 years.

3. Variations in terms of nutrition: Some animals are herbivores, others are carnivores or omnivores.4. Variations in colours: Worms are colourless, on the other hands flowers, butterflies, different

types of birds are full of colours.

Q7: What is the primary reason for such a huge diversity we find in animals and plants?

Answer: Biological or organic evolution

Q8(NCERT): Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?(a) the place where they live.(b) the kind of cells they are made of. Why?

Answer: Option (b) the kind of cells they are made of, is the more basic characteristic for classifyingorganisms. It is for the following reasons:

1. Classifying organisms based on habitat is misleading. Apart form common habitat, there is noother common features among them. e.g. Lion and Rabbit both live on land but they differ fromeach other a lot. Further sub-classification is not possible.

2. Cells are the functional and structural unit of life. Primarily we can differentiate organisms areunicellular and multicellular. Further sub-classification or logical sequence is possible based oncell types, its complexity etc.

Q9(NCERT): What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?

Answer: Cell design is the basic characteristic of first division of organisms. It divides organisms primarilyas prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Q10: Define Taxon.

Answer: Taxon is a unit of classification of organisms which can be recognized to a definite category atany level of classification, e.g., fishes, birds, insects, etc.

Q11(NCERT): On what bases are plants and animals put into different categories?

Answer: Following bases are used to differentiate plants and animals:

Cell Design: Plants have cell wall while animal cells do not.

Nutrition: Plants make their own food (photosynthesis, autotrophic) while animals do not(hetrotrophic).

Body design: e.g.Plants can't move while animals can.

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Q12: Who wrote the book The Origin of Species?

Answer: Charles Darwin - 1859 - He gave the idea of evolution.

Q13: Which region of the earth is called the region of megadiversity?

Answer: The warm and humid tropical regions of the earth, between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic ofCapricorn, are rich in diversity of plant and animal life. This is called the region of megadiversity.

Q14: Name five countries that lie in the region of megadiversity.

Answer: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, Zaire, Madagascar, Australia, China, India, Indonesiaand Malaysia.

Q15: Define evolution.

Answer: Evolution is a complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change overgenerations to generations and the traits are passed from one generation to the next. One of the mainreason for diversity in bio-life is attributed to evolution.

Q16: Based on evolution, primarily how organisms are categorized?

Answer: Based on evolution, organisms are divided into two groups:

Primitive or lower organisms and

Advanced or higher organisms.

Q17(NCERT): Which organisms are called primitive and how are they different from the so-calledadvanced organisms?

Answer:

Primitive Organisms Advanced Organisms

1. Simple body organisation. 1. Complex body organization.

2. Ancient body changes haven't

changed much2. Recent body design.

3. Considered at first ladder on

evolutionary scale.

3. Considered at successive ladders on

evolutionary scale.

Q18(NCERT): Will advanced organisms be the same as complex organisms? Why?

Answer: Yes. Because of complex body designs, we can consider advanced programs as complexorganisms. Additionally, complexity in design of advanced organisms increases over evolutionary time.

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Q19: Name the book written by Carolus Linnaeus on classification of organisms.

Answer: Systema Naturae

Q20: In how many kingdoms Carolus Linnaeus diving living beings?

Answer: Two kingdoms i.e. Plantae (Plants) and Animalia (Animals)

Q21: Name the levels of classification proposed by Linnaeus. What happens to similarities amongorganisms as we go from top to bottom level?

Answer: Classification systems as proposed by Linnaeus use a hierarchical system in which organismsare placed into groups, at different levels, according to the features they share. These groups or levelsare(from top to bottom):

1. Kingdom2. Phylum3. Class4. Order5. Family6. Genus7. Species

Species is the lowest level in which group, we find highest level of similarities and All members of aspecies are capable of interbreeding.

How to memorize classification levels?KingPhil-nnaeusClassedOrdinaryFamilies asGenerous andSpecial

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Q22(NCERT): In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number oforganisms with a maximum of characteristics in common and which will have the largest numberof organisms?

Answer: Taxon Species has the smallest number of organisms with maximum number of characteristicsin common. While taxon Kingdom will have the largest number of organisms with maximum of differencesamong its members.

Q23: Name the scientist who created the third kingdom for all microscopic unicellular organisms.

What did he call it?

Answer: After Linnaeus proposed two kingdoms, German biologist, Ernst Haeckel proposed thirdkingdom for all microscopic unicellular organisms and called it Protists.

Q24: Who identified the Fungi as a separate multicellular eucaryotic kingdom and introduced fivekingdoms? Name the five kingdoms.

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Answer: R. H. Whittaker proposed five kingdoms and identified Fungi as a separate multicellulareucaryotic kingdom. The five kingdoms are:

Monera: prokaryotic bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria

Protista: unicellular protozoans like fungi, diatoms and algae

Fungi: includes multi-nucleate fungi (yeast, mushroom)

Plantae: multicellular eukaryotes includes green plants and advanced algae Animalia: multicellular animals

Q25(NCERT): Explain the basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms.

Answer: The basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms is:

Cell Structure: It has two major cellular structural divisions within living things i.e. prokaryotesand eukaryotes.

Number of Cells: It divides into unicellular and multicellular.

Mode and source of nutrition: Organisms are divided based on mode of nutrition i.e. autotrophicand heterotrophic.

Phylogenetic Relationship and Body Organization: Based on body organization and evolutionorganisms are divided into simple and complex organisms.

Five Kingdoms Classification

Q26(NCERT): What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Moneraor Protista?

Answer: Organisms which do not have well defined cell structure (prokaryotic cells) are grouped underKingdom Monera. Organisms which are unicellular and eukaryotes are placed under Kingdom Protista.

Q27(NCERT): In which kingdom will you place an organism which is singlecelled, eukaryotic andphotosynthetic?

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Answer: Kingdom Protista.

Q28: In which kingdom you will place an organism which is multicellular, eukaryotic, non-greenheterotroph or saprophytic, lacks chlorophyll and has absorptive mode of nutrition?

Answer: Kingdom Fungi

Q29: In which kingdom, you will place an organism which is multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotroph,lacks chlorophyll and has ingestive mode of nutrition.

Answer: Kingdom Animalia.

Three domain classification

Q30: What is the contribution of Carl Woese (1977) in classification of living beings?

Answer: He divided the Monera kingdom into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and Eubacteria (or Bacteria).He also regrouped the five kingdoms into three domains i.e. Bacteria, Archaea and Eucaryotes.

Q31: Name the organisms which are outside the classification.

Answer: Viruses andPrions.

Q32: According to the five-kingdom system, which kingdom contains organisms whose structureis composed of prokaryotic cells?

Answer: Kingdom Monera.

Q33(CBSE 2011): Blue green algae are classified with bacteria and placed in kingdom Monera.

Answer: Blue green algae or Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria but they are placed underkingdom Monera because:

they are unicellular.

they show prokaryotic morphological structure i.e. not well defined nucleus

Q34(CBSE 2011): (a) What are saprophytes?

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(b) Name the kingdom to which they belong.(c) What is the cell wall of fungi made up of?or

Q(CBSE 2011): How do the saprophytes get their food? Give two examples of a saprophyte.

Answer: (a) Saprophytes are the organisms which use use decaying organic material as food. Examplesare: Rhizopus, yeast, mushrooms, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Agaricus.

(b) They belong to kingdom Fungi.

(c) They have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.

Lichenscredits:wikipedia

Q35: What is Symbiotic? Give example of organisms which exhibit this relationship.

Answer: Some fungal species live in mutually dependent relationship with blue green algae. Such

relationships are called symbiotic. These symbiobic life forms are called lichens. In lichens, the fungalcomponent is called the mycobiont and the algal component is known as the phycobiont.

Q36: Classify the following organisms into their respective kingdoms as per Whittaker's five-kingdom system.

humans, mushroom, herbs, amoeba, E.coli, euglena, mold, birds, insects, bushes, paramecium, trees,dogs, streptococcus.

Answer:Kingdom Monera: E.coli, streptococcus (bacteria)Kingdom Protista: amoeba, euglena, parameciumKingdom Fungi: mushroom, mold,

Kingdom Plantae: herbs, bushes, treesKingdom Animalia: humans, birds, insects, dogs

Q37(NCERT): What are the major divisions in the Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?

Answer: Major division in kingdom Plantae are:

o Thallophytao Bryophytao Pteridophyta

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o Gymnospermso Angiosperms

The division is based on the following features:

The first level of classification among plants depends on whether plant body is well differentiated or

not. The next level of classification is based on whether the differentiated body has special vascular tissues(xylem and phloem) for the transport of water and other substances.

Further classification is based on the ability to bear seeds and

Further it is classified whether the seeds are naked or enclosed within fruits.

Classification of Plants

Spirogyra

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Q38: Give examples of Thallophyta plants.

Answer: Algae : Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora and Chara

Q39: Why are Thallophytes called non-embryonic plants?

Answer: Thallophytes have simple body (thallus) and their gametes are unicellular. After fertilization thezygote does not form embryo. Therefore these plants are called anon-embryonic plants.

Q40: Which division among plants has the simplest organisms?

Answer: Thallophyta division.

Q41: What is a thallus?

Answer: Thallophyte has a simple plant body. The Plant body is not differentiated into root, stem andleaves and is called thallus.

Q42(CBSE): Why bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?

Answer: Bryophytes are known as 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' because these plants can live in soilbut are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.Usually they are found in humid and damp areas.

Red Moss

(credits:wikicommons)

Q43: List important characteristics (at least three) of bryophytes.

Answer: Characteristics of bryophytes:

1. Plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf like structures.2. These are considered first true plants.3. These are called amphibians of the plants since they live in soil and water both.4. There is no specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of

the plant body to another (no vascular system).5. An embryo is formed upon fertilization. Water is necessary for fertilization.

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Moss in dense forestcredits:wikipedia

Q44: Give examples of bryophytes.

Answer: Funaria (moss) and Marchantia (liverwort)

Marchantia (liverwort)

Q45: What are the uses of bryophytes?

Answer: Bryophytes have good water holding capacity, therefore these are used in horticulture. They areused in medicines, construction material, smoke filters etc.

Q46: How are Pteridophytes' bodies organised?

Answer: The plant body a Pteridophyte is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has a simplevasuclar system for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body toanother.

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Marsilea (Pteridophyte)

image credits:wikicommons and University of Ovideo

Q47(CBSE 2011): How do thallophytes and pteridophytes differ from each other? Write twodifferences.

Answer:

Num. Thallophytes Pteridophytes

1. Plant body is not well differentiated.Plant body is differentiated into root,

stems and leaves.

2.

No vascular system present for

conduction of water and food

substances.

Simpler vascular system present for

conduction of water and substances.

3. Mostly aquatic (algae) Mostly land plants

4. Spirogyra, Chara etc. Ferns, Marsilea etc.

Q48: Name the plants that are called "First vascular land plants".

Answer: Pteridophytes.

Q49: On what basis plants are divided into two sub-kingdoms?

Answer: Whether the reproductive organs are conspicuous (clearly visible) or not, based on this plantsare divided into two sub-kingdoms i.e.

Cryptogamae: Non flowering or seedless plants. Includes Thallophytes, bryophytes andpteridophytes.

Phanerogamae: Flowering plants. Includes Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

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Q50(NCERT): How are pteridophytes different from the phanerogams?

Answer:

Num. Pteridophytes Phanerograms

1.Have inconspicuous reproductive

organs.Well differentiated reproductive parts.

2. Produce naked embryos calledspores.

Produce seeds.

3. Simple Vascular System Highly differentiated vascular system

4.Examples: Marsilea, Adiantum

etc.

Examples: Pine, Cycas, Deodar,

Sunflower, Maize etc.

Deodar (Gymnosperm)

credits:wikipedia

Q51: How Phanerograms are divided further chiefly?

Answer: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

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Q52: What are naked-seeded plants are called?

Answer: Gymnosperms.

Q53: Give two examples of Gymnosperms.

Answer: Pines and Deaodar.

Q54(CBSE 2011): Define Cryptograms.

Answer:

1. Cryptograms are plants with hidden (inconspicuous) reproductive organs.2. The thallophytes, the bryophytes and the pteridophytes collectively called cryptograms.3. External flowers or seeds are absent and they have naked embryos called spores.

Q55(NCERT): How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ from each other?

Answer:

Num. Gymnosperms Angiosperms

1.Naked seed i.e. seeds not enclosed

within fruit.

Seeds are enclosed with fruit walls

(coltyledons).

2.Flowers are represented as unisexual

cones which produce spores.

Microspores are anthers while

megaspores are ovules.

3. Ovules not located in ovary Ovules present inside ovary.

4. Examples: Pines, Cycas, Deodar etc.Examples: Sunflower, Maize,

Wheat, Pea, bean etc.

Q56: How Angiosperms are divided further?

Answer: Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in theseed.

Monocotyledonous or monocots: These are the plants with seeds having a single cotyledon, e.g.maize, wheat, rice, etc.

Dicotyledonous or dicots: These are plants with seeds having two cotyledons, e.g. pea, gram,bean, etc.

Q57(CBSE 2011): Write the diffenences between monocots and dicots.

Answer:

- Monocots Dicots

Cotyledons One Cotyledon Two Cotyledons

Veins in leaves Usually Parallel Generally netlike

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- Monocots Dicots

Flower Parts In general multiple

of threeIn fours or five

Arrangement of primary

vascularbundles

in stem

Scattered In a ring

Q58: What are the general characteristics found in all animals?

Answer: General characteristics found in all animals are:

1. All animals are multi-cellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic.2. All animals exhibit locomotion.

3. Most of the animals have sense organs and nervous system.4. Nutrition is generally ingestive.5. Reproduction is generally sexual.

Kindom Animalia is divided into nine phyla

Q59: In how many Phyla, the animal kingdom is divided into?

Answer: Kindom Animalia is divided into nine phyla i.e.

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1. Porifera (sponges)2. Coelentrata (jellyfishes, corals...)3. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)4. Nematoda (round worms)5. Annelida (earthworms)6. Arthropoda (insects, spiders, crabs etc.)7. Mollusca (snails, oysters etc.)8. Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins etc.)9. Chordata (animals with backbone)

Q60(CBSE 2011): Name the phylum to which the following are included.

(i) Spider(ii) Cockroach(iii) Prawn(iv) Housefly

Answer: Arthopada

Q61(CBSE 2011): Write two important characteristics of sponges (Phylum: Porifera)

Spongescredits:wikicommons

Answer: Important characteristics of sponges are:

1. simplest multi-cellular animals.2. most of them are marine except spongilla which is fresh water.3. non-motile and attached to support4. organisms with holes or pores, all over the body with canal systems.

5. canal system of the body helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food andoxygen.

6. animals are covered with a hard outside layer or skeleton.7. body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.

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Spongilla (freshwater)credits:wikicommons

Q62: What is osculum?

Answer: The body of sponge is porous and the pores are called ostia. Single large openingor pore iscalled the osculum.

Q63: Do sponges have nervous system?

Answer: No

Q64: Give examples of Porifera or Sponges.

Answer: Euplectelia, Sycon, Spongilla

Sea Anemonescredits:wikcommons

Q65: Identify the phylum having following characteristics: multi-cellular, radially symmetrical,aquatic, hollow gut.

Answer: Phylum Coelenterata

Q66(CBSE 2011): What are four main features of phylum coelenterata?

Answer: Main features of phylum coelenterata:

1. Aquatic habitat (marine + freshwater)2. radially symmetrical3. Show more body design differentiation.

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4. Sac-like body cavity (coelenteron) with a single opening to the outside for ingestion and egestion.5. First of multicellular animals which possess tissue level organisation with a distinct division of

labour.6. Body wall made up of two layers (diploblastic), of which outer is called ectoderm and inner is

endoderm. Between these two layers found jelly like substance mesoglea.7. Surrounding the mouth tentacles are found, that helps in locomotion and to catch the prey.8. Some of the species live in colonies (corals), while others have a solitary life-span (Hydra).

Q67: 'Animals belong to phylum coelenterata are diploblastic.' What do you mean by the termdiploblastic?

Answer: Diploblastic means animals having two germ layers. Body walls of animals of phylumcoelenterata are made up of two layers, of which outer is called ectoderm and inner is endoderm.Between these two layers found jelly like substance mesoglea.

Q68(CBSE 2011): Label A to H in the given diagram of hydra.

Answer:

A. TentaclesB. Mouth

C. Stinging cellsD. EpidermisE. MesogleaF. EndodermG. Body CavityH. Foot

Q69: Which animal phylum is commonly called as flatworms?

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Answer: Platyhelminthes (Platy = flat, helminth= worms)

Q70: Which animal phylum is considered to be first triploblastic animals?

Answer: Platyhelminthes. Animals of this phylum are the first simplest triploblastic animals. They havethree layers i.e. endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

Fresh water Planariacredits:wikicommons

Q71: Write important features about Phylum Platihelminthes.

Answer:

1. Mostly parasitic2. First simplest triploblastic animals i.e. having three layers of body cells.3. Bilaterally symmetrical4. No true internal body cavity or coelom5. Body is dorsoventrally flattened

6. Examples: Planaria, Liverfluke, Tapeworm

Q72(NCERT): How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?

Answer:

Num. Poriferan Animals Coelentrate Animals

1. Cellular level organization. Tissue level organization.

2. Mostly marine and non-motile.Aquatic either soliary life or colonial

life.

3.Examples: Spongilla, Euplectelia

etc.

Examples: Hydra, sea anemones, corals

etc.

Q73: Which phylum is commonly called roundworms or pinworms?

Answer: Nematoda or Aschelminthes

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Q74: Give examples of animals belong to Nematoda.

Answer: Ascaris (intestinal roundworm), Wuchereria (filarial worm), Enterobium (pinworm).

Q75: Name a parasitic disease caused by members of Nematoda.

Answer: Elephantiasis caused by filarial worms (Wuchereri).

Leech

credits:wiki commons

Q76: Name the first animals (phylum) that have true body cavity.

Answer: Annelida

Q77: Leeches and Earthworms belong to which phylum?

Answer: Annelida

Q78(CBSE 2011): Differentiate between Annelida and Nematode.

Answer:

Num. Nematoda Annelida

1. Tissues but no real organs.True organs packaged in body

structure.

2.Body Cavity is not true coelom

(pseudocoelom)True body Cavity

3. Body is cylindrical Body is segmented.

4. e.g. Ascaris, Wucharia e.g. Leeches, Earthworms, Nereis

Q79: Name the largest group (phylum) of animals.

Answer: Arthropoda (animals with jointed legs). It includes nearly 9 million species.

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Arthropoda largest Phylum

(credits:wikimedia)

Q80: Give examples of Arthropod animals.

Answer: Prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs etc.

Q81(CBSE 2011): What is the most striking feature of phylum Arthropoda?

Answer: Species of phylum Arthopoda have jointed legs and a pair of compound eye on the head.

Q82: How is body of Arthropods segmented?Answer: Arthropods have segmented and bilaterally symmetrical body which is divided into three regions:

head

thorax

abdomen

Q83: What is the type of circulatory system present in Arthropods?

Answer: There is an open circulatory system. The blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels. Thecoelomic cavity is blood-filled called "haemocoel".

Q84(NCERT): How do annelid animals differ from arthropods?

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Answer:

Num. Annelids Arthropods

1. True body cavity called coelemBlood filled body cavity called

haemocoel.

2. Lateral appendages for locomotion. Jointed legs for locomotion

3. Closed circulatory system Open circulatory System.

4.Body is soft, there is no hard

skeletonHard Exoskeleton made up of chitin

5. e.g. Leech, earthworms etc. e.g. Insects, spiders, prawns etc.

Q85: Give examples of animals that belong to Phylum Mollusca.

Answer: Chiton, Octopus, Pila, Unio

Q86: What kind of circulatory system is found in animals from Mollusca phylum?

Answer: Open circulatory system

Octopus

credits:wikipedia

Q87: How is locomotion brought in animals belonging to Mollusca phylum?

Answer: Animals of Mollusca are soft bodied and locomotion is brought about by muscular foot.

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Q88: Name the phylum to which Start fish and Sea urchin belong to?

Answer: Phylum Echinodermata

Q89(CBSE 2011): Name the phylum to which this organism belongs. Write any two characteristicfeature of the phylum.

Answer: The organism is octopus which belongs to phylum Mollusca.Characteristic features of Mollusca are:

1. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.2. The coelomic cavity is reduced3. There is a foot that is used for moving around.