District Agriculture Plan WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT 2008 …

District Agriculture Plan

WEST SINGHBHUM DISTRICT

2008-09 to 2001-12

NABARD CONSULTANCY SERVICES

JHARKHAND REGIONAL OFFICE

RANCHI

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Map of West Singhbhum

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FOREWORD

Jharkhand, the 28th State of the Indian Union is best known for its rich mineral resources. However, 78% of the total population of 2.69 crore live in rural areas, largely dependent only on agriculture and allied activities. The total cultivable land in the State compares well at 52% of the total geographical area with 55% in the country. But, unfortunately while 76% of the total cultivable area is under net sown area in the country, only 43% is cultivated in Jharkhand. The state suffers from several critical gaps in the agricultural and allied sectors. It is against this back drop that the Agricultural Development plan for 21 districts of the State have been prepared by NABCONS on the basis of the assignment given by the Government of Jharkhand.

The proposed plan envisages a holistic revamp of the entire agriculture and allied sectors. The full implementation of the proposals is expected to significantly increase the cropping intensity, the net and gross cropped area and finally result in vastly improved nutrient availability to the rural population. The investments in allied sectors and integrated approach to farming are important to boost the household incomes and to mitigate the risks in agriculture dependent almost entirely on the vagaries of nature with only 10% of cultivated land under irrigation against the national average of 40%.

It is a great privilege and simultaneously a big challenge for NABCONS, the consultancy subsidiary of NABARD, to have been assigned the task of preparing the State wise and district (in respect of 21 districts) wise comprehensive Agriculture Plan (SAP & DAP) by the Jharkhand state govt. for the period 2008-11. I, in the dual role as the Principal Representative of NABCONS and Regional Chief of NABARD for Jharkhand state feel very happy to submit the comprehensive Agriculture Development Plan to the Govt. of Jharkhand.

I gratefully acknowledge the support received from Shri. A K Basu IAS, chief Secretary, Shri. S K Chaudhury IAS, Development Commissioner, Shri. A K Sarkar IAS, Principal Secretary Agriculture and Deputy Commissioners of all districts. The plan was prepared based on grass root level consultations at village, block and district level and research agencies.

I am confident that this plan would be a harbinger of great opportunities in accelerating overall growth of the state and improve the well-being of millions strong farming community in the state. We from NABARD, as the apex Agriculture and Rural Bank of the country, feel proud to commit ourselves as one of the very important stakeholders in our mission for integrated development of agriculture and allied sector and bringing pride of place for the state it deserves.

(K.C.Shashidhar) Principal Representative, NABCONS & Chief General Manager, NABARD, Jharkhand

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West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand

CONTENTS

Index

Sr.No. Subject Page No.

i Map of District

ii Executive Summary

iii District Specific Feedback from Surveys, Studies, Consultations

1 Introduction 12 District Profile 33 District Potentials 144 District Agriculture Plan 35

Annexure Ia Consolidated Agricultural Plan 62Annexure Ib Yearwise Agricultural Plan 83

Appendix I Watershed Development 66Appendix II Integrated Agri-Horti Farming Systems 76

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. The main economic activity in the district is agriculture. Paddy and Maize are the two main crops in the district. The agro climatic condition of the district is suitable for cultivation of a variety of fruits like mango, guava, jack fruit and vegetables like cauliflower, tomato, brinjal etc. There are some good clusters of vegetable cultivation in Chakradharpur, Manoharpur, Nuamundi and Majhgaon blocks in the district. However, in the absence of assured irrigation facility, agriculture in the district is primarily rainfed and as a result, mainly mono-cropping and subsistence farming is practiced in the district. Absence of effective extension services and lack of backward and forward linkages have made the scene worse. 2. For West Singhbhum district, for the period 2008-09 to 2011-12, an outlay of Rs.191.188 crore has been proposed.The Broad Sector wise allocations for the period 2008-09 to 2011-12 has been projected as given below. 3. The district offers a lot of potential for development of agriculture sector. Under Agriculture sector for the years 2008-09 to 2011-12, the Accelerated Seed Replacement Programme aimed at 100% seed replacement, which includes Certified Seed production Programme, buy back of Certified Seed produced by Seed Villages,etc., has a plan outlay of Rs.1942.72 lakh. Under support to State Seed Farms and Comprehensive Agricultural Seed Farm, for stengthening them for seed production the plan outlay proposed is Rs.142.11 lakh. For a seed testing lab, an outlay of Rs. 31.53 lakh is proposed, whereas it is Rs. 97.50 lakh for Integrated Pest Management. 4. For land development - Large area in the districts are under cultivable waste and other fallow, it is proposed to treat 4684 ha of cultivable waste land and 5516 ha of other fallow land to be brought under agro forestry, horticulture and fodder cultivation. Land development, soil and water conservation on watershed approach, soil testing facility, nutrient enrichment an outlay of Rs. 5379.18 lakh is proposed. 5. Irrigation - As the area under irrigation is only around 14% it is proposed to double the area uder irrigation through minor irrigaiton structures such as water harvesting structures, micro lift, check dams, etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.2745.50 lakh. 6. Under Farm Mechanisation, Plastic Drum Seeder, Cono Weeder, Sprayers, Winnower cum Thresher, power tillers and paddy paddle threshers are proposed to promote mechanisation, for which the plan outlay is Rs.168.25 lakh.

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7. As NHM is in implementation in the district, under Horticulture Development programme, only activities not included under NHM in the district such as support ot vegetable cultivation, floriculture, polyhouse for off-season vegetables, integrated agri- horti farming for tribal families and integrated mixed farming systems have been proposed. The outlay proposed for this sector is Rs.1550.30 lakh. 8. Under Sericulture development, tassar plantations, cocoon banks and common facility centres are proposed for which the plan outlay proposed is Rs.140.00 lakh. 9. Under Organic Farming development , the plan outlay proposed is Rs.66.00 lakh. 10. Under the lac cultivaton,etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.1800.00 lakh. 11. Under the strengthening of extension programme for setting up Krishi Gyan Avam Udyog Kendra, and for farmers capacity building programmes covering sectors under animal husbandry, crops, watershed, fisheries,etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs. 345.31 lakh. 12. Under Animal husbandry and Pisciculture, which include strengthening of Veterinary Institutions, strengthening and construction of AI centres, establishment of goat breeding units and piggery units, development of fish seed farms, fish seed hatcheries etc., the plan outlay proposed is Rs.4635.32 lakh. 13. Under Innovative Schemes- demonstration of gravity drip system and development and demonstration of sprinkler irrigation, the plan outlay proposed is Rs.65.045 lakh.

14. For research & Development, plan outlay is Rs.10.00 lakh. 15. The above programme when implemented over the four year period is expected to improve not only the cropping intensity in the district but will also lead to improvement in agricultural productivity and higher employment and income generation through agriculture and allied activities. Further, the demand for milk, fish, meat and vegetables will be adequately met from within the district and nearby districts.

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Consultative Process

The entire Plan has been prepared in a consultative approach with active participation of all the stake-holders. Projects have been prepared based on inputs from

a) Line Depts. i.e. Agriculture Dept., Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries and Horticulture b) Strategic Research Extension Plan (SREP) prepared by ATMA under the guidance of SAMETI c) Potential-linked Credit Plan (PLP) prepared by NABARD for the district d) Farmers in select areas e) Select NGOs f) Discussions with District Authorities and the district line departments g) Birsa Agricultural University h) Research Institutions such as ICAR (HARP) and IINRG (erstwhile ILRI)

Consultative Workshop at village, district and state levels NABCONS convened a series of workshops of the all the stakeholders at the district levels for obtaining their expectations and suggestions. The line department officials of the districts were provided with the copy of the plan prepared for the concerned district. The district wise discussions on the plan was taken up and district officials, NGOs and farmers made suggestions for incorporating in the plan. Following are the important suggestions made. Some of the suggestions that emanated from the stakeholders in the district level meets are briefly outlined under. 1. Floriculture to be included as gladiola is being cultivated in the district. 2. Training/ awareness is required about modern practices 3. Tassar has very high potential. Proper marketing is required. 4. There is potential for Turmeric, Ginger and cashew has potential. Processing facility for cashew required. 5. Improved agricultural implements are required. 6. Marketing arrangement for medicinal and aromatic plants to be made. There is potential for lemon grass but extraction unit not available. 7. Onion storage godowns required. 8. There is potential for Lac cultivation, brood lac to be made available. 9. There is potential for Piggery and Goatery 10. Sprinkler irrigation to be promoted 11. Summer mung is to be promoted 12. Seed storage facility to be created 13. There is potential for Turmeric, Ginger

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14. Poly house to be included for off season vegetable cultivation 15. Pathological lab to be set up Interaction with Project Directors of ATMA and SAMETI - For Agricutlure Plan NABCONS had interaction with the ATMA and the SAMETI to obtain their valuable feedback on the expectations and perceptions and suggestions for developing agriculture in the state. Some of the suggestions amde by them have been clooated as under district : Mixed farming with lift mechanism and storage tank to be promoted Extraction plant for medicinal and aromatic plan to be set up Chilling plant to be setup

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

West Singhbhum is the largest district of the state. In 1991 the district of Singhbhum was bifurcated to form Pashchimi and Purbi Singhbhum. It lies in the South Chotanagpur division with the subdivisional Head Quarters at Singhbhum sadar, Porahat and Saraikela. The district is bounded on north by Khunti district, on the east by Saraikela Kharsawan district, on the south by Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and Sundergarh districts of Orissa and on the west by Gumla district of Jharkhand and Sundargarh district of Orissa. Besides the district headquarter of Chaibasa the other towns in the district are : Chakradharpur, Chiria, Gua, Jhinkpani, Kharsawan, Kiriburu, Noamundi.The blocks in the district are : Bandgaon, Chakradharpur, Chaibasa, Goilkera, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Khuntpani, Kumardungi, Majhgaon, Manjhari, Manoharpur, Noamundi, Sonua, Tantnagar, Tonto The district has some 2016 villages. It is divided in 15 administrative blocks inhabited by approx 12 lakhs people, it has a sex ratio of 985 females per 1000 males. The tribals constitute more than 50.5% of this district's population.One fourth of the population falls under backward classes while Minorities (Muslims and Christians) form 5% the Tribes predominantly found in this district are Santhals, Oraons, Mundas, Ho and Kharias. The languages spoken are Santhali , Mundari , Kurukh, Khortha, Nagpuria, Sadri, Khariya, Panchparagnia, Ho, Malto, Karmali, Hindi, Urdu, Bangla etc. The overall Literacy rate is 38.9%. Male Literacy stands at 54.7% and female literacy was recorded as 22.4% .

Natural Resources The characteristic feature of West Singhbhum district is its richness in mineral resources like iron ore and limestone. The economy of the district therefore hinges on its mineral resources. The district contains large deposits of iron ore which are increasingly being mined to feed the growing demand for this raw material primarily used in steel production.

The rivers flowing through the district are Roro, Sona, barakar, Koyal, Auranga, Bansloi, Kharkai, Gumani and Baitarnee.

West Singhbhum district is full of dense forests and hills and harbors a variety of flora and fauna. The district boasts of forest resources of around 2 lakh ha.

The Jhikpani Cement Plant and the Chiriya mines are the two major industries.

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AGRICULTURE Agricultural production is characterized by mono cropping practices with only 8% of the net cropped area being irrigated. The district is also rich in various produces such as Amla, Chironji, Mahua and Sawai Grass. Among other activities paddy is cultivated predominately in the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The predominant activity other than paddy and maize are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass, cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri, Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani, Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua, Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks & Lac in Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon, Goelkera and Monoharpur blocks fruits such as Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are grown. Other Economic Activity In West Singhbhum district, Dhaba, Saharian, Laria, Mungia and Modia tasar are reared by the farmers. As on date they have been rearing traditional ways in Asan and Arjun host trees. About 60000 families are engaged in this activity and 8720 active rearers resides in 503 villages carrying out tasar sericulture. The district has about 61000 ha. of fallow land. The topography of the district is highly undulating resulting water run off, soil erosion and slineand alkline soils in many parts of the district. Therefore the soil conservation measures are required. The scope to undertake farm forestry, soil conservation and soil reclamation measures is available in the district.

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CHAPTER II

DISTRICT PROFILE AT A GLANCE

1. MAJOR PARAMETERS

i. Name of the district: West Singhbhum

ii. Geographical area: 5198 sq. KM

(a) Blocks: 15

(b) No of village (inhabited): 1657

(c) No of village electrified: 46 (as per 1991 census)

(d) No of villages connected by

All weather roads: NA

(e) No villages having supply of

Potable water: NA

iii. Rainfall (mm) Normal Actual

1253.70 2006 -07 1434.20

2007-08 1610.70

iv. Agro climatic Region and Zone: West Singhbhum is situated in the south eastern part of Jharkhand State falling under Eastern plateau and hill region. It is between 21"58' and 23"56' North latitude and 85" and 86"East longitude.

v. Population (as per 2001) census: (in 000)

(a) Male: 618

(b) Female: 614

(c) Total: 1232

(d) Population density/ sq. km : 233

(e) Population below poverty line: 665 (54%)

vi. Classification of workers

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(a) Cultivators: 226630

(b) of (a) small and marginal farmers : 115876

(c) Agricultural Labour : 52027

(d) Artisans : 831

(e) Household cottage industries : 17886

(f) Allied Agro- activities: 94282

(g) Other workers : 81559

vii. Land Utilization

(a) Geographical area: (ha) 528870

(b) Net sown area (in ha) 58992

(c) Forest : 109740.08 ha

(d) Fallow land: (in ha) 61029

(e) Land not available for cultivation (in ha) 233250

(f) Cropping intensity: mono crop

(g) Area brought under High yielding variety seeds (in ha): NA

viii. Size of holding No. % Area (ha) %

(a) Less than 1 ha 255003 60% 122886 16

(b) Between 1 & 2 ha 62127 15% 88614 12

(c) Above 2 ha 110764 25% 535273 72

Total 427894 100% 746773 100

ix. Irrigation (in ha)

(a) Net irrigated area : 14731

(b) By canals : 9144

(c) By wells : 3472

(d) By other sources : 2115

x. Consumption of organic chemical manure: NA

Per hectare

xi. Agriculture support facilities

Seeds/ fertilizers/ pesticides depots No: 6

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Rural Market/ Mandis No : 43 (as per 1991)

Rural Godown 01

Cold Storage Nil

xii. Animal Husbandry (2003) census

(a) Plough Animal : 266815

(b) Dairy Animals:

i cows 155212

ii Buffaloes 18794

iii Sheep/Goat 391579

iv Poultry 1729335

xiii. Predominant economic activity prevalent in the district: Among other activities paddy is cultivated predominately in the district. Besides Maize, pulses and oil seeds are also cultivated on seasonal basis. The predominant activity other than paddy and maize are cultivated in various blocks. Sawai grass, cultivated in Jagannathpur, Tonto , Jhinkpani and Nuamundi blocks Tasar silk in Manjhri, Kumardungi, Jagannathpur, Jhinkpani , Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sonua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks & Lac in Sunua, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks. In some pockets of Jhinkpani, Tonto, Bandgaon, Goelkera and Manoharpur blocks fruits such as Papaya, Jack fruit, Custard apple and Guava are grown. xiv. Major food/ commercial and plantation/ horticulture crops The district has got abundant potentials for plantation and horticulture crops. The production of the major crops cultivated in the district are mango 2077 MT, Guava 2211 MT, Lemon 4100 MT and Tomato 12746 MT. To augment the fruit production in the district through NABARD, WADI project is being implemented in 1000 acres in Sonua, Bandgan and Chakradharpur. Similarly by the MESO, fruit crops were planted in 300 acres during the year 2005-06. To rejuvenate the Tasar production in the district through RSVY and MESO, tasar host plants have been planted in 16 acres and 400 acres respectively. xv. Special/additional/other feature of the district In view of the various factors and non availability of assured irrigation, farmers of the district are compelled to sustain Mono cropping. The district faces erratic rainfall. Therefore during summer water tables deplete heavily. To improve the water table Watershed Project being implemented through NABARD, DRDA and NGOs such as JTDS and Samekit JanVikas Kendra, Watershed have been implemented in Tonto,

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Goelkera, Sonua, Khutpani, Jhinkpani, Jamdih and Nuamundi. Besides, two watershed projects each have been implemented by MESO and Soil Conservation Department in Chaibasa, Nuamundi, Jhinkpani and Jagannathpur blocks. 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 2.1 Location and Extent

West Singhbhum district is located in the southern portion of the state. it is bounded by Ranchi in the north, Saraikela in the east, Orissa in south and Simdega in the west. It has an area of 7182 sq. km area and population of 12,31,958 persons (Census of India, 2001). The district comprises two subdivisions (Chakradharpur and Chaibasa) and fifteen development blocks. 2.2 Physiography, Geology and Drainage

This area is dominated by hiily ranges, valleys and plateaus. Hilly and steep sloping areas provide dense forest cover. The plain areas have the elevation about 300 metres but the hilly areas have about 300 to 500 metres. There are few hills having elevation of 650 m. Important ridges are Desbar, Dalma, Chandri Pahar, Raisindri, etc. Geologically the area is comprised with Archean granites and gneisses. Dharwarian formations occur at some places. Important rivers in the area are South Koel, Sanjay Baitarni, Roso, Brahamini, Deo, Koyana, Kharkai etc. 2.3 Climate

The district receives an annual rainfall of 1420 mm. and most of the rainfall occurs during the rainy season. The winter season remains reasonably cold when minimum temperature is 3 to 40C and the average temperature remains at 160C. During summer highest temperature goes upto 430C but the average temperature is recorded to be 330C.

2.4 Agriculture and Land Use

The area reveals variation in land use pattern. All the hilly ranges are under forest cover and only in patches cultivation observed. Chaibasa plain area is mostly under agricultural use. Rice is the major crop of the area and limited area is under wheat cultivation. Apart from this oilseed and vegetables are grown with irrigation. Main sources of irrigation are canals and reservoirs.

2.5 Soils

The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterised during soil resource mapping of the state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al. 1996) and three soil orders namely Entisols, Inceptisols and Alfisols were observed in West Singhbhum

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district . Entisols cover 34.8 percent area fallowed by Inceptisols (33.2 %) and Alfisols (31.1 %).

Table . Soils of the district and their extent

Taxonomy Area (‘00ha) % of TGA Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Rhodustalfs

4 0.05

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Paleustalfs Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Rhodustalfs

50 0.69

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

171 2.38

Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs

2093 29.14

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents

172 2.39

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

634 8.83

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents

295 4.11

Loamy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustepts Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents

51 0.71

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

74 1.03

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

507 7.06

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

169 2.35

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Endoaqualfs

320 4.46

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaqualfs

57 0.79

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Fluventic Haplustepts

130 1.81

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine loamy, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

207 2.89

Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Paleustalfs

59 0.83

Coarse loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ustorthents Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs

519 7.22

Fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaqualfs

203 2.83

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Haplustepts

1111 15.46

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Aeric Endoaquepts Very fine, mixed, hyperthermic Vertic Endoaquepts

150 2.09

Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Rhodustalfs Fine, mixed, hyperthermic Rhodic Paleustalfs

138 1.93

Miscellaneous 68 0.95 Total 7182 100.00

2.6. SOIL ACIDITY AND FERTILITY STATUS

2.6.1 Soil Reaction

Soil pH is an important soil property, which affects the availability of several plant nutrients. It is a measure of acidity and alkalinity and reflects the status of

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base saturation. The soils of the district have been grouped under seven soil reaction classes according to Soil Survey Manual (IARI, 1970). The soil pH ranges from 4.2 to 7.5. The soil reaction classes with area are given in table 2. The data reveals that majority of the area is acidic (95.9 % of TGA), in which 46.0 percent area is strongly acidic, 24.3 percent very strongly acidic, 16.9 percent moderately acidic and 5.5 percent slightly acidic and 3.2 percent extremely acidic in reaction. Soils of 2.3 percent area of the district are neutral whereas 0.9 percent area is slightly alkaline in reaction. Table 2. Soils under different reaction classes

Soil reaction Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Extremely acidic (pH 4.0-4.5) 233 3.2 Very strongly acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.0) 1743 24.3 Strongly acidic (pH 5.1 to 5.5) 3301 46.0

Moderately acidic (pH 5.6 to 6.0) 1216 16.9 Slightly acidic (pH 6.1 to 6.5) 396 5.5 Neutral (pH 6.6 to 7.3) 162 2.3 Slightly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 7.8) 63 0.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.2 Organic Carbon The effect of soil organic matter on soil properties is well recognized. Soil

organic matter plays a vital role in supplying plant nutrients, cation exchange capacity, improving soil aggregation and hence water retention and soil biological activity.

The organic carbon content in the district ranges from 0.11 to 2.26 %. They are mapped into three classes i.e., low (below 0.5 %), medium (0.5-0.75 %) and high (above 0.75 %) (Table 3). Majority soils (67.7 % TGA) are high in available organic carbon content. Medium and low organic carbon content constitute 21.6 and 9.8 percent area respectively. Table 3. Organic carbon status

Organic carbon(%) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 0.50 %) 702 9.8 Medium (0.50-0.75 %) 1553 21.6 High (above 0.75 %) 4859 67.7 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

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2.6.3 Macronutrients Nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are considered

as primary nutrients and sulphur (S) as secondary nutrient. These nutrients help in proper growth, development and yield differentiation of plants and are generally required by plants in large quantity. 2.6.3.1 Available Nitrogen

Nitrogen is an integral component of many compounds including chlorophyll and enzyme essential for plant growth. It is an essential constituent for amino acids which is building blocks for plant tissue, cell nuclei and protoplasm. It encourage aboveground vegetative growth and deep green colour to leaves. Deficiency of nitrogen decreases rate and extent of protein synthesis and result into stunted growth and develop chlorosis.

Available nitrogen content in the surface soils of the district ranges between 185 and 614 kg/ha and details are given in table 4. Majority soils (86.4 % of TGA) of the district have medium availability status of available nitrogen (280-560 kg ha-1) and soils of 5.8 percent area have low available nitrogen content (<280 kg ha-1). Table 4. Available nitrogen status in the surface soils

Available nitrogen (kg ha-

1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA

Low (below 280) 415 5.8 Medium (280-560) 6202 86.4 High (above 560) 497 6.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.3.2 Available Phosphorus Phosphorus is important component of adenosine di-phosphate (ADP) and adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), which involves in energy transformation in plant. It is essential component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the seat of genetic inheritance in plant and animal. Phosphorous take part in important functions like photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, crop maturation, root development, strengthening straw in cereal crops etc. The availability of phosphorous is restricted under acidic and alkaline soil reaction mainly due to P-fixation. In acidic condition it get fixed with aluminum and iron and in alkaline condition with calcium.

Available phosphorus content in these soils ranges between 1.0 and 17.0 kg/ha and their distribution is given in table 5. Data reveals that majority of the soils are low (95.3 % of TGA) in available phosphorous content.

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Table 5. Available phosphorous status in the surface

soils

Available phosphorous (kg ha-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 10) 6844 95.3 Medium (10-25) 270 3.8 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.3.3 Available Potassium Potassium is an activator of various enzymes responsible for plant processes

like energy metabolism, starch synthesis, nitrate reduction and sugar degradation. It is extremely mobile in plant and help to regulate opening and closing of stomata in the leaves and uptake of water by root cells. It is important in grain formation and tuber development and encourages crop resistance for certain fungal and bacterial diseases.

Available potassium content in these soils ranges between 41 and 470 kg/ha and details about area and distribution is given in table 6. The data reveals that most of the soils (57.3 % of TGA) have medium available potassium content (108-280 kg ha-1). Soils of 30.9 percent area are low (below 108) and 10.9 percent area are high (above 280 kg ha-1) in available potassium content. Table 6. Available potassium status in the surface soils

Available potassium (kg ha-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (below 108) 2217 30.9 Medium (108-280) 4114 57.3 High (above 280) 783 10.9 Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.3.4 Available Sulphur Sulphur is essential in synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids (cystine, cysteine and methionine), chlorophyll and metabolites including co-enzyme A, biotin, thiamine, or vitamin B1 and glutathione. It activates many proteolytic enzymes, increase root growth and nodule formation and stimulate seed formation. The available sulphur content in the soils ranges from 0.5 to 32.3 mg kg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 7. Majority of soils (61.6 % TGA) are low

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(<10 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 28.9 and 8.6 percent area are medium (10-20 mg kg-1) and high (>20 mg kg-1) in available sulphur content respectively. Table 7. Available sulphur status in the surface soils

Available sulphur (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Low (<10) 4421 61.6

Medium (10-20) 2077 28.9 High (>20) 616 8.6

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.4 Micronutrients Proper understanding of micronutrients availability in soils and extent of their

deficiencies is the pre-requisite for efficient management of micronutrient fertilizer to sustain crop productivity. Therefore, it is essential to know the micronutrients status of soil before introducing any type of land use. 2.6.4.1 Available Iron

Iron is constituent of cytochromes, haems and nonhaem enzymes. It is capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants. It promotes starch formation and seed maturation.

The available iron content in the surface soils is ranges between 14.8 and 94.6 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available iron (> 4.5 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available iron. They are grouped and mapped into four classes. Majority of the soils (67.8 % of TGA) have available iron content between the range of 50 to 100 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution is presented in table 8. Table 8. Available iron status in the surface soils

Available iron (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <15 77 1.1

15-25 230 3.2 25-50 1940 27.0 50-100 4867 67.8

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.4.2 Available Manganese Manganese is essential in photosynthesis and nitrogen transformations in

plants. It activates decarboxylase, dehydrogenase, and oxidase enzymes.

West Singhbhum_20

The available manganese content in surface soils ranges between 5.1 and 64.0 mg kg-1. As per the critical limit of available manganese (> 2 mg kg-1), all the soils are sufficient in available manganese. They are grouped and mapped into four classes. Soils of 56.1 % area of district have available Mn content between 25 and 50 mg kg-1. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 9. Table 9. Available manganese status in the surface soils Available manganese (mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating

<10 113 1.6 10-25 958 13.3 25-50 4028 56.1 50-100 2015 28.1

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.4.3 Available Zinc Zinc plays role in protein synthesis, reproductive process of certain plants and

in the formation starch and some growth hormones. It promotes seed maturation and production.

The available zinc in surface soils ranges between 0.16 and 6.42 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into five classes. Soils of majority of soils (93.6 % of TGA) are sufficient (>0.5 mg kg-1) whereas soils of 5.5 percent area are deficient (<0.5 mg kg-1) in available zinc. The details of area and distribution are presented in table 10. Table 10. Available zinc status in the surface soils Available zinc(mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating

<0.5 395 5.5 Deficient 0.5-1.0 1409 19.6 1.0-2.0 4227 58.9 2.0-3.0 896 12.5

3.0-7.0 187 2.6

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.4.4 Available Copper Copper involves in photosynthesis, respiration, protein and carbohydrate metabolism and in the use of iron. It stimulates lignifications of all the plant cell wall and is

West Singhbhum_21

capable of acting as electron carrier in many enzyme systems that bring about oxidation-reduction reactions in plants.

The available copper status in surface soils ranges between 0.14 and 13.52 mg kg-1. They are grouped and mapped into six classes. Majority of soils (96.9 % of TGA) have sufficient amount of available copper (>0.2 mg kg-1) and soils of 2.2 % area are deficient in available copper (<0.2 mg kg-1). The details of area and distribution are presented in table 11. Table 11. Available copper status in the surface soils Available copper(mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating

<0.2 159 2.2 Deficient 0.2-0.5 63 0.9 0.5-1.0 295 4.1 1.0-2.0 1425 19.8 2.0-4.0 3566 49.7

4.0-14.0 1606 22.4

Sufficient

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

2.6.4.5 Available Boron Boron increases solubility and mobility of calcium in the plant and it act as regulator of K/Ca ratio in the plant. It is required for development of new meristematic tissue and also necessary for proper pollination, fruit and seed setting and translocation of sugar, starch and phosphorous etc. It has role in synthesis of amino acid and protein and regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

The available boron content in the soils ranges from 0.02 to 7.21 mgkg-1 and details about area and distribution is given in table 12. The critical limit for deficiency of the available boron is <0.5. Soils of 38 percent area of district are deficient (<0.50 mgkg-1) whereas 61 percent area are sufficient (>0.50 mgkg-1) in available boron content. Table 12. Available boron status in the surface soils

Available boron(mg kg-1) Area (‘00ha) % of the TGA Rating <0.25 1048 14.6

0.25-0.50 1681 23.4 Deficient

0.50-0.75 2175 30.3

>0.75 2210 30.8 Sufficient

Miscellaneous 68 0.9 Total 7182 100.0

West Singhbhum_22

West Singhbhum_23

Chapter 3

1. Agricultural Field Crops

A. Introduction

In West Singhbhum district, the total cropped area is 40,310 ha, the area sown more than once is 5.48 thousand ha. and the Net Sown Area is 59 thousand ha. Out of total cropped area, 14731ha is under irrigation. Out of the total cultivable holdings, 75% belongs to small and marginal farmers. Average holding size is 0.85 ha. In the absence of assured irrigation network, the cultivation in this region can be characterised as rain fed mono crop cultivation which is primarily to meet own consumption needs and has not acquired commercial scale. There are three crop seasons namely Kharif, Rabi and Summer. Major Kharif crops are paddy, jowar, bajra and maize. Major Rabi crops are wheat, jowar, barley, gram, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. Rice and maize are grown in summer also. Sr.no. Crop Area (ha) Production (MT) Productivity (kg/ ha) 1. Paddy 173389 285745 1648 2. Maiz 5208 7817 1501 3. Wheat 2102 1969 937 4. Pulses 14825 5432 366 5. Oilseed 701 213 304 6. Jwar 562 225 400 7. Marua 537 123 230 In order to increase production and productivity and to make agriculture remunerative as well as sustainable, the use of appropriate technology / practices, farm mechanisation and integrated resource management is required on a large scale. And this requires massive deployment of capital in agriculture. As 75% of the landholdings are held by Marginal/ Small farmers who are generally resource poor, the requirement of institutional credit is immense under the sector. Much importance is given for accelerating credit flow to this sector. In view of the need to increase the production and productivity of foodgrains and to achieve the target of 4% agricultural growth during the XIth Plan period, the need for availability of adequate, timely and cheap credit to the farmers has been emphasized through KCC to all the eligible land holding farmers directly and to the landless share

West Singhbhum_24

croppers by forming Joint Liability Groups. The reduction in the interest rate on KCC to the ultimate farmer has created a congenial atmosphere for investment under this sector. B Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned i. 22 Phal Sabji Utpadan Samities (PSUS) are operating in the district who have

disbursed 66 laks by DCCB. ii. There is one seed farm with KVK, Jagannathpur, which is engaged in production

quality seeds. iii. Rain Water Harvesting Tank Scheme for SC/ ST farmers for achieving accelerated

growth of irrigation potential with subsidy ceiling upto 50 % of the approved unit cost.

iv. Under RSVY and NREGP more than 126 lift irrigation, 158 ponds /ahars and 63 check dams have been completed during 2008-09, which is going beyond schedule. This has lead to creation of additional irrigation capacity.

v. Under Hariyali Yojana, 72 structures covering each @500 ha per structure spread over 36000 ha in the various blocks by DRDA .

vi. Krishi Vigyan Kendra in the district is conducting a number of On Farm Training programmes under cereals, oilseeds and pulses and it has made a breakthroughs in vegetables cultivation, organic farming and in promotion of Seed Village programmes. However, the use of technology and other major inputs are very low. There is a tremendous potential to increase production and productivity.

vii. Action Plan for dissemination and use of appropriate technology has been drawn by KVK, the Agriculture Department and ATMA, which is being implemented through on-farm demonstration and training of farmers by KVK and the Macro- Mode schemes of the Agriculture Department. The use of Zero tillage cultivation, seed- drill machines, reapers, better agriculture practices has increased but a lot needs to be done in this area. With the synergisation of these efforts with launching of more and more Farmers Club, it is expected to make a significant dent during the year under reference.

viii.The Jharkhand Government has accorded priority to agriculture and irrigation in order to make the state self sufficient in food grains.

ix. During Kharif 2007-08 Policy of GoJ, the targetted to cover an area of 3,49,757 ha to be brought under major crops and pulses.

x. The Kharif 2007-08 Policy of GoJ also targeted for demand for fertilizers (urea, DAP, SSP, MOP etc.) and its utilisation, Seed distribution, Testing of 2300 units of Soil samples, 100 units of Fertilizers and 100 units of Seed samples.

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xi. The State Govt. has made an arrangement for distribution of mini kits comprising improved seeds, fertilizers and pesticides for small and marginal farmers.

xii. The District has 1000 ponds owned by the Govt. Some of the ponds are under renovation. It would add irrigation potential in the district.

xiii.Under NREGS 343 check dams are expected to be completed during the year xiv.Rain water Harvesting Scheme for SC/ ST farmers for achieving accelerated

growth of irrigation potential with subsidy ceiling provided 50% of the approved unit cost.

xv. 310 Watersheds have been identified. xvi.53 LAMPS are affiliated to the Singhbhum DCCB. (ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap Adequate and timely availability of inputs i.e. HYV seeds, fertilisers, pesticides

etc. may have to be ensured. There are 28 Rural Haats in the district where agricultural products are sold by

the farmers. Though 9 mandis under RSVY have been added to the existing haats but old haats require renovation.

Non existence of bio-fertiliser production unit in the district.

2 WATER RESOURCES A. Introduction Water Resources Projects can be classified into three categories : (i) Major irrigation projects where cultivable command area is more than 10,000 hectare, (ii) Medium Irrigation projects where cultivable command area is between 2000 hectare to 10,000 hectare and (iii) Minor irrigation projects where cultivable command area is 2000 hectare. Irrigation is a critical input in agriculture and the need for increased food-grain production in the state requires accelerated development of water resources and its management. It is well known fact that timely irrigation boosts crop yields and allows intensive use of land besides providing scope for altering the cropping pattern in favour of high value crops. Most importantly, irrigation acts as a buffer under drought conditions, whereby the protective irrigation can prevent crop loss. Depending upon the source of water, minor Irrigation is categorized into two groups- (a) Ground water exploitation by constructing minor irrigation structures, (b) Surface water irrigation by lift irrigation scheme. The schemes for groundwater exploitation comprises of (i) Dug Well, (ii) Dug –cum –Bore – Well, (iii) Bore Well, (iv) Deep Tube Wells, Shallow Tube Wells, Filter Points (v) Lining of field channel,

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(vi) Under ground pipelines. Under Surface water schemes covers (i) lift irrigation scheme, (ii) Drip irrigation (iii) Sprinkler irrigation. In the district, most of the schemes are covered under lift irrigation schemes. These schemes are individual schemes, community schemes, farm ponds or rainwater harvesting tanks, check dams or weirs etc. In the district, out of net sown area of 58992 ha., only 14731 ha. is covered by irrigation. The cropping intensity in the district is 110% and the existing population of tractors is 102. All these features indicate a poor level of mechanised farming which may also be due to the fact that the district is primarily a mono crop rain fed area with kharif and paddy as the dominant crop. There is need for increasing investment under minor irrigation. The availability of Ground Water Resources and stage of Development in West singhbhum district as on 31.03.2004 is as under: (in Ham/year)

Annual replenishable groundwater resources Annual groundwater draft Monsoon season Monsoon season Total Irrigatio

n Domestic

& Industria

l Uses

Existing gross

GW draft for all uses

Recharge from

rainfall

Recharge from other

sources

Recharge from

rainfall

Recharge from other

sources

29059 890 7362 130 37441 406 1742 2149

Natural discharge during non monsoon season 2503Net annual Groundwater availability 34938Projected demand for domestic & Industrial uses 2313Groundwater availability for future Irrigation 32219Stage of Ground water development in % 6

Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) has been set up with NABARD to provide loans to state governments for undertaking projects relating to irrigation, soil conservation and water management besides other infrastructure projects. As the underground terrain/formation of West singhbhum district falls under Hard Rock Archean & Pre-Cambrian type, it has been estimated that 26626 Dug wells and 5917 Bore wells are feasible in the district. All blocks in the district fall under safe category and dug well is the suitable MI structure. B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Service.

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(i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned DRDA has constructed 63 tanks,27checkdams, 3 irrigation canals/Nali in West

Singhbhum during the year under NREGS Diesel and Kerosene outlets are available in the district. Pump set dealers are available in the district. Under Hariyali Yojana, 72 irrigation structures with an average command area of

@ 500 ha are proposed in various blocks by DRDA. Forest Department also constructed 15 ponds for irrigation and drinking

purposes. Rainwater Harvesting Scheme for SC/ ST farmers for achieving accelerated

growth of irrigation potential with subsidy @ 50 % of the approved unit cost is being implemented in the district.

Under SGSY, emphasis has been given on creation of irrigation infrastructure like dug well, pumpset and small watershed projects.

62 Check dams have been sanctioned under NREGA. JHALCO is looking after the irrigation structures in the State. Construction / renovation of ponds/ checkdams / micro-lift irrigation schemes/

watershed development projects are being taken up under SGSY, Hariyali and other programmes

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap Inadequate and erratic electricity supply in most of the villages. Out of 1657

villages, only 46 (as per 1996 census) villages have been electrified. The electricity in rest of the villages is being supplied in a phased manner.

JHALCO needs to be made a vibrant organisation in terms of financial support and manpower strengthening.

3 Land Development

A Introduction Geographical area in the district is 5198 Sq. K.M, Net Sown Area is 58.99 thousand ha, forest land 109.74 thousand ha, fallow land 61.00 thousand ha, barren & unutilized land. Cropping intensity is 110%. 60% of land holdings is less than 1 ha. The red and sandy soil intertwined with rolling undulation causes heavy run off resulting in low irrigation facility on the one hand and poor ground water recharge on the other. As a result of large scale mining and similar activities ground water is fast depleting and the water table has gone down significantly Water conservation is

West Singhbhum_28

a major activity and ways for conservation of water from all sources need to be planned in a scientific way. Land development is a broad term which encompasses activities like land leveling, contour bunding, soil conservation, on-farm development activities, watershed management, use of bio-fertiliers including compost/vermi compost, optimum use of available water resources and waste land development. Undulated topography and efficient water management calls for land leveling at least in the irrigated command area of irrigation projects. DRDA and in collaboration with NGOs, is implementing 8 watershed development schemes in the district under DPAP programme of the Central Govt. Further, JTDS is also implementing 6 Watershed projects in the district. B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services: (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned

District Agriculture Officer (DAO) is assisted by Sub Divisional Agriculture

Officers, Block Agriculture Officers and extension staff in the district. Soil Testing Laboratory is available in the district. 8 Watershed Development Schemes are being implemented in the district with

financial assistance from DRDA under DPAP/NREGA schemes. Krishi Vigyan Kendra is operational in the district which will helpfor technology

transfer and on-farm demonstration of scientific agricultural practices. Mini kits for supply of High yielding Variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers and pesticides

to farmers are being supplied by the State Government . KVK, Baliapur and Green Hill Biotech Farm at Gobindpur, an Agriclinic and

Agribusiness Centre promoted by NABARD are promoting vermi- composting technology with the help of NGOs and also imparting training to potential entrepreneurs/ villagers.

The vermicompost units are to be encouraged to go for commercial production. (ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap Strengthening and reorientation of extension services for creating awareness

amongst the farmers about new agricultural practices, plant protection measures to fight various diseases in an effective manner.

Popularising use of vermi-compost or NADEP compost. Ensuring adequate and timely supply of quality inputs like earthworms for vermi-

compost, HYV seeds, fertilisers etc.

West Singhbhum_29

Agriculture Officers and extension staff are being utilised for other administrative work. Their services may be utilised for technology transfer, creating awareness amongst the farmers of the benefits of various agriculture activities and provision of credit under various schemes.

KVK should provide all facilities like soil testing, soil amendments for treatment, soil conservation, technology transfer and other measures to the farmers under one roof. This will supplement the extension programmes of the line department. Soil testing is also done by Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research (CIMFR) which will supplement the need of the people.

4 Farm Mechanisation

A. Introduction Tractors and power tillers are necessary as they have many uses besides tilling the field. It saves time and energy so that farmers can take up other work. However, in West singhbhum district the reliance is more on bullocks for agricultural operations, as the number of small and marginal farmers in the district is high and their land is fragmented and scattered. In the district, out of net sown area of 58992 ha., only 14731 ha. is covered by irrigation. The cropping intensity in the district is 110% and the existing population of tractors is 102. All these features indicate a poor level of mechanised farming which may also be due to the fact that the district is primarily a mono crop rain fed area with kharif and paddy as the dominant crop. With emphasis on achieving self sufficiency in food grains, Jharkhand has given top priority to increase the coverage under assured irrigation and this provides the scope for farm mechanisation for increasing productivity. During the 30 power tillers have been distributed under farm mechanisation by Agriculure departments. B . Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support services (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned Tractor dealers are available in West singhbhum. After sales and service centers are available in the district head quarter. Opportunities for custom hiring and transportation of goods exist in the district. Diesel is available round the year. To popularise the use of power tillers amongst the small farmers, state

government provided these to farmers at highly subsidised prices. The State Government is organising Kisan Melas at all block levels to spread

awareness among the farmers about the use of tractors, sprinkler irrigation

West Singhbhum_30

systems and other modern agri-implements. Experts from Central Upland Rice Research Institute, Ranchi were invited to participate in technical sessions meant for the farmers.

A few agriclinics and agribusiness centres to be set up by agricultural graduates and improved irrigation infrastructure may give boost to farm operations leading to greater demand for tractors and power tillers.

To popularise the tractors, the centrally sponsored scheme “Promotion of Agriculture Mechanisation" among small farms is on the card where subsidy @ 30% the cost of a tractor with maximum limit of Rs. 30,000/- for purchase of small tractor up to 35 HP is available.

Majority of Land holdings are less than 0.85 hectare and almost scattered. A need has been felt for consolidation of land holdings. The State Government should take up this issue in future.

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap After sale and services at the block and village level where agriculture is a

predominant activity need to expanded. Supply of improved variety of seeds, awareness amongst the farmers about the

benefits of scientific agrarian practices for increased income will lead to more degree of farm mechanisation.

Improvement in irrigation facilities in terms of more number of dug wells and pump sets activating defunct lift irrigation structures, construction of check dams and mini- watersheds so that more area could be brought under mechanised farming.

5 Plantation & Horticulture

A. Introduction The agro-climatic conditions in West singhbhum district favours cultivation of fruit crops like mango, guava, jack-fruit, ber, pomegranate, custard apple, sweet lime etc. Vegetables like potato, cauliflower, tomato, brinjal and green leafy vegetables are also grown in the district for which a ready demand in the market exists within the district and nearby districts. The agro- climatic condition of the district is also conducive for cultivation of variety of Medicinal & Aromatic plants. The district has 61029 hectares of fallow land. The entire area has the potential for plantation and horticulture crops. At present, the fruit crops are not grown to the extent of available potential. This is because of the unwillingness of the farmers to switch over from field crops to commercial plantation & horticulture crops due to inadequate extension services, absence of on-farm demonstration projects, absence of incentive from government, lack of quality planting materials.

West Singhbhum_31

B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned Development of plantation & horticultural crops in the district is being looked

after by District office and Sub-divisional office of Plantation and Horticulture Department.

Two progeny orchards of 25 acres each are available at Chaibasa and Majgaon. Four nurseries of 2 acres each exist at Tantnagar, Manjhari, Manoharpur and

Sonua. 240 farmers have developed one acre orchard through MESO. 14 farmers have developed progeny orchard of one acre land (mango, lemon and

papaya) At Nischintpur and Bhujudih one acre land each has been brought under

cultivation for safed musli and lemon grass. 1000 acres WADI project are to be developed in Chakradaharpur , Sonua, and

Bandgaon

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap The horticulture department needs to be strengthened in terms of exclusive

responsibility for West Singhbhum. Adequate staff may be posted to carry out the demonstration and extension programmes in the district with adequate budgetary support for the same.

Introduction and promotion of varieties suitable for processing is required. More orchard may be developed through MESO. Promotion of organic farming and contract farming. Defunct nurseries may be made functional to ensure adequate supply of quality

planting materials. Workshops and training programmes for bankers, farmers and line departments

for improving the level of awareness so that the farmers may think of switching over to plantation and horticultural crop cultivation as a commercial activity.

Marketing infrastructure/ arrangement are grossly inadequate.

6 SERICULTURE A. Introduction

In West Singhbhum district, Dhaba, Saharian, Laria, Mungia and Modia tasar are reared by the farmers. As on date they have been rearing traditional ways

West Singhbhum_32

in Asan and Arjun host trees. About 60000 families are engaged in this activity and 8720 active rearers resides in 503 villages carrying out tasar sericulture. In the previous year 1655 farmers produced 6322000 cocoons. The silk warms reared in the district are bi voltine. Rearing of tri voltine have rare scope due to climatic condition. To give tasar sericulture a commercial look, 350 farmers have been given special training by Tasar Deapartment and special SGSY scheme is being implemented in 04 blocks through PRADAN (an NGO)

B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned a. Three Tassar farms of sericulture deptt of 85 ha, 95 ha and 9 ha size are located in Talaburu, Debrasahi and Hatgamharia blocks. b.One sericulture training unit is located at Chaibasa which has capacity to train 45 students in a year. c.Two Grainage units are located at Chaibasa and Hatgamharia for production of DFLs d.One Central Silk Board research centre is located at Hatgamharia. e.One Raw Material Bank is located at Chaibasa. f. 6 farm are existing at Chaibasa (12 acres), Bharbharia (10 acres),Goelkera (10.5 acres), CKP (8.14 acres), Debrasahi (1 acre) and Hatgambharia (9.5 acres) g. 04 Grainage houses have been constructed through RSVY h. 800 acres tasar farm have been developed through MESO. i. 20 acres farms have been developed through RSVY. j Setting up of 27 grainage centers. k.Setting up 07 Common Facility Centres. l. Setting up one Handloom cluster through NABARD m. Proposal to set up grainage of 20’x30’ size at village level through RSVY n. Setting up processing units through SHGs o. Planting of host plant in 400 ha through MESO

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap

a. There are 372 silk weaving units in the district of which 200 are in dormant stage. Revival effort may be taken by the Government. b. 607 Grainages are required to fulfill the DFL demand of 9105 active rearers c. 07 PPC are in dormant condition. d. 50 Tassar rearers' co operative societies are defunct and require support for revival. e. One reeling and twisting unit located at Chaibasa is in dormant condition.

West Singhbhum_33

f. Purchase capacity of the Raw Material Banks need to be increased. g. Inadequate DFL supply through Central Silk Board

7 Forestry and Wasteland Development

A. Introduction As per the landuse classification, the forest area in the district is 21% of total geographical area. The forest areas are rapidly declining due to felling of trees for fuel and furniture. To protect the forests, efforts should be made to popularize farm forestry at a large scale. In addition, the wastelands may also be used for growing forest species. An area of 35,608 ha of cultivable waste land and 61,029 ha of fallow land can be utilized for farm forestry. The existence of vast tracts of cultivable/ uncultivable wasteland and agro climatic conditions of the district provide good potential for growing species like sesam, eucalyptus, bamboo, gambhare, ber, jackfruit etc. This activity will generate employment and also give a commercial benefits to the farmers. The district has a tremendous possibility in developing Lac cultivation as an industry as there were lakhs of Palash trees in the district and one Palash tree was capable of generating Lac worth Rs. 600/- per annum. Apart from the commercial approach, the farm forestry and social forestry will help in maintaining ecological balance. National Bamboo Mission Bamboo is a versatile group of plants which is capable of providing ecological, economic and livelihood security to the people. Keeping in view the vast untapped potential of the bamboo plant, it has been decided to implement a scheme on National Bamboo Mission for addressing the issues relating to the development of bamboo in the country. The National Bamboo Mission will be a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, in which the contribution of the Central Government will be 100%. The main objectives of the Mission are: To promote the growth of the bamboo sector through as an area based

regionally differentiated strategy; To increase the coverage of area under bamboo in potential areas, with improved

varieties to enhance yields; To promote marketing of bamboo and bamboo based handicrafts; To establish convergence and synergy among stakeholders for the development

of bamboo; To promote, develop and disseminate technologies through a seamless blend of

traditional wisdom and modern scientific knowledge.

West Singhbhum_34

To generate employment opportunities for skilled and unskilled persons, especially unemployed youths.

Bamboo Development Agency (BDA) will be set up in each State with the Director, Agriculture/Horticulture/Environment & Forests or any other officer considered appropriate by the State Government as Mission Director. BDA will have representatives from concerned departments such as Forests, Rural Development, Urban Development, Handicrafts, Panchayati Raj. The Panchayati Raj Institutions existing in the State would be fully involved in the implementation structure. The funds will be released by the Ministry of agriculture to the beneficiaries (such as NGOs or SHGs) through BDA. BDA will be responsible for implementation and overall coordination of NBM within the State B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support services: (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned i. Large number of nurseries of 1 ha size have been developed by forest

department ii. 3 watershed projects are being implemented in Chaibasa, Nuamundi and

Bandgaon blocks by Soil conservation department iii. 8 watersheds projects are being implemented in Goelkera, Sanua, Khuntpani and

Tonto blocks. NABARD assisted watershed project is under implementation in Tonto block.

iv. Few farmers have developed farm forestry in their field as commercial activity without credit support

v. Some more farmers may come forward for farm forestry vi. Forest department has plans to raise seedlings in nurseries and provide the same

at Rs 1.50 per plant to the public vii. Plantation will be taken up in watershed projects under implementation in Tonto,

Sonua, Khutpani and Goelkera blocks and in soil conservation watershed area. viii.Multitier plantation schemes are in the offing through MESO (ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap This activity is not picking up to the desired level due to following impediments: Non availability of suitable varieties of plant species and planting materials. Lack of awareness among farmers, entrepreneurs and bankers towards

remunerative forestry. Poor extension services. Cumbersome process of obtaining transit pass from the forest dept Sensitizing the bankers that forestry can also be taken up as remunerative

commercial activity.

West Singhbhum_35

Farmers’ Cooperatives may be set up to encourage forestry on vast wasteland, which is lying unutilised otherwise.

The State Govt. through its forest department may take up social forestry schemes to act as on-farm demonstration for which adequate budgetary support will have to be provided.

Suitable remunerative agro forestry models for the area may be developed by the Forest department.

Energy plantations to be encouraged on the wastelands. Market avenues/wood based industries to be encouraged in the state.

8 . Animal Husbandry- DAIRY DEVELOPMENT A. Introduction: Animal husbandry provides significant employment opportunities in the rural areas. This activity provides subsidiary occupation to a large section of society particularly to small and marginal farmer, landless labourers living in drought prone, hilly, tribal, rural and other under developed areas where crop production may not be enough for engaging them fully throughout the year. The agro-climatic condition of the district is suitable to support cross breed animals. Supplementary activities like green fodder production, vermi-compost, silage making and urea treatment of straw also offer scope. In West Singhbhum district, dairy activity has large potential in Chakradharpur, Sonua, Manoharpur, Jagannathpur, Tantnagar and Chaibasa blocks. This activity has been adopted in a few pockets of the above mentioned blocks. Besides, the production based on organic farming has high nutritive value and huge export potential under the new WTO regime. The sector has also potential for integration with other agriculture sector such as land development, soil and water conservation, forestry, fisheries etc. which can enable an overall development of the rural community. In the state, livestock rearing is mainly taken as an household activity, being managed by family members particularly women members and development programmes need to keep it in view while addressing the emerging issues relating to this sector. B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services: (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned 79 Artificial Insemination centers and 32 veterinary dispensaries are in the

district.

West Singhbhum_36

Subsidy is available under various Government sponsored programmes viz. SGSY and subsidy programme under Dairy Development Deptt.

Training is provided by Dairy Development Dept, Farmers Training Centre, Dhurwa, Ranchi. Paddy being the dominant crop, paddy straw and dry fodder are available in the district.

Animals are available locally. Orissa also caters to the cattle availability to the people of the district. Improved varieties of cattle are available in Cattle fairs at Nuamundi, Orissa.

To popularise dairy projects of say 2, 5, 10 and 20 animal CB Cattle, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Tharparkar breed of indigenous cattle and Graded Murrah Buffaloes, a Pilot Project is under implementation with subsidy.

To increase the milk yield among the dairy animals, a breed improvement programme is being run by the Animal Husbandry Department in which the regular health check up of animals, immunization/ vaccination (deworming) and artificial insemination are taken up.

The State Government is aware of the potential of the dairy sector. It intends to strengthen irrigation infrastructure so that the farmers can grow fodder for milch animals in the long run and can support this activity on a commercial scale.

Venture Capital Fund for Dairy/ Poultry Sector, interest free loan/ interest subsidy on the bank loan to the entrepreneurs is being implemented.

Schemes of DRDA for infrastructure support may be framed. Gokul Gram Yojana/ BAIF Cattle Development Centres/ Renovation of Milk

Routes and Chilling Centres may be implemented/ established. (ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap Although green fodder is available in Topchanchi, Tundi, Gobindpur, Baliapur and

Baghamara blocks the same is not adequate to meet the requirement. Farmers having irrigation facilities may be encouraged to grow more and more green fodder.

There is need to popularise mini and commercial diary schemes comprising of 5, 10 and 20 cows and cluster approach may be adopted/ co-operative society may be formed.

The Artificial Insemination centers and veterinary dispensaries may be made available with all modern equipment and frozen semen bank.

A chilling plant may be set up with or without state participation for additional storage and processing.

All block Veterinary Hospitals, Veterinary Sub- Centers may be made fully functional with requisite staff.

9 Animal Husbandry- POULTRY DEVELOPMENT

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A. Introduction : Poultry provides additional income and job opportunities to a large number of rural populations with faster return from low investment in shortest possible time. The poultry production in the country has made significant progress over the years due to thrust given by the government and organised private sector. Poultry eggs and meat are important sources of high quality proteins, minerals and vitamins to balance the human diet. Poultry manure has high fertilizer value and can be used for increasing yield of all crops. Poultry farming is one of the most suitable activities to generate income in rural area. As per 2003 poultry census about 18.36 lakh birds are available in the district. Out of that 10599 and 7304 improved variety of birds are reared by the farmers for meat and egg purposes. 21 Numbers of 100 to 500 birds broiler farms are existing in the district. 9 numbers of 5001 to 1000 birds broiler units are in existence. Local demand for eggs is around 4-5 lakh per day and chickens requirement per day works out to 4000. These have adopted commercial approach. The present requirement is also met from neighbouring districts and states. B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support Services: (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned 32 TVO offices cover all the blocks for providing veterinary services. 15 BAHO office are in Chaibasa, Jhinkpani, Jagarnathpur, Majhgaon, Tantnagar,

Tanto, Khuntpani, Bandgaon, Sanua and Goelkera, Manoharpur, Manjhari and Nuamundi

To popularise mini poultry projects, Animal Husbandry Department has provided subsidy of Rs 10,000/- per unit under Special Livestock Breeding Programme (SLBP).

Some projects of hatchery unit, layer unit, broiler units and poultry feed, godown are likely to come up during current year.

Venture Capital Fund for Poultry Sector interest providing interest free loan /interest subsidy on the bank loan to the entrepreneurs are likely to be picked up in the State

One private veterinary clinic cum business center may be financed by Banks to create additional infrastructure.

Setting up layer units through Venture Capital Fund (VCF) Renovation of Govt. Poultry farm at Chaibasa Hatchery units may be set up at Chaibasa ii) Assessment of infrastructure gap

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Due to following infrastructure gaps the activity is not picking up to the desired extent a. Non availability of Day Old Chicks (DOC) at reasonable rate. b. Non availability of Medicare facility to the farmers at the block level and vaccines

at the veterinary center. c. Non availability of poultry feed at block level. d. Non availability of marketing facilities. e. Non existence of hatchery units at the district level. The existing feed mixing plants may make arrangement with the poultry units of

the district to meet the demand in time. Adequate supply of vaccines, timely detection of diseases, a Disease Diagnosis

Laboratory may be established . Venture Capital Fund for Poultry Sector interest providing interest free loan

/interest subsidy on the bank loan to the entrepreneurs are likely to be picked up in the State

The existing hatcheries may optimise their production to ensure supply of day old chicks to the upcoming poultry units.

The A.H. Department and extension support may be provided to potential entrepreneurs and training programmes may also be conducted .

10 Animal Husbandry- SHEEP, GOAT, PIGGERY DEVELOPMENT

A. Introduction: Historically consumption of pig meat has been socially accepted among the inhabitants of Jharkhand. In fact Sheep, goat and pig rearing plays an important role in the rural economy as the majority of people are non-vegetarian here. Rearing of sheep, goat and pig provides employment and income to the economically backward rural masses. Production & productivity of small ruminants in India has been relatively low as compared to advanced countries. The major factors for low productivity are poor exploitation of the genetic potential of the indigenous animals, non implementation of available technology, inadequate resources of feed and fodder, insufficient health cover, inadequate marketing and credit support. It is an important means of supplementary income and forms a sort of food security for rural poor in case of bad crop. It is estimated that about 5 million households in the country are engaged in the rearing of small ruminants. The agro - climatic conditions of the district is suitable for sheep, goat and pig rearing activities but in the absence of awareness among the people, so far the financing of these activities is limited to government programmes only. A few pig

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farms have been set up with bank finance. The state government is giving priority to allied activities as means of income and employment generation. Due to low risk factor in goat and pig rearing, tribal population can take up these activities. There is a demand for these animals in the local as well as nearby markets of Asansol and Kolkata and great demand for pork in North Eastern States. The district has vast stretches of grazing land and people have been rearing Sheep, Goat and Pig in traditional way. This has become supplementary income generating activity among the rural people. Demand of this activity is increasing every year. Therefore, the activity has large scope in the district. It may be mentioned here that as many as 97728 sheep, 293791 goats and 62037 pigs were available in the district as per 2003 census. B. Availability and gaps in Infrastructure and Support Service (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned 32 veterinary dispensaries are in the district 306.54 ha grazing lands are available ATMA is providing capacity building to pig rearers Breeding Farms are situated in the nearby districts i.e. Ranchi and Hazaribag. 150 leather units are available in the district to use the hides/skin of the animals.

The Jharkhand Govt. has attached importance to animal husbandry sector but no infrastructure development was undertaken during the previous year in the district.

Keeping in view the income and employment generating potential of these activities, the State Govt. has accorded priority to take all possible steps to promote these activities.

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap A breeding farm may be established in the district possibly with government

support. Exotic quality animals are not available in the district. Non availability of adequate quantity of vaccination & medicine at

block level. Non availability of feed at block level . Non availability of assured Marketing of animals and piglets as

breeding stock, piglet as fatteners and culls.

11 . FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT A. Introduction

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Fisheries play an important role in the economy of India. It helps in augmenting the food supply, generating employment, raising nutritional level and earning foreign exchange. For overall production of fish, Govt. has been implementing an important programme in the inland sector i.e. Development of fresh water aquaculture. West Singhbhum district has vast inland water resources in the form of tanks, ponds and reservoirs for development of aquaculture. This activity is in high demand as more than 60% people consume fish. In view of the increasing demand for fish, the fisheries development has received attention among the rural people. Presently, the fish production and productivity is very low due to lack of scientific management of fish farm. Average fish production is around 400 to 900 kg per ha against the national average of about 2400 kg per ha. In the district most of the farmers cultivate Rahu, Catla, Mrigal. Pisciculture has got huge potential in Chakradharpur, Sonua, Chaibasa, Khuntpani, Tantnagar, Manjhari, Majgaon and Jagarnathpur There is scope for investment in integrated fish farming in Jharkhand. Fish farming can be successfully integrated with poultry farming, dairy, piggery, horticulture (banana, papaya), duckery with fish farming as nucleus activity, to increase income from unit area of land at low cost. The inland water resources available in the district was estimated to be 1780 ha with 1000 Govt. and 36570 private ownership ponds and tanks. There are 09 reservoirs (3254 Ha.) and 95 Check dams (315 Ha.). Thus scope for developing the fishery sector is immense. Further, the area under fisheries could be increased by going for excavation of new tanks under the departmental schemes (FFDA) and other Govt. Sponsored programmes and also by individuals. B. Availability and Gaps in Infrastructure and Support services: (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned District Fisheries Officer who is assisted by two Extension Supervisors, heads the

Fisheries Department in the district. There are 45 Matsya Mitra in the district out of which 33 are trained. These

Matsya Mitra will conduct survey of water bodies in all the villages and facilitate distribution of fish seed. They will also monitor the fish culture operation in the respective villages and report to the fisheries department.

The fishery department is having its nursery and rearing ponds in Tundi and Baghmara blocks but are not functional.

The district fisheries Dept. is supplying 1 crore spawn at a fixed rate @ Rs 500 /-per lakh and transportation cost from Ganga basin near Patna and kept in the nurseries at Baghamara block. The dept sells fry to the beneficiaries as soon as it reaches the 2nd stage i.e. fry stage. Likewise, the dept also purchased near about 25.0 lakh fry which is mandatory on the part of the dept. The dept is

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selling fry first to the beneficiaries to whom the Govt. has leased out water bodies.

The feed like Mustard Oil Cake (MOC) and rice bran are locally available. The other inputs like lime, fertilizers, etc. are also available in the district .

Marketing of fish does not pose any difficulty in view of the local demand as also remunerative price.

Govt has allocated a sum of Rs 2.40 lakh to undertake fisheries training. The amount has since been spent towards conducting training.

75 fish seed growers have been identified by the Fisheries Department to supply spawn to them free of cost and to promote fish seed production so as ensure availability of quality fish seeds in the district.

There is a provision of 25% subsidy by the State Govt through FFDA for the fish farmers. State Govt. has decided to strengthen FFDA for providing a complete package of technical, financial and operational guidance to the fish farmers in the district.

The proposal of the District Administration to construct/convert/renovate more ponds is under active consideration.

(ii) Assessment of Infrastructure Gap One soil and water-testing laboratory is required in the district. 2 fishermen cooperative societies are functioning i.e. Chaibasa and Tantnagar

blocks. The rest 6 are to be revived and more number of such societies need to be organized.

Government ponds should be leased out for a period of minimum 5 year and maximum 10 year.

Govt. ponds are to be renovated in a regular intervals and more subsidy may be made available.

Total annual fish production in the district works out 1000 tons where as demand for the fish anticipated more than 5,000 tons.

12. AGRO & FOOD PROCESSING

A . Introduction The activities covered under agro & food processing covers a wide spectrum of products from sub-sectors comprising agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and fisheries. The accomplishments of the green and white revolutions have not been matched by concurrent developments in supply chain management and in new technologies for better processing, preservation, and storage of food in India and the position of required infrastructure is much below the national level in Jharkhand.

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At Present, India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. However, its processing level is estimated to be around 2 %, as compared to about 80 % in Malaysia, 30% in Thailand, and 60-70% in UK and USA. The level of processing of different products in India is furnished below :-

Level of Processing (% of Total Production) Commodity / Products Organised

Sector Unorganized

Sector Total

Fruits/ Vegetables 1.40 0.80 2.20Milk/ Milk Products 13.00 22.00 35.00Meat Products 21.00 0.00 21.00Poultry 6.00 0.00 6.00Marine products 8.00 15.00 23.00

A strong and dynamic food processing industry is important for diversification and commercialization of agriculture. It ensures value addition to the agricultural products, generates employment, enhances income of farmers and creates surplus for export of agro foods. The district offers potential in the agro and food processing sector viz; flour mill, dal mill, bakery, papad, jam and jelly. It also offers lot of potential in processing of dairy meat and fish products.

B. Availability and Gaps in infrastructure & Support Service (i) Infrastructure and Support Services Available, Taken-up and Planned

(a) Status of production Base of the various crops (Food grains, oilseeds, fruits and vegetables, spices, medicinal and aromatic etc.) of the district .

Sl No

Type of crop Area shown ( Ref yr ) 2005-06 in ha

Annual production In mt

Produce Consumed / marketed in Raw form

Produce available for processing

1 Food grain a Staple –Paddy and

wheat 480001000

65400 Consumed Wheat & Paddy purchased from neighbouring Districts .

b Coarse cereals-maize 6400 8680 consumed 2 Oilseed and Pulses a Oilseeds 1081 2 Deficit

b Pulses 8605 5963 Deficit 3 Fruits -- -- 4 Vegetables 1000 N/A

(b ) Post harvest agro processing activities – Present status in the district Grid of existing processing activity – Structure of agro-industry in the district

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( Rs in lakh ) Activity No of exiting

units Installed capacity Utilized

Capacity Credit flow

for the activities

Bakery 26 As per the capacity Full 63.00 Mixture processing

5 Small volume 2.60

Bari & Soya products

2 -do - 3.00

Dal 1 - do - 2.50 Flour Mill 3 As per the capacity Full 180.00

(c) Details of Existing arrangements for networking the production, Marketing, storage, Post –harvest handling & Processing etc. Primary activities of the district is Iron oar. The activities have spread to more than 4 blocks. The other agricultural productions in the district is meant for consumption purposes. The entrepreneurs are procuring (d) Scope in Allied sector –Dairy, poultry, sheep, goat & piggery etc. (i) Dairy : The district is depending on o Sudha dairy milk and milk products. Sudha dairy is main supplier of milk and milk products. A Milk Chilling Centre – Cum – Rural dairy with a capacity of 5000 lt. per day is ready. Apart from this, another Bulk cooling plant is also being set up by the Dairy Development Dept. (ii) Poultry : There is a great demand for eggs and broilers in the district. Already there is an acute shortage of eggs and broilers. The demands of the eggs and broilers being met from neighboring states like Bihar, W. Bengal, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. The demands of eggs has been estimated at more than 7 lakh per day in the district. Broilers and eggs are not produced enough in the district. There is a great potential on poultry sectors. (iii) Sheep & goat : Sheep and goats are equally in demand in the district. Presently these animals are coming from adjoining district and states. (iv) Piggery : Piggery meat is also very popular among the tribals. The meat can be processed for better marketing. (v ) Fisheries : It is another area of concern where lot of scope is available. Again these items are coming from Andhra Pradesh. As the district is situated near Jamshedpur, the business of fish selling is a lucrative one in the district. Critical Gaps in Infrastructure and Suggested action points :

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Food park may be opened. Packaging centre More entrepreneurship programmes are needed. Uninterrupted power supply to industrial units may be ensured.

.

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CHAPTER IV

District Agriculture Plan

4. Introduction

Jharkhand being among the poorest of the states in India needs huge amount of public and private expenditure for its economic development. The sufficiency of food grains, which is wage good par excellence, is a key to check inflationary pressure and will also lead the state in the development process. In this backdrop, the district agriculture plan for each district has been prepared with the vision for holistic development of agriculture and allied sectors in a comprehensive way.

The following major components have been taken into consideration while preparing the plan.

4.1. Land Development- Soil and Moisture Conservation measures & Soil Health enhancement

4.1.1 Soil and Moisture Conservation measures The activities proposed under this sector are as follows. 4.1.1.1 Treatment of culturable waste lands The following are the some of the measures required to be taken up for treatment of culturable waste lands Land levelling, Bunding and Trenching Ploughing of leguminous crops Growing of Green manure cops and its incorporation in to the soil Mulching Application of organic manures Application of Red soil + FYM + sand Silt application Fertiliser application particularly Phosphorous and Potassium

Land levelling Land levelling is an important activity to arrest the land degradation. The cost of land levelling depending up on the per centage of slope and earth work rate. cost per ha is Rs.10,000/ for 1 -3% slope and Rs.16000/- for 1-5% slope. Farm Bunding Bonds - small earthen barriers are provided in agricultural lands with slopes ranging from 1 to 6 percent. They control the effective length of slope and thereby reduce

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the gain in velocity of runoff flow to avoid soil erosion. Broadly, bunds have been classified into two categories (i) Graded bunds and (ii) Contour bunds. Graded bunds are constructed in medium to high rainfall areas and in soils having poor permeability, were as contour bunds are constructed in relatively low rainfall areas, particularly in the areas having high textured soils. The cost estimates vary depending upon the soil type, depth, vertical interval of bunds, cross section and length of bunds. The cost of bunding depends upon the % of slope. The average cost is about Rs.6000/- per ha. Trenching Contour trenches are made in non-cultivable lands for providing adequate moisture conditions in order to raise tree and grass species. The main objective of trenching is to cut down the velocity of overland flow and to store rain water for the benefit of plants. Countour trenches are made in non-cultivable areas having silvi pasture, silvi horticulture or agro-horticultural programme at a spacing of 10 to 30 m. Silt Application for Improvement of Land Application of silt to sandy and saline lands has been found effective for improving the fertility and texture of the soil. The silt deposited in the reservoirs and village tanks could be for the purpose. 4.1.1.2 Treatment of Fallow lands The following are the some of the measures to be taken up for treatment of fallow lands- Growing of Green manuring and legume crops and its incorporation Application of compost materials - organic and inorganic Application of vermicompost

Green manuring Green, undecomposed plant material used as manure is call green manure. It is obtained by growing green manure crops or by collecting green leaf from plants grown in wastelands, field bunds and forest. Green manuring is growing in the field plants usually belonging to leguminous family and incorporating into the soil after sufficient growth. The plants that are grown for green manure are known as green manure crops. The most important green manure crops are Sunhemp, dhaincha, moong, cluster beans and sesbenia rostrata. The important plant species useful for green leaf manure are neem, mahua, glyricidia, karanj, calotropis, sesbania grandiflora, subabul and other shrubs. Compost Composting is a biological process in which the micro organisms of both types namely anerobic and aerobic, decompose the organic matter and lower the CN

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ration of the refuse. The final product of composting is well rotten manure known as compost. A mass of rotten organic matter made from farm waste like sugarcane trash, paddy straw, weeds and other plants. Farm compost is to be applied in trenches layer by layer. 4.1.1.3 Soil and moisture conservation through watershed approach A write up on the approach and methodology are given in appendix -1. It is propose to take up one watershed in each district during the plan period.

4.1.2 Soil Health Enhancement Programme 4.1.2.1 Soil Fertility One of the major factors affecting the agricultural productivity is the poor quality of the soil. To improve the fertility of the soil, it is necessary to take up a comprehensive programme covering soil testing, treatment of problem soils through micro-nutrient enrichment, soil amelioration and other such practices. 4.1.2.2 Soil Improvement and Nutrient management The two important sources of soil fertility are organic manures and chemical fertilizers. Manures are the organic materials derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain nutrients in organic forms. On the basis of nutrient content, the manures are classified as bulky organic manures and concentrated organic manures. Farm yard manure is prepared from a combination of cattle dung and urine, waste feeds and fodder, materials used as litter etc. The contents of N, P and K in FYM are quite variable because of variation in the quality of dung. The quantity applied should be high, when adequate moisture exists in the soil. The time of application should well ahead of sowing or of that when nutrients are needed by the crops. 4.1.2.3 Integrated Nutrient management (INM) Plant nutrients cab be supplies from different sources viz., organic manures, crop residues, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers. INM is a concept where in use of different methods put together for better utilisation of resources and produce the crops with little expenditure. In this approach all the possible sources of nutrients are applied based on the economic consideration and the balance required for the crop is supplemented with chemical fertilizers. 4.1.2.4 Mulching and Crop Residues Mulching is the process of covering the soil between crop rows with a layer of crop residues. Mulch reduces the impact of raindrops on the soil, it also hinders runoff flow and checks wind erosion. Mulching helps in reducing evaporation by its physical presence on the soil. Thus, more moisture is conserved in the soil profile as a result of mulching. Mulching improves soil fertility and builds up useful soil micro

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organisms. Crop residues act in two ways (i) reducing the wind velocity and (ii) trapping the soils which otherwise is susceptible to erosion. The activities, which can be grouped under the broad sector of "development of Soil health” are the following : i. Micro Nutrient Testing - Micro nutrients play an important role in enhancing agriculture productivity. Testing of soil for micro nutrient level is required for finding out micro nutrient enrichment that is required in the soil. ii. Micro nutrient enrichment - Once the deficiency in micro nutrient is identified programme for its enrichment is important. The soil in the district is deficient in Boron (38% deficient), Zinc(5.5%) and Copper(2.2%). iii. Soil testing labs - Soil testing labs are inadequate in the district and this infrastructure need to be strengthened to extend the facility to the farmers. It is proposed to establish soil and water testing labs in each district and mobile labs on a selective basis. The mobile labs could also be used for awareness creation among farmers about farming techniques, new crops etc. though audio visual tools.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Physical Financial

Land Development programme - moisture conservation measures & Soil

Health Improvement

a Treatment of cultivable waste land 40000 4684 187360000b Treatment of other fallow land 10000 5516 55160000c Soil amelioration programme for acidic soils

under Current Fallow Land, which is deficient in micro nutrients to be brought under

cultivation through soil amelioration and land reclamation

10000 26476 264760000

d Watershed Development 12000 1000 12000000e Soil Health Cards - coverage 5% of land

holdings every year 450 32862 14787900

f Micro nutrient testing (No) 200 500 100000g Micro nutrient enrichment (No. of farms of one

acre coverage each) 1500 500 750000

h Soil testing labs with micro nutrient testing at district level (No.)

1500000 1 1500000

i Mobile soil and water testing lab cum mobile Agri school (No.)

1500000 1 1500000

Total 537917900

4.2 Irrigation It is a well known fact that timely irrigation boosts crop yields and allows intensive use of land besides providing scope for altering the cropping pattern in favour of high value crops. Most importantly, irrigation acts as a buffer under drought conditions, whereby the protective irrigation can prevent crop loss. Area under

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irrigation is very less in the district and for increasing the croping intensity and crop diversification irrigation / moisture conservation is very important. The fluctuating trend in rainfall over the past few years coupled with the above facts are primarily responsible for the large extent of mono-cropped area in the district, which in turn has led to the deficient food-grain production. While Major and Medium Irrigation projects are constrained by long gestation periods, environmental issues, high costs and rehabilitation of project-affected people, minor irrigation schemes have many advantages - these are small projects implemented and managed by farmers, do not require high technical know-how, generate sizable employment, designs suitable for different agro-climatic zones can be developed by the farmers themselves utilising their own experience. Most importantly, gap between potential created and utilised is marginal because, they are privately owned and better managed structures. Based on the ground water survey, the district is categorized as safe. At present the level of ground water exploitation is around 9%. The ground water exploitation is made through deep boring and well. As regards harnessing the surface water various LI structure, Check dams and ponds and tanks have been constructed through Minor Irrigation department, JHALCO and Bank Loan respectively. it may be mentioned that the district has potential for 89221 dug wells and 19826 bore wells. There are a number of perennial or semi perennial river and streams in the district and construction of checkdams in the upstream of these rivers/ streams will provide irrigation to a large portion of land. Further construction of micro lift irrigation structure in the vegetable growing areas will also facilitate the farmers. Considering these factors, it is proposed to double the net irrigated area through construction of check dams, micro lift structures, water harvesting tanks and wells. The proposed plan for Subsidy Assistance for Irrigation programme is as under:

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Physical Financial

Subsidy assistance for Irrigation c Dug wells 102000 1125 114750000d Water Harvesting Tanks 18250 2600 47450000e Checkdam - 270000 225 60750000f Microlift Irrigation 172000 300 51600000

Total 274550000

4.3 Integrated Development of Major Food Crops

Major crops in the district are paddy, maize, pulses and oil seeds (Include details of pulses, oil seed cultivated and also include if some millets, Ragi(madua) etc are cultivated in the district). Agricultural production is characterized by mono cropping

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practices with only 8% of the net cropped area being irrigated. 75 % of the operational holdings are owned by small and marginal farmers.

During 2006-07, paddy was cultivated in 147871 ha, wheat in 1221 ha, pulses in 12376 ha oilseed in 471 ha and vegetable in 3395 ha. Paddy cultivation is concentrated in Kumardungi (16080 ha), Monoharpur (15620 ha) and Goelkera (12300 ha). Similarly, vegetable is grown in Kumardungi (203 ha) Jagannathpur (290 ha) and Chakradharpur (286 ha). The cultivation of pulses mainly adopted in Goelkera (1674 ha), Kumardungi (1685 ha) and Jagannathpur (1460 ha). The farmers of Kumardungi (149 ha), Jagarnathpur (95 ha) and Bandgaon (70 ha) cultivatin of oil seeds. Similarly, during the Rabi Season, in Chakradharpur, wheat is cultivated in 277 ha, in Sonua 200 ha and in Goelkera 45 ha respectively.

4.3.1. Accelerated seed replacement Programme

Seed is a Important input determining the productivity of crops. The present seed replacement rate in crops is estimated to be only around 10%. It is proposed to achieve 100% seed replacement during the plan period. The major crops cultivated in the districts have been considered for certified seed production. As it would take some time to establish seed farms, it is proposed that 20 % of the seed would still be pruchased from outside the State. It is proposed to be done with three different strategies: i) Assistance to farmers for setting up dedicated certified seed villages for production of certified seed and buy back of certified seed produced by seed villages. ii) Assistance to State seed farms iii) Establishment of Comprehensive Agriculture Seed Farm under professional farm administrator. 4.3.2 Support to State Seed farms The district has 03 seed farms having around 25 ha of land available for strengthening seed production. However these Farms require immediate supplementary infrastructure to make them fully functional for quality seed production. During the plan period it is proposed to provide assistance to 03 State Farms for development of irrigation facility, water conservation measures, seed processing unit, godown for seed storage, machinery and fencing of the farm. Unit Cost In Rupees

1 Land Development 247002 Water Conservation 617503 Irrigation facility 2000004 Seed Processing Unit 15000005 Godown for seed storage 10000006 Farm machinery (power tiller, Winnower cum Thrasher, power sprayer,

pumpset, Conoweeder, seed cum fertiliser drum etc.) 126800

7 Fencing 120000

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Total 3033250

Hence the total Plan outlay under this segment is estimated at Rs. 90.9975 lakh. Comprehensive Agricultural Seed Farm Development Programme In addition to assistance to seed farms, it is suggested that one of the seed farms may be identified to be developed as a Model Seed Farm in the district under a scheme called the Comprehensive Agricultural Seed Farm Development Scheme. State Government may consider appointing a suitable administrator for the farm with a clear term of office for implementing the scheme. The various activities to be undertaken in the development scheme shall be :

i. Land development ii. Develop Irrigation facilities including Drip and Sprinkler irrigation iii. Water Conservation measures including rain water harvesting structures iv. Develop a Model farm with appropriate diversified crops for demonstration

purposes. v. Farmers' Hostel facilities & Training Centre vi. Renovate Administrative Building vii. Purchase modern lab and field equipment's. viii.Take up fencing of the farm.

Unit Cost - Comprehensive Agriculture Seed Farm Development Programme

Sl. No. Items Cost (Rs.)

1 Land Development 494002 Water Conservation 1235003 Irrigation 988004 Model (Demonstration) Farm development of 0.5 to 1.0

acre area 5000

5 Farmers Training School & Farmers' Hostel 16800006 Administrative Building 4200007 Computer 300008 Seed Processing Unit 15000009 Godown for seed storage 100000010 Farm machinery (power tiller, Winnower cum Thrasher,

power sprayer, pumpset, Conoweeder, seed cum fertiliserdrum etc.)

126800

11 Fencing 7800012 Farm Administrator to reconstruct and revamp the farm

and run it

Total 5111500

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The plan for the district for the above components is as under:

Amount in Rs.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Phy. Financial Integrated Development of Major Food Crops i Accelerated Seed replacement programme a Margin money assistance to seed villages for setting

up of seed processing, Assistance for seed testing equipments, tractor, other

1500000 6 9000000

b Subsidy on foundation seeds 500 1068 534000 c Buy Back of certified seed produced by seed villages

(Qtl.)

Paddy 1625 80607 130986375

Maiz 2300 598 1375400

Wheat 3600 1455 5238000

Pulses 5000 1314 6570000

Oilseeds 5000 132 660000 d Purchase of certified seeds from outside agencies Paddy 1790 20172 36107880 Maize 2530 149 376970 Wheat 3960 363 1437480 Pulses 5500 328 1804000 Oilseeds 5500 33 181500 Total 194271605 ii Supprot to State Seed farms Comprehensive Agriculure Seed Farm Development

Programme (No) 5111500 1 5111500

Supprot to Govt. seed farms (No.) 3033250 3 9099750 Total 14211250

4.3.3 Seed Testing Lab

For implementing the above ambitious certified seed production programme seed testing is very important and there is no seed testing lab in the district. A full fledged seed testing lab is proposed to be set up for testing quality of seed produced. No. Seed testing labs Unit Cost Physical Financial

a Seed testing labs 3153000 1 3153000

TOTAL 3153000

4.3.4 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

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Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides not only hampers the sustainability in production of food grains but also poses a great threat to the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach has been globally accepted for ensuring sustainable development of agriculture. It has become more relevant due to a number of advantages like safety to environment, arsenic free food commodities, low input cost, use of locally available organic pesticides etc. In order to propagate Integrated Pest Management (IPM) it is proposed to distribute integrated pest management kits to farmers and create awareness about IPM. Taking into consideration of the benefits IPM it is proposed that IPM Kits may be distributed among 1500 nos of progressive farmers / farmers clubs under this programme.The proposed cost comes to Rs.2250000/-.

No. Integrated Pest Management Unit Cost Physical Financial(Rs)

a IPK kit distribution(No,) 1500 1500 2250000b Strengthening of Plant Protection Centre 500000 15 750000

TOTAL 9750000

4.4 Farm Mechanisation

The district has a poor level of mechanised farming which may be due to the fact that the district is primarily a mono crop rain fed area with kharif and paddy as the dominant crop. With emphasis on achieving self sufficiency in food grains, Jharkhand has given top priority to increase the coverage under assured irrigation and this provides the scope for farm mechanisation for increasing productivity. However, in West Singhbhum district, there may be difficulty to replace bullocks as the number of small and marginal farmers in the district are high and their land is fragmented and scattered. 266815 plough animals are available in the district. Though with the changing situation, the farmers of this district have become conscious about the cost benefit of the cultivation. Therefore, the farmers are now adopting mechanized farming. The changed scenario can be marked from the data that in 2005-06 and 2006-07 326 and 285 tractors were purchased by the farmers. In the case of Plastic Drum Seeders, compared to broadcasting, about 50–60% less paddy seed is needed, and there is saving in labor cost. These machines are easier to use in operations such as weed control, pest management, inter row cultivation by a push weeder and harvesting. Moreover, there is potential for intensively using these seeders during the kharif season. It is easier to use a push weeder when paddy is sown in rows using a drum seeder. The cono weeder is ideally suited for weeding between rows of paddy crop. The cono weeder has two conical rotors mounted in tandem with opposite orientation. Smooth and serrated blades mounted alternately on the rotor uproot and burry weeds because the rotors create a back and forth movement in the top 3 cm of soil.

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The cono weeder can satisfactorily weed in a single forward pass without a push pull movement. It is easy to operate by a single operator. The weeder does not sink in puddled soil. Paddy thresher cum winnower : The thresher with the newly developed concave was found more efficient even for the moist and long crops. The 8.0 hp thresher was found to handle crops of 0.30 ha per hour and delivers straw, chaff, stone and clean paddy in separate outlets. A saving of Rs. 950 per ha and 135 man-hrs per ha can be achieved compared to manual threshing. Paddy Paddle thresher : For samller holdings, it would be more useful to use paddle thresher, which will advantage than manual threshing, easy to use and at the same time does not need fuel. Sprayers range in size from man-portable units (typically backpacks with spray guns) to self-propelled units similar to tractors, with boom mounts of 60-151 feet in length. The types are Backpack/knapsack, Foot, Garden, Hand compression, Power and Stirrup. To promote mechanisation of ploughing operations power tillers have been proposed.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Physical Financial a Plastic Drum seeder (No.) 3000 375 1125000b Cono weeder (No.) 1000 400 400000c Sprayer to farmer groups/ farmers clubs (No.) 1600 375 600000d Winnower cum Thresher (No.) 15000 60 900000e Power tiller (subsidy) 75000 104 7800000f Paddy Paddle Thresher 4000 1500 6000000

Total 16825000

4.5. Horticulture development As horticulture development is being covered under National Horticulture Mission, the components which could not be included under NHM, have been included under the plan. As the area of the district is suitable for medicinal plants, floriculture and Vegetable cultivation, special care and projections have been made under the sector: 4.5 .1 Integrated Agri-horti Farming Programme Poverty is closely linked to a degraded environment and this is true with the tribals of Jharkhand. Indiscriminate exploitation of forest resources and poor crop and animal production practices have lead to low productivity and degradation of agricultural land and depletion of forest resources. As a result of low income and shortage of food, majority of the tribals migrate to nearby towns for sustenance.

West Singhbhum_55

Due to lack of synergy of various tribal developmental programmes implemented by various agencies, the results of the programmes have not been visible and sustainable. The socio economic indicators of the villages clearly justify the need for further intensification of developmental efforts aimed at achieving remunerative self- employment to prevent migration, develop sustainable livelihood and improve the quality of life. This could be achieved though promotion of orchard development, productive utilisation of natural resources of the individual farm and capacity building of the people to manage their own resources at individual and community level. The assured income is possible through promotion of cultivation of horticultural crops (fruit and plantation), as these crops once established will provide regular income despite vagaries of rainfall as compared to the seasonal crops like cereals and pulses. Apart from assured income, the horticultural crops will supplement the nutritional requirement of tribals leading to improved quality of life. The core interventions of the programme will be establishment of orchard of the selected fruit crops as a foundation economic activity and utilisation of border of the orchard for planting of multi purpose forestry and economical species to meet the fodder, firewood and timber requirements of tribal people there by reducing their dependency on forests Details of the integrated agri-horti approach and the methodology of implementation, components etc. are given in Appendix - 2. 4.5.2 Integrated Mixed Farming Small farmers are to be encouraged for production of food, feed, fodder, fibre, fuel, etc., on a small piece of land. Under such conditions, one alternative is to integrate more than one enterprise on the same piece of land. Suitable agricultural technologies are, therefore, required to be developed for small land holders for which concept of integrated farming may prove better than specialized or single crop farming system. This kind of farming produces more income and generates more employment than do arable farming systems which do not include animals. Integrated farming helps improve the economic conditions of resource constrained farmers and provide better opportunities for employment in the agriculture sector. Integrated multi component farming systems, where the wastes from one operation or subsystem can be used a input for other subsystems/enterprises can reduce the risks as well as costs of production; improve soil fertility, provide balance nutrition and ensure enhanced holistic yields as well as income.

West Singhbhum_56

Several specific possibilities for integration of various livestock enterprises with crop production for small and marginal land holders under irrigated and dry land situations of semi-arid tropical regions are known. The above situation clearly indicates the need for implementation of integrated farming aimed at achieving remunerative self employment to prevent migration, develop sustainable livelihood and improve the quality of life. The base 1 ha. model assumes that all three land categories are available within this 2.5 acre and the proportion of each are (i) Lowland (Don I & II)- 0.75 acre (ii) Medium Land (Don III) - 0.25 acre (iii) Medium Land (Tanr III) - 1 acre & (iv) Upland (Tanr I & II) - 0.5 acre. Although there could be region specific cropping sequences, the major three variants of the 1 ha. Model envisaged are (i) Agri - Veg- Horti- Agroforestry- Dairy- Poultry- Goatery (ii) Agri -Veg -Horti -Agroforestry -Dairy- Poultry- Piggery & (iii) Agri- Veg- Horti- Agroforestry- Dairy- Poultry- Fisheries- Duckery. Adoption of these activities to a certain extent would depend on the type of land available, for ex. fisheries could be taken up depending on the viability of having a pond, hence the need for having three variants. 4.5.2.1 Interventions proposed for Integrated Farming 1. Food security - Considering that rainfed rice yields are low (less than 1 ton / ha.)

and unstable, however rice alongwith other foodgrains and cereals are to be cultivated to meet the food demands of small and marginal farmers who constitute 75% of total farm holdings. At an average of 250 gm/person/day, the annual requirement for a family of say, six persons, would be around 6 quintals of rice OR say 1.2 tons of paddy. Going by the premise that proven high yielding varieties can yield 2 tons / acre, it would be prudent to consider rice cultivation on 1 acre of lowland (0.75 acre) & medium land (0.25 acre) during the kharif season.

2. Other Food crops & cereals for meeting needs & income generation : The 1 acre of medium land available during kharif season is proposed to be utilised for cultivation of Maize & Soyabean in 1:2 proportion (0.5 acre) and Pigeon Pea & Groundnut in 1:2 proportion (0.5 acre). During the rabi season, in the same plot of lowland (0.75 acre) where rice had been taken, it is proposed to take wheat (0.45 acre) & Berseem (0.15 acre) through zero tillage operation with the remaining 0.10 acre kept fallow.

3. Fodder crops : 0.10 acre of the upland is proposed to be utilised for raising Deenanath grass as an intercrop between horticultural plants besides cultivating berseem in 0.15 acre of lowland during rabi.

4. Additional income & risk mitigation through Vegetables as crop diversification - Potato is the most important vegetable grown in the State. Okra, Tomato, Cucumber, cauliflower and cabbage are the other vegetable crops that are grown in large areas and exported to nearby States of West Bengal & Orissa. Based on

West Singhbhum_57

this premise, the medium land of 0.25 acres is proposed to be utilised for cultivation of Cauliflower & Cabbage in 0.125 acre each. The 1 ha. of medium land is proposed to be cultivated by Potato in 0.4 acre and Tomato, Frenchbeans & Peas in 0.2 acre each. The cultivation of these vegetables is to be done during rabi season. The same land is proposed to be utilised for taking summer crop of vegetables given that irrigation source is available. The crops proposed to be taken are Capsicum (0.45 acre), Okra (0.25 acre), Cucumber (0.15 acre) and Brinjal (0.15 acre). However, before taking these crops, the soil has to be suitably tilled and mulched so that productivity of the land is maintained. Chillies (0.10 acre) & Arhar / Linseed (0.10 acre) are proposed to be taken as intercrops in the uplands.

5. Agroforestry - Subabul comprises good forage material for cattle & goats besides its pulpwood value. Since the same will be adequately protected during the initial stages therefore Subabul tree on the periphery of these lands can be grown as an agroforestry crop, hence 200 trees have been proposed. For raising of 160 agroforestry trees on the periphery of the Upland area of 0.5 acre, Sesam (60), Melina (Gamhar) (20), Teak (20) and Glyricidia (60) known for its green manure, has been proposed.

6. Horticulture : As a part of multi-tier cropping system, Mango (20) & Guava (10) as an orchard has been proposed in the uplands

7. Support Activities a. Fencing : Protection forms a necessity whenever horticulture, vegetables and

animal husbandry activities are being proposed. Hence for fencing, use of Thorny bushes, cactus var. plants, bamboo supports have been proposed @ Rs. 50 / running metre for 1.5 acre of land.

b. Water Resource Development : Providing support irrigation for rabi crops and summer vegetables forms the critical component for having a profitable enterprise. A borewell with pumpsets etc. estimated at a cost of Rs. 1 lakh leads to a huge investment for this small enterprise. Hence, it would to prudent to have a GroupWell shared between 5 farmers at a shared cost of Rs. 30,000 per enterprise. This cost would include pumpset and pipelines. Further, Drumkit for gravity flow irrigation and sprinkler sets have also been provided in the 1 ha. model.

c. Vermicomposting : This activity has to be promoted form the beginning, if one has to give the desired thrust to organic farming. Therefore for having shed & pit alongwith procurement of worms has been included in the entire cost excercise.

8. Animal Husbandry : The demand for meat, meat products & eggs in Jharkhand is high since the consumption patterns of the tribals as well as those domiciled in the State as well as in the neighbouring States include meat. Therefore the cattle, goat, pig, poultry and ducks are the major animal products that need

West Singhbhum_58

attention. However, animal husbandry is still to grow as per demand requirements. Integrated farming could provide the growth strategy tool which is very much needed for this sector. d. Dairy - For a small farmer, management of Small Dairy units consisting of 2

Cross Bred Cows or Improved varieties such as Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Rathi, or Indigenous cattle breed such as Tharparkar, Haryana etc. could provide a regular source of income to the farmer through sale of milk. Established cost norm of Rs. 50,000/unit has been taken. On a larger scale, 50 cows can be maintained in a 5 ha. Farm model. Jharkhand is a state where the milk production is in deficit, therefore there is an existing demand which needs to be met. The requirement of Green Fodder could be met through the production of Berseem & Deenanath grass as envisaged in the crop production. Thus, the integration is achieved for this activity. Further the cow dung could be utilised for preparation of vermicompost.

e. Poultry : Backyard poultry farming can be popularised by introducing BA/RIR dual purpose cocks. Shed and procurement cost of 20 chicks (Fighter / Desi breeds) have been built into this model. This is comparatively a low cost activity envisaging a cost of Rs. 2000/-.

The three variants of the 2.5 acre activity will have one of these three activities ie. Goat rearing OR Piggery OR Fisheries-cum-duckery

f. Goat rearing : Local Black Bangal breed is the most preferred. In the 1 ha. model, 10 (Does) + 1 (Buck) has been proposed. Procurement cost of these goats alongwith shed arrangments & utensils forms part of the investment cost. Feed for 30 kids & 10 goats alongwith expenditure to be incurred for medicine & injections forms part of the recurring costs. The costs are taken as recommended through BAU.

g. Piggery : Most adaptable “T&D” pigs have to be maintained for better return. The 1 ha. model considers this activity as per preference of farmers in substitution of Fisheries-cum-duckery or Goatery activity. For easier management, 3 sows + 1 Boar unit has been considered at a high investment cost of Rs. 1,00,000/-. To maintain disease free condition alongwith regular vaccinations, there is a high recurring cost of Rs. 25,000/yr associated with this activity.

h. Fisheries : For fisheries to be developed, a natural collection point of about 0.2 acre needs to be developed through construction of a Dug out pond (30m X 25m) at a cost of Rs. 50,000/-. The input costs in terms of fries, medicines etc. has been built in the model at a cost of Rs. 25,000/yr. Catla, Rohu, Mrigal & Shrimp will be the fish varieties which can be raised.

i. Duckery : Duckery activity alongwith fisheries offers great scope for integration since ducks keep the required turbulence as well as weed free. Population of Khaki Campbell for more egg production forms the basis for

West Singhbhum_59

expansion of this activity in the State. Therefore 200 ducks can be reared through the pond and which has the capacity to lay 240-300 eggs /year and hence provide additional source of income for the farmers.

For West Singhbhum district 220 such units has been proposed.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Phy Financial

Horticulture Development i Assistance for Plantation of horticulture crops ii Medicinal and aromatic plants (ha) 28500 100 2850000 iii Support for vegetable cultivation (Certified

seed, compost, plant protection, etc.) (ha) 15000 2500 37500000

iv Floriculture (loose flower) (acre) 12000 40 480000 v Bulbulous Flowers (ha) 45000 100 4500000 vi Tropical polihouse for off season vegetables

and flower cultivation (500 sq mtr unit) 370000 60 22200000

vii Integrated agri-horti farming for livelihood improvement of Tribal families (acre)

32500 1000 32500000

viii Integrated Mixed Farming 250000 220 55000000

Total 155030000

4.6 Sericulture The undivided Bihar state was the largest producer of tassar silk in the country. Having occupied more than 80% of tasar producing areas, Jharkhand ranks first among the tasar producing state, with a contribution of about 50-65% of country production. Tasar culture is concentrated mainly in the tribal areas of the state such as Santhal Parganas and Chotanagpur regions particularly in the districts of West Singhbhum, Ranchi, Dumka, Godda, Giridih & Saraikela accounting for over 65% rearers . Over 47000 rearers are reported to be engaged in silkworm rearing but only 50-60% of them are active and do rearing every year.As per estimates, the food plant availability in the forest is spread over in 9 lakh hectares but only 36000 ha. are presently being used for tasar silkworm rearing. Seed Production The three tier system of seed organisation is yet to be established in the state. Under the system, the Basic Seed Multiplication & Training Centres (BSM & TCs) produce and supply both Bivoltine (BV) & Trivoltine (TV) basic seed to the Govt. & NGOs for multiplication and production of commercial seed at Govt. Grainages / Pilot Project Centres / Private Grainages and supply to commercial rearers. The supply of commercial seeds from these agencies is far below the total requirement and the rearers largely depend on their own or other sources which do not meet the quality

West Singhbhum_60

standards. Less than 30% of the estimated demand of nearly 50 lakh commercial seed can be met by the Govt. units but the actual production is far below the production capacity mainly due to poor multiplication rate of the basic seed. The annual production of these units is around 7 lakh layings only, which is nearly 50% of their cumulative production capacity. Production Capacity of Different Govt. Seed production system

Agency / Centre No. of units

Capacity / Unit (DFLs)

Cumulative Capacity (DFLs)

Pilot Project Centre(PPCs) 24 40,000 960,000 Tasar Stations 10 10,000 100,000 Tasar sub-station 51 5,000 255,000 Block Plantation 4 15,000 60,000 Total 89 70,000 1,375,000

About 80-85% of the seed produced in the state come from private sources. By and large, rearers produce layings are not tested and cannot be called as Disease Free Layings (DFLs) Basic Seed Supply It is largely the responsibility of the Central Silk Board (CSB) to meet the entire requirement of the basic seed of the state for multiplication and further production for supply of commercial DFLs to the rearers. There are three basic Tasar Seed Multiplication and Training Centres (BSM & TC) in the state located at Kharswan (Seraikela-Kharswan), Kathikund (Dumka) amd Madhupur (Deoghar) with a supply capacity of 32000 dfls each. However, the demand is more than their supply capacity and hence additional facilities have to be created to almost double their capacity. Marketing There is no organised marketing system for different tasar products especially seed cocoons, commercial cocoons, different types of silk yarn etc. in the state. In order to have remunerative prices for different tasar products, a committee under the Chairmanship of Director, Central Tasar Research & Training Institute (CTR & TI) fixes rates every year. The Raw Material Bank (RMB) of Central Silk Board (CSB) located at Chaibasa (West Singhbhum) anounces these rates and in the absence of prospective buyers would procure the cocoons at these rates. In addition 'PRADAN' & 'SANSTHAN', two NGOs working in the state in the field of tasar also purchase cocoons directly from producers. The Tasar Marketing organisation of Govt. of Jharkhand has its units at Chaibasa, Giridih & Amarpara to buy cocoons on a limited

West Singhbhum_61

scale. The Central Silk Technological Research Institute (CSTRI) having its Demonstration-cum-Training Centre (DCTC) at Bhagalpur in Bihar provides required support in post cocoon areas of reeling, spinning and weaving to Jharkhand state also. It is known that Sericulture could provide additional sources of income for the farmers. Going by this premise, this activity is proposed to be integrated with the farming system. Keeping this perspective, the cost estimates for promoting sericulture in identified regions is as follows : S.No

Particulars Nos Unit Rate

Inv. Cost (Rs in lakhs)

1 Tassar Production Centre including Training Centre & Admin. unit

1 2,500,000

25

2 Grainage Houses of 1 lakh capacity (1 grainage for processing activity)

4 1,250,000

50

3 1 lakh / grainage the nuclear seed requirement for 3 grainages

8,000 4 0.32

4 Cost of Rearing @ Rs. 200 / Rearer 40 20,000 3.2 5 Buy back of Quality Basic Seeds 300,00

0 1.6 4.8

6 Maintenance & Processing in Grainage houses from Nov. to June @50,000/lakh

50,000 3 1.5

7 June to July - Butterfly to Egg preparation-Basic seed (8000 X 6) - 48,000. For 80 groups, 600 Basic DFLs to each group

8 Rearing support to 1 Resham Doot (Rs. 25000) + 2 Seed rearers (Rs. 7500/rearer) per group for Basic seed multiplication

80 40,000 32

9 Each group from 600 Basic DFL produces 5000 Commercial DFL which are sold at Rs.4 / DFL to Commercial Rearers, a subsidy of Rs. 3 /DFL given to Resham Doots of each group

400,000

3 12

10 For 5000 DFLs, 30,000 pierced cocoons are sold by Resham doots at Rs. 0.60/cocoons with an earning of Rs.18,000/-. A net earning of Rs.36,000/- (Rs. 38,000/- less Rs. 3,000/-) results in 12,000 / rearer within a period of 1.5 months

11 Support to Commercial Rearers at Rs.1000 per person 20,000 80 16 12 Each person produces 10,000 cocooons which are sold

at Rs.1.50/cocoons resulting in income of Rs. 15,000 over a period of 1.5 months. Total commercial cocoon production of 1.6 crore

13 Value Addition by a 30 member Mahila group through Common Facility Centre for Reeling & Spinning comprising shed (6 lakh), machines, Hall, Office, Store Room & Creche & working Capital of Rs. 3.5 lakhs. After 3 months training production process will lead to monthly earning of Rs. 5,000/women/month. Marketing to be done through JHARCRAFT. Thread to be given to weavers for fabric preparation. Fabric to be purchased by JHARCRAFT & sold by keeping margin. Assuming 10 lakh / cocoon per CFC and assuming 75% of 1.6 crore

12 1,500,000

180

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cocoon reaches CFC 14 1 Cocoon Bank / CFC 6 5,000,0

00 300

15 Tassar Plantation for 80 groups X 23 members/gp therefore approx. 2000 ha.

2,000 30,000 600

Total (Rs. in lakh) 1,224.82

Besides non-recurring employment which is to be generated through implementation of this project, the non-recurring employment in terms of income generation to the rural households can be quite substantial. At Rs. 15,000/yr/rearer income for 2000 rearers wil be to the tune of Rs. 3 crore/ yr premanently for say 20 to 30 years / till the life of the trees. For 30 member Mahila group per CFC at Rs. 60,000/yr/women, the total income through 12 CFCs (360 women) would be Rs.2.16 core/yr. For 12 persons in 6 Cocoon banks at the rate of Rs. 48,000/yr. the income generation would be Rs. 5.76 lakh/yr. Every weaver requires 350 gm / day for 25 days a month. The cascading effect on weavers would be Rs. 5000/- to Rs. 8000/month on a regular basis. Thus, it could be seen that promotion of this activity will lead to a huge impact on rural livelihoods. The physical and financial programme under this sector/activity is as follows. Promotion of sericulture Unit cost(Rs.) Physical Financial

a Tassar Plantation(ha) 30000 200 6000000

b Cocoon bank 5000000 1 5000000

c Common facility Centre 1500000 2 3000000

Total 14000000

4.7 Lac farming for assured livelihood to rainfed agriculture One of the merits of lac cultivation is that it does not require irrigation. Front Line Demonstration programme executed in various states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Orissa etc. confirm the success of lac farming and validated lac production technologies of ILRI under rain fed conditions. More interest is being taken by the State Forest Departments. This activity needs promotion especially for winter crop to ensure livelihood in years of drought. Major problem the sector faces is the shortage of brood lac, and its availability in time. It is proposed to identify broodlac surplus areas in near by State and arrange supply of brood lac at subsidiesd rate to lac growers.

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Sl. Projects Unit Cost Phy. Financial

Support for Lac cultivation - Supply of brood lac at subsidised rate (ha)

225000 800 180000000

Total 180000000

4.8. Organic Farming/ input Production/ Vermicompost Units 4.8.1 Bio-fertilizers Sustainable crop production depends much on good soil health. Soil health maintenance warrants optimum combination of organic and inorganic components of the soil. Repeated use of chemical fertilizers alone destroys the soil biota. In nature, there are a number of useful soil micro organisms which can help plants to absorb nutrients. Their utility can be enhanced with human intervention by selecting efficient organisms, culturing them and adding them to soils directly or through seeds. The cultured micro organisms packed in some carrier material for easy application in the field are called bio-fertilizers. Bio-fertilizers are living microorganisms of bacterial, fungal and algal origin. The most commonly produced and marketed biofertilizers are Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, Phosphate Solubulizing Bacteria, Blue Green Algae, etc. Their mode of action differs and can be applied alone or in combination. Biofertilizers can add nitrogen from 20 to 200 kg/ha depending up on the optimum conditions. The yield increases usually range around 10-35%. Application of biofertilizers shold not be viewed from the only angle of nutrient supply to the crops. They add life to the soil rendered sterile by the excess use of chemicals. 4.8.2 VERMICOMPOSTING

Earthworms consume plenty of Bio-wastes like straw, green leaves, grasses, rotting leaves, cattle shed wastes, kitchen wastes, animal dung, vegetable/flower wastes and excrete decomposed material called vermicompost. Earthworms convert the organic wastes into biomanure which helps in revitalizing the soil and plant growth. 4.8.3 Why vermicompost

continuous use of chemical fertilizers with out adding organic manures has resulted in the deterioration of soil health and productivity, apart from the perils of chemical residues threatening human health and environment. Because of this, the yield levels are falling and soils are becoming degraded. Hence, to

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sustain soil fertility, there is an urgent need to promote organic manures like vermicompost.

Cheaper alternative to inorganic fertilisers Easy availability of raw input material at farm level and user friendly preparation

techniques Vermicomposting offers immense scope to small and marginal farmers in creating

their own organic manure and ways to generate alternative income. 4.8.4 Benefits of vermicompost Revitalizes the soil and promotes the well balanced growth of plants The compost enhances the water-absorbing capacity of the soil there by need for

irrigation is less. Promotes the natural immunity of the plants, reducing the need for pesticides

which in turn minimizes the cost of cultivation considerably. It can not cause any harm to any plant whatsoever. Better quality of crops and taste of food (vegetables, fruits and grains). The fruits

and vegetables produced by using vermicompost stays fresh and safe longer when compared to those produced using chemical fertilizers.

Organic farming is being carried out sporadically by a handful of farmers in the district. In order to propagate organic farming in a larger segment and to bring these farmers to the level of national standards awareness programmes need to be conducted in large numbers. The farmers need to be educated on the longterm benefits of organic farming in terms of retention of soil fertility, better price for the organic produce apart from health and environment protection benefits. To facilitate this a Certification of the products need be done through approved agencies. Accredited certifying agencies can be established to certify the products conforming to the required standards, at acceptable costs. The importance of organic farming is growing day by day due to its export potential. In view of its potential, it is proposed to provide assistance for setting up bio-fertilizer/vermicompost /organic manure units in the district as under. (Amount in Rupees) Bio-Fertlizer/ Vermi-compost/ NADEP compost units/ organic manure units

Particular Unit cost Physical Financial (Rs)

Setting up of 150 tonnes units 600000 1 600000

Margin money assistance for setting up of organic manure units

10000 600 6000000

Total 6600000

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4.9 Strengthening Extension services As defined by the National Commission on Agriculture (1976), Agriculture extension is not only imparting knowledge and securing adoption of a particular practice but also aimed at changing the outlook of the farmers to the point where he will be receptive to, and on his own initiative, continuously seek means of improving his farm occupation, home and family life in totality. Thus, Agri Extension includes access to markets, research, credit, infrastructure, business development services, improvement in rural livelihood through local organizational development, micro enterprises, social programmes, rural health and non-agri issues. There is a need for shift in approach, from technology transfer to Capacity Building mode. The extension system need to cater to the requirements of the tenant farmers, share-croppers, farmers who have small area of land, women farmers, who form the larger chunk of the farming community. For capacity building of farmers, skill development programmes, exposure visits, awareness creation etc have been proposed under various sectors such as crop production animal husbandry, fisheries, Floriculture, as also the new approaches included in the plan viz. Watershed and Integrated Agri-horti approaches.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost W.Singhbhum No. (Rs.) Physical Financial

Strengthening Extension I Krishi Gyan Avam Udyog Kendra 8500000 1 8500000II Agri information centre 250000 15 3750000III Farmers Capacity building programme a Agriculture i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers

@Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.) 54000 60 3240000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 16 1120000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000v Awareness Programme like Kisan mela 100000 15 1500000b Watershed i Skill development (04 days, for 50 farmers

@Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.) 36000 4 144000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 2 60000

iii Exposure visit outside State (30 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

105000 2 210000

iv Publicity material 10000 2 20000v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 8 200000c Horticulture

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i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers @Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.)

54000 60 3240000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 8 560000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000d Animal Husbandry i Skill development (08 days, for 30 farmers @ Rs.

180/Farmer per day) (No.) 43200 60 2592000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 4 280000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000vi Trainers training program for Gokul Mitra @ 180

per day for 60 days - coverage (No) 10800 60 648000

e Fisheries i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers

@Rs.150/Farmers per programme) (No.) - FFDA45000 60 2700000

ii Skill development (05 days, for 50 farmers @Rs.150/Farmers per programme) (No.) - NFDB

22500 4 90000

iii Skill upgradation programme for Matsya Mitra (3 days, 30 Matsya Mitra @Rs.200 per trainee per

programme)

18000 4 72000

iv Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

v Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 4 280000

vi Publicity material 10000 60 600000vii Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000

Total 34531000

4.10 Animal Husbandry & Fisheries 4.10.1 Animal Husbandry Animal husbandry activities like dairy, goat rearing etc. have good potential in the district due to larger area under pastures and fallow-land and availability of fairly good amount of fodder. At present no commercial importance is attached to these activities and only non-descript local breed of cattle with very poor milk yield are maintained mainly for manure and draught purpose. Farmers keep local breed of pig and goat for meat purpose and there was practice of keeping backyard poultry and duck. All the animal husbandry activities are done in traditional method based on grazing/browsing/scavenging etc. and no efforts are made for intensive rearing of livestock scientifically for milk and meat purpose. The animal husbandry activities

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have great potential to generate additional employment and income by adopting mixed farming. For addressing the above inherent problems relating to growth of Animal Husbandry and Dairy sector following strategies have been recommended : A system for providing veterinary and Breeding services at the door step of

farmers need to be evolved through cooperatives/NGOs, with the help of private practitioners, etc. for which it is assumed that the investment projected in the programme is to strengthen/ add on the activities of the NGOs/cooperatives/Govt Institutions/KVKs through their existing infrastructure and manpower and accordingly projections has been made to improve the only facilities/equipments/tools/two wheelers to enhance the services etc. Strengthening/new Artificial Insemination centres have been proposed to meet the requirement at the rate of one AI centre for every 1000 adult female cattle population. The additional investment for veterinary centres have been proposed to make available at the rate of one veterinary centres for every 5000 adult animal unit.

Local cattle may also be upgraded with a milch / dual-

purpose indigenous cattle breed like Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Tharparkar or Haryana. Such upgraded cattle will meet the need for bullocks and also provide some amount of milk. Similarly, the local buffaloes may be upgraded with Mahesani or Murrah breed. In urban and peri-urban areas, crossbreeding with Holstein Friesian and Jersey cattle may be popularised.

Development of common property resources (CPR) in collaboration with Local bodies, NGOs and AH Department should be attempted. With the help of the Department of Forest silvipasture / Horti-Sivipasture / Agro-Forestry could be popularised. The community land belonging to Panchayat could also be used for this purpose. Suitable grasses and legume mixture can be established along with forest trees.

Good quality animals preferably of the Black Bengal Breed or graded up with Black Bengal, Beetal and Barbari breeds or various combination of cross -breds available locally or from the state of Uttar-Pradesh and Punjab or from the government farm at Kanke and Chatra are suitable cross breds. Black Bengal crosses with Beetal bucks as studied by Birsa Agriculture University, however, would be the most suitable breed for milk and meat yield for this region. However, care should be taken to purchase male and females from different source to avoid inbreeding. NGO/Peoples organisations/KVKs/Progressive Farmers may be provided with breeding units for regular supply of males and females among the farmers for grading up of the local population in large scale.

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These satellite breeding farms may be integrated with Agricultural University / Animal Husbandry Department for regular supply of good quality buck and veterinary services and supply of quality inputs through hand holding to these firms.

Duck rearing is prevalent among weaker sections of rural population which provides them supplementary and steady income on daily basis besides providing them nutrition duck eggs for family consumption and engaging family labour in their leisure hours to look after Duck unit thus, generates rural employment. Marshy, riverside, wet land and barren moors are excellent areas for duck farming. In areas where duck farming has potential duckery unit of 30 birds are to be distributed, to promote this activity.

Duck, pig and goat units may be given farmers taking integrated mix farming as indicated elsewhere in the report.

Poultry has good potential in the district, however the poor farmers do not have the risk taking capability and not aware of the management practices to be followed for taking up broiler poultry units. In view of this back yard poultry of low input technology birds is best suited for the district, as these birds can sustain the village condition and survive by scavenging. To promote this activity, low in put technology birds of 60 birds is proposed to be given to farmers to be taken up as subsidiary occupation and a source of additional income.

For fodder production fodder seed is proposed to be distributed to dairy farmers at the rate of 10 kg per animal.

Disease diagnostic labs are not available for disease diagnosis, hence one centre has been proposed.

Vaccination of livestock is important for maintaining a healthy animals, programme propose to cover 100% of the livestock population

Thus, the physical and financial programme under this sector/activity is as follows.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost W.Singhbhum No. (Rs.) Phy Financial

Animal Husbandry and Fisheries I Animal Husbandry / Dairy

a New veterinary institutions/strengthening Inst under Govt. (No)

700000 70 49000000

b New/Strengthening of AI Centres for equipments,semen bank and Liquid Nitrogen storage and 4 yrs operational cost (No.)

816000 26 21216000

c Development of Community pasture/ Gauchar land/Silvipasture/ Grass land of 5 ha/ unit @ 1 silvipasture/50000 Adult Cattle Unit

219780 9 1978020

I Goat Breeding Unit of 10 Does +1 bucks for grading up of local population with Improved goat breeds

100000 900 90000000

j Promotion of Improved pig breeds ( T&D ) 3+1 unit 105000 2100 220500000n Promotion of backyard poultry (60) 7000 600 4200000

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o Promotion of Hybrid Khakicampbell ducks (30) 7000 600 4200000p Distribution of fodder seed @ 10 kg per animal @

Rs. 20/kg 200 1000 200000

q Disease Diagnostic Labs 8000000 1 8000000r Strengthening/new Govt. goat farm 25000000 s Strengthening / New Govt. piggery farm 25000000 1 25000000t Vaccination programme 25 867710 21692750 Total 4446422750

4.10.2 Fisheries

Fish production and productivity is very low in the district due to lack of scientific management of fish farms. The average fish production from the district is about 400 kg per ha. which is very low as compared to national average production of 2400 kg per ha. There are 2245 Government and private ponds with water area of 1511 ha are available to the farmers for pisciculture in the district.Quality fish seed in adequate quantities and its timely availability is one of the major issues affecting development of fisheries in these water bodies. Due to shortage of fish spawn, seed rearing is also not possible in large scale. In order to over come this in the short term, it is proposed that fisheries department will purchase fish spawn from hatcheries in West Bengal or other neighbouring States and supply it to identified fish seed growers free of cost, along with fry catching net, for promoting fish seed rearing. Total seed requirement, both for fish culture and stocking in reservoirs is proposed to be met through this initiative. To meet the total spawn requirement locally, 5 No. of fish hatcheries (2-3 crore spawn production capacity annually) have been proposed in the district. in view of the shortage of staff in fisheries department, these hatcheries could be leased out to trained progressive fish farmers for spawn production.

In the Govt. fish farms, demonstration farms on integrated farming incorporating various models is proposed to be setup. This could be used for creating awareness about integrated fish farming.

Old Govt. tanks that has been silted need to be renovated, so that it could be leased out for taking up fish culture. 35 No. of such ponds have been proposed for renovation in the district.

Fishermen dependent on reservoirs need craft and net for better exploitation of the fisheries resources of reservoirs, especially when the productivity of reservoir improves as a result of management practices proposed. It is proposed to provide boat and net to members of registered fishermen co-operative societies. This would lead to livelihood enhancement of the poor fishermen.

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Fish being a highly perishable commodity its transport very important, similarly fish seed need to be transported quickly to reduce mortality. Therefore, mini pickup trucks are proposed to be given to the cooperative societies and also to the fisheries department.

4.10.3 Thus, the physical and financial programme under this sector/activity is as follows.

(Amount in Rupees) Sl. Projects Unit Cost

Fisheries Phy Fina Fish seed farms by farmers - Spawn and fry net to

be supplied by Fisheries Department (20 Lakh Spawn/unit) (No.)

12500 64 800000

b Fish seed Hatchery 2 to 3 crore spawn capacity 400000 5 2000000c Demonstration Farm for integrated fish farming

(No.) 500000 1 500000

d Pilot project on Fresh water Prawn farming (No.) 275000 f Construction of seed rearing tanks 55000 g Renovation of Govt. tanks 300000 35 10500000h Stocking of fish fingerlings in reservoirs @ 800 per

ha (ha) 800 12 9600

I Boat and gear for reservoir cooperative societies 100000 12 1200000j Vehicle for transporting fish seed and fish 300000 2 600000k Landing Centres in reservoirs (No) 500000 3 1500000 Total 17109600

4.11. Innovative Schemes i. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) : The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) technology is a "Less Water" method of production which is suitable to poor farmers who have relatively more labour than land and capital. Under this system of rice production synergistic interactions lead to much higher grain yield. Rice being the major crop and item of daily food intake of the population, it is proposed to take up intensive propagation of SRI technology for rice cultivation during summer. This innovative technology is proposed to be implemented throughout the district. ii. Demonstration of Gravity Drip System : The gravity drip system developed by HARP for 1 Ha farm can be demonstrated for adoption by progressive farmers who wish to diversify their cropping system with low cost drip system. The model developed for one ha upland include 0.25 ha for water harvesting tank (at the highest point of the land), 0.25 ha for upland paddy with facility for critical irrigation

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from the water harvesting tank, 0.25 ha guava or other fruit trees with drip irrigation system from the water harvesting system and 0.25 ha vegetable cultivation, with drip irrigation system. iii. Demonstration of sprinkler irrigation : Sprinkler system being one of the efficient irrigation system, it need to be promoted in the State. Therefore it is proposed to demonstrate sprinkler irrigation, so that farmers can adopt for high value crops.

Sl. Projects Unit Cost No. (Rs.) Physical Financial

Innovative Schemes a Adoption of SRI technology in paddy Production

including farm pond (Unit Area 1 acre)

i Farm ponds (No.) 36400 100 3640000ii Cono weeder (No.) 6000 100 600000iii Trainer's training (No.) 15000 1 15000iv Farmers Training (No.) 10000 1 10000v Seed 3 kg/acre @ Rs.15/kg (area covered) 45 100 4500

b Tea Cultivation (acre) 100000 c Demonstration of Gravity drip system -

Developed by Harp (No. of units) 132000 15 1980000

d Demonstration of Sprinkler irrigation (2 Acre model) No. of units

17000 15 255000

Total 6504500

4.12. Research and development : Research is an integral part for any activity. It is necessary to promote Gene Seed Bank & identification and preservation of Indegeneous Livestock. Projections made under the sector is as under: Research and Development Unit

cost(Rs.) Physical Financial

(Rs.) a Gene Seed Bank & Identification and Preservation of

Indegeneous Livestock 1000000 1 1000000

Total 1000000

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Annexure - I

Consolidated District Agriculture Plan - 2008-09 to 2011-12

Sl. Projects Unit Cost W.Singhbhum No. (Rs.) Physical Financial 1 Integrated Development of Major Food

Crops

i Accelerated Seed replacement programme

a Margin money assistance to seed villages for setting up of seed processing, Assistance for

seed testing equipments, tractor, other

1500000 6 9000000

b Subsidy on foundation seeds 500 1068 534000 c Buy Back of certified seed produced by seed

villages (Qtl.)

Paddy 1625 80607 130986375 Maize 2300 598 1375400 Wheat 3600 1455 5238000 Pulses 5000 1314 6570000 Oilseeds 5000 132 660000

d Purchase of certified seeds from outside agencies

Paddy 1790 20172 36107880 Maize 2530 149 376970 Wheat 3960 363 1437480 Pulses 5500 328 1804000 Oilseeds 5500 33 181500

ii Support to State Seed farms a Comprehensive Agriculture Seed Farm

Development Programme (No.) 5111500 1 5111500

b Support to Govt. seed farms (No.) 3033250 3 9099750

iii Seed Testing Labs 3153000 1 3153000

v Integrated Pest Management a IPM kit distribution (No.) 1500 1500 2250000 b Strengthening of Plant Protection Centre 500000 15 7500000 2 Land Development programme -

moisture conservation measures & Soil Health Improvement

a Treatment of cultivable waste land 40000 4684 187360000 b Treatment of other fallow land 10000 5516 55160000 c Soil amelioration programme for acidic soils

under Current Fallow Land, which is deficient in micro nutrients to be brought under

cultivation through soil amelioration and land

10000 26476 264760000

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reclamation d Watershed Development 12000 1000 12000000 e Soil Health Cards - coverage 5% of land

holdings every year 450 32862 14787900

f Micro nutrient testing (No) 200 500 100000 g Micro nutrient enrichment (No. of farms of

one acre coverage each) 1500 500 750000

h Soil testing labs with micro nutrient testing at district level (No.)

1500000 1 1500000

i Mobile soil and water testing lab cum mobile Agri school (No.)

1500000 1 1500000

3 Subsidy assistance for Irrigation a Deep tubewells 120000 b Shallow tubewells 50000 c Dug wells 102000 1125 114750000 d Water Harvesting Tanks 18250 2600 47450000 e Checkdam - 270000 225 60750000 f Microlift Irrigation 172000 300 51600000 g Bamboo boring 2400

4 Farm Mechanisation a Plastic Drum seeder (No.) 3000 375 1125000 b Cono weeder (No.) 1000 400 400000 c Sprayer to farmer groups/ farmers clubs (No.) 1600 375 600000 d Winnower cum Thresher (No.) 15000 60 900000 e Power tiller (subsidy) 75000 104 7800000 f Paddy Paddle Thresher 4000 1500 6000000

5 Horticulture Development a Medicinal and aromatic plants (ha) 28500 100 2850000 b Support for vegetable cultivation (Certified

seed, compost, plant protection, etc.) (ha) 15000 2500 37500000

c Floriculture (loose flower) (acre) 12000 40 480000 d Bulbulous Flowers (ha) 45000 100 4500000 e Tropical polihouse for off season vegetables

and flower cultivation (500 sq mtr unit) 370000 60 22200000

f Integrated Mix Farming 250000 220 55000000 g Integrated farming for livelihood improvement

of Tribal families (acre) 32500 1000 32500000

6 Promotion of sericulture 0 a Tassar Production Centre with Grainage

House 14500000 0

b Tassar Plantation (Ha) 30000 200 6000000 c Cocoon Bank 5000000 1 5000000 d Common Facility Centre 1500000 2 3000000 7 Support for Lac cultivation - Supply of

brood lac at subsidised rate (ha) 225000 800 180000000

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8 Bio-Fertlizer/ Vermi-compost/ NADEP compost units/ organic manure units

a Setting up of 150 tonnes units 600000 1 600000 b Margin money assistance for setting up of

organic manure units 10000 600 6000000

9 Strengthening Extension I Krishi Gyan Avam Udyog Kendra 8500000 1 8500000 II Agri information centre 250000 15 3750000 III Farmers Capacity building programme a Agriculture i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers

@Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.) 54000 60 3240000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 16 1120000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000 v Awareness Programme like Kisan mela 100000 15 1500000 b Watershed i Skill development (04 days, for 50 farmers

@Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.) 36000 4 144000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 2 60000

iii Exposure visit outside State (30 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

105000 2 210000

iv Publicity material 10000 2 20000 v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 8 200000 c Horticulture i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers

@Rs.180/Farmers per programme) (No.) 54000 60 3240000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 8 560000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000 v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000 d Animal Husbandry i Skill development (08 days, for 30 farmers @

Rs. 180/Farmer per day) (No.) 43200 60 2592000

ii Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

iii Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 4 280000

iv Publicity material 10000 60 600000 v Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000 vi Trainers training program for Gokul Mitra @

180 per day for 60 days - coverage (No) 10800 60 648000

e Fisheries

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i Skill development (10 days, for 30 farmers @Rs.150/Farmers per programme) (No.) -

FFDA

45000 60 2700000

ii Skill development (05 days, for 50 farmers @Rs.150/Farmers per programme) (No.) -

NFDB

22500 4 90000

iii Skill upgradation programme for Matsya Mitra(3 days, 30 Matsya Mitra @Rs.200 per

trainee per programme)

18000 4 72000

iv Exposure visit within State (30 farmers @Rs.1000/farmer per visit) (No.)

30000 15 450000

v Exposure visit outside State (20 farmers @ Rs 3500 per farmer) (No.)

70000 4 280000

vi Publicity material 10000 60 600000 vii Awareness Creation Programme 25000 15 375000

10 Animal Husbandry and Fisheries I Animal Husbandry / Dairy

a New veterinary institutions/strengthening Inst under Govt. (No)

700000 70 49000000

b New/Strengthening of AI Centres for equipments,semen bank and Liquid Nitrogen storage and 4 yrs operational cost (No.)

816000 26 21216000

c Development of Community pasture/ Gauchar land/Silvipasture/ Grass land of 5 ha/ unit @ 1 silvipasture/50000 Adult Cattle Unit

219780 9 1978020

d Goat Breeding Unit of 10 Does +1 bucks for grading up of local population with Improved goat breeds

100000 900 90000000

e Promotion of Improved pig breeds ( T&D ) 3+1 unit

105000 2100 220500000

f Promotion of backyard poultry (60) 7000 600 4200000 g Promotion of Hybrid Khakicampbell ducks (30) 7000 600 4200000 h Distribution of fodder seed @ 10 kg per animal @ Rs. 20/kg

200 1000 200000

i Disease Diagnostic Labs 8000000 1 8000000 j Strengthening / New Govt. piggery farm 25000000 1 25000000 k Vaccination programme 25 867710 21692750 IIFisheries a Fish seed farms by farmers - Spawn and fry net to be supplied by Fisheries Department (20 Lakh Spawn/unit) (No.)

12500 64 800000

b Fish seed Hatchery 2 to 3 crore spawn capacity 400000 5 2000000 c Demonstration Farm for integrated fish farming (No.)

500000 1 500000

d Renovation of Govt. tanks 300000 35 10500000 e Stocking of fish fingerlings in reservoirs @ 800 per ha (ha)

800 12 9600

f Boat and gear for reservoir cooperative societies 100000 12 1200000 g Vehicle for transporting fish seed and fish 300000 2 600000 h Landing Centres in reservoirs (No) 500000 3 1500000

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11 Innovative Schemes a Adoption of SRI technology in paddy

Production including farm pond (Unit Area 1 acre)

i Farm ponds (No.) 36400 100 3640000 ii Cono weeder (No.) 6000 100 600000 iii Trainer's training (No.) 15000 1 15000 iv Farmers Training (No.) 10000 1 10000 v Seed 3 kg/acre @ Rs.15/kg (area covered) 45 100 4500

b Demonstration of Gravity drip system -

Developed by Harp (No. of units) 132000 15 1980000

c Demonstration of Sprinkler irrigation (2 Acre model) No. of units

17000 15 255000

12 Research & Development a Gene Seed Bank & Identification and

Preservation of Indegeneous Livestock 1000000 1 1000000

Total 1911876605

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Appendix - 1

WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT

What is watershed development all about ?

Watershed development refers to the conservation, regeneration, and the judicious use of human and natural (like land, water, plants, animals) resources within a particular watershed. Watershed development attempts to bring about the best possible balance in the environment between natural resources on one side and man and grazing animals on the other. It requires people’s participation because conservation is possible only through the whole hearted involvement of the entire community.

2. Components/sectors of Watershed Development

2.1 Watershed development involves the following components / sectors:

i) Human resource development (community development);

ii) Soil and land management (conservation and use);

iii) Water management (conservation and use);

iv) Afforestation;

v) Pasture(Fodder) development;

vi) Agricultural development;

vii) Livestock management; and

viii) Rural energy management 2.2 Watershed development involves continuous interaction and exchange between various sectors e.g. the livestock that can be maintained is dependent on the availability of fodder, which in turn is related to soil and water management. The availability of firewood and other fuel is related to the amount of livestock in the area, the extent of forest cover, and the productivity of the land. The development of all the above sectors is crucially dependent on the development of the human population inhabiting that watershed.

2.3 When the environment gets degraded, the quality of life of the human community within that region also deteriorates. Watershed development thus aims at the rejuvenation of the environment in an integrated and comprehensive manner.

3. Why Watershed Development ?

3.1 The consequences of environmental degradation are all too well known. Activities of man like deforestation, wrong farming techniques, livestock over-grazing

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and faulty land use lead to the destruction of plant and tree cover exposing the earth to the natural forces like heavy rains, direct sunshine and high winds. These in turn lead to environmental problems such as soil erosion, floods or water scarcity. Agricultural yield is lowered and this results in decline in the income levels of the community resulting in poverty and eventually leading to migration of labor from rural to urban areas in search of livelihood.

3.2 Watershed development, therefore, involves not only regeneration of the environment, but also the management of needs of the human community in such a way that their demands match the resources available like land, water and vegetation within that particular watershed. This equilibrium between need and availability of resources will lead to a better and increased resistance to drought and increased agricultural production augmenting food supply, fodder, fuel and, timber. Thus standard of living improves leading to reduction in poverty-induced migration. 4. People’s Involvement

4.1 There is a pervading influence of the environment on the human community living within that region, as they depend on it for food, water etc. When the economic condition of a community deteriorates, it leads to over-exploitation resulting in degradation of natural resources. People, for whom agriculture is a low return and risky activity, expand their cattle herds for financial security. This leads to overgrazing and in turn to soil deterioration and erosion, especially in ecologically sensitive upper reaches of the watershed.

4.2 It is necessary for people to understand the relationship between their poverty and the degraded environment in which they live in. They must also be provided with an equally good, if not better, economic alternative. Only then they will willingly let go their claims on the environment in favour of possible benefits that will accumulate in the long run from environmental regeneration through appropriate management. Environmental regeneration is therefore possible only when the local community feels the need for it and they are fully in control of all aspects of resource mobilisation, management and conservation.

4.3 Human beings and their activities are the root cause of environmental destruction, and hence restoring of the health of the environment is their responsibility and only they can do it. There can be no sustainable natural resources management unless it involves the participation of all inhabitants of the concerned environment/area in an active manner.

4.4 The people voluntarily must come together and accept full responsibility for regenerating their environment from concept to planning, implementation, supervision, maintenance of project measures and associated practices. This would imply consensus in arriving at a common understanding regarding rules and

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regulations and the setting up of mechanisms for organisation of works, sharing of benefits and resolution of conflicts.

4.5 To make the project sustainable, it is necessary for all the key actors, like the Watershed Community, NGOs, Banks, Government Institutions and Technical Service Organisations, to participate actively and in close co-ordination with each other.

4.6 Participatory watershed development must be implemented on a “large enough scale” at different places to create many success stories, each of which can act as nuclei, becoming a source of inspiration and demonstration for neighbouring villages. This would provide a major impetus for the unfolding of a “people’s movement” for regeneration of environment.

4.7 The relatively poorer families depend more on village commons, forest lands and on flocks of sheep and goat. Some of the measures of the project such as ban on free grazing and felling of trees affect poorer families more than others. Such families should be provided with alternative or compensatory means of livelihood right from the beginning. Attempts may be made for introduction of rotational grazing as a regular practice by the villagers.

5. Criteria for selection of watersheds

5.1 Watersheds covering villages with the following physical and socio-economic characteristics are preferred for inclusion in the programme :

5.2 Physical characteristics

a. Dry and drought prone villages. In any case the proportion of irrigated area may not exceed the average for the state or 30% which ever is lower.

b. Villages with noticeable soil erosion, land degradation, resource depletion or water scarcity problems.

c. Villages in the upper part of drainage systems.

d. The size of a watershed project should be around 1000 ha. (but not less than 500 ha.).

e. Well defined watersheds with the village boundaries coinciding to the greatest extent possible with the watershed boundary. As far as possible, Watershed encompassing one village is ideal.

f. Villages where the general cropping sequence does not include high water demanding and long duration crops like sugarcane, banana etc. and if such crops are grown in small pockets in the watershed, the villagers should agree that the area under such crops will not be extended during implementation or after completion of the watershed development project.

5.3 Socio-economic characteristics

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a. Predominantly poor villages.

b. High proportion of SC/ST in the total population.

c. There should not be much difference in the size of the land holdings.

d. Villages with a known history of coming together for common causes.

e. Villages that have shown concern for resource conservation.

f. Villages with alternative sources of employment must not be selected as the past experience indicates that the programme in such areas would not pick up.

g. Villages that are willing to commit themselves to the following conditionalities:

(i) to ban clear felling of trees,

(ii) to ban free grazing and in treated areas for protecting vegetation,

(iii) to reduce the livestock population if in excess, and maintain the same at the carrying capacity of the watershed (number which can be supported by the watershed),

(iv) to ban cultivation of water intensive crops like sugarcane and banana or atleast not to increase the area under such crops from the present position,

(v) to contribute initially four days of “shramdan” on watershed treatment works by the entire village community and later, once selected for the programme to contribute by way of “shramdan” or otherwise 16% of the unskilled labour costs of the project and also to collect such contribution EQUITABLY (impartially and in a just manner) from the village community. The landless and poor single parent households are excluded from such a contribution,

(vi) promote equity for women and poor through preferential allocation of usufruct rights in common lands.

(vii) to start and contribute to a Watershed Maintenance Fund, from the second or third year onwards to maintain and upgrade the treatments and assets created under the project, at a rate of Rs.100/- per land owning families.

(viii) to take all such steps as are necessary for achieving and maintaining a sustainable production system,

(ix) to constitute, at the village level, a body called the Village Watershed Committee (VWC) which would have to be registered during the implementation phase within 6 months of the commencement of the work, so that it can undertake responsibility for

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maintenance of all the valuable assets created and generated by the project.

6. Criteria for selection of NGOs

6.1 The nodal agencies of the State Government may implement watershed development projects through NGOs. Even if the Project Facilitating Agency (PFA) is other than NGO the same criteria could be utilised with necessary modifications. The following shall be the criteria for selection of NGOs.

a. Reputation and financial management capacity.

b. Method of operation and rapport with people and local government agencies.

c. Perspective on watershed development.

d. Nature of projects handled in the past.

e. Technical and managerial capability.

f. Sensitivity towards group action /conflict resolution and equity for poor and women.

g. Ability to motivate the community for providing ‘Shramdan’ in the village where they propose to work.

6.2 The NGO should have been active in the area for a significant period before proposing a watershed project for the area. NGOs and watershed communities willing to implement a watershed project, if selected, have to go through a Proofing Stage and meet the qualifying criteria before they undertake a large scale project.

7. Importance of Nursery & Plantation

7.1 The project involves a lot of plantation work on forest lands, private lands as well as on bunds in cultivated fields. Most projects face a shortage of good planting material. It is better and economical to start a nursery for the project well in advance (as raising of good seedlings in a nursery takes from six months to a year) and stock it with enough seedlings to use during the project.

8. Trained manpower

8.1 There should also be enough trained manpower before the project starts. A core team of village youth would have to first undergo an orientation program to develop a clear idea of the project and the responsibilities of all persons involved with it. They would also need to acquire certain specific skills like surveying, staking, nursery raising, horticulture and pasture development, etc. for project preparation, implementation and maintenance.

9. Active involvement of women

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9.1 Women should be actively involved in all aspects of project implementation as they not only do the bulk of farm related work but are also the transmitters of culture and values to children.

10. Ridge to Valley

10.1 The work on the project is executed with a “Ridge to Valley” perspective, that is starting from the top and coming downwards. This would mean that the treatment of the hilltops and hill slopes would be completed first. Treatment of land should start from a higher elevation and gradually lands of lower elevations would be taken up. Thus lands at the bottom of the valley would be treated at the end.

10.2 Ridge to valley treatment ensures that the soil erosion is reduced and the treatments at the lower catchment are protected. This also helps water conservation and ground water recharge. The treatment must be on area basis, both public and private lands are to be treated.

11. Check dams should be last

11.1 If the physical measures in upper reaches and in the cultivated fields are carried out well, the whole watershed basin will act as a large reservoir with recharged ground water. The need for constructing expensive check dams in the lower portion of watershed will then get reduced considerably. Therefore, check dams are constructed at the end of the watershed to impound the excess water after allowing water to seep into the acquifer through the entire course of the drainage line of the watershed.. However, one check dam could be built initially to create a water source for starting a nursery and/or for drinking water purposes, if it is felt absolutely necessary.

12. Seasonality

12.1 In most areas very little work except planting of trees and grass seeding can be taken up during the monsoons. Therefore the activities should be planned accordingly. To start a project during or just before the monsoon is not advantageous.

13. Improving farming practices

13.1 In addition to laying emphasis on physical measures equal or greater attention should be paid to agricultural programmes to help the farmers to take up improved farming practices and get maximum benefits from the infrastructure created under the project.

14. Treatment of forest land

14.1 Some of the watersheds may cover forest land and as mentioned earlier, all lands including forest lands need to be treated. As per existing law, the work on the forest land has to be planned and executed under the guidance of the Forest

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Department. Therefore, it is advisable to approach the local Forest Department for finalising the treatments of forest area in the watershed which could either be implemented by the VWC / NGO under the guidance of Forest Department or to be implemented by the Forest Department.

15. Implementation

15.1 The process of watershed development comprises of 2 phases. The first phase is called the "Capacity Building Phase" (CBP) or “Proofing Stage” and the second phase is called "Full Implementation Phase" (FIP).

15.2 The Capacity Building Phase (CBP) or Proofing Stage (Phase 1)

The aim of the Capacity Building Phase is to establish that village community can work together and cooperate with each other and also work with NGO to develop a small portion of the watershed, say, 50 - 100 ha. The duration of the CBP is generally for 12 months. After successful completion of CBP, NGO would assist the village community in preparing the Project Feasibility Report for launching the Full Implementation Phase. During the CBP phase the following steps are undertaken:

a. After the selected watershed fulfills the criteria and the villagers are eager and willing to implement the project accepting the discipline, the NGO and the villagers will be permitted to take up CBP.

b. The NGO motivates the villagers through a series of meetings and discussions. During these discussions the reasons for environmental degradation and various problems affecting the people like shortage of water, fuel and fodder, decreasing agricultural production and migration can be discussed. It should emerge during these discussions that watershed development project can help the villagers in restoring the balance of their environment.

c. The villagers should demonstrate their commitment to take up watershed development by undertaking 4 days of shramdan. Landless and poor single parent households could be exempted. Voluntary contribution of bullocks, tractors, can also be valued and treated as shramdan. Shramdan should be for soil and water conservation activities.

d. After one or two days of shramdan, NGO may arrange for exposure visit of atleast one member from each family to a nearby developed watershed. After completion of 4 days of shramdan, a meeting to be called for formation of Village Watershed Committee (VWC). At this meeting before formation of VWC, an Agreement Letter which contains the conditions and procedures for the implementation of watershed development project has to be read out to the people. The villagers have to orally agree to implement the Watershed

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Development Project and accept the conditions of community discipline. The community discipline consists of ban on ‘free grazing’, ‘clear felling of trees’ and ‘eschewing growing of water intensive crops’. After this the VWC is formed and the VWC has to get the Agreement Letter signed by both husband and wife of every family in the watershed

e. The VWC also has to sign another Agreement Letter which details their responsibilities. The members of VWC are selected by people of the watershed and it will have representatives from different social and class groups of the village. It should be ensured that there is adequate representation of the different geographical areas within the watershed.

f. After the formation of VWC and signing of Agreement Letters by the members of VWC and all the families, the villagers have to demonstrate the commitment to work with each other and also with the NGO in the development of the watershed by developing a micro watershed in the ridge portion. This micro watershed can be of the size of 50 to 100 ha and should include part of the ridge as well as the related valley. The criteria for selection of a micro watershed are:

(i) Proximity to the village so that it is easily noticed by the people.

(ii) Possibility of having different types of treatment like trenches, bunding, gully plugging, etc.

g. For developing this micro watershed the villagers will have to prepare a development plan, which is known as survey numberwise planning. Under this the Planning Team has to go to each and every field where work has to be undertaken, discuss with the owner of the field the treatments to be carried out and then finalize the plan with the consent of the farmer and his wife.

15.3. The Full Implementation Phase (FIP)(Phase 2)

15.3.1 Only those NGOs and Watershed Communities who have satisfactorily proved their capability to carry out watershed development under CBP are selected to take up FIP. The NGOs will be advised to prepare a Project Feasibility Report after 5-6 months of satisfactory implementation of CBP project. The preparation of the Project Feasibility Report is taken up concurrently with and implementation of the CBP. FIP of watershed development will be based on this Project Feasibility Report prepared by the NGO in consultation with the villagers.

15.3.2 The duration of FIP is normally 4 years.

16. Organisations Involved:

16.1 The following institutions/organisations would be involved in the execution of watershed projects.

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a. At the Project level:

i) The Village Watershed Committee (VWC) :

The VWC consists of persons nominated by a consensus, by the Gram Sabha attended by all adult members of the village, representing all the sections in the village and also the different geographical areas. It should have due representation of women (minimum, 30%). VWC is a registered body. This body actually “owns” the project and is responsible for the planning, implementation, monitoring and maintenance of the project.

ii) Project Facilitating Agency (PFA)

The PFA is responsible for motivating and assisting the village community in preparing and successfully implementing the watershed project. The PFA and the VWC are jointly responsible for preparation of project feasibility report and its implementation, to receive funds and be accountable for the same.

The PFA is also expected to link with the local Government Departments / support institutions in order to avail of existing facilites and resources.

b. At the State level :

i) Linkage Building/Networking :

The soil conservation depart will maintain a communication channel with different agencies and attend to problems faced by the participating NGOs and VWCs. On specific request from the NGO-VWCs, soil conservation department would be rendering help for project specific problems as well. soil conservation department will help NGOs and village communities in improving their skills for project implementation.

ii) Administrative Support :

Agriculture department will be responsible for overseeing and administering the individual projects at the ground level.

iii) Technical Support :

The soil conservation department is expected to provide the necessary technical support to the watershed communities implementing the projects. Suitably trained/qualified person(s) reporting to the Village Watershed Committee may have to be provided for.

17. Key Principles to be adopted for Projects

17.1 Following key principles are emphasised again and have to be adhered to in all watershed development projects .

• Community shall own and implement.

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• No project without a proofing stage - rigorous qualifying criteria for participating communities and organisations

• Ridge to valley - treat every hectare that is required to be treated. Particular care to be taken for involvement of the forest department in treatment of forest areas on the ridge lines and implementation of joint forest management scheme with the community.

• Survey number wise planning involving every farmer.

• Uninterrupted flow of funds for implementation - arrangements for providing half-yearly requirements in advance and claiming subsequent requirements after exhausting 60% of the amounts released previously.

• Financial releases based on on field monitoring and satisfactory progress.

• Maintenance arrangements to be built in.

18. Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism

18.1 Apart from desk monitoring based on the prescribed reporting formats, half yearly field level monitoring will be mandatory.

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Appendix - 2

INTEGRATED AGRI-HORTI FARMING PROGRAMME 1. Genesis of Integrated Agri-horti Farm Approach 1.1 In view of the complexities attached with tribal way of life, due to their historical, socio-cultural and geographical situations, the generalised approaches of development attempted earlier have not met with significant success. Nevertheless, efforts made by some government and NGOs in different parts of the country have made it possible to establish some demonstrative models. 2. “Integrated agri-horti farming ” Model of Tribal Development

2.1 In this model, the central focus is on “Integrated agri-horti farm”. The other development interventions are built around “Integrated agri-horti farm”. 2.2 The “Integrated agri-horti farm” may be of mango or cashew or amla or any fruit crop suitable to the area or a combination of these tree crops, with forestry species on the periphery of the land holdings. Two or more tree crops are selected in the “Integrated agri-horti farm” model to minimize biological and marketing risks. 2.3 While the fruit plants generate income after 4-5 years, the forestry species provide a fence and also act as a shelter belt. The species mix planted meets the families’ needs for fuel, fodder and small timbers. It also helps in reducing the pressure on existing forests. 2.4 An one acre model of “Integrated agri-horti farm”' accommodates around 60 fruit plants (depending on spacing) and 600-800 forestry plants and provides adequate income and livelihood security under climatic vagaries. In five years, a poor village of 100 families gets converted into an orchard of a 100-150 acre producing hundreds of tonnes of fruits. 2.5 Though the nucleus is “Integrated agri-horti farm”, community health and sanitation are essential components of the programme. Special emphasis is given to women in the programme.While taking care of the land holding tribals through “Integrated agri-horti farm” development, the programme has addressed the problems of landless as well by through creation of employment opportunities in farm and non-farm sectors in the programme area. 3. Components of “Integrated agri-horti farm” Approach 3.1 The comprehensive tribal development through “Integrated agri-horti farm” approach involves the following components / sectors:

I. Orchard development (fruit/ plantation/herbal crops & forest plants) as the core component

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II. Soil conservation in the “Integrated agri-horti farm” III. Water resources management (conservation and use) IV. Sustainable agriculture V. Human resource development (community development) VI. Women development - A special emphasis is given for involvement of women

in all spheres of the programme. The components include drudgery reduction measures, on-farm and non-farm income generating activities and self help groups for inculcating thrift and credit habits.

VII. Community Health VIII.Micro-enterprises for landless people IX. Processing & marketing X. Other auxillary components to dovetail with above activities.

3.2 “Integrated agri-horti farm” approach aims at the rejuvenation of the environment in an integrated and comprehensive manner leading to improved quality of life of resource poor tribal families. Thus, it involves the management of needs of the tribal community in such a way that their demands match the resources available within their reach, besides regeneration of the environment. The approach ultimately will lead to increased agricultural production augmenting food supply, fodder, fuel, timber and medicines. Thus, standard of living improves leading to reduction in poverty-induced migration. 4. People’s Participation – Crucial for Success 4.1 There is a pervading influence of the environment on the tribal community living within that region, as they depend on it for food, water etc. When the economic condition of a community deteriorates, it leads to over-exploitation resulting in degradation of natural resources. It is necessary for people to understand the relationship between their poverty and the degraded environment in which they live in. They must also be provided with an equally good, if not better, economic alternative. Only then they will willingly let go their claims on the environment in favour of possible benefits that will accumulate in the long run from environmental regeneration through appropriate management. 4.2 Environmental regeneration is therefore possible only when the local community feels the need for it and they are fully in control of all aspects of resource mobilization, management and conservation. There can be no sustainable natural resources management unless it involves the participation of all inhabitants of the concerned environment/area in an active manner. 5.1 Selection of Area 5.1.1 Preference could be given to the districts/ blocks/ villages where percentage of tribal population is more than 50%. The selected area should be large enough so

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that a viable cluster, with at least 1,000 tribal families, could be covered for benefit under the project for effective management. However, 10% of these participants could be landless. 5.1.2 The physical, ecological and socioeconomic characteristics of the area vis-à-vis their suitability for integrated agri-horti programme will be taken into account while selecting the area. Those villages with a known history of coming together for common causes and villages that have shown concern for resource conservation will be given priority. The replication of the integrated agri-horti farm model however, could be modified if warranted keeping in view the local situations. 5.2 Selection of Participants 5.2.1 Small and marginal farmers of ST communities owning not more than 5 acre would be eligible to participate in the programme. The support from the Fund will be to the extent of development of maximum one acre per family or equivalent cost. The participating families should be agreeable to work together with other families in groups and also provide family labour required for completion of core activity. Further, they should be agreeable adopt the project discipline. 5.2.2 The tribal participants should commit themselves to make periodic, regular contributions to create a common village fund and to constitute, at the village level, a representative body for managing the programme and maintaining all the valuable assets created and generated by the project. 5.3 Selection of Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) 5.3.1 The projects will be implemented through Community Based Organisations (CBOs) i.e. Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Voluntary Agencies (VAs), Trusts, Societies, etc. Broad basis for selection of PIAs for implementation of the project are:

a. PIA should have been registered and have been active in the area for a significant period (at least 3 years) before proposing a integrated agri-horti project for the area/ vicinity.

b. Reputation and financial management capacity. It should have audited balance sheet for the last 3 years.

c. Quality of governance of PIA. d. It should not have been black listed by any other organization and funding

agencies. e. Method of operation and rapport with people and local government agencies.

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f. Nature of projects handled in the past – PIA should have experience in implementation of Natural Resources Management (NRM) projects.

g. Technical and managerial capability. h. Sensitivity towards group action /conflict resolution and equity for poor and

women. i. Ability to motivate the community in the village where they propose to work. j. It should be apolitical. Executive members of the PIA should not be sitting

MLA/ MP. 6. Project - Pre-requisites for Success

a. Clarity about the project: The project will include any income generating activity such as horticulture/ agriculture/ forestry, dairy, micro enterprises etc. Social engineering aspects such as women empowerment, health development etc. have an equal bearing on the over all success of the programme.

b. Owning the project by the participants: The project participants should wholeheartedly own the project and contribute for the successful implementation and maintenance thereafter.

c. Family labour: Each participating family is required to contribute entire labour component.

d. Trained manpower: It may be ensured that enough trained manpower is available and if necessary suitable orientation programme could be organized to develop such skills.

e. Active involvement of women: Women participation should be ensured in all the process of project implementation, as bulk of the farm related work are carried out by them, besides playing the role of transmitters of culture and values to the children.

f. Seasonality: The project activities should be undertaken keeping in view the appropriate season.

7. Implementation Stages 7.1 The project will be implemented with cluster approach, with each cluster having around 1,000 tribal families spread over a number of contiguous villages. It should be endeavoured that all eligible families in the given village are brought under the project. 7.2 State Govt. will identify the PIA based on the criteria laid down in the guideline. The identified PIA shall provide information in the PIA Data Sheet for selection/ ratification by the Project Sanctioning and Steering Committee (PSC) set up at State Govt. PIA has to identify the cluster/ village/s for implementing the

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programme. The identified area should be suitable for the programme and fulfill the criteria laid down in the guideline. PIA has to submit information in the Project Area Data Sheet for selection / ratification by the PSC. 7.3 Main Steps in Implementation

a. Identification of PIA. b. All the proposals received will be informed to the state level Review and

Monitoring Committee. c. After the selected area fulfills the criteria and the tribal families are interested

and willing to implement the project accepting the discipline, the PIA and the participants will be permitted to implement the programme.

d. PIA shall prepare the Project Feasibility Report (PFR) and submit to Agriculture/Horticulture Department for approval and sanction. The duration of the project will vary from activity to activity.

e. PIA motivates the villagers through a series of meetings and discussions. During these discussions, the reasons for environmental degradation and various problems affecting the people like shortage of water, fuel and fodder, decreasing agricultural production and migration can be discussed. It should emerge during these discussions that the project activity will help them in addressing the problems.

f. Followed by these discussions, PIA may arrange for exposure visit of selected tribal families to similar projects.

g. A Letter of Consent, which contains the conditions and procedures for the implementation of the programme, roles and responsibilities of the participants, has to be executed and signed by both husband and wife of every participant family.

h. After the signing of Letter of Consent by the participants, groups of 10 participants each may be formed keeping in view location of their land such that participants having land in proximity would come under the same group.

i. The individual project shall be developed by the participants under guidance of PIA.

j. Other components of the programme viz., water resources development, women development (SHGs, IGAs, drudgery reduction etc.), community health programme (chlorination, primary health care, referral services etc.) will commence concurrently with the core activity.

8. Programme Period 8.1 The project with “integrated agri-horti farm” approach is not an area based development effort, but relies on the voluntary participation of thousands of

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individual families calling for implementation in phases. The implementation of core activity shall be confined to maximum of three batches and each batch will be supported for a maximum period of six years. The total programme period shall not exceed nine years. During this period, the tribal participants (around 1,000 families per cluster) belonging to low income groups would be in a position to reap substantial benefits on a sustainable basis, which would ultimately enable them to lead a normal life in their village without the need to migrate to urban areas in search of employment. 9. Organizational Requirements The following institutions/ organizations would be involved in the execution of integrated agri-horti programme. However, the institutions/ organizations would evolve as the programme progresses and the need of such institutions arise in programme implementation. 9.1 Project Level (i) Participant Groups (PGs) The core activity will be a family based programme and will be undertaken by the individual tribal family. For better planning, execution and management, the individual project participant will come together as small groups of about 10 members each. (ii) Village Planning Committee (VPC) These participant groups in turn will form village level organization, Village Planning Committee (VPC), for better coordination with the help / facilitation by the PIA. The VPC will form once the stable operations of the PGs are reached and when felt necessary for coordinated actions at the village level. The VPC consists of persons nominated by a consensus by the programme participants. For every 10 participants (one PG), one member will be nominated for the VPC. It should have due representation of women (minimum 30%). This body actually “owns” the project and is responsible for the planning, implementation, monitoring and maintenance of the project. (iii) Cooperatives The village level organizations will federate and form a cooperative at the cluster level. This cooperative will take shape once the base level institutions have fully

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stabilized and become functional. Each cooperative will have two representatives (one man & one woman) from each VPC. The cooperative will be instrumental in providing technical assistance to the project after the project period, inputs procurement, marketing of produce and necessary guidance to VPC for effective management of the programme. (iv) Project Implementing Agency (PIA) The Project Implementing Agencies of integrated agri-horti farming projects will be Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs). The PIA is responsible for motivating and involving the tribal community in planning and implementing the programme. The PIA is responsible for preparation of project report and project implementation, to receive funds and keep account for the same. The PIA is also expected to link with the government departments/ extension agencies/ support institutions in order to avail available facilities and resources. In the later years, PIA’s major responsibility is to develop cooperative which will take the role of PIA once it withdraws on completion of the programme. 9.2 State Level (i) Review & Monitoring Committee (RMC) A Review & Monitoring Committee (RMC) at state level will be constituted to guide the programme. Terms of Reference of RMC

a. RMC would monitor the progress of implementation of integrated agri-horti projects.

b. RMC would discuss the field level operational problems and try to evolve strategies to overcome these problems.

Periodicity of Meeting: RMC would meet once in every six months.