Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya

8/18/2019 Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya

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% 0211-3589H: 10.3989/EJGMK.2013.016

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25 +G KK L>> #HES>K, {L KGSI >K MD F %LEF|; MKHMFGG,{DRR|; >R>K, {AGELL NG AGP>GNG@L>K>K MJRR|; 'HE>K@, {HF>%FFi-i,i >PL HG JRR|; 'HE>K@, {KK G i,i >HEH@R G >E@HG|; #HK-HG, {> NLMKMNF H KK G %KG|; NIK>>, {"NKM>K HM>L HG KK:A@GLMG|; "PSi, #u? >-KK >-I> a?; RL, {JRR FHG@ M> KNS>L|;M>PKM, {KK L >KHKFG: > KO>EL H B, E-iG E-,aFEi G M> +MMHFGFIK> (991-93/1583-85)|; M>PKM, {HNLRG . ,A E-SF E-,aFEi~L K>ML> HK NEMG NE>FG G M> i,i-,i >@E KMHG|; M>PKM, I>? "> %JK:> @ @@ "> K?; M>PKM, {HGML G LLFNE-MHG: HM>L HG M> >KHKFG H KK|; D KF, >-KK >-I> a?; CEKD>, {>L> G > H KK G P>EO>K ,LF|; DD>, {$G@ G EG @M: >K


11/52

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12/52

HG M> LL H M> HKF>K. %GM>GMHG (@KK) L NGF>GME I>KHKFG ( a,) H E>@E H-E@MHGL L GOE; M> F>K> MHG H G L GHM LN. AEE

IKO>KL LHNE DGHP M> K L G-OE I>KHKF> PMHNM HKFG@ HG>~L GM>GMHG MH K> IKR>K MH #H EHG>. >KIL M> >LM DGHPG H EE KHI>M< h K>IHKMLL @@?a >-u?a> ->-@KKa {PHKDL K> (N@>) O>KR KLM h G M> S h h H E-BNDK i(. 256/870) G G E-PPi~L (. 676/1277) IHINEK H M> FGR GMMHKLHG E-PPi~L PHKD, >QIEGL, ML @E FIE-

GM>GL...| G ELH @@ >> aua> a > a K@ z > a s=? -?a>=? -@@?a K@ z

31 @, { K>E@HG >L HKLJN>L|, II. 54-55.32 NERFG . ,A E-Pi E-T u i, ! a >-uK @ h >-Au @, II. 36-37.

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> >>G OEE>, >M>K K>E@HNLLKM> NLEFL H E-AGENL G HKM AKHK>,NKG@, G M>K M> > FG @HK>L H LNQMLK> NK ,G< GMK>L, h L, E>@E FGNEL, G PHKDL HG %LEF< M>HEH@RG >M- @. > NK ,G< O>KL>LM PL K>@NEKER LEM> FM-

M>KL K> MK>>: 3:28, PL M> M>KFL u G aHK KK G K>>KL MH LLFNEMHG; 16:106, PLL>L M>LMMNL H >E>O>K PH ELI>F>L NG>K K H KH PH PL MKN> >E>O>K NM M> K GO>LM@MHG H >NK~G, CHGLN>EH iI>S-HKEEL IKHO>L I H M> MKMHG H MM IKHO> M> HKLKIK>MMHG H M> M>QM. > >GM>L HNK LM>KG G HNK >LM>KG GMK>L LNGF>GME: KHF M> LM, a?u >-Ka@ R E-TK i (. 310/923),

>-!a R E-FDLK i (. 528/1135), # a h >-GK R"DK E-iG E- Si (. 606/1209), G A@a >-@L > R E-BRdPi(. 685/1286), G KHF M> >LM, >-' ,a@ R %G Ai FGiG(. 399/1008), >-#h >--! a >-, AL L R %G,AtRR E-#KGti (. 546/1151), >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@ R E-NK tNi (. 671/1273), G >-Bh >-?h t >-' ,a@ R A uHRRG E-#KGti (. 745/1344). + M>L>, L> GHM>L MM %G Ai -FGiG~L L IK>L>KO> G MKNG HKF G G >GME HK M> HKLK> M> GMK>L H E-FDLK i G %G ,AtRR E-#KGti. A> NK~G ELH G FM>KE KHF LHNKL PMHNM @>F>GM. iI>S-HKEEL LNLI> >K ,IL

. K (% > #>K) P> OK>MR H PHKDL G G- FM>KE KHF M>F G L GEN>GME NM GHP-EHLM > NK ,G, P M> G 1456. M>K >QM>G-

33 AE-#SEi, I h Ka, u> u? >- @, OHE. 5, II. 1741-57.

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LO>ER HG ,IL . K~L PHKD G MNL ILL> HG GMKR G G-M>KIK>MMHG H M> M>QM PMHNM G>I>G>GM O>KE h L MM II>K G M> LMGK NGG KE F@NM>L L F>GL MH>L KF HK I>KL>@E FGNEL LKL K>EM> MHKK NG>K M> MHIGHG @HH G >-GHNG PKHG@ G INE@E LMKM@>FL, G OML H IK>->FIMHG(ua,). G FGR NK ,G< GMK>L G h PHKDL L@E FMM>KL, G LG NK ,G< GMK>L G E>@E FGNEL HM>G h K>IHKML L >O>G, M> @HK>L HO>KEI.

> M>KF KK ED>ER >KO>L KHF 3:28, PER >E

MH NLMR LLFNEMHG G KHGM H IHM>GME >G>F>L. > O>KL> K>L,{>M GHM M> >E>O>KL MD> NG>E>O>KL HK M>K EE>L G IK>>K>G MH

>E>O>KL. H>O>K H>L ML L GH K K> @ ? @ (>> a @ u ?@-? a@/KK@). #H L RHN >PK> HGER H $FL>Ey| AE-TK i, E-FDLK i, E-BRdPi, G HM>KL K>IHKM M> K>OKGM K>G@ KK@, O>KE GHNG L G@ K MG a@, IENKE > L G >Q>KK M> KF KK HK ML a H, M>K> L EMME> HNM MM M> O>K a K>>KL MHLLFNEMHG, LH MM, HG> FR M>KF G M> L> HG G >QIEQM. HLM NGG LNL> M> M>KF KK G >QIE O>KL>.35

HG>M>E>LL, M> LQM R PG NL-M> L 16:106: {H>O>K >QIK>LL>L L>E> G #H M>K OG@ >E> PEE LN>K @K>MERz>QIM F PH L HK PE>L >KM L LMEE M I> G >E>|. L O>KL> L ELH M> > >HK M> E>@E MHI< H KS-HKEEL, ' ,a@ @ J@-C@K @: J # @ u 79. GGM CHKG>EE L MM>GMHG MH M> >Q>@>L>L H %G ,AtRR G E-NK tNiG IKMGM K>IK>L>GMMO>L H M> AGENLG MKMHG H NK~G G-MKR. CHKG>EE, {, I>? >-' ,a@ G E-AGENL: > #h G M> HKDL H K>>ANMHKL|.

35 AE-TK i, a?u >-Ka@ u@ a K >-' ,a@, OHE. 3, II. 227-30; E--FDLK i, >-!a u@ ha, >-@L > , OHE. 1, I. 183; E- Si, # a h >-K >- >-= , OHE. 8, II. 10-14; E-BRdPi, A@a >-@L > , II. 70-71; E-sss, Ah= a?>-' ,a@, OHE. 2, II. 289-90; E-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 4, I. 57.

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= {PL HK, K| HK MH M> H M> CHFIGHG ,AFFK . LK, PH PL EE> R IHERM>LMLG > KHI>M NhFF.$L IK>GML, LK G NFRR, P>K> KNMEER DEE> HK K>NLG@, NM,AFFK LNK >FGL G MNL LNKOO>. AM>KPKL,P>G > LL> MH M> KHI>M PM II>G>, M> KHI>MLD> F HP > >EM G L >KM, G ,AFFK K>LIHG> MM L >KM{PL M >L> G >E>|. > KHI>M GHKF> F MM ML PL EE MMPL G>LLKR, G M> IHERM>LML P>K> MH MM NMNK>, > LHNE K>I>M L K>EM>L MM

NLREF, M> EL> IKHI>M H M> BG u HKM PH PL FIH-KKR PM M> KHI>M NhFF, >FG> MM MPH NLEF LK> F L E>@MFM> F>LL>G@>K H #H EHG@ PM NhF-F. +G> IKLHG>K L, NM M> HM>K GHM GLP>K, >@GG@>G>LL, G PL DEE> L K>LNEM. >G GHKF> HNM M> GGM,M> KHI>M NhFF E>@MFM> M> KL, LMM-G@ MM HG> PL EEHP> MH LLFNEM> HG>~L E> PL G G@>K, NMMM HG> PL ELH K>> MH M> IM H FKMRKHF. >L> Q>@>L>L, GL LN- a?u>-h= a? >-' ,[email protected] > D>R IKL> -> ?t ?,@@ ->- ?a@{PE> L >KM L LMEE M I> G >E>| II>KL G FGR NGG E>@EL H MP>>G HL>L G KH( 40:22-54). >G KH MK>M>GL MH DEE HL>L (O. 26), G @RI-MG >L L F>F>K H KH~L FER PH L M(@ ?,?@@ ?@ a> Fu@ K=? ?a@) (O. 28) LI>DLNI G HL>L~ >>GL>. HF> GMMHKL PL $>K>P, LL@GG@ F M> GF> F,G, F,G, Hi , HSJiE, HSiE, HK

36 AE-TK i, a?u >-Ka@, OHE. 14, II. 180-82; E-FDLK i, >-!a , OHE.2, I. 345; E- Si, # a h >-K, OHE. 20, I. 121; E-sss, Ah= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 5, II. 13-17; E-BRdPi, A@a >-@L > , I. 367; E-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@,OHE. 10, II. 180-81; %G 'MiK, >-' ,a@ >-u z ?, OHE. 2, I. 609; E-'Ei, ! a>- > >-u> u? >-@L > , OHE. 2, II. 162-63. >> ELH "K>FGG, >@ @ C@@ I>?: I@ >@ @ #>? @, II. 153-56.

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'KiE, NM FHLM K F @RIMG, HK L>O>KE K>LHGL: M> $>- K>P GM>KIK>MMHG LLNF>L GO>KM> PHK HK>K PMHNM LNGM@KHNGL; M> IK>IHLMHG ?@ L GHM NLNEER NL> PM M> O>K K=?,P MPH K>K>P PHNE GHMED>ER O> KH G ML FGG>K; G KH PHNEO> K> FHK> KLER MH $>K>P. %G MHG, LHF> GM-MHKL >GMR F L KH~L IM>KGE K IIK>GM, HK MKNLM>OLHK.37 L >E>OG@ F>F>K H KH~L FER L MNL KIKM MH FNL G M> >P >LMF>GM, @ER IE GONEPH L >E> HNM H IKN>G. #O>G M> LE>G H ML ILL@>G M> NK~G, M L H M> LNFER > H ML ILL@> MM M> M>KF =?a@ {GM| L MH > NL> L G HKMNK>.

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17/52

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#H E>LL F G @KGM F I>), {> GOHEEMR H NLEF~L IKHI>KMR LED> M> GOHEEMR H L E>| G {$> PH L DEE> IKHM>KMR L FKMRK|. %M LHNE ELH > I>KFLLE> > FG L EEG@ G>> H IKHI>KMR. "HK >QFIE>, P>G PM>K L LHE HK G >QHKMGM IK, M> HE@MHGMH I>KHKF ENMHG GH EHG@>K HEL, G HG> L I>KFMM> MH FD> H PM K?-?? G HK>K MH OH >LG@ HG>~L P>EM R MM FHNGM. $HP, M>G, I>KFLLE> >K>?> LQM KNEG@: N . K, . 104/722 L, {L KNEG@ >E LPR G M> >@GGG@ H %LEF > H M> P>DG>LL H M> >E>O>KL. $HP>O>K, LG %L-EF< KNE> L @KHPG LMKHG@, M GH EHG@>K HEL|. BNM ,AP . Ai FiE, .146/763 K>EM> HG M> NMHKMR H E-HLG E-BsK i, . 110/728, {KK L

I>KFLLE> HK M> >E>O>KL NGME M> R H >LNKK>P L FHK>K>LHGE>, > M L HE@MHKR MH IK>O>GM KF MH HG>~L I>KLHG L K L IHL-LE>.38

AE- Si G>KE IKG H LLFNEMHG GNGG %LEF< EP. $> K>>>GLNLI>G> > M> %LEF< LMM> L GH EHG@>K P>D, G > >GHKL>LM> LMM>F>GM MMKNM> MH E-HLG E-BsK i NGME M> R H >LNKK>P, LLF-NEMHG FR > IIE> MH HM PHK G >>. +G> FR K>LHKM MH M G

HK>K MH IKHM> G IKHI>KMR. A NLEF FR LLFNEM> GHMHGER FHG@ NG>E>O>KL NM ELH FHG@ HM>K NLEFL. %M L EFML,G HG> FR GHM K>LHKM MH M P>G M PHNE KF MH HM>KL HK M>K

IKHI>KMR.

38 AE- Si, # a h >-K, OHE. 8, I. 13.

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4.SSI+ A+i iO< Tafsi r

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%G GHM>K ILL@>, %G Ai FGiG @G L M> IKL> {>QIM HK F PH L HK PE> L >KM L M I> G M| G LLFNEMHG H ,AFFK . LK >HK> I@G N>G:

{H>O>K >G>L #H M>K QIM HK F PH L HK PE>L >KM L M I> G M|zMM L, O>E> IHERM>LML L>S> M>F G HKM>F MH >GHNG #H G $L >LL>G@>K. B> H M>K >K H M>F, M>R@O> M>F MM PM M>K FHNML EHG>.41

%G Ai FGiG H>L GHM NL> M> M>LLM> LMHK FHLM E MHE>@MFM> M> IK AGENLG NKLM %G ,AtRR (. Q>@>LL >-#h >- H M> FHLM P>ER

39 %G Ai FGiG, , OHE. 1, I. 9.40 %G Ai FGiG, , OHE. 1, I. 108.41 %G Ai FGiG, , OHE. 1, I. 446.

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K>GHPG> G M> ED i MKMHG.42 $L GMKR HG 3:28 K>IHKMLMM L >K> K>@KG@ MK>> K>E>OGM E>@E JN>L-MHGL: >HK> PHF FR HG> I>KHKF KK, NG>K PM , G PM I>KFMM> NG>K M> LI>GL-MHG H KK? > GM>KEHHK> PHF HG> FR I>KHKF KKL >G> L: {AGR IHP>KNE I>KLHG PH >Q>KL >@>FHGR, PHL NK>LL, G PHF HG> >KL. L GL NG>E>O>KL P>GM>R HE M> K>GL H IHP>K, MRKGG>KL G NLNKI>KL, G I>HIE>H @ LMMHG G M> @K>M L|. AG PHFG~L NLG F@M IE >K NG>K NK>LL, LN EPNE HK >K MH >Q>K KK >HK> F. > M> HEEHPG@:... >K H >M, >K H EHLL H EF, EH@@G@ G HM>K MRI>L H MHKMNK>. % I>KLHGL LN> MH GR H M>L> HK KHKL >>I-L>M> >K MM > PEE > LN>MH M>F, M>G > L NG>K NK>LL, G M> LMMNL H KK IIE>L MH F. %FIKL-HGF>GM L NK>LL, L H LM>GG@, G F>G IKM H MRKGGHIE> H @ LMMHG I>KFML KK. AEE M>L> OKR KLHG IE NG>K NK>LL G M> -D a < >-? ?, , Ka@ ,>?a, >-?, II. 275-76.

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NM GHM HG>~L IKHI>KMR.

50

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22/52

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ILL@>, ED HEL MM FG PH >KL L IKHI>KMR PEE > MD>G R K MRKGG HM HNM H KK (> a KK > a>=) HG M> @KHNGLMM M> E>@E LI>GLMHG L LNIIHL> MH IKHM>~L I>KLHG, GHM HG>~L

IKHI>KMR.53 AGHM>K ILL@> K>EM>L M> h K>IHKM KHF E-HLG E-

BsK i: {LLFNEMHG (KK) L I>KFLLE> HK M> >E>O>K NGME M>R H >LNKK>O>K, #HzE>LL> G >QEM> > $>zEEHPLGH KHHF HK LLFNEMHG G DEEG@|.54

AE-NK tNi KLM K>EM>L M> FKMRKHF H ,AFFK . LK~L IK->GML, LK G NFRR, G ,AFFK~L HNMPK GMHKL G >GLMHG HK K L @K>> NGGFHNLER MM PH>O>K PL EE> MH NG>E> MH LNQM>GM MM > >K> HK L E>, L GHMLGG> > >QIK>LL> NG>E> }PE> L >KM PL M >L> G >E>~,GHK LHNE L P> > KK>OH

> E>@EER K> L G NG>E>O>K. L L M> HIGHG H ED,M> HG iL, G E-,i, PM M> >QIMHG H NhFF . E-

52 AKGE>S, {E-K NK tNi|; %G "K h uG, >-D a - a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 187.54 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 190.55 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 179-80.

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HLG E-RGi (. 189/804)|.56 L LI>GLMHG HK K@K MH ELI>FR FR > >QM>G> MH HM>K K>L H M> EP.

G AEF@MR G QEM> #H I>KFMM> MM HG> K>>-= ) NG>K NK>LLzP>G $> L M> LHNK H M> L EPzG GHM HE HG> MH M> EE H M> KGL H M> L EP HG ML IKG. % G G M> >E @E KNEG@ >GLN>L L JN>G. L L >QIK>LL> G M> P>EE-DGHPG K>IHKMHG M> NMHKMR H M> KHI>M (FR #H E>LL F G @KGM F I>): {RCHFFNGMR L >>G LHEO> HK >KKHK, HK@>MNEG>LL, G MM MH PR K>K|.57

A FGHKMR H NKLML, G ED i NKLM hG uG, K@N> MM

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IKR MH G HE HK HM>K @H, HK K>O> GM>K>LM.59 +G> PH I>KHKFL

NEM>KR HK HKGK K,OHK, HK FGNFLLHG H LEO> L GOE.61 A HK LE> L GOENGE>LL M L >Q> G HK>K HK MHK MH M.62 A HKFLLHG H >M ( a ) L GOE.63 >K> K>, HP>O>K, EFML MH PMHG> FR H NG>K M> LI>GLMHG H K FR GHM, HK >Q-FIE>, DEE GRHG>, >M HK EH@ NLEF, HK MD> NLEF~L IKHI>KMR.64

M L KK H LHF> L IK>OE>GM HIGHG L MM MK>MH >M, FINMMHG H EF, HK L>O>K> >MG@, HK P>G HG> L MKHPG

GMH , HK MK>M>G> G K@M>GG@ FGG>K EE - a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 182.57 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 181-82.58 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 182-83.59 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 185.60 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 183-84, I. 185.61 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 184-185.62 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 184.63 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 190.64 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 183.

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LMMNM> KKL MM KLMEL> GHM HGER R MK>M MH HG>~L E> NM ELH R MK>M MH HG>~L IKHI>KMR (?a> ) HK M>HGHK MM >KO>L KHF IKHM>~L >I>G>GML (u d ), HG M>LMK>G@M H M> h K>IHKML, @@ ?a,=? -?a>=? -u ad =? u>K=? h a? {HNK EO>L, IKHI>KMR, G >I>G>GM-HGHK K> GOHEM> FHG@ RHN| G =>> ?>?@ ,> a >-?>?h a?@ ? -?a> -u d {> E>, IKHI>KMR, G >-

I>G>GM-HGHK H >O>KR NLEF K> GOHEM> G FR GHM > MD>G RGHM>K NLEF.|66 HF> HG iL EFM M> I>KHKF>K H MKN> K KNE>K ( > t a@), NM ED H>L GHM.67

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>HK> F@KMG@ MH ">S G HKH > > G 543/1148. MK>@K MH M> NK~G< ILL@> MM >I >E>OG@ F>F>K H KH~L FER, > LL M> E>@EMR H ~L M.

HF> MGD MM M> E>@EER K>LIHGLE> NLEF L GHM>QIK>LL M HI>GER PM L MHG@N>, > L GHM >E>O>K R L GM>KGE GL G L >KM MH OHK L P>, M ELF, NLM L MKHN@ L >KM > >L >E>O>K HK NG>E>O>K|, FDG@ M>I>G HG M> >KM. y % FG HKFL M> GM>GMHG H >E> G L >KM, > H>LGHM > >E>O>K NGME > >QIK>LL>L M PM L MHG@N>, NM > HKFL M> G-M>GMHG H >E> G L >KM G K IK>O>GM F KHF >Q- IK>LLG@ M PM L MHG@N>, M>G MM L >MP>>G F G #H M> QEM>. CNMHG(KK) L F MH OH >G@ >K R HM>KL, NM M L GHM E>@E HE@MHG H >E> MH > IKHI>KER NEEE> MM HG> > >K R HM>KL.M L HGER K>JNK> HK NLEFL MH L>@NK L E> G IKHI>KMR. 68

AE-di %G E-,AKi LMK>LL>L MM M L HG>~L GM>KGE KFG>L HG>~L M, G > NL>L M> M>KF KK >QIE- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 190.66 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 187.67 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, I. 190.68 %G E-,AKi, Ah= a? >-' ,a@, I. 1647.

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8.SSI+ -Ja+ -Bs;i (. 378/988) C; AGM GMNKR. BHKG G BLK,> LMN> G B@ G > HG> H M> FHLM IKHFG>GM LLH M> ED i NMHKMR A u BDK E-AK i (. 375/985). $> NMHK> GNF>K H E>@E PHKDL, G GMKR HG M> #-@ >QMGM G FGNL- u, P LMGK ED i E>@E FGNE. +G> H M> >PE>@E M>QML MH > MKGLEM> GMH >EE DGHPG FHG@%>KG NLEFL. %M GL LHKM LMM>F>GM HG = a G M> L> INGLF>GML IK>L R %LEF< I>GE EP: {H>O>K IHL-MLS>L KHF %LEF LHNE > LD> MH K>I>GM. % > K>I>GML, L K>I>G-MG PEE > , NM > K>NL>L, M>G > L MH > >>>. $L

IKHI>KMR >L LIHEL HK M> NLEF K FRG>KM KHF F, P>M>K NLEF HK G NG>E>O>K. H>O>K L K (=) MH NG>E> L GHM LN>GEMR P>G }L >KM L M>L> G M~|.69 D> LHF> HM>K NMHKL, %G E-EE K>>KL MH K-QIEO>KM>-E>LL EEN>L MH 16:106 L NLME MH > M> ELM FHK NLEF NKLM H M>%>KG I>GGLNE. A GMO> H #KG, > PL M> E>G@ E>@E N-MHKMR M>K> NKG@ M> GE IL> H NLEF KNE>, G > K>FG>M>K> HK LHKM MF> M>K M> LM. $> PKHM> GNF>K H PHKDLHG EP, h , G HM>K MHIQM, M> E? H 'EiE . %LhJ E-NGiE-sK i (. 767/1365), >GMME> >- a < ->-=> > >-#= s !> > (> CKHPG G K HK M> IMHF> H 'EiE). %G M> K >-OHM> MH KGDG@ E K>LL>L KG>KE.

>@KG@ M> I>KFLLEMR MM E>@EER K>LIHGLE> NLEF KGD EG > L EE> MH H LH, %G ,AKi LMM> MM M> JN>LMHG L >>G L-

69 %G E-EE , >- u, OHE. 2, I. 231.

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INM> P>M>K MK>M L L NLEF H>L GHM O>GR F>GL MH IKHM>E KHF ML >QIM #H, M>G > FR LM> H F >QIM DEEG@ LHF>HG> >EL>, HK > FNLM GHM LO> L HPG E> R DEEG@ GHM>K. > KNEG@ K>@KG@ KR NG>K K>G LINM>. > KFLLE> MH K NEM>K>K LHNE GHM LN>K M> IK>L I>GEMR HK M, HIGHG H %G L uG, HK > K>JNK> M> K NEM>K>K MH NG->K@H M> IK>L I>GEMR (...) >@KG@ M> E> NG>K KER I>KFLLE> HK F, NM HG NMM>K NG>E> PM L MHG@N> PE> L >KM L GM G M (-> ?@- h ->- ?a@). G #H I>KFMM> M> NLEF MH K>>E NG>K K L LNLNF> EE H M> KGL H M> L EP NG>K ML [email protected]

L M>QM >FHGLMKM>L MM M> ER K>G M> ED i E>@E MKMHG K@M NI NGME M> ELM @>G>KMHG H NKLMLHI>KMG@ NG>K NLEF KNE> G M> %>KG I>GGLNE G PL >E MHIIER MH G>KER EE K>L H M> L EP.

>L> K> LHF> H M> LHNKL MH P>-LLHKL M E>LM IKME GLO> LKL MM >L>KO> F>GMHG K> M> S h h H E-BNDK i,

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ED i NKLML EEHP LHF>HG> PH OHKL, FKK>L PR N@-M>K, @O>L PR IKHI>KMR, IEL IKHI>KMR GMH G >GHPF>GM, HK NG>K-MD>L LHF> HM>K E>@E K NK>LL MH FD> IKHK OM,MM>LM> MH R E>@E PMG>LL>L, LMMG@ MM > NG>KMD>L M> LI>@E LMHG M EM>K MF> > PEE > HG@ LH @GLM L PEE.

70 AE-PPJ, >- a < ->-=> > >-#= s !> > , OHE. 6, II. 317-18.71 %G Hajar E-,LJEGi, F h >-a - h S h h >-B=a , OHE. 1, II. 311-26.

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IGHGL ( d , >- shq, >-K=K@).76 > M>KF =>?

72 AE-GLK iLi, >-#uKa >-?u, OHE. 6, II. 527-28.73 %G "K h uG, s >-h== a? su> >-d K -?@a< >-h= a?, OHE. 2, II.

3-6, AGENLG N@> A u E-As @ ,IL . E (. 486/1093) KHF L PHKD >-I ,> a? -@a L> >-h= a?.

74 %G "K h uG, s >-h== a?, OHE. 2 I. 4.75 AE-GLK iLi, >-#@< >- a, ->-?@> >- a,, I. 118.76 "HK >QFIE>, BK E-iG NhFF . %LF,iE E-Li (. 767/1366) PKHM>

PHKD >GMME> a> >-> a z >-?=, G E-K, E-$KPi ,AEi . NEtG NhF-

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>-=, P u@ ->> a @@? ?a a> u -> a> u =>? >-= -= u , > a??... {>R LP>K R #H MM M>R GHM LR LNM M>R NMM>K M> LMM>F>GM H NG>E> G > L>-E>O>KL M>K HIMG@ %LEF ...| %G Ai NF, ELH OL>L M> HKL M>R K> I>KFMM> MH E> NG>K NK>LL, M L IK>>KE> HK M>FMH NL> >JNOHG F>GG@L (>a L).

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K> h z L HIIHL> MH s h, {MH LMM> >QIEKF >MNK>L G K H M> EP M>KF> >-, d ->-=t {GMG@ M FKK@> IKHIHLE|. E> HG> FR GHM K>LLG >QIE MH OHK PHFG HK PHP NGME >K PMG@ I>KH (u) L HO>K, HG> L EEHP> MH GM M G H>K MH FKKR>K. L O>P L L> HG M> NK~G< O>KL> 2:235, PL M>O>K ,d , PM u d : -> a K=? ?a ud -? ?@ =t >-@a, =@@? @=? {HN LK>L MH FKKR PHF>G MM RHN O> GM> M HK G RHNKL>EO>L|.77

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77 AE-,i, ! a >-+??, OHE. 5, II. 36-37.78 BHG>DD>K, ? E>K D@@ K @ S l Fdd >- a?

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L H ML %G Ai NF,~L >QFIE>L G M> a: M> N>GL GM>G> MH NG>KLMG M> G>K HK LNK F>GG@, PE> M>LI>D>K NG>KLMGL M> K HK E>LL HOHNL F>GG@.

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{N@S|. "L F>GL {>G@F|; M L @>G>KEER G O>KL> G HKF. >EM> M>KFL K> ?u??a {PHK INSSE>| h |. >;?, A>a L>- H -ha a L KK -@hKK ->KK --KK; E-#SSi, H a K >-ua>? >-? >-K= Ah? K >-GLL >- H @ u> a >a L ?a> >-D @ uA A>> a u . Ha? >-A@ sa ; %G E-hG,>-D=a, >-KK >->a L >-KK; E-S,K i, > >-? a @@ >-?u??a ->->a L.

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83 AE-%sGi, Kad >-u>?a, -hKad >-d > a,, OHE. 2, II. 109, 116.

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LMM> MM >E>O>K K, NM GHM EK.88 >O->KM>E>LL, E-PKi >QIEGL MM HG> L EEHP> MH E> NG>K KMGJNOH.

> NGG L MKGLFMM> I>KFLLHG MH E> G PK G G F>MG@ LINM>L ( s> aha >-K@) NLG@ >JNOH F>GG@L (, > ), NMGHM >QIE> NGG H>L GHM I>KFM ERG@ HG KLHG M GOHEO>L. M>K, ML L MH > HG> MKHN@ >JNOH LI>> RHN?|, > GLP>K>{"KHF PM>K (?@ ?a,)|, K>O>EMHG H L @>G>EH@R >G FMM>K MM PL ED>ER GM>KIK>MMHG (H L LI>> JN>LMHG>K MHN@M MM >F>GM M> MK> LH >L@GM> .., M> , E-F,, MK>, NM M> >LL>G@>K H #H GM>G> MM > KHF M> EN H P. H > >LK>, MM L, MH E, NM PL MKNMNE G LLI>> IE>L> PMF): MM > PL PEDG@ >G M> >LL>G@>K H #H (FR #H E>LL F G@KGM F I>) P>G > E> >LL>G@>K H #H (FR #H E>LL F G@KGM F I>). >R LD>, {A u BDK, PH L ML?| G > K>IE>, {$> L @N> PH L @NG@ F> HG M> PR.| >R MHN@M MM > F>GM LHPG@ FM> PR HG L HNKG>R, NM > F>GM @NG@ F EHG@ M> IM H @HH. NL, >PL MKNMNE G L LI>> L GM>G> F>[email protected]

AE-PKi MNL >>FL >JNOH>KE> MH HNMK@M ERG@, GM> F>MHL H HG@ LH >K> GOHEO> INGL, >I>GG@ HG MPH LMGGG@L H M> PHKL ?a, zPM>K G M> GF> H MK> zG a z @N> HK MKO>E G M> >L>KM G LIKMNE @N>.

H %G iK iG (. 110/728) L MMKNM> M> LMM>F>GM, >-=> a?u ?@ @ K sh ->-= {I>>QM>GLO> MMHG> G>> GHM E> >QIE LN-K G E-BNDK i~L FHNL-S h h, >KL M> >G@ >-?ua d ?@-

uh@ u@ >-= {JNOH> h K>IHKML G G ML LN-K L M> HEEHPG@,MKGLFMM> HG M> NMHKMR H AGL: {A LHG H A u Eh >, G >LD>, }$HP L M> HR?~ FF NERF K>IE>, }$L K>MG@ L JN->M>, G % HI> MM > L K>E>O> GHP.~ $> >E>O> MM L> PL

88 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 234.89 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 237.90 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 234.91 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 116.

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LI>DG@ M> MKNM|. AL M> GMMHK %G HK >QIEGL, A u EhPL E> MH >E>O> MM L LHG K>K>, NM FF NERF GM MM > >.92 FEK LMM>F>GML K> MMKNM> MH GNF>K H NMHKM>L. A KHI>M< h @O>L M> LMM>F>GM @@ >-?uad >-?@ uh@ u@ >-= {JNOH>L PR HNM H ERG@|.93 ,FK . E-'tt L LNIIHL> MH O> LMM>,@@ >-?ua d ?a K= @ Ku >- ,@ >-= {JNOH>L FG LNGM E>>PR MM > FR LMG KHF ERG@|.94

%G HK >G>L u d L LI>>GL>L, HG> H P M> GM>G> F>GG@ L M> (=> a? > h?a ->-? a

> a L?).95AE-#SEi GL LFEK LM-u @ su> >- @, PEE DGHPG G E-AGENL.

'GHP MM ERG@ L HK>G G >O>KR >(d u). %M >O>G II>G> MM PHFG HG L MH >K EMME> LHG, {CHF> >K>,MM % F@M @O> RHN LHF>MG@|, G M> KHI>M (FR #H E>LL F G @KGMF I>) LD>, {M P>K> RHN GM>GG@ MH @O> F > ?| > G-LP>K>, {A M>|. > KHI>M L, {% RHN P>K> GHM MH H MM, E> PHNE >K> @GLM RHN|. H E>M M> I>KLHG > PKR H ERG@, >O>G G L F@GMHGG F>GME KLMHG, HK MM F@M Q G M> FG F@>, LH MMM> FG PHNE @O> M> E> MH FRLM>K>L H M> DG@HFPHNE GHM > K>O>E> G LE>>I. QI>K>G GL MM ML L LH. C>KMGER, ERG@L I>KFMM> HNM H LI>GLMHG P>G M>EEG@ M> MKNM PHNE E> MH GHM>K HK- >G MG@ @KO>K MG ERG@ ML>E, LH MM M >L E P>G GHM IKMDG@ G M PHNE E> MH HK>G FMM>K @KO>K MG >MG@M, P. FF 'NEM uF (FR #H > IE>L> PM >K) L, {>>LL>G@>K H #H HGER @O> LI>GLMHG HK ERG@ G MK>> L: FG PH LRLLHF>MG@ G HK>K MH K>KL, FG PH LRL LHF>MG@ G PK, G FG LI>DG@ MH L P>|. L L > P>K> M> >G>FR MH > IIKL> H M>L>ML H PK, > PHNE > HE, G P>K> P> MH > IIKL> H M> L>MLH >K NLG, M>K> F@M KL> KHF >K KF @K>M>K MG M> KF H ERG@.

FEKER, LGGG@ G >GFMR F@M G>GM>ER >MP>>G MPH IKM>L MH LINM>, LH M L IHLLE> MH O> K>K-E>. L L PM L HPG MH NL HG M> MHI< G hiM. + >JNOE>GM LMMNLL M> E> H G GONE MH IKHI>KMR H LHF>HG> >EL> KHF MRKGM, HK L >GE H M> L>M H LHF>HG> >EL>, HK L >GE H L HPG LG @GLM LHF>-

92 %G HK E-,Asqlni, F h >-a - h S h h >-B=a , OHE. 10, I. 594.93 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 234.94 AE-PKi, A >-@Ka ->- @, I. 234.95 %G HK, F h >-a , OHE. 10, I. 594.

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HG> >EL>, HK M> HI>G LMM>F>GM H LG HK ML K>O>EMHG L HK>G, G L >GEH L HPG @GLM LHF>HG> >EL> L>KO>L MH FHEER F, G LH H>L L >GE

MH L P> MM >K L >K>K MH F. AEE ML @H>L GG@ H MMPKFMM> HK M> LD> H MMK P>EMHK HGHK, G ML L P>K> FHLM H I>HIE>~L E>L HG HG> L KO>G MH E> R M F K>LHKM MH >JNO-H>, LH MM L FG GHM > G %K iF . AF PL LHN@M M L HF>, > L MH L F, {>EE FMH EHHD HK F> G M> FHLJN>|. AE-, i NL> MH KP @KHNGG LR MH L F, {NM RHNK G@>K GL> M, G LR, }$>~L GHM >K>~|. A KMG I>KLHG NL> MH >@ HNM H F>>MG@ M> IKG, LRG@, {O>K LG % IKM> PMRHN, % O> GHM KL> FR L> KHF M> @KHNG >QIM L QEM> #H L >-LK>|. A KMG I>KLHG NL> MH >GR PM > L, LRG@, {#H G>>

DGHPL % GHM LR GRMG@ H MM| @OG@ M> FIK>LLHG H G>@MHG PM M> IKM ?a ?a > = {% @ LR| MHN@ > GM>G> LHF>MG@ >EL> ?a> = {(#H DGHPL) % L|. JNOH>KFMM> HK E>LL>K (= ) INKIHL>L, > M L NLM> R LMM>F>GML H M> KHI>M (FR #H E>LL F G @KGM F I>): {AG HE PHFG H>L GHM >GM>K IKL>|; {>PEE HLIKG@ H EL|; {>K> L PM>G>LL G RHNK LIHNL>~L>R>L| > M>L> LMM>F>GML FIE> LHF>MG@ HM>K MG PM > F>GM.N I>KFMM> PM PHF>G G G MH IE M>F MKHN@ >LM-G@. %G MHG, LHF>HG> PH K>KGL KHF >MG@ LHNE GHM E> G LR, {%~FGHM NG@KR| P>G > L G K K>LHKM MH >JNOH>KHI>M (I> > NIHG F) MHE PHFG PH L ML, {H GHM

E> G NG@>K|.96

AE-#SEi~L EK@>K PHKD, I h Ka, u> u? >- @, GL LFEK LL>GML LMM>F>GML KHF h G HM>K LHNKL LMK>LLG@ M> FHKE I>KEL H ERG@ NM M>G K>LL>LM> MRI>L H ERG@ HK PGLMHG >QLML.97 L L>K-EIL MH @K>M >QM>GM PM M> LL>GM>HO>. %GM>K>LMG@ER, GHM>K O>KLHG H M> K>IHKM MMKNM> MH FF'NEM uF L L G@ P>~L ERG@ MH >K NLG MH M> MK>>HM>K @HK>L H I>KFLLE> E>LzERG@ G HK>K MH K>HIE> GOHEO> G JNKK>E, ERG@ G PK, G ERG@ MH HG>~L P> GHK>K MH II>L> >K.98 AE-#SEi M>G LL M> NL> H >JNOH MH OH >QIEL, IHLLE> NL>LH ML IK-u @ su> >- @, II. 85-86.97 AE-#SEi, I h Ka, u> u? >- @, OHE. 3, II. 1020-27.98 AE-#SEi, I h Ka, u> u? >- @, OHE. 3, II. 1020-27.99 AE-#SEi, I h Ka, u> u? >- @, OHE. 3, II. 1027-29.

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AE-NK tNi~L LFR NG>K KL MH MM H %G Ai NF,~L a, IKMGNG F@NHNL EG@N@>:

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%G GHM>K ILL@>, E-NK tNi K>MNKGL MH M> MHI< H F@NHNLLI>>QIEGG@ M> LMM>F>GM, {AF@HNL LI>>L PR HNM H ERG@| (@@a 101 >-?ua d >-?@ uh@ u@ >-=).

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GHM >K K>DG@ M>K HML M>K>R. ,A E-ED L: {>R PHNE JNOH>-?ua d ?@ >-=> a?) M PL GHM HG> MH MPKM K@MMKHN@ IMHG|. AE-A,FL L, {>G LHF>HG> PHF %K iFE-D,i GHM PGM MH F>>M MH L>> F, > PHNE LM G M> IKR>K K H L KHHF (?G M>EE L L>KOGM-@KE, {>EE F, }$>, R #H,L G M> FHLJN> (?EM> KHF %K iF MM > NL> MH I>KFM

100 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 187-88. +G ML O>KL> RAPL . HK, L>> G>, A-E@> "J@, OHE. 1, I. 1.029.

101 "HK ?@ G M> M>QM.

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-K u@ ->@ a= ).104 $> >QIEGL, {L L HHD MM P> O> L K>LHKM HK G HIIK>LL> I>KLHG PH L G EE> MH MD> G HM. $> LHNE LR HI>GER ( K,ad )

PM P> O> K> G HE GM>KGEER ( Kd ? ) M> HIIHLM> H

102 AE-NK tNi, >- a?u >-h= a? >-' ,a@, OHE. 10, II. 190-91. $>K>, E-NK tNiL>>FL MH > JNHMG@ >QM>GLO>ER KHF PHKD R M> IKHFG>GM >KER ED i NKLM G G-MO> H CHKH, ,A E-ED . Hi , I>KIL ! a >- ad h >-@@ ->-.>> +LL>GHK-CHGK, D e! a >- ad hf uA >-#>= . H : E@ @ !??@ L ?. 'KK @ 809/40 (a >-t a); AK- ad h( NGM E-hD F I@ A ?@ @ (?.399/1008).

103 -?> ah@, I. 56.

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105 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 55.106 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 58.107 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 59.108 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 66.109 %G E-iF, >-F , I. 133 K>G@ >-#@ ?@ >-K?a@ HK >-#@

>- ?a@ G M> M>QM; J uM E-HFPi, Ia >- > a ?u >- , OHE. 3, I. 444;E- :; E-%sGi, #had a >-a, -?ha a >-u a, ->->a,,OHE. 1, I. 300.

110 %G E-iF, >-F , II. 241, 333.

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112 AE-RGi, >-#=a< >-hK> , . 137-38.113 >> %G RRF E-PSRR, Iu> a? >-?u @ ,@ >-ua>? @, OHE. 3, II.

91-299.

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GHM O> @KLI> M> GM>G> L>GL> H M> ILL@> >QKM K>FKDL LHF>PM RI>KHE L>MH MKGLEM>.114 K>LL>GlK>K~L MKGLEMHG, M> >LM MH M>, LMEE FLL>LKMG IHGML. "HK >QFIE>, GHG> H M> MKGLEMHKL L K>ES> MMM> IKL> K A>> a, EM>KEER {M> HNL> H #H|, K>>KL MH M> ', G >GlK>K >O>G QFIE> L IKM M> L>GL> H M> M>KF >L F: {%G B uNF, M >G KF #>GMO >L B>LMSMNFL LK K@>GPH@>L>G, >K GG NG GG L G B>LI>E }L $NL #HMM>L~ SN >KNG>G|.115 > HEEHPG@L FR MKGLEMHG H ML L> M>QM.

% M>R HK RHN MH NMM>K ELI>FR, RHN LHNE K>LHKM MH >JNOHa L)116 RHN K> E>. +M>KPL>, {B> M I> G RHNK >KML GM|117 P>G RHN IKHGHNG LN>F GPKER. % M>R M>EERHN MH GLNEM NhFF, M>R GG@ M>K>R M> >OE, HK F H M> >PL, HK ML GF> L F. % M>R M>EE RHN MH LR {>LNL L M> LHG H #H|, M>G LR M, M>R HKRHN, G GM>G M> >EEILL H M>KF G LHG #K @? H #H, H L K@MER HK>|.118 % M>R M>EE RHN MH LR, {CKLM LM> LHG H #H|, M>G K>I>M M, RHN K> HK, G GM>G M>K>R M> @>GMO>H IHLL>LLHG MM L, F>GG@ {CKLM L M> LHG >@ #H|, L G M>

>QIK>LLHG {M> $HNL> H #H| MM L, M> ', M >K>, HK HR M>EE RHN MH LR, {KR L $L .>. #H~LP>|, M>G LR M G GM>G M> IHLL>LLO> IKHGHNG {L| MH K>>K MH >K I-M>KGE HGL H %LK>E, PH FKK> >K M>G E>M >K >HK> FKK@>zK M, {HL FHKLGlK>K, I>? @ I@@, I. 140 G. 33.116 +K I>KIL >a L {NLG@ EENLHG|, O>KE GHNG G IKEE>E PM K.117 A K>>K>G MH 16:108.118 L L G IIKHQFM> K>G>KG@ H M> HK@GE M>QM, P a #K? ?uu -h {M> PHKLII>K H M> @H H KR, K@MER O>G>KM>|. >LNL

G %LEF< H L M> LHG H KR (HL>I L GHM >GM> L >LNL~ M>K G M>NK ,G), LH HG> PHNE >QI> >L L >K LHG G GHM M> LHG H PHKLI- I>K. > M>KF {LHG| LHNE ELH II>K G M> LMM>F>GM IK>L>GM>. B> %G Ai NF,F>GMHG> M> >EEILL H M>KF G QI>F>GM H M> HKF {>LNL LM> LHG H #H|, P>K> L M> M>KF LNIIK>LL> R F>GME K>L>KOMHG. > IKL>?uu -h HGMER G GMK>L HG M> > > a > a >> a >> a {>K>L GH @H NM #H|, P L > a ?uu -h >> a >> a {>K> L GH >GMMRMM FR > NM #H|. > HK@GE FNLM O> >>G LFEK MH M>HEEHPG@ G HKF G L>GL>: u i a @ #K? ? >> a >-?uu -h {>LNL L M>LHG #K, @?@ H #H, H L K@MER HK>|.

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HG M> NGLI> NK ,G119 zHK GM>G {PHF #H FKK> .>.,MH HL>I R $L >>|. % M>R LR, {>LNL > (K) HG M> CKHLL (u> a

>- s> )|, M>G LR M G GM>G M>K>R MM #H {F> F M>| (- a), MM L, I>K> G HGHK> F; HK, HG LMG>LL ( s>), I>KI>MNM> L F>FHKR G F> IKL> H F DGHPGFHG@ FGDG; HK MM #H {@O> F L NEE N>| ( a) R KLG@ FNI MH M> >O>GL.

N>K M GHM>L MM %G Ai NF,~L LFNEMIE> F>GG@L H AK< KHHM ILL@> MM L IKHO> FHLM K>>K>G MH >LNL~ RG@ HG M> LMG@ G MM

M L L> HG G >EHKM> ING. > KIK>MMHG H M>NK~G< R >G@ MD>G NI M M> ELM FHF>GM R #H G K>- IE PM LNLMMNM> PH EHHD> ED> >LNL MH M> HGEHHD>KL, NMPL GHM G . > K>E>OGM ILL@> G M> NK~G K>L:

>R (M> >PL) LR G HLM, }> DEE> CKLM >LNL M> LHG H KR, M> >LL>G-@>K H #H~z>R DEE> F GHM GHK u), NM LH M PL F>MH II>K MH M>F, G MHL> PH >K >K>G K> NEE H HNML, PM GH KMGDGHPE>@>, NM HGER MH HEEHP, HK H LNK>MR M>R DEE> F GHM. * $K, #H KL> F NI NGMH $FL>E (> u >> a >K); G #H L HP-

>KNE, L>. ( 4: 157-58).

> EM>KGMO> GM>KIK>MMHGL H ML E LMM>F>GM PLML K> G ->GM>GK>L

L> HG M> O>KL K, a, a G s->- G s> G s>/ s> MM PHKD HGER G AK NKLM L>>FL MH LLNF> MM M> KLMHG PEEHEE, MM

119 L L K>>K>G MH M> PHKD H E-NREi, >-u ->-,> a? ?a ? ?@>-?a, ->-u> a? >-' ,a@ >-= ?, I. 110. > ILL@> G JN>LMHG K>L L HEEHPL:{> GF> H M> FG MH PHF KR LN@@>LM> MM > FKKR >K L HL>I, LHG H PL >K IM>KGE KLM MH GHM >K IK>@GGLR MM ML PL > > PL PM >K G >KNLE>F P>G >K IK>@GG I- IK>GM MH F, G HM>KL LR MM > FKK> >K G P>G > >GM>K> NIHG >K, HNG MML> PL IK>@GGM, LH > MNKG> PR KHF >K G K>E>L> >K, NM PL MHH MH F>G-MHG GRMG@ NM @HH HNM >K, > H PM > K> G >K H M> GM>GLMR H >K PHKLI G >K MK>F>GHNL F>KM. > EMM>K L M> HIGHG H E-NMi (= %GNMR, . 276/889), G M> HKF>K PL LMM> R E-TK i G L MHH EHG@ MH IK>L>GM|.

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EE EG@N@>L, P>G MKGLEM> GMH GG>K MHN@ML, O> HKFE GL>FGM< LMKN >GMK MHN@ML H EE NLEFL GMNKEER HF>GML HNMM> O>KE LMKM>@>L HG PL K> L>, GNF>KHNL>QFIE>L G L ! a >-?> ah@ >FIEHR LMKM>@>L LFEK MH MHL>>O>GM G %G Ai NF,~L FIHEH@>L. "HK >QFIE>, > K>IHKML M>HM, ->> a ?a => >-> a@@ K@ -> a ,K > K@,M> HLM>GLE> F>GG@ H P G>O>K >GM>K> GRHNL> H H-G-H, GHK O> % >O>K L>>G GR HNL> H L|. AK, R M> PHK K {HNL>| > PEE GM>G M>

EM>KGMO> F>GG@ {MHF| GLM>, HK > PEE GM>G GM>KGEER M>MHG H @>GMO> K-P>| HK K >-@h> {>>-O>|.120 %G NKR ELH KPL K>JN>GMER HG M>OKHNL L>GL>L H AK< O>KE L. $> GM>KIK>ML M> HM ->> a ?a ,K > a@@ {BR #H, % O> G>O>K L>>G H-G-H| LF>GG@ {% O> G>O>K LMKN ENG@| (?a d ,).121

$> GM>KIK>ML M> HM ?a ,>? > a@@ -> a u>?@ {BR #H, %O> G>O>K GHKF> H-G-H, GHK L > >O>K GHKF> F>| LF>GG@ {% O> G>O>K LIEM L NII>K EI|, MM L, F> F ,>?

({K>-EII>|).122

%G M> HM ->> a ?a @ sh > a@@ > a@@ -> a Kh @ @ K@ sh {BR #H, H-G-H G>O>K OL> H-G-H,GHK L > IKHGM M OLG@|, M> O>K {MH OL>| (@ sh) LHNE

> GM>KIK>M> L F>GG@ {MH L>P|.123 %G > HM ->> a ?a = > a@@ (...) {BR #H, % O> G>O>K MHE H-G-H ...|, M> O>K= {MH M>EE, GHKF| LHNE > GM>KIK>M> L F>GG@ {MH LEN@-M>K =|, MM L, L>>I HN@M G HIE>MH LK> ML F>M.124 %G Ai NF, L KMGER PK> H M>L> LMKM>@>LKHF PHKDL G M> MKMHG, NM M L GMR M> LI>P HK ML L-?> ah@, I. 65.121 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 59.122 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 60.123 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 66.124 %G NKR, ! a >-?> ah@, I. 67.

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13.SSC> GM>KIK>M> L >GHKLG@ KK >LIM>M> M>KF ML>E H>L GHM II>K G M> M>QM. KK L G IKG G NGG %LEF MM L L G NGF>GME LHNKLG M> >EL H h , NK~G< >Q>@>LL, EP, G M>HEH@R PM PK HKM AK>G FEK. HF> H M>L> NGG LHNKL NL> M> M>KF KK G-K>JN>GMER, MK>MG@ M> K M> KNK< H KL ML L P>EE, NM FGR HM>K LHNKL K>>K MHKK K>QIE KEI, G PM

M> ? G ML >GOL@> PL KHKFG H KKHG M> IKM H NLEFL G HLME> >GOKHGF>GM, NG>K HIIK>LLO> CKL-MG KNE>. >KER EE M> LI>QFIE>L H M> a, G L-JNOHK> NLEFL K> HK MH ELI>F>,K> ER K>EM> MH FM>KE HNG G P>EE-DGHPG NGG L


42/52

KK L M> L>E H M> >E>O>K, M>G K L L P>IHG, E>MM> LNKK>IMMHNL P>IHG H M> P>D. %M L ELH M> P>IHG H M> O>K,PKO>L MH OH K LLFEMHG PE> M M> LF> MF>FH >G>FR.

HNKL >QFG> MH M> IK>L>GM HG> G PKG> MKMHG GHK>K MH NLMR G @N> L I>KHKFG. > HKLK 1050/1640) >LL G > PL LD> R M> >EI >K G GM>KIK>M M> > BHHDL. $> PL GHMHGER EM>KM> NM ELH G @KFFK,

G >O>G MHN@ M> CKLMG NMHKM>L P>K> L>>DG@ L LLLMG,> PL PKR HNM K>O>EG@ HP > E>KG> MH K> G PKM> AK-

KGG@ M> EG@N@> >>G HNMEP>. $> PKM>L, {% LD>FRL>E, }$HP H % @>M HNM H ML JNGKR, P>G M> CKLMGL DEEG NKG >O>KRHG> PM PHF M>R G HHD G AKRDGHP K>L G AK


43/52

AE-HK i >K> IKHO>L KK> GL@M GMH M> F>GME G PL GHM JN>K> K>E>L, NM FGR H M> > LQ-M>>GM GMNKR ER LLH HM>K F L >O>G H >K>LR. AE-HK i NLM> L E>L R K>>KKG@ MH E-#SEi~L FHNLPHKD @ > @ ( I h Ka, u> u? >- @).> O> F>GMHG> E-#SEi~L L;M> ILL@> MH P>KL K>L L HEEHPL, F>GM

R M> >KER %KJ L: G>K LHF> K MG M>EEG@ M>MKNM. M H RHN MGD RHN PHNE LR FG PM LPHK P>K> K FG G HK>K MH DEE F, G M> FG >G@ INKLN> >GM>K> HNL>, M>G M> INK-LN>K RHN L>>G H-G-H?~ HNE RHN GHM GLP>K, }%O> GHM L>>G F~ G HFM M>EEG@ F M> MKNM? N PHNE > [email protected]

%G ML , M E>LM, M L K MM M> HKL@>MM M PL I>KFMM> R IKGL L>M HKM G %LEF< E>KG> MKMHG.$> H>L GHM NL> M> M>KF KK, NM > H>L K>>K MH >G@ EE>(?dt ). AE-#SEi~L I h Ka, u> u? >- @ PL HG> FHG@ GNF>K H %LEF< M>QML >OHM> MH EP, h , G >Q>@>LL H M> NK~G MHPKL ED> F K> G HK>K MH NLMR G @N> M>K I>KHKFGL H LLFNEMHG.

%GO>LM@MHG H M> E>@E EM>KMNK>, HP>O>K, PEE GHM LN MH E-ENFGM> M> LHK>ER G LMK >Q>K HGER R MHL> PH O>>QM>GLO> FEKMR PM M> EP. %M L G FIHKMGM IKM H ER E>, F>MH MM FNLM > I>KHKF> GHM HGER G E>@EER K,

MH OH LGNE > G M> > L>KLMGM> M>HKR >G M> IKG, M L K MM M> M>HK>MQML E>O> @K>M >E NGL. CHGL>KMHG H M> LHFL FGHKM>L@>G>KEER LN@@>LML MM >K>GM IIKH FHK>

128 AE-#SEi, ! a >-u @ su> >- @, OHE. 3, I. 1.024.

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>QM>GLO> NG>KLMGG@ H KK L RGF< IKG.129 KPG@HG KOG@ #HFG~L GERL>L H LHK KFGHEH@R H M> M>M>K, HG> FR >G> KK L KFMNK-@GEG@ F>F>KL H LM@FMS> FGHKMR MH IKM FHK> NEER G LHMR HFGM> R IHM>GMEER HLME> FHKMRG MH IKHFHM> M> P>EK> H M> FGHKMR G MHK-HN@ >QFGMHG H >QMGM M>HK>MQML H HG M> LLN> FRE>O> FGR FIHKMGM JN>LMHGL NGGLP>K>.130 "HK HKL MG LFIE> LMM>F>GM MH MM >>JNK> LNLMG> I>KHKFG GOHEOG@ NGK>L H GONELMM>F>GML G K>GM MRI>L, FGR H P

EMME> MH H PM >QIK>LLHGL H >E> HK KMNE IK IK@NEK IMM>KGL H >OHNK ILL> HG KHF HG>@>G>KMHG MH M> G>QM. GR H M> I>KHKF>KL P>K> GHM EM>KM> G AK-

< G LH PHNE GHM O> HO>K, FGR H M> IKM P>K> GHM L G LNKMNK> M EE. "HK >Q-FIE>, M> HKLKHKF> K>FHGR FF>M>ER M>K CKLMG

IMLF M>KF> HK , R PR >KL> HK K>FHO> M> >-

> R G I>KHKFG@ KMNE ENMHGL,M>K PR PHNE @O> M> .131 %G L GERLLH M> NL> H KK R i,M>L G A@GLMG, HNL NIK>> LN@@>LMLMM M L FIHKMGM MH K> KK L HM M>HKR G IK IKN>GM MH >G> M> F>GG@ H KK G MPH LMG PR EHE@HNL E>>KL @ M, G M> PR M @-@ G M> R-MH-R EO>L H M> I>HIE>L GOHEO>. >M>K >GMHG,HP>O>K, IK>L M> OEMR H M> HM>K|.132 >K> L K>LHG MH >-E>O> MM HKLL>FE> MM H HM>K LMHKK HIIK>LLO> NGG KNE>, GLHP> LFEK IMM>KGL K>@KG@ M> K>EMHGLI >MP>>G M>HKR G

129 >>, HK >QFIE>, #HFG, ?: $ @ #@?@ > I@K;HG>L >., > ?: &K>K #= >@; A; >K, > @ E@G.

130 >> M>PKM, {KK L >KHKFG;| M>PKM, {HGML G LLFNEMHG.|131 #KGE, I@\@ K ?, II. 56-59; BHKHGM R BKKK HM>L HG KK|, I. 681.

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IK >>G E> MH MK>MF>GMLH KK G E>@E FGNEL, >O>G MHN@ M>R P>K> ER LLFN-EMG@ G OKHNL PRL G M> H M>K ER EO>L. %G i,M> QML L GHM LNGMER LG M> KFQM>GM H KK L E>@E LI>GLMHG GH GHM DGHP HP MH NL> M IKHI>KER, G M> MPH @KHNIL.133 >O>KM>E>LL, >O>G EEM>KM> i,M>L GA@GLMG, DLMG, G N AK K> GHM E>KG> HGMK>ER G K> PK> H M> @>G>KE I>KFLLEMR H NLG@ M G M>K ER EO>L. %M L K>-LHGE> MH LLNF> MM LFEK LMNMHG >E HK E>LL >N

HKLO>K, G #KG, HF> MH @ER EM>KM> G>N NLEFL PM EH@E L GNF>K H GMGML FNLM O> >>G PK> H M> G>K

IHGML H %LEF< EP K>@KG@ LLFNEMHG G NK>LL.

14.SSB+;

,A E-"MMh ,A AEE BKD (>.), h >-@u KK >-= a >-

???a ,u+? > >- ->- , 'NPM, K E-EF, 1982.,A E-ti " u, ,i, h >-@u KK +?? >- a @, AFFG,

K E-BRKJ, 1998.ANK F, &@> #??@ @: @

H@, #>=, u @ H@> >, HGHG, NS>G, BKEE, 2002, OHE. 2, II. 468-72.

Dissimulation in Sunni Islam and Morisco Taqiyya

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