2010 District Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab) and District Nowshera and District Charsadda (KPK) Report by: Asif Kabani and Maliha A. Kabani (Consultant) with support from I-LAP Team INTERFAITH LEAGUE AGAINST POVERTY PARTICIPATORY RAPID HUMANITARIAN NEED ASSESSMENT (PRHNA) REPORT
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2010
District Rahim Yar Khan (Punjab) and District Nowshera and District Charsadda (KPK)
Report by: Asif Kabani and Maliha A. Kabani (Consultant) with support from I-LAP Team
INTERFAITH
LEAGUE
AGAINST
POVERTY
PARTICIPATORY RAPID HUMANITARIAN NEED
ASSESSMENT (PRHNA) REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................... 6 List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Research Methodology ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
Sample size and distribution ................................................................................................................................................. 15
Selection of the number of villages for the survey: ......................................................................................................... 15
Selection of UCs and villages ............................................................................................................................................ 15
Methodology - Data collection .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Data gathering process .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Information Management ................................................................................................................................................ 16
About the Organization ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
Background of 2010 Flood in Pakistan ............................................................................................................................... 21 Impact of Flood Wave ...................................................................................................................................................... 22
The Longer Term Impact ....................................................................................................................................................... 27
Need of the detailed Survey and ILAP Response ................................................................................................................... 27
I-LAP Targeted UCs of Charsadda ................................................................................................................................... 30
I-LAP Targeted UCs of Nowshera ................................................................................................................................... 30
Priority of Needs .............................................................................................................................................................. 31
1- Agriculture and Livelihood ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Key Findings Agriculture and Livelihood losses ..................................................................................................................... 33
Losses to Stored Food Items .................................................................................................................................................. 34
Losses to businesses and employment .................................................................................................................................. 35
The highest priorities for resuming agricultural work and livelihood activities .................................................................... 36
Losses in Livestock ................................................................................................................................................................. 37
2- Shelter solutions and the repair and rebuilding of their houses ............................................................................... 38 3- WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) .......................................................................................................................... 42
Water .................................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Environmental issues relating to public health ..................................................................................................................... 47
Health .................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Nowshera and Charsadda Health Issues: .............................................................................................................................. 49
4- Social Protection, Food Security and Social Safety Nets ............................................................................................ 51
5- Others – Cross cutting issues of Vulnerability, Protection, Gender issues women/cultural issues/PEACE, Mass Communications and Environment .................................................................................................................................... 56
ID cards and documentation ................................................................................................................................................. 56
Vulnerability and Protection Issues ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Community Services and Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 56
Health service delivery .......................................................................................................................................................... 57
Mass Communication............................................................................................................................................................ 59
Vulnerable Children ............................................................................................................................................................... 59
Disputes at the Site ............................................................................................................................................................... 59
Violence against Women ...................................................................................................................................................... 60
RAHIM YAR KHAN FLOODS SITUATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND FINDINGS ............................................................................ 64
Languages ............................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Literacy and education .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
The Flood ............................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Priority of Needs .................................................................................................................................................................... 67
Tehsils & Unions in the District of Rahim Yar Khan .......................................................................................................... 68
1- Agriculture and Livelihood ........................................................................................................................................ 70
Key Findings Agriculture and Livelihood losses ..................................................................................................................... 71
Losses to businesses and employment .................................................................................................................................. 74
The highest priorities for resuming agricultural work and livelihood activities .................................................................... 75
2- Shelter solutions and the repair and rebuilding of their houses ............................................................................... 77 3- WASH (Water, Sanitation, Hygiene) .......................................................................................................................... 80
Water .................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Environmental issues relating to public health ..................................................................................................................... 84
Health .................................................................................................................................................................................... 85
4- Social Protection, Food Security and Social Safety Nets ............................................................................................ 87
5- Others – Cross cutting issues of Vulnerability, Protection, Gender issues women/cultural issues/PEACE, Mass Communications and Environment .................................................................................................................................... 91
ID cards and documentation ................................................................................................................................................. 91
Vulnerability and Protection Issues ....................................................................................................................................... 91
Community Services and Infrastructure ................................................................................................................................ 91
Health service delivery .......................................................................................................................................................... 92
Mass Communication............................................................................................................................................................ 94
Vulnerable Children ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Disputes at the Site ............................................................................................................................................................... 94
Violence against Women ...................................................................................................................................................... 95
Shelter and Food Security .................................................................................................................................................... 100
Health and WASH ................................................................................................................................................................ 101
Interfaith Harmony and Peace ............................................................................................................................................ 104
FIGURE 1: MAP INDICATING FOCUS AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 12
FIGURE 2: DISTRICT RAHIM YAR KHAN OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 13
FIGURE 5: DATA COLLECTION MECHANISM ......................................................................................................................................... 16
FIGURE 6: INFORMATION MANAGEMENT MECHANISM .......................................................................................................................... 16
FIGURE 8: TRAINING SESSION ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 9: DATA COLLECTION WITH COMMUNITY .................................................................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 7: TRAINING SESSION ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
FIGURE 10: WE THE COMMUNITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
FIGURE 11: GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS SELECTED FOR DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................................................ 18
FIGURE 12: MAP OF FLOOD HIT AREAS IN PAKISTAN (2010) .................................................................................................................. 22
FIGURE 13: TRACK OF FLOOD WAVE ALONG INDUS RIVER ....................................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 15: PRIORITY NEEDS TO REVIVE COMMUNITY LIFE CYCLE ............................................................................................................ 31
FIGURE 16 - CHANGE IN LIVELIHOOD .................................................................................................................................................. 32
FIGURE 17 - PERCENTAGE OF CROPLAND LOST ..................................................................................................................................... 33
FIGURE 18 - PERCENT OF CROP LOSS .................................................................................................................................................. 33
FIGURE 19 - HOW LONG LOST ASSETS SHOULD HAVE LASTED .................................................................................................................. 34
FIGURE 20 - EFFECT ON BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT .................................................................................................................................. 35
FIGURE 21 - DECLINE IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME ..................................................................................................................................... 35
FIGURE 25: LIVESTOCK LOSS ............................................................................................................................................................. 37
FIGURE 24: IMPACT OF LIVESTOCK LOSS .............................................................................................................................................. 37
FIGURE 26 - LAND OWNERSHIP ......................................................................................................................................................... 38
FIGURE 27 - MAIN MATERIAL AND TYPE OF HOUSE .............................................................................................................................. 39
FIGURE 28: MAIN MATERIAL NEEDED ................................................................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 29: CURRENT SITUATION OF SHELTER ...................................................................................................................................... 41
FIGURE 30 - DRINKING WATER SOURCES, BEFORE AND AFTER FLOODS ..................................................................................................... 42
FIGURE 31 - SUFFICIENT DRINKING WATER SOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 43
FIGURE 32 - STATUS OF REPAIR OF WATER SOURCES............................................................................................................................. 43
FIGURE 33 - WATER CONTAINMENT METHOD ..................................................................................................................................... 44
FIGURE 34 - WATER TREATMENT METHODS SINCE FLOODS .................................................................................................................... 44
FIGURE 35 - SITE OF DEFECATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
FIGURE 36 - SOAP AND WATER BEFORE EATING ................................................................................................................................... 46
FIGURE 37 - SANITARY NAPKINS SINCE THE FLOODS .............................................................................................................................. 46
FIGURE 38 - POOLS OF STAGNANT WATER .......................................................................................................................................... 47
FIGURE 39 - NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY FOR ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ..................................................................................................... 49
FIGURE 40 - HEALTH PROBLEMS ........................................................................................................................................................ 50
FIGURE 41 - AVAILABLE FOOD STOCK ................................................................................................................................................. 52
FIGURE 42 - LOSS OF FOOD STOCKS ................................................................................................................................................... 53
FIGURE 43 - SPENDING ON FOOD ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
FIGURE 44 - ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ................................................................................................................................... 54
FIGURE 45 - COMMODITIES AVAILABLE NOW ....................................................................................................................................... 54
FIGURE 46 - WOMEN ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ....................................................................................................................... 55
FIGURE 47 - MEN ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ............................................................................................................................ 55
FIGURE 48 - COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................ 56
FIGURE 50 – HEALTH SETTINGS ......................................................................................................................................................... 57
FIGURE 51 - HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY TIME ...................................................................................................................................... 58
FIGURE 52 - HEALTH LEVEL OF DAMAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 58
FIGURE 53 - MASS COMMUNICATION ............................................................................................................................................... 59
FIGURE 61 - CHANGE IN LIVELIHOOD .................................................................................................................................................. 70
FIGURE 62 - LIVE STOCK LOSSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 72
FIGURE 63 - PERCENTAGE OF CROPLAND LOST ..................................................................................................................................... 72
FIGURE 64 - PERCENT OF CROP LOSS .................................................................................................................................................. 73
FIGURE 65 - HOW LONG LOST ASSETS SHOULD HAVE LASTED .................................................................................................................. 73
FIGURE 66 - EFFECT ON BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT .................................................................................................................................. 74
FIGURE 67 - DECLINE IN HOUSEHOLD INCOME ..................................................................................................................................... 75
FIGURE 70 - LAND OWNERSHIP ......................................................................................................................................................... 77
FIGURE 71 - MAIN MATERIAL AND TYPE OF HOUSE .............................................................................................................................. 78
FIGURE 72: MAIN MATERIAL UTILIZATION/ NEEDED ............................................................................................................................... 79
FIGURE 73 - DRINKING WATER SOURCES, BEFORE AND AFTER FLOODS ..................................................................................................... 80
FIGURE 74 - SUFFICIENT DRINKING WATER SOURCES ............................................................................................................................ 81
FIGURE 75 - STATUS OF REPAIR OF WATER SOURCES............................................................................................................................. 81
FIGURE 76 - WATER CONTAINMENT METHOD ..................................................................................................................................... 82
FIGURE 77 - WATER TREATMENT METHODS SINCE FLOODS .................................................................................................................... 82
FIGURE 78 - SITE OF DEFECATION ...................................................................................................................................................... 83
FIGURE 79 - SOAP AND WATER BEFORE EATING ................................................................................................................................... 84
FIGURE 80 - SANITARY NAPKINS SINCE THE FLOODS .............................................................................................................................. 84
FIGURE 81 - POOLS OF STAGNANT WATER .......................................................................................................................................... 85
FIGURE 82 - NEAREST HEALTH FACILITY FOR ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE ..................................................................................................... 86
FIGURE 83: I-LAP TEAM INVESTIGATING MNCH HEALTH ISSUES IN THE COMMUNITIES ................................................................................ 86
FIGURE 84 - AVAILABLE FOOD STOCK ................................................................................................................................................. 87
FIGURE 85 - LOSS OF FOOD STOCKS ................................................................................................................................................... 88
FIGURE 86 - SPENDING ON FOOD ...................................................................................................................................................... 88
FIGURE 87 - ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ................................................................................................................................... 89
FIGURE 88 - COMMODITIES AVAILABLE NOW ....................................................................................................................................... 89
FIGURE 89 - WOMEN ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ....................................................................................................................... 90
FIGURE 90 - MEN ACCESS TO FUNCTIONAL MARKETS ............................................................................................................................ 90
FIGURE 91 - COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................................................ 91
FIGURE 93 - HEALTH ....................................................................................................................................................................... 92
FIGURE 94 - HEALTH SERVICE DELIVERY TIME ...................................................................................................................................... 93
FIGURE 95 - HEALTH LEVEL OF DAMAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 93
FIGURE 96 - MASS COMMUNICATION ............................................................................................................................................... 94
TABLE 2: DISTRUCTION ANALYSIS OF KPK AND PUNJAB ......................................................................................................................... 14
TABLE 6: AFFECTED POPULATION OF KPK ........................................................................................................................................... 29
TABLE 7: I-LAP TARGETED UCS OF CHARSADDA ................................................................................................................................... 30
TABLE 8: I-LAP TARGETED UCS OF NOWSHERA .................................................................................................................................... 30
TABLE 9 - SHELTER NEED ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 39
TABLE 11 - TEHSILS & UNIONS IN THE DISTRICT OF RAHIM YAR KHAN ...................................................................................................... 69
TABLE 12 - SHELTER NEED ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 78
The assessment had a total working time frame of approximately 10 days to identify community needs.
Information from the community was gathered on tools naming „Household Assessment‟ and
„Community Assessment‟ by the enumerators who were priority trained on the tool and divided in teams.
At second stage the information gathered through questionnaire was entered into database developed by
the consultant based on the international formats used by development partners. A highly qualified and
charged team of students provided their day and night services to enter such through data in a short time
of few hours. Another team of professionals supported in data normalization alongside I-LAP‟s field
teams. Detail analysis of data was done by the consultant to diagnose areas where communities need
immediate humanitarian response to survive and recover from calamity. This report has been majorly
divided into two segments, the first part gives holistic picture of suffering and dire needs focused on the
three regions, and the second part discusses in detail all three regions (Rahim Yar Khan, Nowshera and
Charsadda) separately and highlight elements that need to be addressed in context of local scenario.
Figure 1: Map indicating focus area
Province Districts
Included
Tehsils
Included
UCs
included
Villages/
settlements
included
HH Level
Interviews
Community
Level
Interviews
Punjab 1 4 12 See list 400 36
KPK 2 3 8 See list 400 69
Total 3 7 20 See list 800 105
Table 1: Overview
Figure 2: District Rahim Yar Khan Overview
Province Persons affected Villages affected Homes destroyed or damaged
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4,365,909 2,834 181,433 Punjab 8,200,000 3,000 500,000 Total 17,620,310 at least 10,952 1,237,493 Table 2: Distruction Analysis of KPK and Punjab
Figure 3: Nowshera Overview
Figure 4: Charsadda Overview
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Sampling
The geographic scope of the floods and the time frame available, a geographically dispersed
purposive sample of the population in areas most affected was covered in the assessment. The
objective of the assessment was to survey at the household and community levels, against a pre-
defined questionnaire, the circumstances, needs and priorities of people affected by the floods.
As such, this kind of assessment paints a picture of humanitarian needs and gives a voice to those
affected by the disaster. This information can be combined with other sources including
population projections and historical baseline information to make assumptions of overall needs,
but it cannot be statistically extrapolated to arrive at firm numeric conclusions.
Sample size and distribution
Selection of the number of villages for the survey:
As of the 17th August, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reported a total of
8,518 villages affected by the floods. Of the total, 3% (237) were in Gilgit Baltistan, 33% (2,834)
were in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 32% (2,587) were in Punjab and 32% (2,760) were in Sindh. I-
LAP has intervened in two of the mentioned provinces, with two districts in KPK and one
district in Punjab. The sample has been taken from these three areas. The sample size is as
follow:
Province District Population size Sample % Confidential Level
Punjab Rahim Yar Khan 5,500 7.27% 95%
Khyber Pukhtankhan
Charsada 4,000 6.49% 95%
Nowshera 4,000 6.49% 95% Table 3: Sample Size
Secondly, the available human resources and logistics that could be mobilized at short notice and
considering the distances and accessibility of affected areas from provincial hubs in terms of
what could be covered in the 2-6 days available for field research.
Selection of UCs and villages
ILAP was working with the communities in KPK and Punjab on areas needing support
for sustainable community development. When flood hit the areas, the organization
immediately responded to the situation in the areas through rescue and relief efforts.
Many members of the team comprise locals, thus they are very close to the real situation.
Based on the fact, the UCs and villages were identified by the team where immediate
response is much needed in comparison and where other aid agencies are not much
present, to avoid duplication of funding. (see Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4) .
Methodology - Data collection
In each village/site, 2 types of questionnaires were administered;
Household questionnaires: administered by male and female enumerators/ social
organizers with the most informed male and female household members. 10 household
questionnaires were conducted per village/site.
Community questionnaires: administered separately by male and female social organizers
with male and female community groups of approximately 10-15 people.
Data gathering process
Figure 5: Data Collection Mechanism
Information Management
Figure 6: Information Management Mechanism
Assessment ToolsMeeting with
Program TeamsRevision and
finalization of tool
Training of Field Teams
Physical Survey in R.Y. Khan, Charsada
and Nowshera
Verfication of data received in field
Offices
Assessment Tools Data Entry
Management Information System
Selectionof Forms and Verification of
data from field
Technical Correction to Clean and
Normalized data Pivot Analysis
Review of data with data Analyst
Figure 8: Training Session
Figure 9: Data collection with community
Figure 7: Training Session
Figure 10: WE the community
Figure 11: Geographic Regions selected for data collection
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
The Interfaith League Against Poverty is a non-profit organization, works in partnership with
International and National Partners. I-LAP is a nonpartisan, development organization dedicated
to promote the religious tolerance, acceptance, and respect for all religions in Pakistani society.
The organization has always responded to the people in difficult situation no matter it is natural
calamity or man-made hard to survival situation. The organization has supported many
communities in 2005 earthquake response and touched many lives that were at risk from all
respects. When this year, flood hit majority areas of Pakistan and created a situation where
survival was no less difficult than rescue as the population affected was more than ever expected.
Since the day emergency has been announced in the areas I-LAP immediately started its
operations in adversely affected areas including Nowshera and Charsadda in KPK and Rahim
Yar Khan in Punjab. Besides providing food and non-food-items (NFIs) the organization has
moved along the community in the response and rehabilitation phase and aims at Community
Rebuilding and stand along community till the enter the era of revival of all everyday activities.
Vision
“To create a new generation of peace workers, peace defenders, and peace negotiators towards
catalyzing positive changes in the community towards prevention of conflicts and promotion and
sustenance of peace in the multi-ethnic, multi-cultural Pakistan and beyond”
Mission
Play vital role in creating awareness among citizens about the importance of interfaith harmony,
peace, tolerance and respect for all on the basis of humanity and develop the sense of
belongingness within the society.
Objectives
The objective of I-LAP shall be to render the essential services to the unrecalled people who live
in the neglected areas of Islamabad District. The following are the main objectives of I-LAP.
To create interfaith harmony among people following varied religions to bring lasting
peace and balance in the society leading to sustainable progress
To eradicate illiteracy through formal and informal means for expansion of basic
education through involvement of community to enhance moral, cultural and spiritual
values of education.
Empower women and other vulnerable groups through providing facility of vocational
centres and entrepreneurship opportunities with the participation of youth of low-income
areas to enhance their capacities through skill development.
BACKGROUND OF 2010 FLOOD IN PAKISTAN
On 21 June, the Pakistan Meteorological Department cautioned that urban and flash flooding
could occur from July to September in the north parts of the country. The same department
recorded above-average rainfall in the months of July and August 2010, and monitored the flood
wave progression, that change the whole socio economic scenario of Pakistan leading to worst
crises and heighten gaps towards achievement of Millennium Development Goals. Even UN-
Secretary General Ban-Ki-Moon expressed in his visit that he has never seen such disaster with
such big impact and magnitude. “A heart-wrenching day for me and for my delegation” said
Ban Ki-moon. “ I will never forget the destruction and sufferings I have witnessed today, …In
the past I
have visited
scenes of
many natural
disasters
around the
world, but
nothing like
this. The
scale of this
disaster is so
large and
there are so
many people
in so many places in so much need.”
“I will never forget the destruction and sufferings
I have witnessed today”…
United Nations Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon
Figure 12: Map of Flood Hit Areas in Pakistan (2010)
Impact of Flood Wave
In early August, the heaviest flooding moved southward along the Indus River from severely-affected
northern regions toward western Punjab, where at least 1,400,000 acres (570,000 ha) of cropland was
destroyed, and the southern province of Sindh. The crops affected were cotton, sugarcane, rice, pulses,
tobacco and animal fodder. Floodwaters and rain destroyed 700,000 acres (3,000 km2) of cotton,
200,000 acres (800 km2) acres each of rice and cane, 500,000 tonnes of wheat and 300,000 acres (1,000
km2) of animal fodder. According to the Pakistan Cotton Ginners Association, the floods destroyed 2
million bales of cotton, which led to an increase in futures of the commodity in international market.
170,000 citizens (or 70% of the population) of the historic Sindh town of Thatta fled advancing flood
waters on 27 August 2010.
By mid-September the floods generally had began to recede, although in some areas, such as Sindh, new
floods were reported; the majority of the displaced persons had not been able to return home.