DISSERTATION FRONT COVER 2020/21

DISSERTATION FRONT COVER 2020/21

Title: How design and the built environment can affect wellbeing in

Western societies? An investigation into biophilic design, social

impact through design and psychology of space

Student Name: Amy Campbell

Matriculation Number: 170017873

Module (Please tick the relevant box):

DJ41002 - Design Enterprise 2

DJ41005 - Communication Futures 2

DJ41001 - Research & Creative Practice 2

DJ40002 - Critical Studies: Dissertation

Programme: Interior and Environmental Design

Word Count: 7,674

I am familiar with the University of Dundee’s Regulations Governing Plagiarism and Academic

Dishonesty and understand that these are unacceptable forms of cheating which come with severe

penalties. The dissertation that I am submitting for my BA/BDES/BSc Honours Degree is not

plagiarised nor does it engage in any other form of academic dishonesty. I have been rigorous in my

use of references and have provided a full bibliography and / or list of sources including those quoted

and those which formed part of background reading.

Signature: A. Campbell

Date: 12/02/2021

How design and the built environment can affect wellbeing in Western societies? An investigation into biophilic design, social impact through design and psychology of space.

Amy Campbell

IV. Abstract People centred design is to be the focus of this report as modern design is increasingly created to impress rather than to meet people’s needs. Balancing function over form and appreciating that well designed buildings and environments should make people feel at ease, happy, relaxed and help to improve wellbeing, not just be a state-of-the-art display of new technologies. Buildings need to meet people’s basic and primal needs. Many issues faced with wellbeing and design are fairly unique to Western society which raises the question of why this has come to be and what can be done to make change for the better?

This report outlines the actions taken to obtain primary quantitative and qualitative research findings by carrying out phone interviews and a survey in order to explore the subject of how we as humans are affected by design and the built environment and how this can have an effect on our wellbeing. The survey results show how people perceive the importance of design and demonstrates different attitudes towards it. This allowed for analysis of the data to show how 124 people from differing locations and age groups feel they are affected. The survey allowed people to leave further comments which helped to gain a better understanding of their feelings towards certain design aspects. The secondary research consisted of reading and watching relevant content. Information obtained from secondary research was compared to data gathered from primary research then analysed and discussed.

The aim of this report is to produce a cohesive document which explains some of the psychology around how we feel in certain spaces as well as looking at how that can in turn affect our wellbeing. This report should be used as a guide for how to design for people as it explains the psychology of certain shapes and colours which can have an impact on societies.

This study focuses on design in terms of biophilic design, architecture, psychology and community investment and how they can have an impact on wellbeing.

Research was conducted and obtained; the report was completed in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Contents

IV

Abstract

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Introduction

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Literature Review

• Psychology of Space (pg2)

• Joy (pg3) • Beneficial Design (pg3)

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Methods and Materials

• Primary (pg4)

• Secondary (pg5)

• Data Analysis (pg5)

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Results/Findings

• Survey – Quantitative Data (pg6)

• Interview – Qualitative Data (pg11)

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Research: Analysis and Discussion

Biophilic Design: Western Society and the Natural World (pg18)

Design Impact: Social Investment (pg24)

Psychology of Space (pg32)

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Conclusion

• Limitations (pg39) • What Improvements

could be made? (pg39)

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References

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Appendices

• Survey • Survey Ethics Form • Interview - Wellbeing

Works Dundee • Interview Ethics and

Consent

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1. Introduction The increased time spent indoors over the past 10 months has emphasised how much our wellbeing is affected by our surroundings. This report focuses on architecture and urban spaces but also discusses design and how it can be used to improve wellbeing. Looking at nature, psychology of space and the affects they have on Western society makes us consider how design can improve wellbeing.

This report aims to examine how designers, philosophers and academics have explored the topic of how design and our built environment can affect our wellbeing and how Western society may need to change the way its public and residential spaces are designed. Looking at nature, how our ancestors lived and psychology of space may offer some solutions to our modern-day issues. The benefits of designing for individuals’ needs goes further than practicality and aesthetic purposes, it can subconsciously make people feel cared for, invested in and therefore positively affect their wellbeing.

Society can be influenced by many factors, one of these being the surrounding environment, this can make or break communities and affect everyone (Wilson, 1984). Architecture throughout history illustrates how people occupied space. Before the world was opened up by the internet and travel, our environments were more often than not, designed and built by members of the community.

Considering the benefits of reincorporating nature into our built environment to aid wellbeing, research was conducted into the utilisation of biophilic design, natural light and natural materials as these have shown to have measurable benefits (Bolten and Barbiero, 2020).

Research shows how urban environments and design can be used in positive ways to help communities and improve people’s lives, while also highlighting unsuccessful theories about architecture and design (De Botton, 2006).

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2. Literature Review

Literature within this report was used to gain a deeper understanding of topics including the effects nature has on us, biophilic design, psychology of space and the benefits of community investment. Thinking on these topics has developed over the past 40 years due to the ability to conduct more thorough research, however, evidence suggests an awareness that goes back much further (Nightingale, 1860; Darwin, 1871).

2.01 Psychology of Space Alain De Botton’s The Architecture of Happiness covers topics, which relate to the connection between architecture and psychology. The author and philosopher examines how humans seek happiness through architecture but often blame poor psychology on poor architecture. De Botton (2006) highlights that Western society desires new, state-of-the-art, innovative technology in contrast with decorative, traditional appreciation of craft and the weathered materials showing the passing of time. De Botton (2006) states that most people in Western society desire nature and traditional values within their design, it is something their lives lack because humans designed their way out of nature.

The physiological effects on the human body from spending time in a green space is explored in the journal The Effect of Biodiversity on Green Space Users’ Wellbeing—An Empirical Investigation Using Physiological Evidence (Chang et al, 2016). The journal also looks at the evidence that being in a biodiverse green space can be beneficial for physical wellbeing.

The discussion around ethics while using design to influence people’s behaviour and feelings is explored within Technology, Wellbeing, and Freedom: The Legacy of Utopian Design, written by Steven Dorrestijn and Peter-Paul Verbeek (2013). Considering four main time periods within design history and exploring how the theory of altering behaviour using design and technology could be construed as unethical. This raises the point that during the utopian design era the focus was on using new technologies within designs rather than designing for users. Design movements that followed began to change to more people centred design, although utopian values still somewhat remain.

In contrast to Western society’s obsession for all things new, the book In Praise of Shadows (1933) written by Junichiro Tanizaki discusses how different cultures appreciate and value different things. Tanizaki (1933) specifically focuses on Japan and the appreciation for worn materials as it represents time passing which is celebrated and that through aging something has served a purpose.

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2.02 Joy Joyful written by designer and author Ingrid Fetell Lee explores what makes people experience joy, focusing on her theory of the 10 aesthetics of joy, the book explores why we feel the way we do around certain shapes, environments and colours. Fetell Lee (2018) discusses case studies and using colour and pattern to have a positive effect on society and wellbeing. The author also features in a TED Talk, where she discusses elements from her book, focusing on “joy hunting”, an activity used for mindfulness consisting of finding beauty in everyday life and understanding the psychology behind why humans are drawn to it (TED, 2018).

In Magda Sayeg’s 2015 TED Talk, How yarn bombing grew into a worldwide movement, the textile designer explains how “yarn bombing” came to be. Using colourful yarn to transform mundane objects such as phone boxes, benches and lamp posts to add cheer and an element of surprise. Sayeg discusses how this has turned into a movement spreading positivity (TED, 2015). Surprise can act as a ticket to talk and spark conversations with strangers leading to spirals of positivity.

2.03 Beneficial Design In the Netflix series: Abstract The Art of Design, Episode; Olafur Eliasson: The Design of Art artist Olafur Eliason explores how we see colour, how people interact with installations, art not existing without the presence of the viewer and the sense of wonder created using basic construction and science. Eliasson also has a website which exhibits many installations, much of this work is based on the theory that if the viewer was not there the art would not exist, such as playing with reflection, illusion and light rather than only being a physical structure.

Art historian and exhibition creator Richard Cork displays examples of design in The Healing Arts: The Arts Project at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. The book presents a collection of essays, art, design and performances that have been used within the Chelsea Westminster Hospital to improve recovery times, reduce anxiety and alleviate patient discomfort. Cork (2019) explores the idea of hospitals being the heart of the community and improving patient experience. The hospital was also mentioned in Designweek: ‘Filling hospitals with art reduces patient stress, anxiety and pain’ (Dawood, 2019). This article explores the benefits of using well designed space, performance and art to aid recovery.

London based artist and designer Morag Myerscough has interjected colour to many different spaces including schools, offices, hospitals and public spaces. Myerscough’s work brings together community and engages people with her vibrant displays and installations, her mantra is “make happy those who are near and those who are far will come” (moragmyerscough.com). Her work consists of bringing joy into some featureless, clinical settings.

Edi Rama: ‘Take back your city with paint’ TED talk discusses activism using colour. The artist is the current Prime Minister of Albania and shows the social impact he was able to achieve when he was elected as mayor with a small budget and some paint.

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3. Methods and Materials This section explains the reasoning for using the qualitative and quantitative methods to collect data. These methods will be examined, looking at how the data was collected, used and analysed.

3.01 Primary Primary research was carried out by contacting a Dundee-based wellbeing charity to garner information relevant to the topic. Due to the Covid-19 guidance and restrictions the interview with the charity was conducted over the phone, using a recording app to document the call. Prior to the interview the organisation was contacted and permission was acquired to record the call. An ethics form explaining the use and collection of data was sent to the organisation. After the interview, the content was documented for use as qualitative research material.

The second element of primary research was an online survey. Carefully curated questions were used to obtain opinions on design, wellbeing, nature and the Covid-19 pandemic. To provide insight into the demographics, questions included: location of participants, their age group and gender. The survey consisted of 25 questions in total, 24 were multiple choice in an effort to increase participation and each question had an optional comments box which almost one third of participants utilised. The survey was created using Google Forms as this enabled free access to unlimited questions and responses unlike other services. The survey was issued via Facebook and was shared by family and friends to reach the widest range of participants. The survey was posted at 5pm as this was the optimal time for engagement and was up for seven days in total.

Both qualitative and quantitative research was undertaken and data was collected to keep the research balanced.

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3.02 Secondary Secondary research was conducted using library resources, search tools to find both physical and digital books, journals and articles. Google and Google Scholar was used to find articles and journals.

Research materials:

• Google Scholar

• Library

• Peer Recommendations

• Google Books

3.03 Data Analysis The primary and secondary research included qualitative and quantitative data. The findings were arranged by topic then compared and contrasted in order to analyse them.

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4. Results and Findings

4.01 Survey – Quantitative Research The survey was conducted to gain an understanding of participants’ opinions and feelings towards wellbeing and how design/nature can have an effect on this. The survey consisted of 24 multiple choice questions, some of which included research findings followed by the question, providing respondents with context for what was being asked. Separate comment boxes were provided for most questions to allow for more in-depth answers. A total of 124 people from across the UK, as well as Germany and Portugal, participated in the survey.

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4.02 Interview – Qualitative Research

An interview was conducted with Wendy Callander, Executive Director of Wellbeing Works Dundee, a charity who promote wellbeing. Their focus is on people that face struggles with mental health and they believe better wellbeing would benefit everyone. This was an appropriate organisation to interview due to their familiarity and appreciation for wellbeing. The questions asked explored their interpretation of wellbeing, the importance of nature for wellbeing and how design can be utilised to improve issues surrounding mental health. The answers to these questions gave insights into how the charity work to aid people’s wellbeing.

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5. Research: Analysis and Discussion

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5.01 What is wellbeing?

The dictionary definition and expanded understanding of wellbeing shown above correlates with the idea that good wellbeing offers a sense of wholeness, good state of mind and a positive outlook. This is further evidenced in an interview with Wendy Callander from Wellbeing Works Dundee, who when asked what the word wellbeing meant to the charity, said: “wellbeing is everything that helps you to feel well and happy with your life” (Fig. 1).

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Figure 2 shows more than 90% of the survey participants answered “Yes” to believing being part of a community was essential for wellbeing. Some commented that while they did, they also believed others may not feel the same way and it was for that reason they responded “No” (Appendices, 9.19-9.23). Key themes taken from the respondents’ comments were how important being in a community is to their mental health, giving them a sense of belonging and preventing loneliness (Appendicis, 9.1-9.18).

Design can affect wellbeing in many ways, we subconsciously rely on design to guide us through life (Shove et al, 2007). Smartphones, road signs and the spaces we occupy, have all been conciously designed to serve their purpose and can influence behaviour, actions and emotions (medicine-man.net, 2017). Of the 124 survey participants, when asked the question in figure 3, over 90% said “Yes”. This shows a general understanding of the importance of design. Those that answered “No” may have had a lack of understanding of what the umbrella of “design” covers. Everything around us has been designed, with the exception of the natural world, this could explain Western society’s fascination with nature (Ulrich, 2011).

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5.02 Biophilic Design: Western Society and the Natural World Biophilic design falls under the umbrella of restorative design (Gifford and McGunn, 2012). The Biophilia hypothesis is that humans have an inherent connection to nature (Wilson, 1984), this is the theory which biophilic design is derived from. The hypothesis proposes nature and its course is predominantly beneficial for humans and can be utilised for its restorative effects. Natural light, use of natural local materials and anything that engages human senses (Gillis and Gatersleben, 2015). Further to this hypothesis, the Cambridge Dictionary defines Biophilia as:

Studies have shown that having natural features simulated within an interior can result in a positive impact on our wellbeing (Shibata and Suzuki., 2004). Further studies state sunlight, a view to a natural environment, indoor plants, and art depicting plants and landscapes have all been shown to alleviate some discomfort (Aries et al., 2010), increase the feeling of restoration (Kaplan, 2001), increase satisfaction (Ozdemir, 2010), lower stress (de Kort et al., 2006), increase the feeling of wellbeing (Dravigne et al., 2008) and increase positive emotions (Lohr and Pearson-Mims, 2000).

Data gathered from the survey shows over three quarters of respondents have plants within their homes (Fig. 4), demonstrating people’s desire to be in contact with nature. 11 of the 30 participants that answered “No” stated that they couldn’t because their pets/children would destroy them, already have enough plants within their gardens or don’t feel they can maintain them (Appendices, 15.13-15.23). Exposure to plants and/or a natural environment for

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as little as five minutes a day can improve your mood (Dolan, 2019), explaining why many people have plants within their homes.

An issue with built-up environments is that land is in high demand (Jansson, 2014). New York designer James Corner repurposed an abandoned overhead railway to create the “Highline” (thehighline.org). The weaving path encourages people to engage with nature in this urban setting (Fetell Lee, 2018). In (Fig. 5) Callander discusses that spending time outdoors can maintain wellbeing. Plants can give a sense of achievement and aid wellbeing, if you plant a seed you can quickly see results (Fig. 6).

Historically people have not considered biophilic design necessary. The ancient Greeks seldom used the natural world as the subject of their art. They had not lost touch with nature, living in small cities and spending most of their time outdoors (Alpers, 1990). They had no need to externally portray their need for nature as it surrounded them. Humans began to lose touch with nature and it started to disappear from our lives (Louv, 2012). As a result of its absence, people realised nature’s importance and it began appearing in art and poetry (Alpers, 1990). Biophilic design tries to compensate for our disconnect with the natural world by surrounding us with nature inspired designs and architecture.

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5.03 Abundance Fetell Lee (2018) suggests abundance is about stimulating your senses using assortments of colours and textures. Abundance can bring us joy; rainbows are a good example of this. Rainbows offer an array of colours giving a sense of wonder, they appear after rainfall, offering life and new beginnings (Snyder, 2009). They are a universal symbol of hope and inclusivity and for that reason, adopted by the LGBTQ+ community. Rainbows are welcoming for outsiders while dispelling bigotry and representing the growth of the movement (Fetell Lee, 2018). Renowned interior designer Dorothy Draper highlights the positive effect an abundance of colour can have on our wellbeing in her statement below:

Abundance covers why we are attracted to natural light and species of flora and fauna, surrounding ourselves with these can have a significant effect on our health (Chivian and Bernstein, 2010). Using plants indoors is a simple way to improve our environment and promote wellbeing. There is measurable evidence demonstrating correlation between the biodiversity and wellbeing (Fuller et al., 2007). Positive links were shown between species richness and self-identity, studies show sufficient justification for ecological health and human wellbeing beginning to be co-ordinated (Villamagna and Giesecke, 2014; Sandifer et al, 2015; Hirvilammi and Helne 2014).

5.04 Pattern Fractals are one of nature’s geometries, studies into fractals give us an idea of why nature can have a restorative effect on humans. Found in tree branches, snowflakes and river systems, they’re examples of expanding symmetry (Fetell Lee, 2018). Searching for and observing fractals can stimulate alpha waves in the frontal cortex within the brain, which can cause a state of wakeful relaxation (Werner, 2010). These effects could explain why fractals have historically appeared in buildings (Kellert, 2008), particularly Gothic architecture and cathedrals (Joye, 2007). Darwin suggests that we prefer symmetry and objects that have reoccurring patterns (Darwin, 1871). These insights offer explanation to why we find being surrounded by nature such a joyful, restorative experience (Fetell Lee, 2018) and why we prefer nature to a built environment (Hagerhall, Purcell and Taylor, 2004). Incorporating fractals into modern architecture may result in the same calming effects (Kellert, 2008).

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5.05 Natural Light Most of Western society spend upwards of 80-90% of their lives indoors (Evans and McCoy, 1998; Klepeis et al., 2001; Leech et al., 2002; MacKerron and Mourato, 2013; Setton et al., 2013; Matz et al., 2014). Given this, it becomes apparent that our interior surroundings play a crucial role in influencing people’s mental health and wellbeing, whether directly or indirectly (Steele, 1973; Ulrich, 1984; Jutras, 2002). The interior design and architecture that encompass elements of the natural world, such as increased natural light and an abundance of plants could potentially be as beneficial as being outside within nature (Dreyer et al, 2018).

When asked if natural light improved their mood, almost all survey participants said “Yes”(Fig. 7), reasons for this were the improved energy levels, motivation and mental health benefits they experienced while exposed to natural light, in particular direct sunlight (Appendices, 13.01-13.16). The survey participants believe natural light is important within the interior of a building (Fig. 8), and therefore show an obvious appreciation for natural light and its benefits. Survey participants also stated the negative effects of not having exposure to natural light, such as low mood, tiredness, lack of productivity and feeling trapped (Appendicies, 12.14-12.22).

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The findings support the idea that exposure to natural light is something that we require for our physical and mental health, with one participant commenting: “Natural light is very important for boosting moods and energy levels within people, it allows the feeling that have more space to work/live/play within in turn creating a more positive attitude” (Appendices, 12.02).

Research into the benefits of spending time in nature has often been simplified to be “nature” versus “built environment”, separating them entirely rather than considering that they overlap (Pearson and Craig, 2014). There has been a drastic shift in recent years, building organisations are focusing more on designs with integrated natural design aspects which is supported by new architectural architypes such as biophilic design and restorative environmental design (Kellert, 2005; Hartig, Bringslimark and Grindal Patil, 2008). Windows providing natural light and views to nature are thought to have similar effects as ‘micro-restorative’ experiences (Kaplan, 1993). With increased exposure to sunlight, it can reduce blood pressure, improve mood, alertness and productivity (Dreyer et al, 2018).

Studies show that hospital patients with sunnier rooms are discharged quicker and require less pain medication than patients without (Dawood, 2019). This is backed up by Florence Nightingale, who in Notes on nursing: what it is, and what it is not (1860) said: “Put the pale withering plant and human being into the sun… and, if not too far gone, each will recover health and spirit”. In Nightingale’s book she describes patients lying on their injured sides in order to face the natural light source, when she asked the patients why they did this they said they didn’t know but Nightingale suggests: “He does not know – but we do. It is because it is the side towards the window.”

Over half of the worldwide population lives within urban environments (United Nations Population Division, 2009). The growth in mortality and morbidity rates that come from chronic stress and poor mental health correlate with the lack of exposure people have with nature (Gärling and Golledge, 1993; Maller et al., 2006; Louv, 2008; Selhub and Logan, 2012). In the quantitative survey, 123 of the 124 respondents answered “Yes” (Fig. 9). Showing that people value the outdoors and acknowledge the fact that being in nature can improve their mood and wellbeing as well as encouraging physical activity, exposure to fresh air and allows them to clear their heads (Appendices, 14.01-14.15). One survey participant stated: “Being closer to nature allows us to be alone with our thoughts and helps improve our mood” (Appendices, 14.03).

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Nature provides “soft fascination” within urban settings, natural environments divert attention temporarily and can allow for direct attention to renew (Herzog et al., 1997). Natural landscapes cause involuntary reactions to the limbic system, this is shown in Ulrich’s Stress Reduction Theory (Ulrich, 1981; Ulrich, 1983; Ulrich et al., 1991). When in contact with nature the autonomic nervous system of the brain and muscles have physiological reactions consisting of lowered pulse rates, muscle relaxation and reduced blood pressure (Chang et al., 2016). Architects and urban planners must understand the importance of the connection between biodiversity and wellbeing so they can consider how to design best for both people and the natural environment.

The positive effects of natural light are evident in studies which suggest elementary school classes can advance up to 26% faster in literacy and 20% in maths over the course of a year while situated in a classroom with the most exposure to natural light as opposed to their peers whose classrooms were not (Fetell Lee, 2018).

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5.06 Design Impact: Social Investment

5.07 Importance of Curves Deborah Saunt is a British architect who, in response to the UK government’s money saving architectural restrictions for schools, including a curve ban, in 2012, suggested: “the simplified guidelines are the architectural equivalent of feeding children McDonald’s everyday” (Booth, 2012). This emphasises the importance of the physical school environment and is re-enforced by many architects choosing to boycott working for the UK government with their new school design policy (Booth, 2012). Saunt is one of these architects whose view is clearly summed up by her fast-food reference as this suggests the mass-produced quick fix buildings are ultimately unhealthy and potentially damaging for their users, this would be detrimental for the students as the schools then lose their individuality.

The government banning curves in educational buildings values budgeting over children’s psychological health, there is research which clearly shows that curves reduce fear levels (Fetell Lee, 2018) and therefore can improve the wellbeing of students. Curves help spaces become more creative and people can be more spontaneous with less instinctive fear of injury (Bertamini et al., 2015).

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5.08 Design for Safety

Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown, Connecticut, was the site of one of America’s deadliest school shootings, resulting in the complete redesign of the building. The building now has preventative safety measures such as trees which act as natural bollards and shelter leading from the school to wooded areas thus breaking sightlines (O'Meara, 2014). The structure features curves enabling the entrances to be seen from most directions as someone approaches the building via a walkway to the school, this acts as a warning of visitors’ arrival (Yalcinkaya, 2017). The redesign has helped the community feel safer and reassured that the lives of their children are valued and protected. This building is a prime example of curves benefiting the community (Fetell Lee, 2018).

Our emotional brain perceives circles, spheres and curved shapes as approachable, instinctively it prefers round forms to angular ones (Fetell Lee, 2018). A 2007 study shows MRI scan results exhibiting heightened activity in the amygdala, the fear processing part of the brain. The amygdala lit up when participants were shown angular objects such as a square dish or sharp-cornered chair, when shown curved versions of similar objects the amygdala remained dormant (Fetell Lee, 2018). The preference of curves over angular shapes comes from evolution, sharp edges posed potential danger to our ancestors and this evolved into our brains feeling more at ease when surrounded by curved shapes (Bertamini et al., 2015). Sharp edges make us slow and act with more caution as our subconscious mind senses danger, angles in our environment decrease enthusiastic movement and the flow of a space (Fetell Lee, 2018). It seems that using curved features within our built environment could prove to be benificial in making people feel safer and in turn, improve their wellbeing.

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Figure 10 shows the response of the survey participants when asked if they believe that design can subconsciously effect emotions, just over 64% “Agree”, however, no-one selected “Strongly Agree” suggesting a level of doubt. A respondent commented: “Definitely feel that different shapes can draw you towards things and interested by the idea that they can make you feel a certain way” (Appendices 5.03), this could imply an awareness but not an understanding of the concept. 21% stated that they “Strongly Disagree” although the comments fail to explain why, this could suggest the lack of awareness of how design is used to influence people on a day-to-day basis.

Service design, merchandising and other industries already use techniques in attempt to influence people (Fisk, 2011).

5.09 Ethics The ‘Nudge’ approach incorporates design to prompt people into making better decisions without taking away their freedom, a vehicle activated speed indicator is an example of this. Thaler and Sunstein (2008) present the idea that our physical surroundings should be designed in order to influence in positive, beneficial ways, while not taking away any of our control.

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5.10 Investment

Publicolor are a charity organisation using community involvement to carry out refurbishments and give communities ownership and a sense of belonging. They are improving education rates in deprived areas within America, using methods such as adding colour and pattern to buildings (publicolor.org). By carrying out these changes the schools observed higher numbers of students graduating, better grades and pride in their school (Fetell Lee, 2018). Publicolor is a good example of how being invested in can impact lives and improve wellbeing for students. Giving students ambition, catering for their needs, thus making them feel valued.

Figure 11 shows most participants didn’t feel their needs had been designed for, while around 46% felt theirs had been. Examples of places given by those who answered “Yes” were; outdoors, workplaces, educational settings, purpose-built healthcare facilities, leisure including hospitality and retail or homes which had been designed themselves (Fig. 12), all of these areas were invested in or purpose built.

De Botton echoes the idea that few places are designed for our needs:

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5.11 Harmony

Hilary Dalke, a London based colour specialist who, by adding two bands of colour to a shower room in a women’s prison, created a pattern on the tiles giving the room a sense of rhythm and harmony. Before the renovation, inmates would break the tiles in order to use them for self-harm or suicide attempts. The transformation made significant behavioural differences as six months later, all tiles were still intact (Fetell Lee, 2018).

This shows how design can be used as social investment, when we feel valued by others, we in turn value ourselves (Knez, 2005). This is further evidenced in the interview with Callander (Fig. 13), who expressed that when people feel invested in, they feel pride and a part of something.

A survey participant’s response added to this: “I think when I see something beautiful in my surroundings it makes me feel happier. I think it makes me stop, slow down and appreciate that I am part of something bigger than just my world. I also value the persons work and contribution” (Appendices, 6.06). This shows the impact design can have on wellbeing, evoking feelings of joy and belonging.

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5.12 Surprise Surprise can encourage and facilitate curiosity and exploration. Surprise is one of six primary emotions according to psychologist Paul Ekman (Ekman, Sorenson and Friesen, 1969) who believes that it has an important function, redirecting our attention and acting as a disruption of anxious inner monologues. Surprises can be serendipitous interventions and can spark a chain of positive emotions (Fetell Lee, 2018).

Magda Sayeg’s is a textile designer who started the “Yarn Bombing” movement (TED, 2015). Knitting covers for mundane objects, not to remove its identity or functionality, but to make it come to life with colour and to surprise the community (TED, 2015). The surprise can act as a distraction technique for anxiety, it can interrupt a negative thought pattern with something fun and joyful (Fetell Lee, 2018). When asked about this subject, telephone interviewee Wendy Callander agreed and went on to describe how she believed the community who would most benefit from design interventions, should themselves be involved in the design process (Fig. 14). When design incorporates or enhances aspects that are of importance to the users it encourages a sense of place and belonging (Churchman, 2012; Manzo and Perkins, 2006).

Statements from the survey participants agree that art and design can lift moods and create talking points: “Seeing graffiti art on sides of buildings makes me smile, especially when to do with the area. It also stimulates conversation with my children” (Appendices, 6.10) and “It brings a smile when you see buildings painted or with murals” (Appendices, 6.18).

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5.13 Art in Healthcare

Sarah Dawood’s article in Design Week, from July 2019, is titled Filling hospitals with art reduces patient stress, anxiety and pain, the article has some interesting insights into the correlation between space and wellbeing and focuses on a study conducted by CW+, which is the official charity for the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. The study shows that placing art within the hospital has helped to improve patient wellbeing, decrease duration of hospital stays and reduce anxiety, depression and pain (Dawood, 2019).

The hospital released a book called The Healing Arts which shows how the hospital has used visual art to improve patient experience and wellbeing over the past 25 years (Cork, 2019). The book displays art and installations within the hospital which act as distraction techniques which can help alleviate some of the pain, discomfort and anxieties experienced by patients. These findings further the evidence collected by CW+ from 2004 which show the positive impact art and music has on patients such as people undergoing chemotherapy, women in labour and those undergoing surgery. Dawood’s article also discusses how the art has made measurable differences for the patients. For example, the presence of art shortened the length of labour and lowered the levels of the stress hormone cortisol in patients undergoing chemotherapy. In the survey, participants suggested places they felt were designed to meet their needs, including healthcare settings such as purpose built Maggies Centres and the Kinloch Care Centre in Carnoustie for dementia sufferers (Appendices, 7.10, 7.16).

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5.14 Case Study: Tirana Tirana, capital of Albania, is a city transformed when former Mayor, Edi Rama, had the initiative and also the appreciation for art, believing it could make a change. By simply painting buildings and planting trees this helped to reduce crime rates, make people feel safe and restore hope to the city (Fetell Lee, 2018). Rama was dedicated to urban renewal, he was elected as Mayor in 2000 during a post-communist period, when raised crime rates and poverty were highlighted as major issues. With little to no budget the Mayor decided art could be part of the answer, this was not just for aesthetics, this was politics on a budget. Illegal buildings were demolished making room for public space (TED, 2012). As an artist this gave him a unique perspective, his love for art and bright colours inspired this revitalisation of the city, painting bold colours and patterns on the sides of buildings. The main square was also renovated, formerly associated with gang crime it became the centre of the community - trees and shrubs were planted, benches and lighting were installed and it became a lively place for families and people to meet (Kuo and Sullivan 2001; Sullivan et al. 2004). The vibrant colours and investment in neighbourhoods made people feel safer. Investing in the community by planting greenery, painting vibrant colours and installing street lamps, brought something new to the city and the beauty was making people feel like they were being protected (TED, 2012). Because people could see where their money was being spent, many began paying taxes, people stopped littering and had a new found respect and pride for their city. In the quantitative survey, a summary of the revitalisation of Tirana was provided followed by

asking if participants thought design could influence society and behaviour (Fig. 15). More than half of the 124 respondents agreed, just short of 38% selected “Somewhat agree”, and less than 7% of the total participants selected “Somewhat disagree” or “Disagree”. It’s clear from these results and respondent comments that having bright colours around can lift spirts, improve mood, promote positive interactions, spark creativity and innovation as well as increase respect for the area (Appendices, 6.01-6.18).

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5.15 Psychology of Space

We are drawn to the appearance of lightness and daintiness when faced with negative emotions. We often look at architecture as a metaphor, just as columns manage to hold up an entire building, we too should manage to hold ourselves up in the face of adversities. (De Botton, 2006). Looking at wellbeing as a feeling of wholeness, Freud’s theory below, implies that you need to feel happy to enjoy something and have good wellbeing to appreciate what’s in front of you.

For some philosophers, a space does not just exist, it is created. A space is made through the activities that take place there, this means an area can be physically the same but serve different purposes at different times. An example of this is a playpark, in the day time it is a safe, family friendly environment where people meet, however, in the evening, the space is where youths congregate which can make people feel unsafe in the same environment that their children had played in earlier that day (Tucker, 2011). This shows an area serving different purposes yet ultimately being the same physical space. In the survey a respondent agreed, stating: “dark buildings can lead us to think negatively, impacting on people committing crimes” (Appendices, 6.22).

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5.16 Differing requirements In In Praise of Shadows (1933), Junichiro Tanizaki explains why he and his culture found beauty in flaws: “We find it hard to be really at home with things that shine and glitter. The Westerner uses silver and steel and nickel tableware, and polishes it to a fine brilliance, but we object to the practice. While we do sometimes indeed use silver for teakettles, decanters, or sake cups, we prefer not to polish it. On the contrary we begin to enjoy it only when the lustre has worn off, when it has begun to take on a dark, smoky, patina.”

In Western society, when buildings rust and stain it comes as a reminder of our mortality which leaves us feeling depressed, this could explain our obsession with maintaining the youth and life of our buildings and ourselves (De Botton, 2006). As the quote above states, Western desire for immaculacy could be a sign of reluctance to accept time passing and what that means for our mortality. As Western society has slowly lost touch with nature it has become something people wish to reclaim. However, only wanting to accept the good, like sunlight and flowers, without the desire to also appreciate the passing of time and benefits that come with natural cycles.

5.17 Environmental Psychology Environmental psychology investigates the relationship between humans and their built and natural environment. Exploring consideration for nature and the environment, how we can make more climate-healthy decisions and how nature can help us (Gifford, 2014).

As humans we have a yearning for communication and commemoration which explains our desire to construct architectural features with the intention of expressing ourselves, represented by objects, colours and bricks, with the aim of reminding us of who we are (De Botton, 2006). We attach ourselves to places we associate with emotional experiences and growth, especially in childhood (Manzo, 2005; Morgan, 2010). Place attachment is sometimes referred to as an emotional connection to place (Brown et al., 2003; Guiliani, 2003).

When experiencing hardship, we often turn to objects and areas of beauty for support, these act as reminders of hope and renewal, especially things found in the natural world (De Botton, 2006).

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5.18 Prisoners of architecture There are fractious characteristics of having a sensitivity to architecture, if a room can affect our emotions, if our joy can be dependent on the colour of an interior or shape of a nearby object, what does being within an environment which we are forced to occupy do to us emotionally (De Botton, 2006). Humans are problematically susceptible to the colour of our environment, so much so that our sense of purpose may be unsettled by an unattractive bedspread (De Botton, 2006). Our fragility could be a by-product of trying to seek control in the modern world. If something that we perceive as having control over, such as the changing appearance of ourselves or our surroundings, is contradicted this could cause us distress. In architecture we use the word beautiful as a way of describing buildings we approve of; this is something that correlates to a sense of happiness or on a psychological level that we can firmly describe as good mental health (De Botton, 2006).

Just as buildings can appear austere or decadent, chaotic or methodical, we too, can fall into these categories. Our wellbeing can be dependent on whether we accept or try to abolish the group that we find ourselves in. There is comparison between the tension of curves and straight edges within a building or façade that mirrors that of the inner battle that we experience between emotion and reason (De Botton, 2006). The needs and requirements of humans in the modern day has given space a new meaning and purpose. A house is no longer just for shelter and warmth, but a device which transfers energy between the universe and the occupant (Löwitsch, 1928).

Architecture can help fill our lives with order or help us feel accomplished. People have different needs as one may be desiring a sleek modern home which displays the control they crave in their potentially chaotic lives, whereas another may wish to decorate and fill their home with detail and objects that bring them joy and make them feel fulfilled. The perfect building for one may be depressing for another as their psychological needs could be entirely different, Stendhal’s quote below echoes this:

It’s vital for human beings to be able to experience wellbeing within an environment (Moser, 2009), especially the ones we spend most of our lives in. People often find themselves in sub-standard living conditions or jobs that don’t contribute towards good wellbeing. A survey participant commented that their rented accommodation, among other issues, had damaged, leaking windows, they stated: “this has had a huge effect on my mood, the cold really seems to take away my energy and my joy for life”, showing the lack of investment in the property affecting the wellbeing of the tenant (Appendices, 17.11). This raises the question, if new build housing is built without consultation of future occupants, then how can it be equipped to meet their psychological needs? (Rolfe et al., 2020).

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5.19 Confinement: Covid-19

The pandemic has brought wellbeing within our home environment to the forefront. Around 76% of survey participants answered “Yes”, figure 16 shows that when confined to our own space, we considered things we truly need. Home improvements undertaken during the Covid-19 pandemic by participants included; adapting to working from home, decluttering, renovating their homes or gardens and creating new joyful design aspects, thus forming environments that cater for their practical and psychological needs (Appendices, 16.01-16.26). Pandemic living has had a negative impact on many, with over three quarters of survey respondents answering “Yes”, their wellbeing had been negatively affected (Fig.17). This question received the most comments within the survey. Participants stated the pandemic has had a negative impact on their physical and mental health due to lack of exercise, limited physical and social contact, struggling to switch off due to working, living and relaxing in the same place and anxiety about the pandemic and future uncertainty (Appendices, 17.02-17.44). Of those that answered “No”, some stated it was due to continuing to work, meaning they were still experiencing different environments (Appendices, 17.01-17.02). The negative effects of confinement on our wellbeing emphasises the importance of the need for individuals to be psychologically catered for within our surroundings.

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5.20 Case Study: Misery and Modernism Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect, designer and urban planner who was passionate about using new technologies and design to create social housing post WWI. Known to ridicule sentimental traditionalists, referring to them as the ‘folklore brigade’, he condemned French society’s stubborn, orthodox values (De Botton, 2006). Many residents were failing to reap the rewards that new Modernist technology had pledged to bring, however, they had to endure the negative impact that living and working within an industrialised environment brings. For Le Corbusier advances in technology was the solution to the societal discontent, aside from the fact that it had initially caused the problem. Architecture has the potential, and should be used to aid in restoring stability in society, Le Corbusier saw this as a time sensitive issue and states that the options are “architecture or revolution” (Dorrestijn and Verbeek, 2013).

In Pessac, France, Le Corbusier designed housing for factory workers in a modernist style, he showed his adoration for industrial design and technological advances in building materials used in these houses with vast stretches of concrete, austere surfaces and exposed lightbulbs (De Botton ,2006). The new tenants didn’t like the modern designs and had differing ideas of beauty, unlike Le Corbusier they liked the traditional designs and styles (Douglas and Gifford, 2001). The factory workers working in a concrete hangar, wearing a uniform and having to come home to their modern, concrete, undecorated and uniform homes (Gifford et al., 2000). Several years later the workers had customised their new homes, making them unique and more private. They decorated, added pitched roofs, shutters, window boxes, floral wallpaper, traditional picket fences, ornamental fountains and garden gnomes. The complete opposite of what Le Corbusier had envisioned.

5.21 Utopian Design Utopian design is designing without constraints such as clients, building regulations, or budgets, but still attempting to improve society in an idealistic way. The rise of utopian design ideals followed the Modernist movement in the 1920s and 1930s (Dorrestijn and Verbeek, 2013). Some of the most revolutionary but also damaging examples of improving people’s lives through design could be found within the “utopian design” movement.

Technology, wellbeing and freedom all work together but require the right balance. Technology offers guidance on how we live our lives and can in many ways be utilised to improve our wellbeing (Shove et al., 2007). Freedom is a feature of wellbeing which can clash with prevalent characteristics of technology. User-influencing technology doesn’t deny freedom, however, creating technology that facilitates our lives means freedom must be defined (Dorrestijn and Verbeek, 2013).

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6. Conclusion This report focuses on how design and the built environment affects wellbeing in Western societies. Our lives would be easier if a dictionary or reference of things existed, that methodically matched up materials and shapes with emotions and ideas, we may then understand how designers have intended us to feel in a space or viewing an object (De Botton, 2006).

Using buildings to show advancements in technology isn’t worth people suffering. Designers should look at research regarding the psychological needs of those being designed for before undertaking projects. Considering the changing environment as well as the psychological and physical needs of people, design could be used to enhance people’s wellbeing. New technologies can be an incredible resource when used sensitively. However, just because we can build something huge and extravagant doesn’t mean we should, especially without firstly conducting investigations into how it may affect the surrounding communities. Designers need to recognise the importance of co-design: benefit the community by including the community in the design process as well as understand the impact being catered for has on society and the wellbeing of the people involved.

The pandemic has drawn attention to the importance of being psychologically catered for by our homes, the decline of people’s wellbeing has shown the effect people’s immediate surroundings has on them. Using design and research from sources such as; Ingrid Fetell Lee’s Joyful book, Alain De Botton’s book The Architecture of Happiness, TED talks on related subjects and some of the many journals and articles on the benefits of biophilic design, being within the natural world and the benefits of being psychologically provided for (Fawcett et al., 2008), could educate designers on how to make a positive change within Western society.

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6.01 Limitations All primary research carried out under Covid-19 guidelines, possibly resulting in primary research being affected as survey responses were often Covid-19 specific and participants may have struggled to answer questions about “normal” life while in a pandemic.

• Survey participants were limited by internet access and Facebook. • Financial backing for the survey may have helped reach a larger demographic. • Setbacks throughout pandemic - contracting the virus myself in December 2020

resulting in the inability to continue researching due to illness and fatigue during recovery.

• Time was constrained due to postponement of semester start date by a month, and myself being ill for three weeks.

• Initial issues with access to the online library. • The pandemic resulted in not having any face-to-face tutorials or meetings and

only having limited access to the physical library as reading from a screen can be difficult.

• Managing stress through the pandemic. • Research on the topics discussed prior to the 1980s was scarce, meaning much

of the secondary research is from the past 40 years. • Difficulty finding quality images that were accurate and relevant to the topic.

6.02 What improvements could be made? • More consistency with the survey multiple choice answer options. • Use the university’s academic skills resources as support was limited due to

Covid-19. • More questions relating to the psychological impact design and our built

environment can have.

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8. Appendices

8.1 Survey

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1.

2.

3. Locations:

Dundee Brechin London Glasgow Buchlyvie North Lanarkshire Forfar Isle of Arran Bath Angus Kent Scotland Balfron Stirlingshire Germany Killearn Alexandria Tayside Stirling Derby Clydebank Kirriemuir Highlands Fife Carnoustie Thornton, Fife Perth Arbroath Edinburgh Nottingham England Taunton Cumbernauld Aberdeen Sir James Duncan Gardens,

Forfar Carvoeiro, Algarve. Portugal

Reading

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4.

5.

The author and designer Ingrid Fetell Lee states that “Circles and spheres are the most approachable shapes.” A 2007 study showed that the amygdala – the fear processing part of our brain- is stimulated when we see sharp cornered objects but not when we see curved versions of similar objects. Do you agree that design can be used to subconsciously alter our emotions?

Comments 5.01 I agree, I find smooth shapes very calming!

5.02 Seeing light, vibrant colours in design can make you feel more positive.

5.03 Definitely feel that different shapes can draw you towards things and interested by the idea that they can make you feel a Certain way. Not something I had really considered before but definitely makes sense.

5.04 Smooth and curves are more soothing, I think.

5.05 I use design in my home and garden. I know that my living space must be harmonious to aid my mental health.

5.06 Curved shapes are calming

5.07 Circles and squares remind me of my younger years which gives me a sense of calm.

5.08 I agree that design has a way of sparking emotions within us. We expect a certain feeling (excitement, intrigued, pleased and so on) from design and when we don’t get it we are disappointed. For example, a hotel stay over. We look at the rooms by the design ... we judge it

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from an image and how it makes us feel (well I know I do). Design is about the people using the space and we will always have an opinion on how a place is designed and why it is designed the way it is.

5.09 Curved edges from a design perspective can be utilised to usher people though spaces as it gives a sense of flow/motion. I can agree that architects and designers often use geometry in this way.

5.10 I believe the brain and emotions can be influenced by a many number of external factors.

5.11 I agree this can be the case, memories and vision from our past can instil emotions both good and bad as with music/sounds.

5.12 Absolutely, curves are more soothing rigid lines are harsher and utilitarian.

5.13 I'm drawn to hexagonal edge to edge to make individual or one big image spread over 20 or 30 of these making one image!

5.14 Don't like geometric or cubist furniture or decor, makes me feel uncomfortable.

5.15 Thought provoking

5.16 Certainly, more jagged edges and sharp corners could evoke feelings of concern or anxiety compared to soft edges and rounded corners.

5.17 N/a

5.18 I think there is an idea of potential danger when the focus is on sharp objects. This is something we are told from a very young age - less so with circles and spheres. Although they could be equally as dangerous.

5.19 The question made me think of the design of hedge mazes and the feelings of curiosity and excitement they induce.

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6.

Tirana, the capital of Albania, reduced its crime rates and united the community by painting buildings with vibrant colours and patterns. Do you think design has an influence on society and behaviour?

Commets 6.01 Yes, I agree if communities enjoy their environment, they will feel empowered to look after it

and a better sense on community. 6.02 Yes, think bright colours make you think of nice things. 6.03 There is a colour informally referred to as "institution green", it was often seen on hospital

walls. It was chosen originally as green was thought to be calming but seems to have more negative connotations attached to it now. When you think of Carnival colours, you imagine bright hues and happiness.

6.04 I certainly feel the bright positive colour can alter the way you feel- suppose behaviour may come from that.

6.05 Places like Copenhagen, Tobermory, Burano, and the Cinque Terre have reputations for beauty and happiness, and people can travel there almost as though making a pilgrimage. The geography of these places is one part of it but their design and brightness are what makes them so famous and well-loved.

6.06 I think when I see something beautiful in my surroundings it makes me feel happier. I think it makes me stop, slow down and appreciate that I am part of something bigger than just my world. I also value the persons work and contribution.

6.07 Beautiful environments encourage respect. 6.08 Makes the world’s happier place 6.09 I believe the more vibrant, colourful, cleaner and exciting an environment the more it affects

your mood. You feel happier when surrounded by bright colours than you do when surrounded by darker colours. I believe it can consciously or subconsciously alter your mood creating a shift towards an overall happier atmosphere within society and more positive behaviours within a community. If your neighbourhood is bright and colourful. I think you would feel more respectful of it and the people within it than if it was dark and not taken care of.

6.10 Seeing graffiti art on sides of buildings makes me smile, especially when to do with the area. It also stimulates conversation with my children.

6.11 If you live somewhere with horrible buildings and dark, dingey colours then I agree it could make you feel down, and that vibrant, aesthetic design could evoke positivity.

6.12 Bright colours make people happy. 6.13 Personally, being in a vibrantly designed environment sparks creativity and innovation. 6.14 I think it would lift your mood. 6.15 Cheerful, vibrant colours can lift our spirits and brighten surroundings. 6.16 The subconscious idea of trying to maintain the colour and cleanliness would have an effect

on me personally. A lack of graffiti (not planned) probably reduces crime. 6.17 Creative graffiti is something I will never be sick of, I love it! 6.18 It brings a smile when you see buildings painted or with murals.

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6.19 Building styles differ in affluent areas vs run down troublesome areas 6.20 Design can have an influence, but as part of a wider programme which incorporates policy

change, fairer distribution of wealth and resources, community action etc. 6.21 A run-down area is more likely to increase negative thoughts. 6.22 Sad and dark buildings can lead us to think negatively impacting on people committing

crimes. 6.23 Colours and shapes effect individuals uniquely. 6.24 I had never considered this? 6.25 Remembering Tobermory on Mull lovely bright colours on homes and buildings. 6.26 That Facebook study where they altered the colours people were seeing on their timeline and

recorded differences in emotion of statuses/comments. 6.27 I am aware of cities that dedicate areas to street artists. 6.28 I think this makes a place look nicer and more approachable but I’m not sure how it would

help to decrease crime? 6.29 I would like to be provided with the dataset. Slums in Brazil immediately come to mind to

impress tourists but does little to improve the lifestyle of the people. 6.30 N/a

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7.

Publicolor: A charity in America which uses colour to revamp schools in deprived areas, resulting in an increase of attendance, grades and more students graduating. The theory is that when people’s environments are invested in, they feel valued. Is there anywhere you think has been designed for your needs?

7.01 Where I work, the

building was built brand new and looked modern.

7.02 My workplace has large and small prints of good/positive moments along with motivational quotes. It is designed to subconciously keep us all positive.

7.03 University of Dundee buildings, some supermarkets, cafes, galleries, some housing but not others.

7.04 Home 7.05 Many school buildings. 7.06 Dundee waterfront

7.07 Kepti Pond, Arbroath 7.08 Silverbond Shopping Centre

7.09 Glasgow

7.10 Kinloch Care Centre is a purpose built and designed unit forpeople living with dementia.

7.11 The majority of buildings I see and use although the question seems oversimplified

7.12 My hairdressers, McIntyres. It is very glam and makes me feel special when I enter the salon.

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7.13 Absolutely everywhere you go. Designers often or should often consider moods when adopting a colour scheme. Not only in business sense but also in the home. We feel comforts with certain colours, hence “cool and warm” shades.

7.14 The Scottish School of Contemporary Dance – Dundee. This building is designed to inspire people with movement. They have a great external design but also have lots of windows to keep the internal design bright.

7.15 Street art in Forfar demonstrates the mix of cultures and talent we have in the town whilst also cheering up and giving a sense of community to otherwise dreary walls.

7.16 Maggies Centres 7.17 My work environment 7.18 Shopping centres

7.19 Work place 7.20 Work 7.21 My home.

7.22 Many places but I’m thinking of the Kelpies, Glasgow and London have got loads of public art.

7.23 In new build schools the open plan bright airy building do promote a positive feeling.

7.24 A local bar called Bar 10. Love the design and atmosphere.

7.25 My office 7.26 Workplace 7.27 University Library

7.28 My university was redesigned to offer a more comfortable , bright vibrant space to allow for a better experience and to promote attendance to classes and the library.

7.29 Nurseries using soft colours on the walls to create a calming, more nurturing environment.

7.30 My office has been designed to come across welcoming and evoke positive feelings, so that employees feel more comfortable and ultimately enjoy work more.

7.31 Workplace 7.32 Office space at employer 7.33 Any city parks

7.34 Mitchell Library, Glasgow 7.35 City Centres, Universities, places of leisure

7.36 The new Glasgow Queen Street station building.

7.37 Previous work place was built in a rural area with a designed atrium that all floors look out onto that you can see the treesand environmental outside on the further side.

7.38 I selected no, but I don’t connect with a lot of spaces, I don’t have and design in mind that would make me want to go back. Yes, design can be an amazing experience but for everyday use, no I feel more could be done to make people connect with spaces better.

7.39 All places are designed for different needs dependant on subjects. Parks are bright and attractive, supermarkets layouts are done in a way to encourage further spending. Anywhere there is specifically a paying customer it will be designed with customer needs facored in. For example, cinemas for comfort and enjoyment, restaurants for atmosphere and enjoyment, betting shops for longevity of stay and maximum spend.

7.40 Left handed things. 7.41 Health centre on Main Street Alexandria

7.42 My working environment pre-Covid

7.43 My University (Glasgow) invested heavily in rebuilding many old dilapidated buildings to

7.44 Not personally but once you have decorated a room in your house you feel a lot happier within

7.45 Early years settings, creating calm and relaxing environments. Use of design, light and use of

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make them bigger, brighter and more modern.

that room! natural materials to promote curiosity and engagement.

7.46 Street art used to colour the outside of universities in Glasgow.

7.47 My home.

7.48 My workplace has been designed to suit us it’s bright and airy, used natural light and has plants to bring nature inside.

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8.

Being around likeminded people changes what we deem to be socially acceptable, at festivals, concerts and nightclubs we let people into our personal space but in the supermarket this would be inappropriate. These social environments are good for our wellbeing as they bring out our primitive nature to be one as a tribe. Do you agree that being with likeminded people gives us a greater sense of community?

Comments 8.01 Having a strong support network of like-minded people is vital for your mental health.

8.02 This question is more apt than ever in the current climate. I believe humans are social beings by nature and the decline in mental wellbeing associated with the isolation we are experiencing is testament to that.

8.03 Certainly, from a sporting aspect (similar to the festivals you mention) being at football games makes a certain way of behaving feel acceptable- when it often isn’t! But being around people similar to you definitely makes it easier to form a bond and form certain opinions. On the flip side it probably makes it hard to sometimes go against the grain. Say for example in a group of 30, if they are all acting a certain negative way and you don’t agree with it, it may be hard to go against.

8.04 Being around likeminded people empowers us to be able to do things we would have struggled with before!

8.05 I think it’s great to be around people who are like minded and it can be incredibly positive however it can also be negatively by reinforcing tribalism and polarising opinions and discussions

8.06 In it together mindset, feels better to share an experience with someone rather than alone

8.07 Somewhat agree. Sometimes you will find that like-minded people don't always get along or can stagnate. Hence, the old "opposites attract".

8.08 Not in all situations, but regarding the examples above (nightclubs, festivals) this definitely adds to it

8.09 I belong to a running club and feel a lot more confident and stronger with likeminded fellow runners. Find it easier to run in a group than alone!

8.10 If the internet has shown anything it’s that people find there 'tribe' quickly and stay there

8.11 This can add to your confidence and enhance the experience.

8.12 Like-minded people usually work towards the same goal.

8.13 As well as concerts etc, I also think this is true at some sporting events.

8.14 This can both be a positive and negative influence. How many well minded "sensible" people have done outlandish things when part of a larger group. Recently demonstrations turning violent or criminal damage, events of looting etc

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8.15 Part of the enjoyment of these social events is the shared experience and togetherness that they bring

8.16 Definitely that’s why we often bond strongly with co-workers as we have so much in common.

8.17 Not so much festivals but working with likeminded people will ultimately make a project go smoother.

8.19 Strength in numbers where inhibitions are removed (present day) hunting in packs for survival (history) again strength in numbers. Yes, I agree with the above.

8.20 I definitely think being with likeminded people gives us a greater sense of community. Like festivals or sports events for example, thousands of people who have likely never met each other before coming together to sing and cheer as a collective.

8.21 It builds your confidence being around like-minded people.

8.22 I think being around people who are like-minded to you makes you feel included and like you are part of a community, it can make you feel less lonely to know there are others who enjoy and appreciate the same things you do.

8.23 Can form bubbles

8.24 I definitely strongly feel that sense of community wherever I am at concert!

8.25 Yes, you can put a group of strangers together - in person or in a group chat - with one common interest, be it sport, music or hobbies, and they will quickly form a community compared to the awkward interactions of a group situation such as an interview or induction.

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9. 9.01 It is important to have a sense of belonging. 9.02 Loneliness has been proven to be detrimental to people’s mental health. 9.03 Yes, having peers to interact with has a massive impact on well-being weather it is social or

mental. 9.04 It’s so important to interact with others to experience different views, opinions so we are

challenged to grow to be better people. Essentially, we are social creatures, well most of us! 9.05 Loneliness can negatively impact mental health, need a sense of belonging. 9.06 Helps prevent loneliness. 9.07 Developing a sense of belonging creating support networks to promote communication and

positive mental health with people who care and understand one another. 9.08 We were born to be sociable not in isolation. 9.09 Feel of belonging. 9.10 Everyone needs to feel like they belong and have purpose and being part of a group whether

small or large makes us feel accepted and valued. 9.11 To feel as though you are part of something. 9.12 Being a part of a community stops people from feeling lonely and isolated. 9.13 Being a part of a community and having conversations with lots of people is one of the

highlights of my day. Being at uni I love the experience of the studio and having interesting conversations with so many different people!

9.14 Absolutely - the social aspect of work and play has a drastic effect my mental health 99% of us are social human beings... Whether it be family, friends or work colleagues we learn from each other. Lifelong.

9.15 I think the support you feel and the opportunities presented by being part of a community is important. It's good to feel a part of something and engage with the places and people around you and where you live. It allows a feeling of togetherness which I think is important for wellbeing and mental health wellbeing. It also allows you to give back to the people and places around you.

9.16 You can live an insular life and yet even having one interest in which you can interact with others can improve your mood, mental health, and give you a focus or drive.

9.17 Communities can be defined and experienced in many different ways. I have worked on a study unit that pointed out that not all communities are geographical but then went on to assume that they are. I would also point out that introverts have a different relationship with community from extraverts.

9.18 Definitely need each other, social interaction. 9.19 Not for everyone but definitely me. 9.20 Again, I don't think the answer is straight yes or no. Introvert types maybe do not require

these social constructs to thrive. But I would tend to agree for the majority of the population. 9.21 Not essential, as some people would happily live alone and not interact with anyone, but for

most people yes being part of something bigger is necessary. 9.22 Depends if you are a sociable person or not 9.23 Not necessarily - my perception of certain communities is that of people who are strongly

opinionated and I am an open-minded person so I don’t particularly gel with preachers. 9.24 I think this is being eroded in modern living. 9.25 Covid has magnified the importance being part of a community can have on well-being. 9.26 I think the current pandemic has been the perfect example of the detrimental affect isolation

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and loneliness can have on us so being part of a community is certainly essential for our wellbeing.

9.27 Harder to feel part of a community during lockdown :( 9.28 Current COVID situation highlights this. Isolated from community has a negative impact on

mental health and well-being. 9.29 See above. 9.30 I would also think that meeting others from different 'tribes' is good. It makes sure ideas

don’t stagnate. 9.31 Isolation is not good for the mind. 9.32 If harnessed right and the community is of people that will bring the best from you. Though

each individual must not relinquish control of their own actions. 9.33 Recent events have not allowed community events, I have missed this. 9.34 Being part of my community for over 30 years it’s good to know what is around you. 9.35 Being part of a positive community is good for our mental health. 9.36 It really is a question of personal balance. As an introvert socialising is as important as

spending quite time by myself. So, pushing people together could cause some anxiety in some people.

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10. Comments 10.01 People will share their views, even if opposing one another on any large public structure. 10.02 I pass the Kelpies every day on the way to work and often visit. They are something to be

wondered at and always prompt conversation. 10.03 N/A 10.04 Absolutely and you can have a real connection with someone you may not even know, over

appreciating a piece of art or design together. 10.05 Creating a think tank scenario. 10.06 Define design intervention. I'm not quite sure what I'm answering. 10.07 Talking points, appreciation and sharing of views usually follows naturally this was seen

during developing Dundee’s V&A as well as Forfar’s street art this year. 10.08 All things can be discussed 10.09 Dundee has changed so much recently with the revamp of the Seagate area. The

introduction of outdoor seating in Union St has introduced a more sociable and welcoming feeling which I have discussed with several friends.

10.10 The museum of Transport in Glasgow is a place of interest, enjoying the vehicles etc on show meeting friends, new exhibits and special features.

10.11 Conversation can be easily sparked through design “that looks weird, what do you think?” 10.12 Any individual point of view is unique. It's good to listen and give your views on design

(intervention). 10.13 Coffee shops/ galleries and gardens that have spaces for sitting with others. 10.14 It's human nature that something new or something different provokes a reaction from us. 10.15 Both positively and negatively. 10.16 Any change or new design - to a public space or new building etc - will form an opinion in

people, and human nature will prompt you to share that in some way, whether to the people around you, in a group, or online forum.

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11. Comments 11.01 People are more likely to go to place that are enticing and well designed. 11.02 I think communities take ownership of designs, people who live in my area feel the castle and

the Wallace monument belong to them in a way and it becomes part of the identity. 11.03 Probably more neither agree or disagree. 11.04 N/a 11.05 I think it can connect people and give people a sense of combined community ownership. I’m

thinking of the Angel of The North. 11.06 Influencing positive attitude. 11.07 Yes, but design can also be used to a negative effect, to oppress. 11.08 The news is full of projects that bring communities together. 11.09 Something as simple as space and seating arrangements on a park bench can either

encourage a second party to use it, or discourage. 11.10 See above. 11.11 Any new building like medical centre in Alexandria brings people together for various reasons

in a safe environment and good relationships within. 11.12 Yes, especially when communities have a say in on the design of their community. 11.13 More of this is needed! 11.14 Social working spaces and social break out spaces improve the interaction within my working

environment. 11.15 Supermarkets could use this. Designed specifically for greater spend but some thought could

be given for browsing etc. Waterstones in Glasgow when you can browse while having a coffee encourages this.

11.16 Design allows people to stop and take the in their surroundings which in turn creates conversation with people and allows for positive social interaction. The design of a new art instillation within a community opens up opportunity for conversation and allows people to discuss and bond over their opinions. The design of a new playpark or dog park within a community can help create bonds between new children and parents or dogwalkers in communities that may have not otherwise had an opportunity to meet, have conversation or create friendships. Design has the ability to create a new easier way for people in communities to get around by improving the community’s facilities in turn creating happier citizens and a stronger and more positive society.

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12. Comments 12.01 Definitely need natural light to feel part of the outside world. 12.02 Natural light is very important for boosting moods and energy levels within people, it allows

the feeling that have more space to work/live/play within in turn creating a more positive attitude.

12.03 Absolutely key to our wellbeing having access to natural light. 12.04 Lighting in buildings is often harsh and if you can utilise natural light, I feel better and

healthier 12.05 100% - my mood can be very dependent on the lighting as mad as that sounds. 12.06 Natural light especially in a work environment help motivate people 12.07 Important for wellbeing but also productivity in work environments. 12.08 Personally, yes. Natural light floods a room better than artificial light. 12.09 I believe it can have major influence on mood and a direct effect on our energy levels. 12.10 Light instantly makes a person feel cheerful. 12.11 Sunlight breaking through a window at different angles at different times of day can produce

a joyous atmosphere. I worked for some time in a windowless office and found this very difficult to deal with- I had to take several breaks to find a window to look outside.

12.12 It helps maintain a feeling of space and comfort. 12.13 Brightness in room warms the heart and thoughts. 12.14 I feel this can certainly have an impact on mental health and one's ability to feel motivated. 12.15 I worked in an office with no window abs spent as little time as possible there as I felt

trapped. 12.16 Lack of natural light impacts both physical and mental health. 12.17 Dark buildings can sometimes lead to depression due to not getting enough natural light. 12.18 Without natural light many people will experience tiredness or depression. 12.19 Nobody wants to work in a dull and dingy environment. 12.20 I think that your positive mood is definitely improved by natural light and being in an

environment without it can feel unnerving at times. 12.21 I need natural light or I just feel low, I can’t stand dark spaces! It effects my mood. 12.22 Definitely- not having access to this really negatively affects me and my productivity! 12.23 Natural light is freeing and can be a complete mood-changer. 12.24 Would make it feel more open. 12.25 Yes, natural light allows us to feel closer to nature which in turn has an impact on our day

whether it be positive (sunshine) or negative (rain). 12.26 Humans are instinctively drawn to natural daylight. It gives us Vit D and a general sense of

well-being. Known depression in shortness of daylight hours in winter SAD seasonal affective disorder...

12.27 It goes without saying that natural light brightens up a space and in turn brightens up your mood. An office space with plenty of natural light is a much better working environment than one with little or no natural light.

12.28 Purely because I think artificial lighting is bad for your health. Daylight is very important. 12.29 A sense of freshness comes from natural light that cannot be obtained by man-made light. 12.30 Light can add depth and change atmosphere considerably in any space. 12.31 I love natural light and when we bought our house this was a big part of the appeal.

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13. Comments 13.01 Since I moved up north to Dundee, I've experienced vitD deficiency, became less energetic,

grumpiness etc. Especially in my first year when my halls bedroom window was so tiny and no sunlight was coming through.

13.02 Natural light is important to lift our mood especially for people who suffer from SAD during Winter months.

13.03 Winter and the short days can be a struggle, I always feel a lift in spring as there are more opportunities to enjoy the daylight.

13.04 100% I am always happier when the weather is good e.g. sunlight and blue sky. 13.05 Yes. I think that even as we roll through the seasons and we get shorter days the public

mood shifts with this. 13.06 My mood changes at different times of the year depending on the amount of

daylight/sunlight 13.07 Especially when the sun shines. 13.08 Feel far more energised and likely to go out and exercise when it’s lighter, far more of a chore

when darker. 13.09 We always feel more positive on bright days this confirming this point. 13.10 Happier faces in summer than winter. 13.11 It helps my depression. 13.12 Not sure why, but this has been accentuated during 2020! 13.13 Who doesn't like a bright day as opposed to a grey day? 13.14 As above! I am renovating my house as our living room is too dark, very little light. So, we are

building an extension into the back to enjoy south facing and looking out at nature (back garden). This I feel is also important being close to nature.

13.15 Sunshine gives warmth and Vit D which in turn makes us feel a sense of happiness. 13.16 Yes, it vastly improves my mood I feel personally it is one of the most important parts of a

building as natural light feels less harsh on my eyes and improves my energy levels. 13.17 It's nice to feel connected to the outside world, a world without windows is a depressing one. 13.18 It is essential that I can see outside so that I can appreciate the changing light from morning

to dusk. 13.19 I lived in northern Sweden for a while, so yes!! 13.20 As above 13.21 I don't in fact know whether it does or not. 13.22 See above.

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14. Comments 14.01 It definitely does 14.02 Fresh air for me Is unbelievable for mental health. Fitness in general I think Is as important

for mental health as physical but even just getting a walk in the woods / park definitely improves my mood.

14.03 Being closer to nature allows us to be alone with our thoughts and helps improve our mood. 14.04 I absolutely love being outside and I take every opportunity I can to get out and enjoy it

whether it’s in the mountains, forests or beaches. 14.05 Fresh air impacts health. 14.06 Fresh air improves mood. 14.07 100% yes it totally changes how I feel and makes me feel better about myself and really

enjoy my day and remember to appreciate life and the world we live in! 14.08 Fresh air is mood booster. Realises the endorphins. 14.09 Absolutely! We benefit from this weekly, a day in the woods, with a fire burning and

imaginative play/climbing, exploring and just enjoying the wonder you find. 14.10 As well as the physical exercise and fresh air argument it helps to come away from artificial

interactions. 14.11 Waking my dog clears my head and lifts my mood - even temporarily. 14.12 When I go running in the fresh air this helps my depression and anxiety. 14.13 For most people, definitely. 14.14 Connection with nature also fresh air provides time to think /reflect as well as sense of

exploration. 14.15 Need a nature and fresh air fix every day. 14.16 Most definitely, it allows you to switch off and now more than ever with home

working/lockdown etc it can be an escape from the routine of your day. 14.17 Through recent events, the benefits of the outdoors have increased dramatically, within

schools and early years improving daily access to support health and wellbeing, concentration and physical co-ordination.

14.18 Enjoying a lovely drive or special view or meal always lifts my mood 14.19 In my job there is a push for more outdoor learning. There have been many studies on the

benefits to children to learn outside in the natural environment. 14.20 Personally yes. But not for everyone. 14.21 Go walking every day. 14.22 More so in nature. 14.23 The colour green has been said to give humans the sense of calm. Petrichor and other

smells also aid a sense of well-being... 14.24 Gardening has often been my saviour in times of stress.

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15. Comments 15.01 Make me feel better l sometimes talk to them. 15.02 Feeling accomplished with growing plants is good for the soul. 15.03 Yes - a varied election of plants which range in size, from bulbs through to fully grown. 15.04 Feel more at 1 with nature. 15.05 Too many. My wife has turned my living room into Jumanji. 15.06 Mostly from my girlfriend probably not something I would have thought of myself but

definitely improves the look of a room and probably helps improve mood as well as it goes with the natural feel to surroundings.

15.07 Not a home owner. 15.08 Tons. 15.09 Several. 15.10 Yes, but they are my gf’s... 15.11 Several. 15.12 Artificial ones though. 15.13 We used to but I really don't have green fingers ...at all. 15.14 I have tried but they unfortunately didn't survive! 15.15 More because I have kids who would destroy them. I have previously. 15.16 I have 2 very young children and pets. I don't have time for upkeep. 15.17 Only because I can’t look street them very well. I have a large garden. 15.18 Only because I can’t keep them alive. 15.19 Not best at keeping them. 15.20 Terrible of keeping plants alive unfortunately. 15.21 I tend a garden and am getting older. I can only do so much. 15.22 Would like to have plants but cats would eat them!! 15.23 I kill them most of the time but they’re nice to have around while they’re still alive! They

make me feel calm and happy. 15.24 Houseplants have become a huge focus during this year or lockdowns and restrictions

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16. Comments 16.01 New lighting (see below) 16.02 New doors, new kitchen. 16.03 Redesigned our Living room. 16.04 Painting and flooring. 16.05 Kitchen has been redone. 16.06 I installed LED lights in behind a false wall so that the colourful lights would better the

aesthetic of the room. 16.07 Fantastic new modern bathroom. 16.08 Painting and decorating 16.09 More plants. 16.10 Decorated living room, it now feels more homely and improves the wife’s mood, and

therefore my own. 16.11 My flat is the place I spend all of my time so I want it to fit around my needs and make me

feel happy about coming home! Which it does and that’s all through the layout and choices of decor and furniture.

16.12 We painted our hallway/doors and ripped up floors. We put glass into our front door to bring light into the dark dungeon! ;-)

16.13 I’ve added a new floor, carpet to laminate. 16.14 Middle of rewiring. 16.15 Refurbished old bedroom furniture. 16.16 Painted furniture. 16.17 Started my own furniture upcycling business, and during lockdown painted rooms,

revamped garden, changed furniture. 16.18 Dome indoor but mainly outdoor improvements. 16.19 Bathroom and garden -decked area. 16.20 Interior decorating and building my garden. 16.21 More decorating has happened in the last 8 months than anything else both indoors and

outdoors. 16.22 In the last 8 months I have cleaned and maintained my garden to be able to sit out and

enjoy it on summer days. I have also re-painted my halls white to make them appear fresh and brighter.

16.23 Storage solutions/organisation makes my small flat feel larger. 16.24 Decluttering! 16.25 Better storage. 16.26 Re-vamped and decluttered all of the rooms during lockdown. 16.27 See above. Children and work commitments. 16.28 We bought a new house. I guess that counts. 16.29 Not a home owner. 16.30 Living in rented property but doing what we can to make the interior nicer. 16.31 Bright colours improve your mood. 16.32 I rent my home so home improvements are not allowed. If I was allowed to improve things, I

think this might be nicer.

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17. Comments 17.01 I have been lucky as I am still working although from home, I still have regular zoom

meetings and meet friends and family when I can. 17.02 I've worked as normal throughout, I have no doubt that it would have been significantly

affected had I been furloughed though. 17.03 Even though I have work to go to, I feel that the uncertainty, the inability to plan and the

absence of time with friends and family is taking a huge toll on most people. 17.04 Struggling on the recent darker days indoors with feeling tired and fed up. Invested in

expensive daylight bulbs which are helping. 17.05 I coped well with the first lockdown as the weather was good and I could spend a lot of time

outdoors gardening etc. However, I am struggling with the restrictions imposed with the tiered system as there are limited places to go and the weather is poor for outdoor exercise.

17.06 I don't commute to work and so miss out of my daily exercise and alone time. 17.07 As I have been forced to work throughout, I have never felt such hopeless depression in my

entire life. 17.08 Loss of freedom 17.09 WFH can make it harder to switch off. People work different and often longer hours, adding

to stress levels. 17.10 It has been difficult on my mental health to be unable to see people and complete life goals

I had set for this year, I believe humans are naturally social beings and need in-person interaction. Being at home more has also affected my physical health as I would normally walk alot in my normal day to day and I am therefore not getting that exercise anymore. Being at home alot and uncomfortable/unsure of the outcome of this pandemic also encourages an unhealthy diet as you feel more worried/stressed/pessimistic.

17.11 It's very difficult to be motivated to work when you work from home. It takes a lot more planning and effort to socialise which can definitely negatively impact my mood at times.

17.12 Exercise plays an important role in both my mental and physical well-being and this has been limited with gym closures/at the beginning only being allowed out once a day.

17.13 My apartment is not maintained well by my landlord, and is cold due to damaged and leaking windows. As I am now stuck here for most of the time this has had a huge effect on my mood, the cold really seems to take away my energy and my joy for life. There are also other smaller, but still infuriating issues caused by a lack of maintenance. I am also unable to visit most of the people I know as I had only recently moved to Glasgow before COVID and only know a couple of people here. Neither of these people live in the same area of Glasgow as me, so I can go for weeks without seeing another human being in person. I also live alone. My physical health is also affected by the cold as I suffer from a joint pain condition that is exacerbated by cold conditions.

17.14 I contracted covid 19 and still struggle with my energy levels. 17.15 Normally play sports and dance but have been unable to do either due to restrictions. 17.16 Think people would be lying to say it hasn’t. I’ve been fairly fortunate to have had a positive

year in terms of life changes and have been fortunate to remain in work. But definitely for me it feels like the vibrancy in life has been removed. What is the point in life If you don’t have things to look forward to (sporting events, weddings, parties, social gatherings, date nights, hobbies and pass times). It’s been an interesting year to discover what’s important to

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you I would say. 17.18 A sense of overwhelming doom at the start as if there was no way out...and now a sense of it

is a year of my life I have lost! 17.19 Financial and security concerns causing stress and anxiety. 17.20 Severe loneliness and anxiety about finances. 17.21 Adapting to new safety measures, less opportunities to socialise with friends and family. 17.22 Missing opportunities to share special family events. 17.23 I tried to stay active before the covid so have tried to mirror a similar routine in covid times. 17.24 Not being able to socialise with family and friends has been very challenging and upsetting

at times. 17.25 Job uncertainty! 17.26 Lack of social interaction affected me, but positively the time walking outdoors helped. 17.27 Sometimes positively and other times negatively depending on how restricted we have

been/feel. 17.28 I feel extremely lonely, more so now. This has led me to seeking help due to very bad

depression. 17.29 Bored 17.30 Less motivated, less exercise. 17.31 I put a lot into my work and losing that daily focus and purpose made me struggle, it was

hard to know what I had to achieve that day other than getting to bed time. 17.32 I miss my friends and family. 17.33 Missing family and friends as I’ve been shielding has been stressful other factors too have

had negative feelings, and my condition of rheumatoid arthritis doesn’t help. 17.34 Probably yes but not massively. 17.35 Not having a daily routine and not being able to be around family friends and co-workers

had a big impact on my mental health. 17.36 The lack of work interaction and limited travel - was fun and the start but the novelty of it

wore off fast. 17.37 I worry about a close shielding family member facing finding a kidney Donor in next 6

months. I've already been a living Donor so cannot donate again. 17.38 I like to think I'm a pretty positive and upbeat person and while the pandemic has been

horrible for everyone, I don't think it has impacted on my mental and physical wellbeing. 17.39 Ongoing health issues. 17.40 But only because I focused on home improvements. It also made us appreciate our natural

parks in our area more. 17.41 I’m a very social person and not being able to see my friends and family has been a struggle. 17.42 Mostly because of anxiety issues. 17.43 Psychological impact missing spending time with family/friends. Hugging people. 17.44 Missing friends.

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18. Comments 18.01 Possibly 18.02 I hope not!!! 18.03 Based on history no, I hope not. 18.04 Yes, if we do not change how we live. 18.05 I really hope not. 18.06 Probably been worrying to show that the fact our world is so connected with so much travel

between countries, makes it easy for a disease to spread. I wouldn’t be surprised if some sort of pandemic occurred again. People say nothing like this has happened in hundreds of years but only in the last 20 years has there been such travel between countries. I think it will happen again. You would hope we will be more prepared!

18.07 Unsure. 18.08 Probably. Anti-vaxxers will see to it. 18.09 No idea but I hope not. 18.10 In my life time there have been several. None as severe as this of course. 18.11 World population growing which bring more issues. 18.12 I hope not. 18.13 There have been many near misses over the years and I have been expecting that we would

have a pandemic one day. 18.14 There always have and always will be. 18.15 We’re not over this yet but hope for a better future. 18.16 Perhaps yes but we'll be better equipped to deal with them like most asian countries were. 18.17 It... is inevitable. 18.18 I hope not. 18.19 Lots of conspiracy theories unfortunately seem all too feasible... 18.20 I'd never really given pandemics much thought before covid but it wouldn't surprise me if

there was at least another pandemic in my lifetime. 18.21 History shows we don’t learn from our mistakes. Technology which provides vaccinations

has increased but this doesn’t mean we will stop or prevent pandemics. 18.22 I agree that other pandemics may arise in my lifetime however I do not believe they will be

to the global scale of COVID-19. 18.23 There will be other new viruses but hopefully the world has learnt enough to control it

before becoming a pandemic. 18.24 I don't know whether there will be another pandemic during my lifetime, but I've heard that

the next one could be much more severe.

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19. Comments 19.01 Absolutely. On wet days it's depressing being stick inside alone with my toddler and baby. 19.02 Being able to socialise is a massive part of daily life and not being able to do that has

affected life massively. 19.03 To a degree although doesn't remove concerns mentioned above. 19.04 Can see why people would like the option, personally not bothered. I can live my life for a

year and do what I need to do in order to get through it. 19.05 Lack of human interaction is absolutely awful for mental health. 19.06 If they find some way if it actually being safe sure. 19.07 As a community worker I know this has helped many I have supported. 19.08 It may have, but essentially safety of me and those other households meant more than the

opportunity to see people face to face. 19.09 Coffee shop visits with friends have helped. 19.10 It’s always good to talk and meet up with friends and family, it’s less stressful. 19.11 Human interaction is key for wellbeing. 19.12 Absolutely. 19.13 Yes!! I miss my family and would love to see them more. 19.14 I live far away from friends and family. 19.15 Again, we are sociable beings. Human interaction when lost makes us depressed

unreasonable and verging on insane in the long term... 19.16 Though would need assurance of safety. 19.17 While I don't feel that the pandemic has affected my mental and physical wellbeing,

there's no denying that having better opportunities to meet others would have a positive effect.

19.18 I believe everyone would have benefited from this as the lack of interaction and ability to see and spend time with your friends/family is the hardest part of this pandemic.

19.19 My children are Home educated and their social spaces have been affected greatly. Having a place they could have met others (home educated children) would have benefitted them and not made them feel like they are on their own island!

19.20 Simply being able to know I can occasionally leave my home for something other than a brief shopping trip for groceries would probably improve my mood and reduce my loneliness.

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20. Currently the options for where you can meet are limited to outdoors or in a hospitality setting meaning they are either weather dependant or require you to spend money. Would you use a facility that would enable you to meet with others safely and wouldn’t require payment?

Comments 20.01 This would be brilliant. 20.02 I'm not sure what that would look like so feel unable to give a definitive answer. 20.03 With winter now upon us there is less places to meet as the weather is miserable. 20.04 As above. 20.05 Why not? 20.06 There is always a call for neutral spaces like this. 20.07 Sumner house needed. 20.08 Good to meet others anywhere outside. 20.09 Depends on its nature, usage and how covid secure that environment was. 20.10 I regularly go walking with a friend but she is now self-isolating so I walk alone. 20.11 Not being able to walk far, ease of parking, toilets etc would help. 20.12 Definitely I have a child who has missed a lot of family/friends time and I would welcome a

space to be able to meet up with people safely. 20.13 Yes, happy to do so. 20.14 At this point, I think anywhere that you could meet others safely would be welcomed. 20.15 Paying to sit in a controlled environment means that you think twice about meeting up and

ask is it important enough to take the risk of catching covid. 20.16 Yes, this would be beneficial as living in a country where weather and daylight is not on your

side it is impossible to spend any amount of time with friends and family outdoors. And the problems with redundancy/furlough/job loss/hospitality workers suffering from no payment due to some measures, means spending money is difficult and not an option for some people and therefore is unfair they would have to do this to this in order to meet the basic human need of socialisation.

20.17 Happy to always meet outdoors. Believe there is no bad weather just the wrong clothes. Can't beat being outside. Feel much more stressed indoors whether it's at work or meeting in a café

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21. Comments 21.01 Not in the longer term. I think people are tiring of it and bending the rules. 21.02 No as many businesses will suffer badly. 21.03 Businesses are suffering hugely. 21.04 I live in tier 4 Glasgow and it’s definitely unsustainable to have no pubs and restaurants.

Think it’s baffling that they cannot be opened in some capacity. 21.05 At the moment being under current lockdown no... unsure when the tier system comes in. 21.06 Many businesses cannot afford to close for prolonged periods of time. Even with the funding

the government have introduced this is not enough to cover rent, rates, utilities etc. 21.07 Time will tell. 21.08 Commercially, no. 21.09 It's having a massive negative affect on businesses (shops, cafes) and those who cannot be

furloughed are suffering. This isn't sustainable. 21.10 Loss of business’s 21.11 No bars and entertainment venues would eventually have to close. However, the restrictions

have remained for now. 21.12 Certainly not on an economic level. 21.13 As unpleasant as they are, it for me is a case of short-term loss long term gain. 21.14 I have 2 children who are students- it is not possible for them not to see their friends- I

believe strongly that they should maintain their mental health. 21.15 Sustainable short term (weeks) but not beyond that. 21.16 They are if people stick to them and understand the short term loses for the long-term gains. 21.17 I don’t agree with driving to Dundee and sitting in a room of students and then on another

hand not getting to see my family at all. It’s really hard to keep up. 21.18 Feel for small businesses and the hospitality industry and also for people on their own. 21.19 Government can't police it.... 21.20 For us as we would comply with anything to ensure safety of our family. However, I think it

would be a huge struggle for any length of time, for those on their own. 21.21 I believe the current restrictions are sustainable in the short term but looking further ahead 21.22 I'm not sure they would be sustainable. 21.23 They are sustainable for me but many others seem to be finding them difficult. 21.24 The area I live is one of the worst counties in Scotland for infection rates. People didn’t bother

until the top 100 affected areas were recently posted. I think this has made people take it a bit more seriously.

21.25 I am currently in the highest tier level in place in Scotland and this is not sustainable long term as again some people/businesses are suffering from this as they cannot be open to the public and therefore can't work/have employees working, as well as this social situations are again heavily restricted and people can again not see friends and family in any indoor setting which is not a sustainable way to live. Additionally, as there are other cities close by not within this tier level people have decided to break rules to travel through to other places such as Edinburgh for Christmas shopping and black Friday deals, as well as to receive beauty treatments. As these people are going to do this anyway, it again means the businesses within this city lose out on Christmas shoppers and money, which is difficult at the time of year where customer footfall is normally very high.

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21.26 I think they’re definitely needed and I agree with them totally but I don’t think many sma ll businesses will survive it.

21.27 I agree with them but the hospitality industry, even with the changes some businesses have made, are struggling. The collapse of more businesses will see the job market in general become even more arduous than it currently is, and it's desperate at the moment.

21.28 I hope so until vaccine but people are interpreting guidance differently and it’s often changing.

21.29 People becoming less tolerant as time goes on. 21.30 I think we're going to be stuck with them whether we like it or not, at least until there are

fewer deaths and fewer infections. 21.31 It depends what you mean by sustainable. They can't go on indefinitely.

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22.

Reports suggest between 5%-20% of UK COVID-19 cases were contracted in hospitals. Do you think there is a demand for a place outside of hospitals for outpatients (day treatments) to reduce exposure for vulnerable people?

Comments 22.01 There may be demand but I don't think it's viable. 22.02 Cost could be prohibitive 22.03 N/a 22.04 Heavily depends on resources and safe working practices. There are rules and regulations for

clean spaces. You absolutely cannot use any office space to conduct medical care. 22.05 I'm not a health expert so I can't really comment on whether this would be a suitable or

viable option. 22.06 I think recovery would be helped by having people in less clinical settings. I feel it isnt

conducive to long term care. 22.07 There is I work in a day surgical unit and we have been doing minor and major (hips and

knee replacements) procedures since July /August. Majors have just stopped 2weeks ago but minor local anaesthetic procedures are still being carried out.

22.08 Day treatments are carried out in an outpatient area which is normally a separate area from the main wards.

22.09 Lately more have been ill not with covid, but contracted it when in hospital. 22.10 Surely they would just attract the same people that are at the hospitals, therefore moving

the area of contraction from the hospital to the new said place. 22.11 Not everyone enjoys telephone appointments to sort you out. 22.12 Open the nightingale hospitals for Covid, try and keep non-covid to normal hospitals. 22.13 Unfortunately nhs does not have an endless supply of funds to achieve this. 22.14 Unsure, I think it was all a bit of. 22.15 If this can be implemented why not!! 22.16 There is definitely a demand for somewhere outpatients can recover from the virus without

the risk infecting other people. Especially with regards to stopping the spread within hospitals further and additionally within the care home industry as this is also causing similar issues. A place dedicated to only COVID-19 would allow the virus to be contained and traced better in a way that would protect society better. This could also help create more jobs within the community.

22.17 As someone who works in a hospital, this would be invaluable but comes with its own limitations.

22.18 That is just more places for infections to spread, and I don't believe our healthcare system is strong enough at the moment to sustain more pressure.

22.19 I have actually always thought this, especially after my grandmother caught a form of pneumonia in 2015 while she was stuck in hospital waiting for a suitable care package to be put in place that would allow her to leave. Less time spent in hospitals means less exposure to infection in general.

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23. The demand for food banks in Scotland has doubled since the start of the pandemic with some people now having to choose between heating their homes and cooking their food. Do you think there is need for some type of communal kitchen solution?

Comments 23.01 Unsure what a communal kitchen solution is. 23.02 If you have children, no transport then getting to a communal kitchen may not be easy. 23.03 Yes 23.04 Not sure what you mean by communal kitchen?? 23.05 People would have to travel to some extent, which in itself may be unaffordable. 23.06 Especially now livelihoods are being lost we need to pull together as a community 23.07 I struggle to understand how this would be run to ensure covid measures are adhered to. 23.08 Also, I fail to see how those in charge could distinguish between those who are in genuine

need of such facilities and those who are not. 23.09 Pay the living wage. It's currently an option for employers and it is clearly not enough.

Taxation in this country is a joke. 23.10 Definitely, there are 66 households alone on the Carnoustie area who have been identified as

requiring food donations. 23.11 I feel there is a need for the government to increase spending in these areas in increase

minimum wages. 23.12 Am not too familiar with Scotland food crisis, but any place that can help those in need must

be considered. 23.13 Not everyone can manage by themselves. 23.14 Seems like this would increase cases. 23.15 Fortunately, I've never been in this situation. I am heartbroken for families who are torn

between heat or eat! Didn't think I would see this in my lifetime but here we are 💔

23.16 I think any way that those in need can be helped should be welcomed. 23.17 There are many varied options which could support people in this situation, a communal

kitchen could be one such solution. 23.18 I think it would be very beneficial if provided in a covid safe way. As it would provide families

security and safety and allow them to stress less about whether or not they could afford to feed themselves and their families and create a stronger sense of community help and togetherness.

23.19 Better solution imo would be for government to raise benefits to make them liveable and redistribute wealth to end poverty.

23.20 There is also a need for something but also feel the government needs to step in more. Charities/volunteers can’t do it all.

23.21 The government policy needs to change otherwise we are simply plastering over massive cracks time and time again.

23.22 Some solution would be good. Communal kitchen in theory would be good. During a pandemic where mixing is not encouraged would take careful thought and organising but something to help should be explored further.

23.23 I don't know what you mean by 'communal kitchen'.

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24. Comments 24.01 Luckily never. 24.02 Donate regularly to Foodbank. 24.03 N/a 24.04 Fortunately, no. 24.05 I consider myself lucky in this. 24.06 As a child of a single mum with 4 children yes but not now so donate to food banks as if they

were available when we needed them, we would have used them for sure. 24.07 I've been lucky enough to have never had to use a foodbank and it's a sad situation that

there are so many people who need to use them. 24.09 Lucky! 24.10 Not personally as an adult, but vividly remember as a child that we had very little food and

my mum would make bread a few times a week and we would have this with a boiled egg - and that was it for the day. I don't believe food poverty is anything new, but the expectations of society regarding food poverty has certainly changed.

24.11 I have never got to the point of using a food bank, but I am on a low income, only just above minimum wage, and this is the reason for living in substandard and unsafe accommodation, it's all I can afford. I have also had periods in the past where I had no money for food for a few days or potentially even a week.

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25. Comments 25.01 I'm still cautious about how often I have the heating on as I operate within a budget. 25.02 Thankfully I haven't had to go without as some people have. 25.03 N/a 25.04 Fortunately, no. 25.05 But I have put on extra clothing to prevent putting on heating. 25.06 Thankfully my heating is never on as I don’t feel the cold. 25.07 During my student years. 25.08 So many times! Especially as a student. 25.09 As a student, however in reality I could have afforded it. I was just choosing to pay for other

items (beer). 25.10 There were times as a student where we would hold off turning on the heating for as long as

possible to save money. 25.11 Only as a student. 25.12 One bedroom flat, with heater on only in one room for just couple of hours a day costed me

£1k during just the cold months... Moved out, but still paying out that dept. 25.13 Especially when I was a student- heating our flat was not an option. Duvets / sleeping bags

and hot water bottles. Character building. 25.14 I do this all the time; the heating only goes on if I literally cannot keep warm no matter what

I do. The heating system in my home is outdated and wasteful so I know if I use it more frequently it will cost me a lot of money.

26. Any further comments? Any further comments? 26.01 N/a 26.02 Cheers 26.03 You pray the whole world will be a kinder place to live if we ever get past this pandemic! 26.04 I hope you gather the information to make change for the better. Goodluck 🍀

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8.2 Survey Ethics Form

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8.3 Interview: Wellbeing Works Dundee Interview with Wendy Callander:

Executive Director for Wellbeing Works

Questions Answers What does the word “wellbeing” mean to you?

So, why wellbeing is an important word for us is, as a mental health charity it's important that we are able to include everyone on a wellbeing spectrum. So, it's not just when someone starts to experience poor mental health that they start thinking about wellbeing, it needs to be a proactive thing and not a reactive thing. I don't know if you know the history of our organization that we were previously, the Dundee Association for Mental Health and a couple of years ago we rebranded as wellbeing works for that reason, for us, wellbeing is everything that helps you to feel well and happy with your life.

How important do you think social interaction is to people's wellbeing?

It's probably the single most important factor in wellbeing, we use a model called Five Ways to Wellbeing, which I'm sure you’ll have come across. So that model has been around for around 20 years now and I've worked in the sector for long enough that when that research came out from the New Economics Foundation 20 years ago, it was such a logical thing that one of the most important ways to maintain your well-being is by connecting with other people. So that, I think, is the, of all the things you can do to look after your wellbeing, having social connection I think is the most important one.

What effect do you think gardening and having a connection to nature has on people?

So the reason we have the allotment and we also have a project called Greenbuds which has been, that's a big lottery project that we've had in the past 4 years. So these are both outdoor projects that, I think the fact of the matter is not everyone is interested in being indoors and the arts or indoor activities, and lots of people, particularly people who experience mental health challenges, are more comfortable outside, in space, in nature, doing things. That helps the environment or grow things or whatever, so the allotment and all of our activity programs outdoors are absolutely key in helping quite a big percentage of our client group to maintain their wellbeing. To the point that this year we've tried to encourage more people to get outdoors because that's the safest place to be this year. So, yes, we've worked hard at that.

One of the things I’ve found in my research is that things like gardening gives people a sense of purpose and responsibility, do you agree with this?

Yes, and seeing results, I think it's the thing about, you know, if you plant a seed, you can quite quickly see the benefits and the fruits of your labour because quite quickly it'll sprout and it’ll start growing. It gives you a good sense of, it gives you feedback quite quickly and a sense of achievement. So, you know, there's a lot to be said for outdoors, growing type activities that to keep to.

We've heard the word “essential” been used quite a lot to describe certain services and shops.

Absolutely, absolutely. It's quite disappointing that. I’m sticking my neck out a wee bit here, I think the decision makers and the people in charge of services are risk averse and we're actually going into, I know we can see if we have groups of people in the

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Do you think there should be more focus towards enabling people to meet safely in order to aid people's mental health?

same place at the same time, if we maintain distance and just practice all the good covid hygiene and distancing measures, I know we can safely organize that kind of activity. But the Health and Social Care Partnership or the NHS or local authorities are risk averse to the point that they are not encouraging it at all and missing a trick because we know, and I'm sure the same will be said of the care sector and a lot of elderly people who are isolated. There has to be better ways of looking at the problem, instead of just adopting a very risk averse approach to it.

Do you think there's potential for there to be a place during the pandemic that is a safe place to meet somewhere that's monitored? I’ve found is that even when things have been open, it's mainly in the hospitality sector. So maybe people that can't afford to go out for dinner or can't afford to go for a coffee three times a week. They're at a disadvantage so a building, even like a community centre type setting that during the pandemic was set up for people to meet in and that was safe and was social distanced.

Yes, absolutely. 100 percent.

There are many examples of communities being invested in all over the world, resulting in an increase in community spirit, lower crime rates and better wellbeing. Why do you think this is?

Depends on the investment and interventions you're talking about, but anything that includes people and anything that people see as being relevant to them is something that will have an investment in and have some pride in and they’ll feel part of. I think if you feel part of something then all of those benefits you talked about will follow, I think.

Design can often work as a distraction technique for anxiety. Do you think this is something Dundee needs more of?

I think we can always do with more; I think there are pockets of good practice in Dundee, but I think what's lacking is the co-production of including people who benefit from services in the design of services. There's definitely scope for that. If the issue is around anxiety, yes, I think there's a lot we can do, there’s actually quite a lot, quite a lot good stuff going on as well. So, we've recently, like in the last couple of weeks, moved into new premises in the wellgate centre and we're on the top floor of the wellgate center and the workplace chaplaincy is also on the same floor and there's a real drive from the wellgate centre management to make the top floor a community hub. So the idea of a shopping center that is looking at design and collaboration and it just being responsive to what the city needs and to solve a problem that is a lot of empty shops. So, I’m really chuffed that we’re a part of this bit of innovation in terms of design and being inclusive with communities.

I've been looking into the W: Yes, I do. However there needs to be some kind of solution

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food poverty in Scotland and the demands for food banks have doubled since the pandemic began. So, one of the issues raised is the inability to cook food due to having to choose between heating your home cooking food. So, do you think a community kitchen would be beneficial within Dundee?

further upstream. So, what is it that's causing food poverty? And what can we do about that, because while food banks are a great solution to the problem. They're not providing education, information or skills or, you know, the opportunity to teach people how to budget, because what we know well there is food poverty and you know, the whole heat or eat debate. Some of the same people, I mean, I might be being controversial here, some of the same people are paying £40 for mobile phone contracts and broadband and have not made maybe the best choices in terms of how they spend their money, which leads to poverty and my approach to that would be lets educated and inform people about where to get good phone deals and using comparison websites to get the best deals on your fuel and broadband and stuff like that, because I think the same people who are experiencing poverty are also lacking, they’re missing a trick. So, I think a community kitchen and community food, yes, but I think the solution is further upstream.

I noticed that you were moving to the Wellgate centre. Do you often work from here and do you have any opinions on the building itself and its purposes have changed over the years.

Yes, the Wellgate has been a bit of a poor soul in Dundee for a long time, I think it's always been in competition with the Overgate and other places to shop in the area and has always suffered with lots of shops not last very long and lots of its units are closed and they're working really hard to turn that around by being quite innovative. From my point of view, good for the Wellgate and it’s also good for the community.

Q. What does the word “wellbeing” mean to you?

A. Why wellbeing is an important word for us is, as a mental health charity it's important that we are able to include everyone on a wellbeing spectrum. So, it's not just when someone starts to experience poor mental health that they start thinking about wellbeing, it needs to be a proactive thing and not a reactive thing. I don't know if you know the history of our organisation that we were previously, the Dundee Association for Mental Health and a couple of years ago we rebranded as Wellbeing Works for that reason, for us, wellbeing is everything that helps you to feel well and happy with your life.

Q. What effect do you think gardening and having a connection to nature has on people?

A. The reason we have the allotment and we also have a project called Greenbuds which has been, that's a big lottery project that we've had in the past 4 years. These are both outdoor projects that, I think the fact of the matter is not everyone is interested in being indoors and the arts or indoor activities, and lots of people, particularly people who experience mental health challenges, are more comfortable outside, in space, in nature, doing things. That helps the environment or grow things or whatever, so the allotment and all of our activity programs outdoors are absolutely key in helping quite a big percentage of our client group to maintain their wellbeing. To the point that this year we've tried to

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encourage more people to get outdoors because that's the safest place to be this year. So, yes, we've worked hard at that.

Q. One of the things I’ve found in my research is that things like gardening gives people a sense of purpose and responsibility, do you agree with this?

A. Yes, and seeing results, I think it's the thing about, you know, if you plant a seed, you can quite quickly see the benefits and the fruits of your labour because quite quickly it'll sprout and it’ll start growing. It gives you a good sense of, it gives you feedback quite quickly and a sense of achievement. So, you know, there's a lot to be said for outdoors, growing type activities that to keep to.

Q. There are many examples of communities being invested in all over the world, resulting in an increase in community spirit, lower crime rates and better wellbeing. Why do you think this is?

A. Depends on the investment and interventions you're talking about, but anything that includes people and anything that people see as being relevant to them is something that will have an investment in and have some pride in and they’ll feel part of. I think if you feel part of something then all of those benefits you talked about will follow, I think.

Q. Design can often work as a distraction technique for anxiety. Do you think this is something Dundee needs more of?

A. I think we can always do with more; I think there are pockets of good practice in Dundee, but I think what's lacking is the co-production of including people who benefit from services in the design of services. There's definitely scope for that. If the issue is around anxiety, yes, I think there's a lot we can do, there’s actually quite a lot, quite a lot good stuff going on as well. So, we've recently, like in the last couple of weeks, moved into new premises in the Wellgate centre and we're on the top floor of the Wellgate centre and the workplace chaplaincy is also on the same floor and there's a real drive from the Wellgate centre management to make the top floor a community hub. The idea of a shopping centre that is looking at design and collaboration and it just being responsive to what the city needs and to solve a problem that is a lot of empty shops. So, I’m really chuffed that we’re a part of this bit of innovation in terms of design and being inclusive with communities.

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8.4 Interview Ethics and Consent