AS PER MINISTR DIS DIST NOTIFICA RY OF ENVI Depart TRIC TRICT ATION NO. IRONMENT Governm tment Of M CT SU T BAR S.O. 141(E T, FOREST A ment of Raja ines and Ge URVE MER, E) NEW DE AND CLIMA asthan eology, Barm EY RE RAJA ELHI, THE ATE CHANG mer EPOR ASTHA 15TH JANU GE. GOVT. O RT AN UARY, 2016 OF INDIA Year 6 OF 2016
57
Embed
DISTRICT BARMER, RAJASTHANenvironmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/District/... · 2017-09-18 · the district and no. of mining leases is working in tehsil of Sheo, Chohtan, Sindhari,
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
AS PER MINISTR
DISDIST
NOTIFICARY OF ENVI
Depart
TRICTRICTATION NO. IRONMENT
Governmtment Of M
CT SUT BAR
S.O. 141(ET, FOREST A
ment of Rajaines and Ge
URVEMER,
E) NEW DEAND CLIMA
asthan eology, Barm
EY RE RAJA
ELHI, THE ATE CHANG
mer
EPORASTHA
15TH JANUGE. GOVT. O
RT AN UARY, 2016OF INDIA
Year
6 OF
2016
DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT, DISTRICT BARMER
The Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change (MoEFCC), Government of India, made Environmental Clearance (EC) for mining of minerals mandatory through its Notification of 27th January, 1994 under the provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986.Keeping in view the experience gained in environmental clearance process over a period of one decade, the MoEFCC came out with Environmental Impact Notification, SO 1533 (E), dated 14th September 2006. It has been made mandatory to obtain environmental clearance for different kinds of development projects as listed in Schedule-1 of the Notification. Further, In pursuance to the order of Hon’ble Supreme Court dated the 27th February, 2012 in I.A. No.12- 13 of 2011 in Special Leave Petition (C) No.19628-19629 of 2009, in the matter of Deepak Kumar etc. Vs. State of Haryana and Others etc., prior environmental clearance has now become mandatory for mining of minor minerals irrespective of the area of mining lease; And also in view of the Hon’ble National Green Tribunal, order dated the 13th January, 2015 in the matter regarding sand mining has directed for making a policy on environmental clearance for mining leases in cluster for minor Minerals,
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in consultation with State governments has prepared Guidelines on Sustainable Sand Mining detailing the provisions on environmental clearance for cluster, creation of District Environment Impact Assessment Authority and proper monitoring of minor mineral mining using information technology and enabled services to track the mined out material from source to destination. The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various departments, published reports, journals and websites. The District Survey Report will form the basis for application for environmental clearance, preparation of reports and appraisal of projects. The Report will be updated once every five years.
The main objective of the preparation of District Survey Report (as per the Sustainable Sand Mining Guideline) is to ensure the following –
(i) Identification of areas of aggradations or deposition where mining can be allowed; (ii) Identification of areas of erosion and proximity to infrastructural structures and
installations where mining should be prohibited and calculation of annual rate of replenishment and allowing time for replenishment after mining in that area
(iii) Identification of mineral wealth in the district.
S.No Contents PageNo.
1. Introduction 1
2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District 3
3. The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period of validity
4
4. Details of Royalty or Revenue Received in Last Three Years 32
5. Detail of Production of Sand or Bajari in last Three Years 33
6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District 34
7. General Profile of the District 36
8. Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining 40
9. Physiography of the District 41
10. Rainfall 43
11.
Geology and Mineral Wealth 43
a. Details of river or stream and other sand source of the district 51
b. Availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources of the district 52
c. District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates 52
13. Conclusion 54
14. References 54
1
1. INTRODUCTION:
Barmer district is situated between 24° 58’ 00” & 26° 32’ 00” North latitudes and 70°05’ 00” & 72° 52’ 00”. The district falls in Survey of India Toposheet Nos. 40 I, J, K, N, O 45 B, C on 1:250,000 scale. The Barmer district covers geographical area of 28,387 sq km. It is the second largest district in the State covering about 8.29% of its total area. The district as a whole forms part of the Great Indian Thar Desert. The district is divided in to eleven sub-divisions. There are seventeen blocks in the district namely Baytu, Balotra, Barmer, Chohtan, Dhorimanna, Siwana, Sheo, Sindhari, Dhanau, Gadrarod, Gida, Gudamalani, Kalyanpur, Patodi, Ramsar, Samdari, Sedwa. The district has 2 Municipalities, and 2712 Revenue Villages. It is surrounded by Jaisalmer in the north, Jalore in the south, Pali and Jodhpur in the east and Pakistan in the west. Total population (as per 2011 census) of the district is 2,603,751 out of which 2,421,914 is rural population and 181,837 is urban population. Decadal populationgrowth rate of the district during 2001 to 2011 has been 35.06. Population density of the district is 92 persons/sq km. The district is known for its bentonite, Fuller’s earth, Siliceous earth, silica sand, Gypsum, Selenite, China clay, Ball clay, Granite, lignite and petroleum mineral wealth.
A map showing the blocks of the district is presented as Figure-1.
Fig 1: A map showing the blocks of the district
2
Rajasthan high court is at Jodhpur and also at Jaipur bench. It also ARMY and BSF battalion (Ministry of Defense) of fine states. One medical collage allotted to Barmer district head quarter. The district is well connected with other cities of the state and India. The district is traversed by National Highways; NH 15, NH 25 A.There is a good network of state highways, major and minor district roads for the inter district connectivity. The district headquarter is situated on the Munabao – Jodhpur section Broad Gauge Line of NW Railway. Air connectivity is furnished by Jodhpur Airport and is at about 210 km from the Barmer city.
The General Information of Barmer district
No. of Blocks
No. of Tahsils
No. of Gram
Panchayat No of Villages
Population as per 2011
% Literacy
17 14 489 2712 2603751 56.53%
Tehsil wise villages, Patwar Boards, follows the position of inspector circles
S.No. Tehsil Name Total area (Hect.)
Total Population 2011
No. of Village No. of Patwar No. Circles Inspector
No. of Jury
1 Barmer 289387 370721 347 40 10 39
2 Ramsar 147335 108001 177 21 5 18
3 Baitu 140703 125130 184 22 6 22
4 Gida 155036 118930 162 22 5 22
5 Shiv 270342 128370 167 22 5 22
6 Gadraroad 391290 108710 164 23 6 23
7 Gudhamalani 128254 153728 207 23 6 23
8 Sindhari 162984 167057 193 22 5 22
9 Dhorimanna 115146 142416 212 20 5 20
10 Chohtan 207599 203797 261 34 9 33
11 Sedwa 258914 281547 223 42 10 42
12 Siwana 120828 169380 69 23 6 23
13 Samdhari 83687 103180 62 22 5 17
14 Pachpdra 345827 422784 284 61 15 54
Total 2817332 2603751 2712 397 98 380
3
Tehsil wise Statistical Profile (as per Census 2011)
Tehsil
Male
Female Total Population
Sheo 127247 109833 237080
Baytu 132783 120567 253350
Pachpadra 220029 202755 422784
Siwana 122442 130118 27560
Gudamalani 237113 216798 453911
Barmer 197280 173441 370721
Ramsar 56709 51292 108001
Chohtan 255419 229225 485344
2. OVERVIEW OF MINING ACTIVITY IN THE DISTRICT:
Barmer district holds a distinct place in the state with respect to strategic geographical position in the state and the availability of mineral resources. The presence of Granite suitable for cutting and polishing is unique. Granite suitable for cutting and polishing are also mined in the district and no. of mining leases is working in tehsil of Sheo, Chohtan, Sindhari, Siwana and Samdari. More than 60 number of stone crusher plants are also installed. Many small units are installed for processing, grinding and furnishing products, based on Gypsum, selenite, bentonite, siliceous earth, silica sand resources.
The table exhibits the mineral based industries in the district:
Sr. No.
Mineral based industries Numbers of plants Established*
1. Gypsum based industries 88 grinding and dehydrated plants
2. Selenite based industries 01 washing plant
3. Granite based industries 02 cutting and polishing
4. Bentonite and siliceous based industries 14 grinding units
5. Silica sand based industries 01 scanning plant
6. Rhyolite based industries 62 Stone gitty crusher units
7. Sand stone and yellow flour stone based industries 30-35 stone cutter for elevation
8. Lignite based thermal power plant 06 thermal power plans (2X125MW Giral,4X135MW Bhadres)
Total Industrial units by Industrial deptt. 1427
*Approximate data Siwana included
4
3. THE LIST OF MINING LEASES IN THE DISTRICT WITH LOCATION, AREA AND PERIOD OF VALIDITY :
3.1 Leases of Barmer district except Siwana and Samdari tehsils:
S.No. LEASE NO Lessee name
Address (Office) Mineral Name
Village Tehsil District Total Area
Registration Date
Expiry Date
1 Minor/ML/26/
2012 Pankaj singh
pankaj singh s/o shishu pal singh 182 Vardman
nager Hidonsicity Karoli Bajri Barmer Barmer Barmer 24.82 LOI LOI
2 Minor/ML/25/
2012 Paras sethi
paras sethi s/o pradeep kumar sethi A-189
Newfriend colony Dehli Bajri Chouhtan Chouhtan Barmer 54.68 LOI LOI
3 Minor/ML/24/
2012
Bharat singh
shekhawat
Bharat Singh Shekhawat s/o shiv dayal singh
shekhawat 336 mohan nagar -B ,BJS colony
jodhpur (Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan )
Bajri Gudamalan
i Gudamalani Barmer
5151.6828
LOI LOI
4 Minor/ML/23/
2012 Raman sethi
raman sethi s/o somprakash sethi (New
Delhi, Newdelhi, Newdelhi )
Bajri Pachpadra Pachpadra Barmer 3056.61
81 LOI LOI
5 Minor(B)/ML/
4/2000 Hindustan
mineral
Part.Ganpat Dan S/O Devidan Charan, Near
Water Tank Court Road (Abu Road, Sirohi,
Rajasthan )
Ballclay, China Clay
Gunga Sheo Barmer 5 14-Mar-
02 13-
Mar-52
6 Minor/ML/139
/2006 Devi
agarwal
W/O Mohanlal, Gurudwara Road, Barmer (Barmer,
Barmer, Rajasthan )
Bentonite Aakli Sheo Barmer 2.24 7-Dec-07 6-Dec-
27
7 Minor/ML/261
/1989 Devi
agarwal
W/O Mohanlal, Gurudwara Road, Barmer (Barmer,
Barmer, Rajasthan )
Bentonite Aakli Sheo Barmer 2.25 14-Feb-
90 13-Feb-
20
8 Minor/ML/14/
2001
Ridhi sidhi mineral
industries
Industrial Area Barmer (Barmer, Barmer,
Rajasthan ) Bentonite Aakli Sheo Barmer 2
30-Aug-01
29-Aug-21
9 Minor/ML/16/
2001 Gordhan
ram
Himta Ram Mali V/P Kawas Teh. & Dist.
Barmer (Barmer, Barmer, Rajasthan )
Bentonite Aakli Sheo Barmer 2.25 12-Feb-
02 11-Feb-
22
10 Minor/ML/702
/1993
Nilkanth sodha clase
pr lmt
NILKANTH SODHA CLASE PRI. LMITED 139 FIRST A ROAD,
Sr. No. Name of Mineral Revenue collection (In Lacs) Production (In MT)
1 Granite 256.79 1458229.60
2 Bentonite 147.76 45111.66
3 Fullers earth 12.83 8069.5
4 China clay 0.05 0
5 Silica sand 0.32 0
6 Masonary stone 377.59 410549
7 Gypsum 1.87 0
8 Sand stone 1.6 0
33
4.2 (ii) FINANCIAL YEAR 2014-15
Sr. No. Name of Mineral Revenue collection in Lac Production in M.T. 1 Granite 249.46 108062
2 Bentonite 149.98 235786
3 Fullers earth 9.1 8337
4 China clay 0.18 0
5 Silica sand 0.33 3000
6 Masonary stone 40757 1892705.9
7 Gypsum 8.36 6411
8 Sand stone 2.45 60
4.2 (iii) FINANCIAL YEAR 2015-16
Sr. No. Name of Mineral Revenue collection in Lac Production in M.T. 1 Granite 444.82 174632
2 Bentonite 159.66 161251
3 Fullers earth 10.26 6897
4 China clay 0.2 0
5 Silica sand 0.07 0
6 Masonary stone 749.98 2056882
7 Gypsum 15.69 11821
8 Sand stone 4.63 210
5. DETAILS OF PRODUCTION OF SAND OR BAJRI OR MINOR MINERALS IN LAST THREE YEARS:
S. No. Financial year
Production of Sand Or Bajri
(In Cubic meter)
Revenue* (In Lacs)
1. 2013-14 828567 975.25
2. 2014-15 3068096 2505.06
3. 2015-16 26475052 2412.34
*Siwana and Samdari revenue are not included as these are under ME Jalore
34
6. PROCESS OF DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS IN THE RIVERS OF THE DISTRICT:
6.1 Process - Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles. Sediments are most often transported by water. Sediment is transported based on the strength of the flow that carries it and its own size, volume, density, and shape. Stronger flows will increase the lift and drag on the particle, causing it to rise, while larger or denser particles will be more likely to fall through the flow.
If the upwards velocity approximately equal to the settling velocity, sediment will be transported downstream entirely as suspended load. If the upwards velocity is much less than the settling velocity, but still high enough for the sediment to move, it will move along the bed as bed load by rolling, sliding, and saltating (jumping up into the flow, being transported a short distance then settling again). If the upwards velocity is higher than the settling velocity, the sediment will be transported high in the flow as wash load. As there are generally a range of different particle sizes in the flow, it is common for material of different sizes to move through all areas of the flow for given stream conditions. Sand mining is critical to infrastructure development around the globe. Sand is an essential minor mineral used extensively across the country as a useful construction constituent and variety of other uses in sports, agriculture, glass making (a form of sand with high silica content) etc. The rivers are the most important source of Sand. It acts as source of transportation and deposition of sand and Bajri etc.The various factors governing the occurrence and deposition of sand is country rock i.e. geological disposition, climate, rainfall, water load physical parameters of river and velocity of water current.
Barmer district falls under one river basins i.e. Luni basin. The Sukari, Khari, Jawai, Akoli & Jojari rivers are the major rivers of this basin and falls in Luni river. It is common knowledge that minerals are non-renewable but this form of mineral naturally gets replenished from time to time in a given river system and is very much interrelated to the hydrological cycle in a river basin. Riverine environmental systems are unique in themselves and provide environmental services, natural resources to meet variety of needs of urban and rural communities. The Rivers originating from the Ajmer bring with them lots of aggregate materials whereas as they move downstream, only finer elements / minerals like sand are found in abundance. The Luni river carrying fragments of quartzite, quartz, feldspar, calcareous which flows through district Ajmer, Pali, Jalore. 6.2 Sedimentation yield and Production:
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used mathematical model to compute sedimentation yield from a river bed. Soil erosion within watersheds results in sedimentation which gets deposited along the river course. The rainfall energy interacts with terrain parameters and results in water induced soil erosion. It comprises of sequential actions viz. detachment of particles from soil mass, transportation of soil particles. The parameters like soil characteristics, terrain slope length & steepness, land-use/land-cover and land management practices are considered as given below in the empirical equation(Source: Auckland Regional Council LandfactsS-05, “Estimating Sedimentation Yield Using Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)”.
Estimati
Calculat U
USLE an
ing Sedimen
A= R x K
Where,
A= Sedim
R=Rainf
K=Soil E
LS=Slop
C=Grou
P=Rough
SD= Sed
SE=Sedi
tion of Sedim
Using USLE,
nd Sedimenta
Fig 2
ntation Yiel
K x LS x C x P
mentation Yie
fall Erosion In
Erodibility Fa
pe Length and
und Cover Fac
hness Factor
diment Deliver
iment Control
mentation Y
, Year-wise
ation Yield i
2: Map show
d Using Un
P x SD x SE
eld, (tons/annu
ndex, (J/ha)
ctor (tons/uni
d Steepness Fa
ctor
ry Ratio
l Efficiency
Yield for Pr
Sedimentatio
is given belo
35
wing Basin o
iversal Soil
um)
it of R)
actor
oposed Proj
on Yield is c
ow in Table.
of Luni River
Loss Equat
ject Site:
calculated. A
r
tion (USLE)
All the param
)
meters for the
e
36
Parameters for the USLE and Sedimentation Yield
Rainfall Erosion Index, (J/ha)
Soil Erodibility Factor (tons/unit of R)
Slope Length and Steepness Factor
Ground Cover Factor
Roughness Factor
Study Area (ha)
Time (Years)
Sediment Delivery Ratio
Sediment Control Efficiency
Sedimentation Yield, (tons/annum)
Drainage Area(ha)
Lease Area (ha)
Sedimentation Yield for the Site
After extraction of the mineral from the Reserve, the remaining Reserve as well as sediment replenishment of that year will be available for extraction every next year. As the sediment control efficiency will gradually increase every year due to increase in mining activity, the sedimentation yields will also increase every year depended on velocity and yield of river water flow. 7. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE DISTRICT:-
Fig 3: Map showing General Profile of the district Barmer
37
A map showing the route of the district is presented as
Fig 4: General Map of Barmer District
38
Items
Statistics
GENERAL INFORMATION
i) Geographical Area 28,387 sq km
ii)
Sub Division/ Number of Tehsil/ Panchayat Samity Gram Panchayat Nagar Parishad
11 14 17 489 02
iii) Population(2011) 2,603,751 iv) Average rainfall 277mm
v) Temprature 46° to 51°C in summer Drops to 0° in winter
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major Geographical Units
i)Sandy soil and alluvium ii)Gypsum/selenite iii)Fuller’s earth,China/Ball clay,Lignite,Bebtonite, Siliceous earth iv) Barmer sand Stone v) Sarnu-Dandali alkaline comlex vi) Fatehgarh sand stone vii) Malani Igneous suite granite, rhyolite, ultra basic intrusion
Major Drainage Luni River and its tributries
LAND USED (2014-15)
i) Forest area 33305 ha ii) Average crop grains 0.26 per hectare iii) Posture land and other grass land
203650 ha
iv) Actual sown area 1433215 ha v) more than once sowed area 184763 ha vi) Gross sown area 1604199 ha
Major soil type Desertic soil,sand dunes, red desertic soil, saline soil of depression,lithosol and regosol of hills
Irrigation by different sources (CGWD record 2010-11)
No. No. Area irrigated (in hectors)
Dug wells 111605 Tube wells/bore wells 67685 50127 Tanks/ponds --- Canals 3060 Other sources Net Irrigated area 164792 Gross Irrigated area 254363
Number of Ground water Monitoring wells of CGWB( as on 2013)
Aeolian Sand, Alluvium, Tertiary Sandstone, Lathi Sandstone and Barmer Sandstone (Mesozoic), Malani Rhyolite, Granite and Jalore Siwana Granite (Post Delhi)
HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formations
Quaternary Alluvium, Tertiary Sandstone, Lathi Sandstone, Malani Rhyolite and Granite
Depth to water level (Pre-monsoon, 2011) (mbgl)
4.90 – 70.95
Depth to water level (Post-monsoon, 2011) (mbgl)
4.00 – 71.50
Efforts of artificial Recharge & Rain Water Harvesting Projects completed by CGWB (No. & Amount Spent) Nil Projects under technical guidance of CGWB (Numbers) Nil Ground Water Control and regulation Number of Blocks 08 Number of Critical Blocks 02 Number of over-exploited Blocks 05 Number of Blocks Notified 01
Major Ground water problems and issues
1. Water level decline 2. Quality Problem 3. Industrial pollution 4. Less recharge due to scanty and uneven rainfall
Ground water is the only source of irrigation in the district. Ground water development is
being done by dug wells and tube wells. The present stage of ground water development in the district is 114.22%, which indicates that the scope for ground water development is already exhausted. Out of 8 blocks, 5 fall under “Overexploited” category, 2 under “Critical” category and 1 under “Safe” category.
Fig 5: Map showing Ground Water Block of Barmer district
40
A MAP DEPICTING HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES IS PRESENTED AS
Fig 6: Map showing Hydrogeological features of the district Barmer 8. LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN IN THE DISTRICT: Forest, Agriculure,
Horticulture and Mining etc.:- Total Area and Classification of Area in Barmer District of Rajasthan State for the year ending 2014- 15 (in Ha)
Area For Land Utilization Statistics Area in Hectors Area Under Mining Activities 12363.77 Forests 33305 ha
Not Available for Cultivation
Area Once Under Non Agricultural Uses Barren And Un- Cultivated Land Total 145073
Other Uncultivated Land Excluding Fallow Land
Permanent Pastures And other Grazing Lands 203650 Land Under Misc Tree Crops and Groves Not included in Net Area 156 Cultivable Waste Land 73064 Total 276870
Fallow Land
Fallow Land Other Than Current Fallows Current Fallow Total 2817323
Net Area Sown 1433215 Total Cropped Area 1604199 Area Sown More Than Area Once 184763
41
9. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE DISTRICT: 9.1 Geography
Geographically, the area as a whole forms a part of the Great Indian Desert. Apart from a small offshoot of the Malani igneous hills in the east, the area is a vast sandy tract. The country west of Luni River represents sandy plain dotted with bold hills. A well defined valley is observed along Barmer-Gadra road to the east of Kharin. Pachpadra, Jhakharda and Thob are the major salt lakes in the district. A salt lake locally called Rann is located east of Redana village. The surface elevation of the district varies from 70 above mean sea level (mamsl) at Sindhari to 457 mamsl atGhonia village. The only major drainage course in the area is Luni River, which flows from Samdari, passing through Balotra. The river is ephemeral, flowing only in response to heavy precipitation. In the year of drought there is no run off. 9.2 Soils Soils of the district are classified as follows: (a). Desert soil:
Desert soil area is occupied by alluvium and wind blown sand,yellowish brown, sandy to sandy loam, loose, structure less, well drained with high permeability and lies in northern, western and central parts of the district. (b). Sand dunes:
These are non-calcareous soil, sandy to loamy sand, loose, structure less and well drained. Sand dunes lie in northern, western and central parts of the district. (c). Red desertic soil:
These are pale brown to reddish brown soils, structure less, loose, and well drained. Texture varies from sandy loam to sandy clay loam. These soils occupy eastern and southeastern parts of the district. (d). Saline soil of depressions:
This type of soil is found in salt lakes. They are dark grey to pale brown, heavy soils with water table very near to the surface and are distinctly saline. (e). Lithosols & Regosols of hills:
This type of soil is found in isolated hills as lithoslopes. These soils are shallow with gravels very near to the surface, high textured, fairly drained, reddish brown in colour and lie in southeastern part of the district. 9.3 Geology
Geologically, the district is underlain by intrusive rocks at the basement (Post Delhi formation) consisting of Jalore and Siwana granite & Malani rhyolite and granite followed by Mesozoic and Tertiary formations consisting of sandstone, shale, conglomerate. Rocks of Mesozoic era are comprised of Lathi series of Jurassic and Abur series of Cretaceous period. Tertiaries consist of Akali and Kapurdi series of Eocene period. These formations are overlain by Pleistocene to recent alluvium consisting mainly of clay, sand and silt. 9.4 Hydrogeology
The main water bearing formations in the district are rhyolites and granites of post Delhi; Lathi sandstone, Tertiary sandstone and Quaternary alluvium. In Quaternary alluvium, ground water occurs under semi confined to unconfined conditions. In semi consolidated Tertiary and Mesozoic formations, it occurs under unconfined to confined conditions and in weathered and fractured zones in hard rocks under phreatic conditions. Though ground water occurs in all the formations but the most productive aquifers are the Lathi sandstone, Barmer sandstone and
42
Quaternary sediments. The Tertiary formation, which is predominantly clayey and argillaceous, is not found as productive except locally in the sandstone horizon. In general, the fractured and weathered zones in hard rocks form poor aquifers. 9.5 Connections by road in District S.No Road
Classification BT WBM GR FWR CC TOTAL
Road Length in KM as on 31.3.2016 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A Road Maintained by PWD 1 National Highway 231.10 0 0 0 0 231.10 2 State Highway 408.20 0 0 10 0 418.20 3 Major Distt. Roads 89.40 0 0 0 0 89.40 4 Other Distt. Roads 830.20 0 6 0 6.38 836.20 5 Village Roads 8455.505 13.60 287.35 47.45 40.48 8803.905 Total 10014.41 13.60 293.35 57.45 46.86 10378.81 B Road Maintained by other agencies 1 Muncipal Road 212.37 0 90 21.96 0 324.33 2 GREF Road 853.60 7 0 0 0 860.60 3 Famine Road 0 0 291.25 1.50 0 292.75 4 NHAI 291.41 0 0 0 0 291.41 5 RIDCORE NHW 18.30 0 0 0 0 18.30 6 RIDCORE SHW 157.70 0 0 0 0 157.70 TOTAL 1533.38 7 381.25 23.46 0 1945.09 TOTAL(A+B) 11547.79 20.60 674.60 80.91 46.86 12323.90 National Highway – There are 4 national highway in Barmer National Highway No From-via-to Length in KM NH15 Jaisalmer to Sachore 191 NH25 Bar-Jodhpur-Balotra-Barmer 145.81 NH325 Pachpadra –Siwana-Jalore 77 NH25E Barmer –Ramsar-Munabav 127
State Highway –There are 10 state highway in Barmer
State Highway No From-via-to Length in KM SH16 Sava-Sindhari-Balotra 53 SH16A Gudamalani-Sayla Road 19 SH28A Pachpadra- Balotra 31.600 SH28B Borawar-Kaludi 23.6 SH38 Jalore-Siwana-Balotra 6 SH40 Barmer-Sava-Baitu 103 SH64A Pali –Mokalsar via Khandap 23 SH65 Sheo-Patodi via Falsund 16 SH66 Siwana-Samdari-Kalyanpur-Mandli 83 SH68 Luni-Rampura-Samdari-Balotra 60
Megha Highway No 28 Ramjigol to Falodi and distance (Length) is 157.70 KM
The Geology of the Barmer district is obscured by extensive desert sand & sand dunes.
Fig 7: Map showing Lithology of the district Barmer
44
The general stereographic succession worked out by Geological survey of India is as under:
FORMATION AGE LITHOLOGY
Recent to sub recent Sand, sandy soil, kankar, gypsum & selenite deposit.
Kapurdi formation Lower to middle Eocene Fuller's earth.
Barmer,Mandai formation & Akli formation
Lower Eocene to upper Paleocene .
Clays & ferruginous sandstone grey & black Shales with or without lignite intercalations, Bentonite, Siliceous earth.
Fatehgarh formation Middle Paleocene to upper cretaceous.
Ferrugineous Sandstone.
Lathi formation Triassic – Jurassic Sandstone.
Malani igneoues rock Late Precambrian Rhyolite, Granites & associated intrusives .
The Malani igneous suite of rocks are most extensive & are oldest in the area. They consist of volcanic rocks, rhyolite, granites & associated intrusives like basic dykes, aplites & quartz veins. Beside these volcanics, other rocks exposed in the area are sandstone belonging to Barmer, Lathi, Fatehgarh & Mandai formations. Akli & Kapurdi formations constituted by Bentonite, white clay & Fuller's earth and these are in the plains & mostly covered under blown sand.
11.2 MINERAL WEALTH
Minerals are occurring in the Barmer district. Industrial mineral wealth of the district is constituted by non metallic minerals like Bentonite, Fuller's earth Gypsum, Selenite, Siliceous earth, Silica Sand, China clay etc. Major and minor minerals are existing in the district. The details are as under.
45
Fig 8: Map showing the location of Industrial mineral of the Barmer district
46
11.2 (A) MAJOR MINERALS:-
(i). Lignite :
The Kapurdi lignite field of Barmer district stretches over about 25 km in length from north to south and 10 km in width from east to west. The area falls on toposheet No 40 0/5. The Kapurdi village hige ( 71° 33' : 25° 55' )falls on National high way No. 15 runnning between Kandia and Shri Ganganagar.
Investigation by drilling in the area was started in Oct. 1980 by the State department of Mines & Geology with the help of one machine. Later on to accelerate the work, more machines were added in Jan. 1981. April, 1982 and August 1982. A Total 9040.00 m drilling spread over in 70 bore holes, covering an area of about 10 sq. km. was done by the State department and then stopped its work and now further work is being done by Mineral Exploration Corporation, a Government of India under taking. They have done about 80.000 m drilling and work is continued. About 60 million tones of lignite have been proved in Kapurdi area and beside it established lignite occurrence near Jalipa and Kawas.
Geological survey of India is carried out drilling work further north of Kapurdi block ( between Bothia and Bhadkha villages ) they have done adout 800 m drilling spread over in 39 bore holes No. encouraging results are obtained so far.
From the exploratory drilling done it has been found that individual lignite seams varying in thickness from less than 50.00 cm. to maximum of 7.60 with cumulative thickness reaching upto 17.40 m. The thick seams at places show tendency of splitting into a number of thin seams with intervening parting of black shale without lignite seams top middle and bottom have been indicated. Since the explorotion work is still going on as such more reserves are likely to de added to it. Assuring 45 initial moisture, the average ash value is 11% volatile 20% fixed carbon 17% and calorific value 2700k. Ca. Kg. The area seems to be promising and thermal power plant based on if may come up in near future.
District Area Reserves
(million tonnes) Grade (%)
Barmer Kapurdi 150.40 FC-15 to 50%, Ash-5 to 20% CF Value- 2001-
3500
Barmer Jalipa 316.28 FC- 17 to 26%, Ash-10 to 17% CF Value-
Siliceous earth occurrences are found near village Bhiyar, Lalson Ki Dhani, Matti Ka Gol, Borasar, Bariyara, Uttal, Fatehpura, Dharvi, Netrdon Ki Dhani in Shiv tehsil of Barmer district. Siliceous earth mineral is not exposed continuous in the area due to pinching and swelling nature of deposit. Although siliceous earth is also exposed horizontaaly in Bhiyar area. Siliceous earth showing yellowish to white color, fine grained in texture and light in weight. Chemical analysis results showing SiO2 value from 67% to 87%, and showing Fe2O3 value from 0.30% to 1.50%. Prospecting work were carried out by pitting and trenching by department for siliceous earth mineral near village Matti Ka Gel, Jaton Ki Dhani, Bariyara ect.
Reserves position of explored blocks are as under:-
Name of block Reserve Average SiO2
Matti Ka Gol 0.33 M.T. 74.32%
Borasar 0.66 M.T. 74.40%
Jaton Ki Dhani 0.35 M.T. 72.00%
Bariyada 0.10 M.T. 76.28%
(iii). Selenite:-
Selenite occurrences were found near village Chhittar Ka Par, and Thob area in Barmer district. Selenite of the above area is intercalated with gypsum and disposed horizontally. Gypsum is exposed in the form of thin bed. Selenite of Thob area is occurring in the form of minor and twined crystals and translucent in nature. Total 03 mining leases are under operation.
(a) Chhittar Ka Par Selenite deposite:
Near village Chhittar ka Par prospecting work was carried out by department. Selenite deposit has been proved in 3.25 sq km area by pitting/trenching. Total 40nos pit were put in the prospected area. Selenite were encountered in 19 pits. Thickness of selenite bed observed less than 0.30m. A geological reserves of 2.64 million ton of selenite have been established. Chemical analysis result of CaSO4. 2H2O varies from 56.48 to 72.98%. A gypsum bed overlain by selenite bed near village Chhittar Ka Par.
(b) Thob selenite deposit:- Near village Thob(runn area), Selenite bed disposed horizontally below 0.50m to
1.50m thick alluvium. Thickness of Selenite bed varies from 0.20m to 0.40m. Selenite occurrences are exposed/ scattered over an area about 6.0 sq km. Two mining leases are held in favour of M/s RSMM Ltd. Selenite crystals are also found in the form of twin crystal and intercalated with variegated sticky clays.
48
Uses of Selenite:-
Selenite deposite near village Chittar Ka Par and Thob area are being used in surgical grade plaster of Paris, white cement, casting in pottery industries, manufacturing of distemper industries.
11.2 (B) MINOR MINERALS :-
(i) Bentonite:
Bentonite is an important naturally occurring clay of great commercial importance possessing inherent a bleaching properties. Two types of bentonite are generally identified, as a swelling type & non swelling type. Sodium based bentonite shows swelling nature incomparision to calcium based bentonite. The important bentonite bearing localities of Barmer district along with probable reserves are as under:-
Sodium based Bentonite occurs near villages Akli- Thumbli in Shiv tehsil area in about 8.0 sq km and having 4.0m average thickness. Quality of Bentonite revealed that swelling index varies from 19 to 25, Gel index varies 20-35, and Ph value varies 9.05-9.80.
Calcium based Bentonite occurs near villages Rawat Ka Gaon-Phusad in Shiv tehsil area in about 4.0 sq km and having 4.0m average thickness. Quality of Bentonite revealed that swelling index varies from 10 to 21, Gel index varies 9.0-18.
At persent mining activity are being in the Akli- Thumbli, Phusad area, total 30 mining leases are existing in the area. Thickness of bentonite varies from 10m to 15 mt below 1.0m to 6.0m alluvium.
During the year 1989-90, Department have been drilled two bore holes for lignite exploration near villge Jalela Ki Dhani and Giral area in Shiv tehsil of Barmer district. Bentonite mineralization intersected in both bore hole.Near village Jalela Ki Dhani, Bentonite mineralization have been intersected from 0.60m to 30.0m depth in the bore hole. Near village Giral , Bentonite mineralization have been intersected from 6.5m to 18.8m depth in the bore hole.
(ii). Fuller’s Earth: - Fullers earth mineral are occurring near village Bhadkha, Rohilli and Kapurdi area in tehsil and district Barmer. No detailed exploration and prospecting work were carried out by department for fuller’s earth. Total 15nos of mining leases are being under operation. The fuller’s earth are being used in cosmetic, cleaning agent, medicine, bleaching etc.
Near village Bhadkha :- Fuller’s earth are occurring in 2500m in length and 200m to 500m in width. Thickness of fullers earth varies from 4.0m o 8.0m.
Near village Rohilli and Kapurdi:- Fuller’s earth occurring in 6000m in length and 150m to 500m in width. Thickness of fullers earth varies from 4.0m to 10m.
49
(iii). China clay:-
Ball clay and china clay are located near village Gunga in shiv tehsil and near village Bothia- Chhapri in tehsil Barmer.
Total 3 nos of mining leases are being under operation. Near Botia to Chhapri village, China clay occurrences area scattered over an area about 17sq km below 1.0m to 4.0m thick alluvium /soil cover. Thickness of above clay varies from 5.0 to 10m at places in existing mining leases. Above clay horizons partly falls in existing mining lease of lignite (Bothia- Kapurdi area of ML No 8/2005).
The area regionally mapped and covered under reconnaintary survey near village Chhapri and Bothiya (in Barmer tehsil) and n/v Gunga, sheo, Nimbasar, Agoriya (in Sheo tehsil) in Barmer district.
Clays of the Bothia – Chhapri area is of fine grained and shows vitrifies at 1400 °C. It may be suitable for earthen ware and sanitary ware.
Clay of the Gunga area is of creamish to white in color and plasticity in nature. Thickness of clay varies from 3.0m to 6.0m. The clay vitrifies at 1320 °C. It may be suitable for low grade pottery.
(iv). Silica Sand :-
Silica sand occurrences are found near villages Kotra- Jase ka Gaon in Shiv tehsil of Barmer district. Total 4nos of mining leases are existing. The area covered under regional mineral survey and mapped under regional geological mapping n/v Jase Ka Gaon, Kotra in Sheo tehsil of Barmer district.
Silica sand are occurring about 7500m in length and varies from 500m to 2200m in width. Silica sand bed varies up to 10m in thickness and disposed horizontally. Silica sand bed is fragile in nature at places.
Chemical analysis results of Silica sand showing SiO2 value from 96.5% to 98%, and showing Fe2O3 value from 0.20% to 0.50%.
Silica sand may be use in glass, foundry and chemical industries.
(v). Gypsum :-
Gypsum occurrences were found near village Uttarlai, Kawas, Chhittar Ka Par, Jhakara etc in Barmer district. Gypsum of the above area is disposed horizontally. Gypsum is exposed in the form of thin bed. Total two mining leases are existing.
(a) Uttarlai Gypsum deposit:-
Near village Uttarlai, gypsum bed having 0.40m -1.0m thickness below 0.30m to 0.75m thick alluvium. Gypsum occurrences are scattered over an area about 8.0 sq
50
km.The gypsum is horizontally deposited. One mining lease is under process in favour of FCI. Although 70% area has been exhausted.
(b). Kawas gypsum deposit:-
Near village Kawas, Gypsum exposures are scattered over an area 5.50 sq km. Thickness of gypsum bed varies 0.30m to 0.75m below 0.30m to 2.75m or more. Earlier this area was under lease held area and 60% to 75% areas have been exhausted.
(c) Jhakara gypsum deposite:- Near village Thob, gypsum bed scattered over an area 6.20 sq km. Thickness of
gypsum bed varies 0.50m to 0.75m below 0.0m to 0.60m or more. One Mining lease exists for gypsum in favour M/s RSMM Ltd.
Uses of Gypsum :-
Gypsum deposit near villages Uttarlai, Kawas, Chhitar Ka Par and Thob area are being used as making POP sheets, manufacturing of manure/fertilizer etc.
(vi). Vermiculite:-
Vermiculite a variety of mica is occurring near Simalya in Pachbhadra tehsil of Barmer district. The area was prospected by department and have proved its continuity upto 4 m. depth and likely to continue. The average width is about 1.5m. There are other such discontinuous bands with total length of 2km. About 10.000 tones of reserve are expected from the area. No any mining lease is existing in the area.
(vii). Volcanic ash :-
Volcanic ash are located at number of places in the district Barmer, viz. Siwana, Kusip, Ramdev Ki Bari, Nakoda etc. and belongs to Malani Igneous suite of post Delhi Age. It is fine grained hard and compact with varying colours from buff, yellowish, pinkish to grayish. No any mining lease is existing in the area. The general analysis of volcanic ash is as under:-
Sio2 77.75%
Al2 O3 4.27%
Fe2 o3 3.30%
TiO2 0.23%
P2 O5 0.90%
Cao 2.27%
Mgo 3.20%
Na2 O 1.70%
K2 O 2.15%
51
(viii) Granite :-
. The blockable granite occurrence located n/v Mungeria, Suwala in Sheo tehsil , n/v Dhorimana in Gudamalani tehsil, Dhok, Chohtan, Viratara in Chohtan tehsil and around Mokalsar, Gudanal, Phulan, Deora, Rakhi villages in Siwana tehsil . Total 84 mining lease are existing in the Barmer circle except Siwana tehsil. Varigated granites of the Barmer circle are described in the table.
S. No. Location/Tehsil Trade Name Geological characteristic 1. Rakhi, Phulan, &
Deora / Siwana tehsil
Marry Gold
Medium grained texture, brown to grayish colored. Mainly comprises by brownish-pink feldspar, quartz, tourmaline & minor mica
2. Mokalsar, Piplaun / Siwana tehsil
Green Granite Medium grained texture, greenish grey colored. Mainly comprises by green feldspar, quartz, tourmaline & minor mica
3. Mangta / Guda Malani tehsil
Z- Brown Medium grained texture, pinkish- brown colored, Mainly comprises by brownish feldspar, quartz, tourmaline & minor mica.
4. Bachhdau / Chohtan tehsil
Orange Medium grained texture, orange brownish colored, Mainly comprises by feldspar, quartz, tourmaline & minor mica
5. Mungeria/ Sheo tehsil
Royal Cream Medium grained texture, creamish-blue colored, Mainly comprises by creamish & blue feldspar, quartz, white mica.
6. Redana/ Sheo tehsil
Golden pink Medium grained texture, pinkish, creamish & violate in colored. Mainly comprises by feldspar, quartz, tourmaline & minor mica.
7. Dandali, Awari manji / Sindhari tehsil
Chiku Granite Syenite comprises by medium to coarse grained texture, light to dark grayish coloured. Mainly comprises by syenite.
(ix) Bajari or Sand
(a) District wise detail of river or streams and other sand sources:- District Barmer is drained by river Luni and Nala / small river flow as Chohtan, Marudi,
Guda Nal in which mining occurs like Luni, Chohtan, etc. Mining leases in Barmer district mainly given tehsil wise as Samadari, Siwana, Guda Malani, Pachpadra. The Luni River begins near Ajmer in the Pushkar valley of the western Aravalli Range at an elevation of about 550m. At this point, the river is also known as the Sagarmati. The river then flows in the southwest direction through the hills and plains of the Marwar region in Rajasthan. The river is flow south-west and enters the Thar Desert before dissipating into the Rann of Kutch, traversing a total of 495 km. In spite of the high salinity, it is a major river in the region and serves as a primary source of irrigation. The Luni is not saline until it reaches Balotra, where high salt content in the soil impacts the river.
Its major tributaries are the Sukri, Mithri, Bandi, Khari, Jawai, Guhiya and Sagi from the left, and the Jojari (Jawai) River from the right. The Luni river flow through Aravali range and Jalore Eranpura granite, basaltic area , and Manali igneous suite area and
52
(b) Availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources of the district:-
Pachpadra tehsil-
Total Sand reserve = Area (Ha) x 10000 sq m x Depth x Bulk Density of Mineral
= 3056.6181 x 10000 x 1.4x3
= 91698542.85 cum or 128377960 Tonnes
Gudamalani tehsil- Total Sand reserve = Area (Ha) x 10000 sq m x Depth x Bulk Density of Mineral
= 5151.6828 x 10000 x 1.4x3
= 154550484cum or 216370677.60 Tonnes
Siwana and Samdari tehsils- Total Sand reserve = Area (Ha) x 10000 sq m x Depth x Bulk Density of Mineral
= 19011.89 x 10000 x 1.4x3
= 570356700cum or 798499380 Tonnes
(c) District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates:-
There are 4 mining lease for sand and aggregates in the district which are run by the Sh. Raman Sethi S/O Som Parkash Sethi New Delhi, Sh. Bharat Singh S/O Shivdan Singh Singh Shekhawat Jodhpur , M/s Ridhi Sidhi Associates, Rajsamand. As per the information received from ME Barmer/Jalore, they fetched a royalty of 34.91 Crore in the financial year 2015-16.
S. No.
Lessee Name And Address
Mines Name Tehsil Village Rakwa (Hect.)
1 M. L. No. 24/2012 Sh. Raman Sethi S/O Som Parkash Sethi New Delhi
Guda Malani tehsil river area
Gudamalani Guda Malani tehsil river area villages
5151.6828
2 M. L. No. 23/2012 Sh. Raman Sethi S/O Som Parkash Sethi New Delhi
A survey shall be carried out by the DEIAA with the assistance of Geology Department
or Irrigation Department or Forest Department or Public Works Department or Ground Water Boards or Remote Sensing Department or Mining Department etc. in the district.
53
Drainage System with description of main rivers.
S. No. Name of the river Area draind( Sq km) % area drained in the district
1. Luni river Salient Features of Important Rivers and Streams: S. No. Name of river or stream Total Lengh in the
District (in Km) Place of Origin Altitude at
origin 1. Luni River 495 km Puskar (Ajmer)
Portion of the River or Stream Recommended
for Mineral Concession
Length of area recommended
for mineral concession
(in kilometer)
Average width of area
recommended for mineral concession (in meters)
Area recommended
for mineral concession
(in sq meter)
Mineable mineral
potential (in metric tonne) (60% of total
mineral potential)
Pachpadara 51 Km 600 m 30566181 m2 77026776 MT Gudamalani 86 Km 600 m 51516828 m2 129822406 MT Samdari & Siwana 70 Km 600 m 190118900 m2 497099628 MT Note : * Approximatly Mineral Potential
Boulder (MT) Bajri (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential
(MT) ----- 685948810 ------- 685948810
Note : * Approximatly
The efforts are on to identify and locate the new areas for sand mining. Moreover, the potential loci for deposits of sand and associated aggregates are within river bed or close to river banks or the areas of flood plain and the resources are dependent upon the amount of rainfall and the water load carried by the river or stream. Annual Deposition:
Boulder (MT) Bajri (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable Mineral Potential (MT)
Non renewable Note : * Approximatly S.No River
or Stream
Portion of the river or stream recommended for mineral concession
Length of area recommended for mineral concession (in kilometer)
Average width of area recommended for mineral concession (in meters)
Area recommended for mineral concession (in square meter
Mineable mineral potential (in metric tonne) (60% of total mineral potential)
1. Luni Pachpadra tehsil area
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Pachpadra
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Pachpadra
30566181 128377960 tonnes reserves are 100% showing
54
mineable in mining plan
2. Luni Gudamalani tehsil area
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Gudamalani
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Gudamalani
5151.6828 215961656.4 tonnes reserves are 100% showing mineable in mining plan
3. Luni Siwana and Samdari tehsil area
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Gudamalani
Whole river area area in govt. land of tehsil Gudamalani
19011.89 Not available
Total for the District
13. CONCLUSION- 14. REFERENCES- (i). Ground water information report published by CGWD in 2013. (ii). Rajasthan govt. district brochure year 2015.