Diversification of Sports Nutrition Products Dr. Trent Stellingwerff, BSc, PhD - BSc, Nutrition, Cornell University, USA - PhD, Exercise Physiology, Univ.

Diversification of Sports Diversification of Sports Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

Dr. Trent Stellingwerff, BSc, PhDDr. Trent Stellingwerff, BSc, PhD- BSc, Nutrition, Cornell University, USA- BSc, Nutrition, Cornell University, USA- PhD, Exercise Physiology, Univ of Guelph, PhD, Exercise Physiology, Univ of Guelph, CanadaCanada- Post-Doctorate Fellowship, Univ. of Maastricht, Post-Doctorate Fellowship, Univ. of Maastricht, NetherlandsNetherlands

- Integrating scientific knowledge and research intoIntegrating scientific knowledge and research intothe development of useful sports nutrition products for the development of useful sports nutrition products for

the athlete -the athlete -

2005 World Track and Field 2005 World Track and Field Champs in Helsinki Champs in Helsinki

2006 Commonwealth Games2006 Commonwealth Games

Melbourne, AustraliaMelbourne, Australia

Sports Nutrition-Sports Nutrition-Where we’ve come from;Where we’ve come from;

Where we’re at;Where we’re at;Where can we go?Where can we go?

Dr. Trent Stellingwerff, BSc, PhDDr. Trent Stellingwerff, BSc, PhD- BSc, Nutrition, Cornell University, USA- BSc, Nutrition, Cornell University, USA- PhD, Exercise Physiology, Univ of Guelph, PhD, Exercise Physiology, Univ of Guelph, CanadaCanada- Post-Doctorate Fellowship, Univ. of Maastricht, Post-Doctorate Fellowship, Univ. of Maastricht, NetherlandsNetherlands

- from the perspective of an athlete, coach, physiologist - from the perspective of an athlete, coach, physiologist and scientist -and scientist -

Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsDiversification of Sport Nutrition Products

I. Historical perspective on sports performance I. Historical perspective on sports performance products-products- from none to millions.from none to millions.

II. Research efficacy- II. Research efficacy- what needs to be considered?what needs to be considered?

III. Time and effort- III. Time and effort- Fat-adaptation training and dietary protocolFat-adaptation training and dietary protocol

IV. Future Research Ideas/Directions- IV. Future Research Ideas/Directions- development of sport development of sport and/or gender specific nutrition recommendations/products.and/or gender specific nutrition recommendations/products.

V. Conclusions- V. Conclusions- Take home message…Take home message…

Diversification of Sport Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

I. Historical perspective on sports I. Historical perspective on sports performance products-performance products- from none to from none to

millions.millions.

1972 Olympic Marathon Silver medalist 1972 Olympic Marathon Silver medalist

- Frank Shorter’s “sports drink- Frank Shorter’s “sports drink””

Wow…this glucose andcaffeine is really maintaining my blood sugarand increasing my CNSstimulation and adipose tissue lipolysis.

Cox G.R.et al. Effect of different protocolsCox G.R.et al. Effect of different protocolsof caffeine intake on metabolism andof caffeine intake on metabolism andendurance performance. JAP. 93: endurance performance. JAP. 93: 990-999, 2002.990-999, 2002.

Est. 1965Est. 1965

Est. 1986Est. 1986

}}

Consumers current options when it comes to sports nutrition:Consumers current options when it comes to sports nutrition:

“Google” searched ‘sports nutrition

products’ and got 54 million

hits!

The major increase and proliferation of available The major increase and proliferation of available ergogenic products has far outstripped the scientific ergogenic products has far outstripped the scientific

communities ability to test for actual ergogenic communities ability to test for actual ergogenic effects or “claims” of such products.effects or “claims” of such products.

Is there a lack of brand loyalty due to so much clutter Is there a lack of brand loyalty due to so much clutter and ubiquity of sports nutrition products that and ubiquity of sports nutrition products that ALLALL

claim ergogenic effects?claim ergogenic effects?

Diversification of Sport Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

II. Research efficacy- II. Research efficacy- what needs to be what needs to be considered?considered?

Research and Science PrinciplesResearch and Science Principles

- What do scientists What do scientists andand the consumer need to the consumer need to think about or examine when weighing the think about or examine when weighing the potential efficacy of a sports nutrition product or potential efficacy of a sports nutrition product or when evaluating a certain “claim” or study or when evaluating a certain “claim” or study or when developing new products?when developing new products?

Research Design ConcernsResearch Design Concerns

Amount- too little or too much may show no effectAmount- too little or too much may show no effect

Subject- may only be effective in ‘untrained’ vs. trained or vice Subject- may only be effective in ‘untrained’ vs. trained or vice versaversa

– ““value” is determined by the subjectvalue” is determined by the subject

Task- may only work in power events and not endurance or Task- may only work in power events and not endurance or vice versavice versa

Use- acute (short term) may show effect but chronic may be Use- acute (short term) may show effect but chronic may be compromising compromising

Sensitivity of method to assess performance in laboratory Sensitivity of method to assess performance in laboratory setting setting

(time trial vs. amount of work completed vs. time to exhaustion vs. wattage (time trial vs. amount of work completed vs. time to exhaustion vs. wattage area under the curve vs. peak wattage etc.) area under the curve vs. peak wattage etc.)

Assessing sport performance- how thin can you slice?Assessing sport performance- how thin can you slice?

- clinical relevance vs. practical/applied relevance -- clinical relevance vs. practical/applied relevance -

Atlanta Men’s 1500m raceAtlanta Men’s 1500m raceGold- 3:35.78Gold- 3:35.78Bronze- 3:36.72 (-0.44%)Bronze- 3:36.72 (-0.44%)88thth place- 3:38.19 (-1.12%) place- 3:38.19 (-1.12%)

Sydney Men’s 10 000m raceSydney Men’s 10 000m raceGold- 27:18.20Gold- 27:18.20Silver- 27:18.29 (-0.005%!)Silver- 27:18.29 (-0.005%!)Bronze- 27:19.57 (-0.08%)Bronze- 27:19.57 (-0.08%)44thth place- 27:20.44 (-0.14%) place- 27:20.44 (-0.14%)

2005 NYC Marathon: Tergat wins over Ramaala (winning margin: 0.004%!)2005 NYC Marathon: Tergat wins over Ramaala (winning margin: 0.004%!)

Ergogenic Aid Potential??Ergogenic Aid Potential??What a researcher needs to know…What a researcher needs to know…

• Is it degraded in the stomach?– the stomach is VERY acidic!

• Can it be absorbed in the ‘intact’ in the blood?

• Liver Processes (first crack at everything)- metabolized or broken down?

• Kidney- how much is lost into the urine?

• How large is the original concentration in the blood and how long is it elevated? (if there is elevation, then there may be ‘potential’ ergogenic effect)

• FINALLY, does it interact with the target site OR is it taken up by the target organ? How much of it is taken up?

Research Design ConcernsResearch Design Concerns

• Research needs to be completed by an Research needs to be completed by an unbiased outside source, in well establish unbiased outside source, in well establish and controlled laboratory setting using well and controlled laboratory setting using well established methods and then published in established methods and then published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal to be truly a peer-reviewed scientific journal to be truly valid.valid.

Research Design ConcernsResearch Design Concerns

So many issues and specific intricacies with eachSo many issues and specific intricacies with eachand every product, and there are thousandsand every product, and there are thousandsof products.of products.

++ ??

HOW DOES THE GENERAL CONSUMER WADE THROUGH SO MANY POTENTIAL ISSUES/PRODUCTS?

HOW MUCH TIME DOES THE CONSUMER HAVE FOR STUDIES TO COMPLETED?

Diversification of Sport Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

III. Time and effort- III. Time and effort- Fat-adaptation training and dietary protocol- Fat-adaptation training and dietary protocol-

88++ years of ideas and testing… years of ideas and testing…

Decreased PDH activation during Decreased PDH activation during exercise following short-term high-fat exercise following short-term high-fat dietary adaptation with carbohydrate dietary adaptation with carbohydrate

restoration.restoration.

Trent StellingwerffTrent Stellingwerff11, Lawrence L. Spriet, Lawrence L. Spriet11, Matthew J. , Matthew J. WattWatt33, Nick E. Kimber, Nick E. Kimber22, Mark Hargreaves, Mark Hargreaves22, John A. , John A.

HawleyHawley33, Louise M. Burke, Louise M. Burke44

Initial idea….about 10 years ago…Initial idea….about 10 years ago…

• Only a finite amount of stored glycogen, Only a finite amount of stored glycogen, therefore a shift towards increased fat therefore a shift towards increased fat oxidation at a given exercise intensity should oxidation at a given exercise intensity should spare glycogen for later in a sporting event, spare glycogen for later in a sporting event, and “in theory” increase endurance sport and “in theory” increase endurance sport performance.performance.

• What if you could shift metabolism towards the oxidation of What if you could shift metabolism towards the oxidation of more fat, yet still have ample stored carbohydrate available?more fat, yet still have ample stored carbohydrate available?

...best of both worlds!...best of both worlds!

So what is this FAT-adaptation (FAT-So what is this FAT-adaptation (FAT-adapt) nutritional & exercise adapt) nutritional & exercise

intervention?intervention?

Diet FAT or CHO FAT or CHO FAT or CHO FAT or CHO FAT or CHO CHO Restoration

Training Interval 3-4 h long 2-3 h Interval 3-4 h long rest training ride hill ride training ride

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Testing Trial

General schematic of FAT-adaptation protocolGeneral schematic of FAT-adaptation protocol

• Two experiment trials: Hi FAT (FAT-adapt) vs. Hi CHO Two experiment trials: Hi FAT (FAT-adapt) vs. Hi CHO (HCHO)(HCHO)– Two diets while training for 5-daysTwo diets while training for 5-days

• HCHO: HCHO: 10.3 g · kg10.3 g · kg-1-1 · day · day-1-1 CHO or ~70% of total CHO or ~70% of total energy (total intake of ~18MJ daily (4300 kcals)energy (total intake of ~18MJ daily (4300 kcals)

• FAT-adapt: FAT-adapt: 4.6 g · kg4.6 g · kg-1-1 · day · day-1-1 FAT or ~67% of total FAT or ~67% of total energy (total intake of ~18MJ daily (4300 kcals)energy (total intake of ~18MJ daily (4300 kcals)

Unlike previous high fat studies, unique FAT-adapt Unlike previous high fat studies, unique FAT-adapt protocol, with a day of CHO restoration, has shown:protocol, with a day of CHO restoration, has shown:

- Persistence of an ~ 2-fold increased whole-body fat oxidation despite Persistence of an ~ 2-fold increased whole-body fat oxidation despite CHO restoration CHO restoration (Burke et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2000; Burke et al., Med. Sci. Sports Ex., 2002; Carey et al., J. Appl.(Burke et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2000; Burke et al., Med. Sci. Sports Ex., 2002; Carey et al., J. Appl.Physiol., 2001; Staudacher et.al, 2001).Physiol., 2001; Staudacher et.al, 2001).

- These shifts in fuel utilization still present during a 4-hour ride that included These shifts in fuel utilization still present during a 4-hour ride that included glucose supplementation of ~100 g/ hour glucose supplementation of ~100 g/ hour (Carey et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2001)(Carey et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2001)

- Fully restored glycogen stores so ample CHO available during exercise andFully restored glycogen stores so ample CHO available during exercise and it abolishes the effect of elevated FFA normally present after a high-fat diet.it abolishes the effect of elevated FFA normally present after a high-fat diet.

Potential mechanisms responsible for these shifts in fuel utilization are Potential mechanisms responsible for these shifts in fuel utilization are equivocal, but would be expected to involve either an up and/or down equivocal, but would be expected to involve either an up and/or down regulation of key regulatory enzymes in the pathways of skeletal muscle regulation of key regulatory enzymes in the pathways of skeletal muscle fat and CHO metabolism.fat and CHO metabolism.

- Strong trend towards sparing glycogen with biopsy measurments Strong trend towards sparing glycogen with biopsy measurments (P=0.06) and statistical glycogen sparing via indirect tracer methods (P=0.06) and statistical glycogen sparing via indirect tracer methods (Burke et (Burke et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2000; Carey et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2001)al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2000; Carey et al., J. Appl. Physiol., 2001)

GlucoseFFA-ALB

Glycogen

G-6-P G-1-P

bloodcytosol

FFA-FABPTG

Pyruvate Lactate

GlucosePHOSHK

fattyacyl-CoA

CAT

CPT-I

CPT-1I

PDH

fattyacyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA-oxidation

TCAcycleCO2

NAD

NADH

NAD

NADH

NADH

NADH

NAD

NADETC

O2H20

H+ H+

H+

ATP ADP

PCrCr

ATP ADP

NAD

NADH

PFK

LDH

ATP ADP

PM

OMIM

matrix

HSLIPASE

ATP

Lactate

Regulation of PDHRegulation of PDH

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase a

(active)

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase b

(inactive)

PDH kinase PDH phosphatase

Pi

Pi

ATPADP

++

NADNADH(at rest)

++

acetyl-CoACoASH

++

(rest only)

pyruvate --

pyruvate,CoASH, NADacetyl-CoA, H+,

NADH, CO2

PP

Ca2+

++

Epi

++ ?

PDK1PDK1PDK2PDK2PDK3PDK3PDK4PDK4

PDP1PDP1PDP2PDP2

PurposePurpose• To investigate the effects of a 5-day high-fat diet with 1 day of CHO restoration (FAT-To investigate the effects of a 5-day high-fat diet with 1 day of CHO restoration (FAT-

adapt) as compared to a 6-day isoenergetic high CHO diet (HCHO) on the regulation adapt) as compared to a 6-day isoenergetic high CHO diet (HCHO) on the regulation of key enzymes (PDHa and HSL) involved in skeletal muscle CHO and FAT of key enzymes (PDHa and HSL) involved in skeletal muscle CHO and FAT metabolism.metabolism.

HypothesisHypothesis• 1. FAT-adapt would result in decreased muscle glycogenolysis at the 1. FAT-adapt would result in decreased muscle glycogenolysis at the

onset of exercise, and decreased PDHa throughout exercise at 70% onset of exercise, and decreased PDHa throughout exercise at 70% VOVO2peak2peak..

• 2. Decreased pyruvate levels and reduced levels of AMP2. Decreased pyruvate levels and reduced levels of AMP ff, ADP, ADPff and Pi and Piff

would explain the found enzymatic changes.would explain the found enzymatic changes.

• 3. The increase in whole body fat oxidation can partially be explained 3. The increase in whole body fat oxidation can partially be explained by increased HSL activation. by increased HSL activation.

20 min steady state cycling at ~70% VO2peak (63% of PPO)

1 min sprint @ 150% PPO

BiopsyBiopsy

BloodBloodsamplinsamplingg

Pulmonary gas Pulmonary gas collectioncollection

Experimental ProtocolExperimental Protocol

2 trials: 1) CON vs. FAT-ADAPT2 trials: 1) CON vs. FAT-ADAPT

Blood, glycogen and respiratory measuresBlood, glycogen and respiratory measures

FAT-adapt reduced the RER during 70% VOFAT-adapt reduced the RER during 70% VO2peak2peak cycling cycling

(FAT-adapt: 0.85 (FAT-adapt: 0.85 0.02 vs. HCHO: 0.91 0.02 vs. HCHO: 0.91 0.01) 0.01)

Which resulted in a:Which resulted in a:45% increase in whole-body fat oxidation and a45% increase in whole-body fat oxidation and a

30% decrease in CHO oxidation30% decrease in CHO oxidation

No differences in plasma lactate, glucose, insulin,No differences in plasma lactate, glucose, insulin,FFA, epinephrine or norepinephrineFFA, epinephrine or norepinephrine

Time (min)

0 to 1 min 20 to 21 min

Cal

cula

ted

glyc

ogen

olys

is

(glu

cosy

l uni

ts ·

kg d

.w.-1

· m

in-1

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

FAT-adaptHCHO

*

* †

†

G6P + (pyruvate + lactate accumulation)/2 + lactate efflux (20-30% of lactate accumulation)/2 + PDH flux (use 1 min value/2)G6P + (pyruvate + lactate accumulation)/2 + lactate efflux (20-30% of lactate accumulation)/2 + PDH flux (use 1 min value/2)

Decreased calculated glycogenolysisDecreased calculated glycogenolysis

Muscle pyruvate contentsMuscle pyruvate contents

p = 0.09

Decreased PDHa after FAT-adaptDecreased PDHa after FAT-adapt

Time (min)

0 10 20

HS

L a

ctiv

ity (

mm

ol ·

kg d

.w.-1

· m

in-1

)

0

2

4

6

8

FAT-adaptHCHO

Post 1 min Sprint@ 150% PPO

*

*

*

*

HSLa augmented after FAT-adaptHSLa augmented after FAT-adapt

P=0.091

Trial p=0.116

High Energy PhosphatesHigh Energy Phosphates

• No change in any of the high energy phosphates No change in any of the high energy phosphates (PCr, ATP, ADP(PCr, ATP, ADPff, AMP, AMPf f or Pior Piff) after FAT-adapt as ) after FAT-adapt as compared to HCHO during 70% VOcompared to HCHO during 70% VO2peak2peak ride. ride.

• After the 1-min 150% PPO sprint after FAT-adapt as After the 1-min 150% PPO sprint after FAT-adapt as compared to HCHO:compared to HCHO:

- ADPADPff

- AMPAMPff

in PDHa after a high-fat diet despite CHO restorationin PDHa after a high-fat diet despite CHO restoration

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase a

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase b

PDH kinase PDH phosphatase

Pi

pyruvate,pyruvate,CoASH, NADCoASH, NADacetyl-CoA, Hacetyl-CoA, H++,,

NADH, CONADH, CO22

(active)

(inactive)

Pi Ca2+

+

EPI

acetyl-CoACoASH

+

(rest only)

NO CHANGE

ATPADP

+

Pyruvate -

Hi-Fat Diet = inc. inHi-Fat Diet = inc. inPDK protein/activityPDK protein/activity

p=0.09p=0.09

↑↑ NADH/NAD (at rest andNADH/NAD (at rest andexercise onset) increase in exercise onset) increase in redox state with high fat diet?redox state with high fat diet?

+

cytosol

FFA-FABP

Pyruvate Lactate

CAT

CPT-I

CPT-1I

PDH

fattyacyl-CoA

acetyl-CoA-oxidation

OMIM

matrix

Oxidative ATP ProvisionOxidative ATP Provision

NADH O2 ADP + Pi

+

Over-riding hypothesisOver-riding hypothesis

TCA cycle

NC

GlycogenGlycogen

G-6-PG-6-P G-1-PG-1-P

GlycogenolysisGlycogenolysis

++

++

IMTG ?

“There is now evidence that what was initially viewed as “glycogen sparing” after FAT-adapt may be, in fact, a down-regulation of CHO metabolism or “glycogen impairment”. [Stellingwerff et al.] recently reported that FAT-adapt protocols are associated with a reduction in the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase; this change would act to impair rates of glycogenolysis at a time when muscle CHO requirements are high…. [it may] compromise the ability of well-trained cyclists to perform a high-intensity sprint when they need it most- at the end of a race.”

IV. Future Research Ideas and Directions-IV. Future Research Ideas and Directions- development of sport, age, training status and/or development of sport, age, training status and/or

gender specific nutrition recommendations and products.gender specific nutrition recommendations and products.

I.I. Tapping into fat- the holy grail?Tapping into fat- the holy grail?

II. Exercise optimization of protein balance II. Exercise optimization of protein balance and energy stores- a secret formula?and energy stores- a secret formula?

III. Other ideas- in brief.III. Other ideas- in brief.

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

I.I. Tapping into fat- the holy grail?Tapping into fat- the holy grail?

7000 2000

275000

5500

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1

Type of Energy

Sto

red

En

erg

y (k

J)

Muscle glycogen

Liver glycogen

Adipose tissue (fat)

Muscle Triglycerides (fat)

Body Energy Stores of a 155 pound (~70kg) personBody Energy Stores of a 155 pound (~70kg) person

What regulates mitochondrial lipid oxidation?What regulates mitochondrial lipid oxidation?• Contemporary mechanism (s) that have been suggested to Contemporary mechanism (s) that have been suggested to

help explain the shifts in fuel utilization found during help explain the shifts in fuel utilization found during increasing exercise intensity or durations:increasing exercise intensity or durations:

- Mitochondrial NADH regulating fuel utilization?- Mitochondrial NADH regulating fuel utilization?

- Muscle decrease in pH down-regulating CPT-1?- Muscle decrease in pH down-regulating CPT-1?

- Availability of free-carnitine for CPT-1 reaction?- Availability of free-carnitine for CPT-1 reaction?

- Muscle cystolic malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) inhibition of CPT-1?- Muscle cystolic malonyl-CoA (M-CoA) inhibition of CPT-1?

- Interaction of CPT-1 with fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) ?- Interaction of CPT-1 with fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) ?

- AMPK’s role as a fuel-sensing molecule for regulation?- AMPK’s role as a fuel-sensing molecule for regulation?

ACTACT

CPT-1CPT-1

CPT- IICPT- II

carnitinecarnitine

carnitinecarnitine

CoASHCoASH

CoASHCoASH

LCFA-lcarnitineLCFA-lcarnitine

LCFA-lcarnitineLCFA-lcarnitine

CPT - ICPT - I

cytoplasm

mitochondria

LCFA-CoALCFA-CoA

-oxidation-oxidation

Acetyl-CoA unitsAcetyl-CoA units TCA cycleTCA cycle

OM

IM

LCFA-CoALCFA-CoAFFA-albuminFFA-albumin

IMTGsIMTGs

++PPAR’sPPAR’sLCFA (?)LCFA (?)Contract (?)Contract (?)

Acetyl-CoA

ACC (active)

MCDACC PP

M-CoA

--pH

++ Feeding = Citrate & Insulin

FAT/CD36FAT/CD36??++

AMPKExerciseFastingLCFA (Watt, epud, 2006)

??

Pyruvate, CoASHPyruvate, CoASHNADNAD++

Acetyl CoA, HAcetyl CoA, H++,,NADH, CONADH, CO22

PDHPDH

OM IMTCATCACycleCycle

Acetylcarnitine,Acetylcarnitine,CoASH, NAD+CoASH, NAD+

CATCAT

Role of acetylcarnitine- buffer for Acetyl CoA?Role of acetylcarnitine- buffer for Acetyl CoA?

carnitinecarnitine

cytosolcytosol

(Odland, AJP-Endo,1998) (Roepstorff, AJP-Endo,2005)

Increasing exercise intensity Inc. glycolytic flux

BUT, correlation does not always mean causation! BUT, correlation does not always mean causation!

What is the actual concentration of free carnitine between the outer and innerWhat is the actual concentration of free carnitine between the outer and innermitochondrial membrane? Is it actually limiting?(compartment methodological issues)mitochondrial membrane? Is it actually limiting?(compartment methodological issues)As KAs Kmm of CPT-1 for carnitine is very low (0.5mM at pH 7.4) (carnitine (1 to 4mM) of CPT-1 for carnitine is very low (0.5mM at pH 7.4) (carnitine (1 to 4mM)

(Kiens, Physiol Rev, 2006)

Correlation between acetylcarnitine and fat oxidation

Endurance performance effects with carnitine supplementation?Endurance performance effects with carnitine supplementation?- No clear consensus -- No clear consensus -

1) “IF” there is an positive metabolic / performance effect, long-term supplementation seems to be 1) “IF” there is an positive metabolic / performance effect, long-term supplementation seems to be needed to get very small increases in muscle carnitine contents.needed to get very small increases in muscle carnitine contents.2) Improvements in performance may be too small to clinically detect.2) Improvements in performance may be too small to clinically detect.3) Seems to be no negative side-effects.3) Seems to be no negative side-effects.

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

II.II. Post exercise optimization of Post exercise optimization of protein balance and energy stores- protein balance and energy stores-

a secret formula?a secret formula?

What drink causes the highest insulin secretion?What drink causes the highest insulin secretion?

(van Loon et al, J Nutr, 2000)(van Loon et al, J Nutr, 2000)

Drink 1: CHO only (1.2g/kg/hr)Drink 1: CHO only (1.2g/kg/hr)Drink 2: CHO + PH (0.2g/kg/hr) PH= protein hydrolysateDrink 2: CHO + PH (0.2g/kg/hr) PH= protein hydrolysateDrink 3: CHO + PH (0.4g/kg/hr)Drink 3: CHO + PH (0.4g/kg/hr)Drink 4: CHO + PH (0.1g/kg/hr) + leucine (0.05g/kg/hr) + phenylalanine (0.05 g/kg/hr)Drink 4: CHO + PH (0.1g/kg/hr) + leucine (0.05g/kg/hr) + phenylalanine (0.05 g/kg/hr)Drink 5: CHO + PH (0.2 g/kg/hr) + leucine (0.1 g/kg/hr)Drink 5: CHO + PH (0.2 g/kg/hr) + leucine (0.1 g/kg/hr)

AA w/ CHO supplementation on glycogen replenishmentAA w/ CHO supplementation on glycogen replenishment

(van Loon et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2000)(van Loon et al, Am J Clin Nutr, 2000)

CHO (0.8g/kg/hr)CHO (0.8g/kg/hr)

CHO + PRO CHO + PRO (PH+leucine+phenyl)(PH+leucine+phenyl)0.8g + 0.4g0.8g + 0.4g

CHO + CHOCHO + CHO1.2 g/kg/hr1.2 g/kg/hr

*

*

113%113%

170%170%

-The addition of protein hydrolysates and AA to CHO containing The addition of protein hydrolysates and AA to CHO containing solutions can further stimulate glycogen synthesissolutions can further stimulate glycogen synthesis

HOWEVER,HOWEVER,

Glycogen synthesis can also be accelerated by just increasing Glycogen synthesis can also be accelerated by just increasing CHO intake to high levels when supplements are provided CHO intake to high levels when supplements are provided

every 30 min.every 30 min.

Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases post-exercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects.increases post-exercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects.(Koopman et al., AJP-Endo, 2005 / 45’ resistance exercise, 3 drinks, 6 hours recovery)(Koopman et al., AJP-Endo, 2005 / 45’ resistance exercise, 3 drinks, 6 hours recovery)

So what is it about leucine ?--- molecular signalling ?So what is it about leucine ?--- molecular signalling ?

Leucine ?

Increase in S6K1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle following Increase in S6K1 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle following resistance exercise occurs mainly in type II muscle fibers.resistance exercise occurs mainly in type II muscle fibers.(Koopman et al., AJP-Endo, 2006 / 45’ resistance exercise, 4 biopsies )(Koopman et al., AJP-Endo, 2006 / 45’ resistance exercise, 4 biopsies )

Leucine ??

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

III. Other ideas- in brief.III. Other ideas- in brief.

General Summary: Diversification of General Summary: Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsSport Nutrition Products

II. Possibility for different products for different athletic II. Possibility for different products for different athletic situations…situations…

- speed and power athletes vs. endurance athletes- speed and power athletes vs. endurance athletes - nutrition pre, during and post event- nutrition pre, during and post event

- aerobic vs. anaerobic - aerobic vs. anaerobic - weight dependant vs. weight independent pursuits- weight dependant vs. weight independent pursuits

III. Development of different products for different times of III. Development of different products for different times of the season…the season… - ie. base training versus tapering before big events- ie. base training versus tapering before big events

I.I. Possibility for development of different products for Possibility for development of different products for different sub-section of the population…different sub-section of the population…

- professional athletes vs. recreational - professional athletes vs. recreational - male vs. female differences- male vs. female differences - young vs. elderly - young vs. elderly

Diversification of Sport Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

VI. Conclusions- VI. Conclusions- Take home message…Take home message…

Is there currently too much selection and choice,Is there currently too much selection and choice,in terms of sports nutrition products, for the in terms of sports nutrition products, for the

consumer?consumer?

OROR are there too many products without the are there too many products without theproper scientific testing supporting proper scientific testing supporting

their claims?their claims?

How does a company gain the trust and supportof the consumer through the development of

additional sports nutrition products??

Final Thoughts…Final Thoughts…

I. Many companies make claims on their products, but you I. Many companies make claims on their products, but you cannot “trick” consumers/athletes over the long term. cannot “trick” consumers/athletes over the long term. Ultimately brand loyalty comes from well researched Ultimately brand loyalty comes from well researched reputable products that work!reputable products that work!

III. Knowledge/education coupled with brand identity results III. Knowledge/education coupled with brand identity results in empowerment and trust for the consumer or athlete…in empowerment and trust for the consumer or athlete…

II. Further establishment of consumer contact with research II. Further establishment of consumer contact with research center and experts:center and experts: - helps develop trust in the brands/ shows consumer that company- helps develop trust in the brands/ shows consumer that company supports sound unbiased research of their products.supports sound unbiased research of their products.

Diversification of Sport Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsNutrition Products

III. Time and effort- III. Time and effort- Fat-adaptation training and dietary protocol- Fat-adaptation training and dietary protocol-

88++ years of ideas and testing… years of ideas and testing…

Decreased PDH activation during Decreased PDH activation during exercise following short-term high-fat exercise following short-term high-fat dietary adaptation with carbohydrate dietary adaptation with carbohydrate

restoration.restoration.

Trent StellingwerffTrent Stellingwerff11, Lawrence L. Spriet, Lawrence L. Spriet11, Matthew J. , Matthew J. WattWatt33, Nick E. Kimber, Nick E. Kimber22, Mark Hargreaves, Mark Hargreaves22, John A. , John A.

HawleyHawley33, Louise M. Burke, Louise M. Burke44

Chronic effects of high-fat diet while training, Chronic effects of high-fat diet while training, despite CHO restoration on PDHa and whole despite CHO restoration on PDHa and whole

body fuel utilization shifts.body fuel utilization shifts.

↓ in PDHa due to a chronic ↑ in PDK after a highfat diet (Peters et al., 1998 & 2001)

BUT current study had a 24 hour CHO restoration period…

Increase in IMTG leading to an increase in HSL? (20%differences between trials?)

Major conclusions by Louise Burke….Major conclusions by Louise Burke….

“Indeed, so concerned about the possibility of making a type II error, we embarked upon testing six more subjects with the same study design. Our interim results show [nothing]: 1 hour time trial: CON 41.92km; FAT-ADAPT= 41.94km (P=0.98).”

“…[even though] our FAT-adapt strategy, which has consistently been shown to spare muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged submaximal exercise, it does NOT appear to provide a clear benefit to performance”

Performance Improvement?Performance Improvement?

7000 2000

275000

5500

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1

Type of Energy

Sto

red

En

erg

y (k

J)

Muscle glycogen

Liver glycogen

Adipose tissue (fat)

Muscle Triglycerides (fat)

Body Energy Stores of a 155 pound (~70kg) personBody Energy Stores of a 155 pound (~70kg) person

Fuel Utilization at Different Exercise IntensitiesFuel Utilization at Different Exercise Intensities

25% VO2max 65% VO2max 85%VO2max(Brisk Walking Pace) (~Marathon Pace) (~5 to 10km race pace)

- 30 min of exercise after an overnight fast: - 30 min of exercise after an overnight fast:

Romijn, J.A. et al.- American Journal of Physiology, E380, Romijn, J.A. et al.- American Journal of Physiology, E380, 1993.1993.

Fats

Muscle Glycogen

Blood Glucose (sugar)

Putative control of skeletal muscle HSLPutative control of skeletal muscle HSL(Spriet and Watt, REVIEW, Proc of Nutr Soc., 2004)(Spriet and Watt, REVIEW, Proc of Nutr Soc., 2004)

HSL and IMTG use- substrate content and gender?HSL and IMTG use- substrate content and gender?

--

++

IMTG

LCFA-CoA

Aerobic oxidation via Aerobic oxidation via TCA Cycle in mitochondriaTCA Cycle in mitochondria

++--

(Kiens, Physiol Rev, 2006)(Kiens, Physiol Rev, 2006)

Integration between exercise, AMPK, M-CoA, pH and free carnitine on subsequent LCFA-CoA oxidation.

pH

--

NADHNADHpH & CPT-IpH & CPT-I

Free carnitineFree carnitineMalonyl-CoAMalonyl-CoA

AMPKAMPKFAT/CD36FAT/CD36

“magical” fuel sensing switch tomagical” fuel sensing switch toalter mito. fat oxidation?alter mito. fat oxidation?

Small parts of the complex Small parts of the complex metabolic fuel sensing andmetabolic fuel sensing andadapting machinery?adapting machinery?

Blood shuntingBlood shuntingduring exerciseduring exercise

- from Martin and Coe: Training Distance Runners- from Martin and Coe: Training Distance Runners

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

III.III.Effects of caffeine – mechanism: Effects of caffeine – mechanism: from increased lipolysis to CNS from increased lipolysis to CNS stimulationstimulation

insulin

nicotinic

LEPTIN

insu

lin

1

Gs Gi

2

AC

A1

ATPATP cAMPcAMP AMPAMP

inactiveinactivePKAPKA

activeactivePKAPKA

HSLHSL HSL-PHSL-P

TGTGdropletdroplet

TGTG FFA &FFA &glycerolglycerol

EPI, NEEPI, NE+

+

+

++adenosineadenosine

caffeinecaffeine

+

+

phosphodiesterasephosphodiesterase

??

??

??

??

??

??

leptinleptin

+

+

-

-

-

phosphatasephosphatase

nicotinicnicotinicacidacid

AMP kinaseAMP kinase

LEPTIN

+??

?? -

EPI, NEEPI, NE

PKA, protein kinase APKA, protein kinase A Sensitivity:Sensitivity: 2 2 > > 11

Caffeine supplementation and Caffeine supplementation and increased adipose tissue lipolysis?increased adipose tissue lipolysis?

FFA &FFA &glycerolglycerol

to workingto workingmusclemuscle

(6-8 mg /kg BW)(6-8 mg /kg BW)

NOTE: Need high doseNOTE: Need high doseto get FFA differences,to get FFA differences,BUT get ergogenic BUT get ergogenic effect with low doses ?effect with low doses ?(Graham & Spriet, JAP, 1995)(Graham & Spriet, JAP, 1995)

Caffeine ingestion does not alter skeletal carbohydrate or fat metabolismCaffeine ingestion does not alter skeletal carbohydrate or fat metabolismin human skeletal muscle during exercise.in human skeletal muscle during exercise.(Graham et al. J.Physiol, 2000– (Graham et al. J.Physiol, 2000– 6mg/kg, 1 hour @ 70% VO2peak, 2 trials: CAF vs. PLA, a-v lines)6mg/kg, 1 hour @ 70% VO2peak, 2 trials: CAF vs. PLA, a-v lines)

But no difference net flux (uptake or release)But no difference net flux (uptake or release)across the working leg for FFA or glycerol,across the working leg for FFA or glycerol,or whole body and leg fat and CHOor whole body and leg fat and CHOoxidation.oxidation.

Low dose-caffeine supplementation results in Low dose-caffeine supplementation results in increased CNS stimulation and decreased RPEincreased CNS stimulation and decreased RPE

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

IV. Gender differences in fuel IV. Gender differences in fuel metabolismmetabolism

Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise.Fuel metabolism in men and women during and after long-duration exercise.(Horton et al. JAP, 1998– 14 females vs. 14 males; 2 hrs of cycling at 40% VO2peak; 2 hr re(Horton et al. JAP, 1998– 14 females vs. 14 males; 2 hrs of cycling at 40% VO2peak; 2 hr re ))

Men

Women

Biochemical IMTG extraction from muscle biopsiesBiochemical IMTG extraction from muscle biopsies(Roepstorff et al. AJP, 2002- 90 min of cycling @ 57% VO(Roepstorff et al. AJP, 2002- 90 min of cycling @ 57% VO2peak2peak))

(Steffensen et al. AJP, 2002 – 90 min of cycling @ 60% VO(Steffensen et al. AJP, 2002 – 90 min of cycling @ 60% VO2peak2peak))

Gender specific IMTG use- controversy?Gender specific IMTG use- controversy?

IMTG quantification via IMTG quantification via 11H-magnetic resonance spectroscopyH-magnetic resonance spectroscopy(Zehnder et al. MSSE, 2005- 3 hours of cycling @ 50% VO(Zehnder et al. MSSE, 2005- 3 hours of cycling @ 50% VO2peak2peak))

(While et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003 – 1 hour of cycling @ 65% VO(While et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003 – 1 hour of cycling @ 65% VO2peak2peak))

Gender specific IMTG use- controversy?Gender specific IMTG use- controversy?

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

III. Other ideas- in brief.III. Other ideas- in brief.

Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsDiversification of Sport Nutrition Products

II. Continued research on high MW sports drinks…II. Continued research on high MW sports drinks… - does MW change gastric emptying rates? - does MW change gastric emptying rates?

- and/or CHO uptake rates? - and/or CHO uptake rates? - Recent evidence says NO (Rowlands et al. MSSE (37): - Recent evidence says NO (Rowlands et al. MSSE (37):

2005)2005) III. Addition of antioxidants into products to decrease ROS III. Addition of antioxidants into products to decrease ROS or cortisol inflammatory responses post-training or cortisol inflammatory responses post-training - time course, short-term vs. long-term supplementation, amounts- time course, short-term vs. long-term supplementation, amounts - or is the cortisol response a necessary for training adaptation? - or is the cortisol response a necessary for training adaptation?

I.I. Post-exercise optimization of protein balance and Post-exercise optimization of protein balance and energy stores- a secret formula?energy stores- a secret formula?

- how many calories and types of calories post-exercise?- how many calories and types of calories post-exercise? - insulinatrophic amino acid supplementation (eg. Leucine)- insulinatrophic amino acid supplementation (eg. Leucine) - molecular protein signalling pathways (insulin vs. protein)- molecular protein signalling pathways (insulin vs. protein)

Diversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsDiversification of Sport Nutrition ProductsIV. Gender differencesIV. Gender differences - differences in CHO and fat metabolism?- differences in CHO and fat metabolism? - differing protocols/products needed for CHO loading? (evidence - differing protocols/products needed for CHO loading? (evidence suggests females need >8 g CHO per kg BW)suggests females need >8 g CHO per kg BW) - differences in caffeine responses/supplementation?- differences in caffeine responses/supplementation?

VII . Bicarbonate, pseudoephedrine, taurine, green-tea ??? VII . Bicarbonate, pseudoephedrine, taurine, green-tea ???

V. CaffeineV. Caffeine - gender differences in CNS responses?- gender differences in CNS responses? - dose-response at start of exercise vs. fatigued (late in race)?- dose-response at start of exercise vs. fatigued (late in race)? - chronic supplementation = habituation effects?- chronic supplementation = habituation effects?

VI. G.I. favorable / stable sports drinks and nutritionVI. G.I. favorable / stable sports drinks and nutrition - ultra endurance sport athletes and blood shunting - ultra endurance sport athletes and blood shunting

issues.issues.

Effects of carnitine supplementation on metabolism and performance.Effects of carnitine supplementation on metabolism and performance.

Effects of carnitine supplementation on metabolism and performance.Effects of carnitine supplementation on metabolism and performance.

Future Research Ideas & DirectionsFuture Research Ideas & Directions

I.I. Tapping into fat- the holy grail?Tapping into fat- the holy grail?

What about replenishing What about replenishing IMTG’s post-exercise?IMTG’s post-exercise?

(similar to glycogen replenishment?)(similar to glycogen replenishment?)

IMTG use during exercise- No longer a controversy.IMTG use during exercise- No longer a controversy.

Biochemical extraction with mixed muscleBiochemical extraction with mixed muscle(Watt et al. J. Physiol, 2002 – (Watt et al. J. Physiol, 2002 –

4 hours of cycling @ 57% VO4 hours of cycling @ 57% VO2peak2peak))

Time (hours)Time (hours)

Histochemical with immunofluorescence microscopy Histochemical with immunofluorescence microscopy methodology- fiber type specificmethodology- fiber type specific

(van Loon et al. J. Physiol, 2003 – 2 hours of cycling @ 60% VO(van Loon et al. J. Physiol, 2003 – 2 hours of cycling @ 60% VO2peak2peak))

IMTG use during exercise- No longer a controversy.IMTG use during exercise- No longer a controversy.

Even IMTG utilization during resistance exerciseEven IMTG utilization during resistance exercise

Significant 27% decrease in Type ISignificant 27% decrease in Type IIMTG after resistance exercise.IMTG after resistance exercise.(Koopman et al. EJAP, 2006 – 45 min of resistance exercise)(Koopman et al. EJAP, 2006 – 45 min of resistance exercise)

Postexercise fat intake repletes intramyocellular lipids but no faster in Postexercise fat intake repletes intramyocellular lipids but no faster in trained than in sedentary subjects.trained than in sedentary subjects.(Decombaz et al., AJP-Reg, 2001; 2 hrs at 50% VO2max with 55 and 15% fat diets for recovery (Decombaz et al., AJP-Reg, 2001; 2 hrs at 50% VO2max with 55 and 15% fat diets for recovery measured via measured via 11H-MRS)H-MRS)

55% fat in recovery diet55% fat in recovery diet 15% fat in recovery diet15% fat in recovery diet

Influence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramuscularInfluence of prolonged endurance cycling and recovery diet on intramusculartriglyceride content in trained males.triglyceride content in trained males.(van Loon et al., AJP-Endo 2003; 3 hrs at 55% Wmax with 39 and 24% fat diets for recovery (van Loon et al., AJP-Endo 2003; 3 hrs at 55% Wmax with 39 and 24% fat diets for recovery measured via measured via 11H-MRS)H-MRS)

39% fat in normal fat39% fat in normal fat 24% low fat diet24% low fat diet

Could a lack of IMTG replenishment lead to decrements inCould a lack of IMTG replenishment lead to decrements intraining or performance over time?training or performance over time?

(Watt et al. J. Physiol, 2002 – 4 hours of cycling @ 57% VO(Watt et al. J. Physiol, 2002 – 4 hours of cycling @ 57% VO2peak2peak))

(van Loon et al. J. Physiol, 2003 – 2 hours of cycling @ 60% VO(van Loon et al. J. Physiol, 2003 – 2 hours of cycling @ 60% VO 2peak2peak))

BUT, could an initially low IMTG store cause a significantly BUT, could an initially low IMTG store cause a significantly greater glycogen use during the first 90-120 min of exercise?greater glycogen use during the first 90-120 min of exercise?