Dissertation by Jason Geddes

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=^fijrg`_bhìon

E rjpg_ gdf` oj oc\if oc` ajggjrdib k`jkg` rcj h\_` ocdn kjnnd]g`7

Cgìi ?+ Idgg`m ajm g`\_`mncdk) bpd_\i^` \i_ \nndno\ioncdk ocmjpbc \gg oc` t`\mn\i_ ajm h\fdib ocdn kjnnd]g` ]t ì^jpm\bdib h` ojr\m_ bm\_p\o` n^cjjg \i_n`g`ôdib h` ajm np^c \ adi` m`n`\m^c kmje`ô+

C`jmb` A+ P\tgjm) Fm+ ajm cdn ^jpi^dg \i_ ajm nk`\mc`\_dib oc` kmje`ô \i_f``kdib oc` m`n`\m^c ji odh` \i_ ji o\nf+

@m+ Fdh O`d]`m) @m+ Fjci O\b`]d`g \i_ @m+ C\mt >gjhlpdno ajm n`mqdib ji ht^jhhdoo``) jaa`mdib \_qd^`) kmjqd_dib bpd_\i^` \i_ ì^jpm\b`hìo) \i_ o`ggdibbm`\o adnc nojmd`n+

Opn\i @ji\g_nji ajm c`m \nndno\i^` di h\it \nk`ôn ja ht m`n`\m^c \i_nc\mdib c`m fijrg`_b` rdoc h`+

@\q` Mpdgd^d) Djpg` S\ib # @\qd_ Djr\m_ ajm oc`dm \nndno\i^` di kmjqd_dib C\n?cmjh\ojbm\kct,I\nn Ok`ômjhòmt ^jgg`ôdji \i_ dio`mkmò\odji+

@\i\ Vdq` ajm c`m \nndno\i^` di k`majmhdib ocjn` o\nfn oc\o ^jpg_ _mdq` \ k`mnji^m\ut \i_ \ôdib \n \ njpi_dib ]j\m_ oj \gg ja oc` oc`jmd`n+

?\gdajmid\ @`k\mohìo ja Bdnc \i_ C\h` ajm kmjqd_dib oc` api_dib oc\o h\_` \ggocdn rjmf kjnnd]g` \i_ \ggjrdib h` oc` jkkjmopidot oj am``gt nc\m` oc`n` adi_dibnrdoc oc` n^dìodad^ ^jhhpidot+

It k\mìon) Fdh \i_ L`bbt) ajm ]`gd`qdib di h` \i_ npkkjmodib h` di \gg ja htì_`\qjmn+

Pj \gg ja oc` `hkgjt``n ja oc` Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\ ajm oc`dm \nndno\i^` ocmjpbcoc` t`\mn+

It rda`) ?di_d`) ajm kpoodib pk rdoc h` ocmjpbc oc` h\it t`\mn ja n^cjjg+ Eadi\ggt c\q` oj bò \ m`\g ej]+


=]nom\ô

Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) 4/)--- gdo`mn ja hò\h nj_dph r`m` \^^d_ìo\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj

oc` pkk`m O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m rcì \ m\dgmj\_ ^\m _`m\dg`_+ Pc` m`g`\n` m`npgo`_ di \

kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjhò`mn _jri oc` mdq`m) ^\pndib np]no\iod\g dhk\ôn oj oc`

\lp\od^ jmb\idnhn di oc` mdq`m+ Iò\h nj_dph dn \ aphdb\io oc\o dn \ôdq\o`_ ]t

^jiq`mndji oj hòctg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& ]t ct_mjgtndn rcì do ^jh`n di ^jio\ô rdoc

njdgn+

Pc` j]e`ôdq`n ja oc`n` nop_d`n r`m` oj _ò`mhdi` oc` a\o` \i_ fdiòd^n ja

om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` \i_ IEP? \i_ hò\h nj_dph di oc` \lp`jpn

kc\n` di jm_`m oj ]òo`m pi_`mno\i_ don om\inajmh\odji di oc` omjkjnkc`m`+ Pc` m`npgon

r`m` ocì ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` AT=IO ìqdmjihìo\g a\o` hj_`g \i_ oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`

hj_`g) C?OKH=N+

Pc` b\n kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib q\mdjpn ^c\h]`mn

oj _`^m`\n` njmkodji àa`ôn+ Pc`n` `sk`mdhìon ncjr`_ oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n

kcjojgtndn di oc` b\n kc\n` rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn pi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji

\i_ ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t ja a\gg npigdbco+ Lcjojgtndn kmj_pôn j]n`mq`_ di^gp_`

hòctg dnj^t\i\o`) hòctg dnj^t\id_`) npgapm _djsd_`) ct_mjbì npgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_`)

J*hòctg ajmh\hd_` \i_ hòctg \hdi`+

Dt_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon ji hò\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? r`m` pi_`mo\fì \o kD 1)

4) 4+2) 5) 5+2) 6 \i_ .-8 \o .-w? \i_ /2w? \i_ di oc` km`nì^` ja O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m

n`_dhìo+ Pc` km`nì^` ja oc` \bdo\o`_ n`_dhìo di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja gjnn) \i_ oc`

c\ga*gda` ja hò\h nj_dph di^m`\n`_ ]t \ a\ôjm ja 16 %kD 4) .-w?&+ Pc` c\ga*gda` ja

IEP? di^m`\n`_ ]t \ a\ôjm ja 2+/ %kD 4) .-w?&+ Pc`n` m`npgon npbb`no oc\o gjnn ja

IEP? \i_ hò\h nj_dph di^m`\n`n ndbidad^\iogt rcì di ^jio\ô rdoc n`_dhìon) np^c

\n di \ mdq`m ntno`h jm rcì \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc ]joojh n`_dhìon di \ kji_ jm g\f`+

Pc` m`npgon ja oc` `sk`mdhìon r`m` ^jhk\m`_ rdoc oc` ìqdmjihìo\g a\o`

hj_`gn) C?OKH=N \i_ AT=IO+ C?OKH=N km`_dô`_ \ hd_*_\t) hd_*nphh`m c\ga*gda`

ajm IEP? ja ./ cjpmn) rcd^c ^jhk\m`n r`gg rdoc oc` `sk`mdhìo\g m`npgo ja .- 0 cjpmn+

AT=IO ncjr`_ oc\o q\mdjpn g`q`gn ja ^jio\hdi\odji g`_ oj 42" qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP?

amjh oc` mdq`m) rdoc oc` m`h\di_`m pi_`mbjdib ^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji) km`_jhdi\iogt

ct_mjgtndn+


P\]g` ja ?jioìon

L\b` Jj+

Odbi\opm` k\b` e=^fijrg`_bhìo k\b` dd=]nom\ô k\b` eeeP\]g` ja ?jioìon dq

?c\ko`m E >\^fbmjpi_ .

?c\ko`m EE Eiomj_pôdji 6Lcjojgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+F+@+ C`__`n \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m

Dt_mjgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+ 1/F+@+ C`__`n

?c\ko`m EEE C\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn ja hòctg dnjocdj^t\i\o`+ 22F+@+ C`__`n) C+?+ Idgg`m \i_ C+A+ P\tgjm) Fm+

?c\ko`m ER Dt_mjgtndn ja hò\h nj_dph \i_ hòctg 45dnjocdj^t\i\o` \i_ n`_dhìo àa`ôn+F+@+C`__`n) @+I+ Vdq` \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m

?c\ko`m R Ij_`g q\gd_\odji * AT=IO \i_ C?OKH=N .-3

?c\ko`m RE Ophh\mt) ?ji^gpndjin \i_ N`^jhhì_\odjin ..2


?c\ko`m E

>\^fbmjpi_


8ZSbfWd * 7SU]Ydag`V

Pc` O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m di ijmoc`mi ?\gdajmid\ c\n gjib ]`ì mìjri`_ ajm don

]`\pot \i_ omjkct omjpo adncdib+ Kmdbdi\odib i`\m Io+ Oc\no\) do agjrn njpocr\m_ oj

Oc\no\$H\f` %Bdbpm` .&+ Dph\i kjkpg\odji \gjib ocdn kjmodji ja oc` mdq`m dn nk\mn`+

Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) \o /.71- cjpmn) \ Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ m\dgmj\_ om\di ^jindnodib ja

64 ^\mn \i_ ajpm gj^jhjodq`n _`m\dg`_ ji \ odbco ]md_b` ^pmq` nk\iidib oc` O\^m\hìoj

Ndq`m di \ m`hjo` \m`\ fijri \n oc` ?\io\m\ Hjjk) gj^\o`_ \kkmjsdh\o`gt .-

fdgjhò`mn ijmoc ja oc` ojri ja @pinhpdm+ = gj^jhjodq`) nds `hkot am`dbco ^\mn \i_ \i

pig\]`g`_ o\if ^\m gào oc` om\^fn+ Pc` o\if ^\m a`gg amjh oc` ]md_b` dioj oc` mdq`m \i_

^\h` oj m`no di \ k\mod\ggt diq`mo`_ kjndodji di oc` nc\ggjrn _dm`ôgt ]ì`\oc oc` ]md_b`

%.&+

=gocjpbc oc` `s\ô ^\pn` ja oc` _`m\dghìo c\n ijo ]`ì _ò`mhdi`_) ji`

kmjkjn`_ oc`jmt dn oc\o oc` om\di h\t c\q` _`m\dg`_ rcì ji` jm hjm` ja oc` g`\_

ìbdi`n hjhìo\mdgt gjno \i_ ocì m`b\di`_ om\ôdji) ocpn ^\pndib \ np__ì npmb`+

Pc` kjmodji ja oc` om\di ji oc` ^pmq` ocì h\t c\q` ]`ì kpgg`_ odbco jm nom\dbco rdoc

oc` ^\mn ]`cdi_ do \i_ _`m\dg`_ * \ kcìjhìji o`mh`_ ~nomdibgdidib jm ~]jrnomdibdibÄ

%.&+ Eo c\n \gnj ]`ì oc`jmdu`_ oc\o oc` h\f`*pk ja oc` om\di \gji` %d+`+) oc` jm_`m di

rcd^c ^\mn r`m` gdif`_& h\t c\q` ]`ì npaad^dìo oj ^\pn` oc` ]jrnomdibdib %/&+

?m`r h`h]`mn m`kjmo`_ j_jmn ^jhdib amjh oc` _`m\dg`_ ^\mn ncjmogt \ao`m oc`

_`m\dghìo+ >t \kkmjsdh\o`gt /.72.) oc` @pinhpdm ^g`mf \i_ m\dgmj\_ _dnk\o^c`mÅn jaad^`

di Njn`qdgg`) ?\gdajmid\ c\_ ]`ì \_qdn`_ ja oc` _`m\dghìo+ ?m`r h`h]`mn m`qd`r`_

oc` om\di h\ida`no oj _ò`mhdi` oc` ^jioìon ja oc` _`m\dg`_ ^\mn+ Pc` o\if ^\m) \ Q+O+

@`k\mohìo ja Pm\inkjmo\odji %@KP& hj_`g ...*=) rcd^c c\n \ ndibg` 4,.3 di^c ocd^f


,

no``g r\gg \i_ dn oc` hjno ^jhhji otk` ja o\if ^\m di pn`) r\n ijo kg\^\m_`_ \n

^\mmtdib \ c\u\m_jpn np]no\i^`+ ?jioìon r`m` gdno`_ di oc` om\di h\ida`no \n ~r``_

fdgg`mÄ \i_ d_ìodad`_ \i cjpm jm hjm` \ao`m oc` _`m\dghìo \n hò\h nj_dph %.&+ Pc`m`

r\n gdoog` diajmh\odji di oc` I\o`md\g O\aòt @\o\ Oc`ò ji kmj^`_pm`n ajm _`\gdib rdoc

oc` m`g`\n` ja \ g\mb` \hjpio ja oc` np]no\i^`+ >`^\pn` hò\h nj_dph r\n ijo

jaad^d\ggt ^g\nndad`_ \n \ c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\g ]t oc` @KP \o oc` XMQI SJ XLI WTMPP# XLI

h\ida`no ^jio\di`_ ij nk`^dad^ ojsd^jgjbd^ diajmh\odji jm m`^jhhì_\odjin di oc` `qìo

ja \i \^^d_ìo\g m`g`\n` \n dn m`lpdm`_ ajm c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\gn+

=o \kkmjsdh\o`gt -170- ji Fpgt .2) Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ no\aa rcj c\_ dink`ô`_ oc`

ndo` m`kjmo`_ \ 5 ]t .- ^h cjg` di oc` _`m\dg`_ o\if ^\m \]jq` oc` r\o`m gdi`+ Pc`m`

r\n ij `qd_ì^` ja g`\f\b`+ Eo r\n `nodh\o`_ oc\o \kkmjsdh\o`gt 2)4-- gdo`mn ja hò\h

nj_dph njgpodji hdbco c\q` g`\f`_ dioj oc` mdq`m+ =n m`kjmon ja c`\goc àa`ôn \i_ _`\_

adnc _jrinom`\h ]`^\h` \q\dg\]g` g\o`m oc\o hjmidib) oc` `soìo ja oc` nkdgg r\n

m``q\gp\o`_+ N``s\hdi\odji ja oc` o\if ^\m m`q`\g`_ orj np]h`mb`_ cjg`n di oc` ^\m \o

oc` kjdio rc`m` do r\n m`nodib ji oc` mdq`m ]`_ %.&+ =o \kkmjsdh\o`gt ijji ji Fpgt .2)

oc` `soìo ja oc` nkdgg r\n pkbm\_`_ oj 41)--- gdo`mn * oc` apgg ^\k\^dot ja oc` o\if ^\m+

= nh\gg \hjpio ja hò\h nj_dph hds`_ rdoc mdq`m r\o`m m`h\di`_ di oc` o\if

^\m \o oc` odh` do r\n kpgg`_ amjh oc` mdq`m ji Fpgt .3) \o .370-+ Pc`màjm`) adi\g

`nodh\o`n c\q` kg\^`_ oc` \hjpio ja h\o`md\g \ôp\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj oc` O\^m\hìoj

Ndq`m oj ]` \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja \ 0/+4" ^ji^ìom\o`_ njgpodji ja hò\h

nj_dph di r\o`m rdoc ij joc`m ^jinodopìon+ Eo dn ]`gd`q`_ oc\o i`\mgt \gg ja oc` hò\h

nj_dph r\n m`g`\n`_ _pmdib oc` admno cjpm ja _`m\dghìo %.&+


-

Pc` nkdgg`_ h\o`md\g r\n ijo`_ oj om\q`g ì h\nn` njpocr\m_ \o \kkmjsdh\o`gt

-+5 oj .+3 fdgjhò`mn k`m cjpm piodg do m`\^c`_ Oc\no\ H\f`) 32 fdgjhò`mn amjh oc` nkdgg

ndo`) di oc` `\mgt cjpmn ja Fpgt .4 %.&+ =lp\od^ gda` \gjib ocdn n`ôdji ja oc` mdq`m r\n

n`q`m`gt \aa`ô`_+ ?\gdajmid\ @`k\mohìo ja Bdnc \i_ C\h` ]djgjbdnon m`kjmo`_ adnc fdggn

di oc` cpi_m`_n ja ocjpn\i_n+

Ki^` oc` kgph` ìo`m`_ Oc\no\ H\f`) do \kk`\m`_ oj VIQEMR di \ no\odji\mt)

pi]mjfì h\nn %do dn ijo fijri cjr hp^c hò\h nj_dph m`h\di`_ di ocdn kgph`&+

Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^) cjkdib oj c\noì oc` _dnk`mn\g \i_ _`bm\_\odji ja oc` ^c`hd^\g)

dhkg`hìo`_ \ km`qdjpngt pio`no`_ \`m\odji kmj^`_pm` ji Fpgt /-) rcd^c ^jiodip`_

ocmjpbc Fpgt 0- %.&+ Scdg` oc` àa`ôdqì`nn ja oc` kmj^`_pm` m`h\din pifijri) g`q`gn

ja oc` kmdh\mt hò\h nj_dph ]m`\f_jri kmj_pô di g\f` r\o`m n\hkg`n r`m` ]`gjr

_ò`ôdji g`q`gn ]t Fpgt /6+

Pc` g\mb`no kjkpg\odji ^ìo`m ji oc` \aa`ô`_ n`bhìo ja oc` mdq`m dn oc` ojri ja

@pinhpdm %kjkpg\odji /./6) QO@K?&) gj^\o`_ nds hdg`n _jrinom`\h amjh oc` nkdgg+

O`q`m\g hp^c nh\gg`m ^jhhpidod`n %?\no`gg\) Or`ò >md\m) H\ Ijdi`) Ljgg\m_ Bg\on)

@`go\ \i_ H\f`c`\_& \m` gj^\o`_ a\moc`m _jrinom`\h+ Ei \__dodji) oc`m` \m` n`q`m\g

^\hkbmjpi_n gj^\o`_ \gjib ocdn n`bhìo ja oc` mdq`m+

>t -37-- ji Fpgt .2) oc` ^jpiot c`\goc _`k\mohìo c\_ gjbb`_ ^jhkg\dion amjh

@pinhpdm m`nd_ìon ja dmmdo\o`_ `t`n \i_ pikg`\n\io j_jmn amjh oc` mdq`m+ Pc` o\dg*ì_

ja \ gdbco t`ggjr*bm`ì kgph` r\n m`kjmo`_ oj k\nn ocmjpbc @pinhpdm \mjpi_ -4712 %.&+

Io+ Oc\no\ I`m^t Djnkdo\g) gj^\o`_ \ a`r fdgjhò`mn oj oc` ijmoc ja oc` nkdgg ndo`) ]`b\i

n``dib `skjnpm`*m`g\o`_ dggi`nn`n di don `h`mbì^t mjjh ]t ..7-- ji Fpgt .2+


.

=o \kkmjsdh\o`gt ..70- ji Fpgt .2) oc` ^dot h\i\b`m ja @pinhpdm jm_`m`_ oc`

@pinhpdm Ljgd^` @`k\mohìo oj ]`bdi \ h\i_\ojmt `q\^p\odji ja oc` ojri+ Pcdn r\n

_jribm\_`_ oj \ qjgpio\mt `q\^p\odji jm_`m \kkmjsdh\o`gt ji` cjpm g\o`m \i_

m`h\di`_ di àa`ô piodg Fpgt .6+ =o .17-- ji Fpgt .2) \ o`hkjm\mt nc`go`m ajm qjgpio\mt

`q\^p``n r\n `no\]gdnc`_ \o oc` @pinhpdm Ddbc O^cjjg) gj^\o`_ ji \ cdgg \kkmjsdh\o`gt

13- hò`mn amjh oc` mdq`m+ Pc` nc`go`m m`h\di`_ jkì piodg /-7-- ji Fpgt /-+

L\m\h`_d^n r`m` no\odji`_ \o oc` nc`go`m oj \nn`nn) om`\o \i_ omd\b` c`\goc ^jhkg\dion+

Pc` hò\h nj_dph kgph` ^jiodip`_ _jri oc` O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m) \ ojo\g ja 32

fdgjhò`mn) piodg do ìo`m`_ Oc\no\ H\f`+ =o Oc\no\ H\f`) `h`mbì^t k`mnjii`g

`no\]gdnc`_ \ ]p]]g` ^pmo\di di rcd^c adm` omp^fn \i_ kphk omp^fn r`m` kg\^`_ ji m\aon

\i_ kphk`_ r\o`m amjh rc`m` oc` mdq`m ìo`mn oc` g\f` dioj oc` \dm oj nomdk oc` hò\h

nj_dph \i_ IEP? amjh oc` r\o`m+ L`mnjii`g ji oc` n^ì` rjm` m`nkdm\ojmn \i_ \dm

hjidojmdib `lpdkhìo r\n nò pk oj hjidojm oc` g`q`gn ja IEP? di oc` \dm+

Pc` bj\g ja oc` m`n`\m^c r\n oj diq`nodb\o` njh` ja oc` ^mdod^\g \nk`ôn ja oc`

om\inkjmo) om\inajmh\odji \i_ a\o` ja hò\h nj_dph) \i_ don h\ejm _`bm\_\odji kmj_pô

IEP?) di oc` \ohjnkc`md^ \i_ \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìo+ Pc` m`npgon r`m` ocì oj ]`

^jhk\m`_ oj km`_dô`_ m`npgnon amjh oj ìqdmjihìo\g hj_`gn oj n`` cjr àa`ôdq` oc`t

\m` di km`_dôdib a\o` \i_ om\inajmh\odji+

Pc` àa`ôdqì`nn ja hò\h nj_dph \n \ aphdb\io dn \oomd]po`_ oj don \ôdq\odji oj

IEP? %0&+ Pc` ct_mjgtod^ k\ocr\tn ja hò\h nj_dph di i`pom\g%g&) ]\nd^%gg&) \i_

\^d_d^%ggg& njgpodjin \m` ncjri ]`gjr+


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iji*\bmd^pgopm\g nòodibn+ Pcdn m`n`\m^c r\n _`ndbi`_ oj _ò`mhdi` \o rc\o m\o`n oc`

hò\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? _`bm\_` di oc` mdq`m ntno`h) oc` m\o` ja kcjojgtndn ja IEP?

\i_ oc` kmj_pôn ajmh`_ oc\o ^jpg_ c\q` ojsd^ àa`ôn+ Pc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn ja

IEP? dn dhkjmo\io \n \]jpo /)3-- fb ja IEP? r\n `nodh\o`_ oj qjg\odgdu` amjh oc` Qkk`m

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oc` bm`\o`no cph\i c`\goc mdnf+

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\ohjnkc`md^ \i_ \lp\od^ ^ji_dodjin di oc` ad`g_+ Pc` m`npgo ja oc` m`n`\m^c r\n cdbcgt

m`km`nìo\odq` ja \ôp\g ad`g_ ^ji_dodjin \i_ ncjpg_ ]` `\ndgt `som\kjg\o`_ oj oc` m`\g

rjmg_ ìqdmjihìo+


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$/8,6(896, */8,+

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?c\ko`m EE

Eiomj_pôdji

Lcjojgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n di oc`ìqdmjihìo+

F+@+ C`__`n \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m

Dt_mjgtndn ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n di oc`ìqdmjihìo+

F+@+ C`__`n


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EZafa^ke[e aX BWV[g_ LW[YZf DdYS`[Ue [` fZW :`h[da`_W`f

F\nji C`__`n \i_ Cgìi ?+ Idgg`m

@`k\mohìo ja Aiqdmjihìo\g \i_ N`njpm^` O^dì^`n

Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\) Nìj

Lcjoj^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odjin ja ^jio\hdi\ion ^\i j^^pm pi_`m \ rd_`gt

q\mtdib nò ja ^ji_dodjin \i_ oc` m`\ôdji kmj^`nn`n \i_ m\o`n rdgg _`kì_ ji

ocjn` ^ji_dodjin+ N`\ôdjin oc\o j^^pm di r\o`m h\t ijo ]` j]n`mq`_ di \dm8

kcjojgtndn ja ^jio\hdi\ion ji njdgn dn _m\h\od^\ggt \aa`ô`_ ]t kcjoj^c`hd^\g

lpì^cdib m`\ôdjin8 ji g`\a npma\^`n j]n`mq`_ kcjojgtndn m\o`n \m` \aa`ô`_ ]t

om\inkjmo dioj kmjo`ô`_ k\mon ja g`\q`n+ Pc` ^jhkg`sdot ja q\mdjpn

ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìon c\n km`^gp_`_ \ bì`m\gdu`_ hj_`g ajm

kcjoj^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odjin) \i_ `\^c ^jhk\mohìo m`lpdm`n ^jind_`m\odjin

ja q\md\]g`n ajm oc\o ^jhk\mohìo+ Djr`q`m) pi_`mno\i_dib ja ]\nd^

kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmdi^dkg`n bjq`midib gdbco \]njmkodji \i_ `s^do`_ no\o` m`\ôdqdot

\m` i`^`nn\mt kmdjm oj _dnìo\ibgdib oc` _dq`mn` \i_ hjm` ^jhkgd^\o`_ m`\ôdjin

oc\o j^^pm di cò`mjbì`jpn ^jhk\mohìon np^c \n k\mod^g`n) ìqdmjihìo\g

r\o`mn \i_ g`\q`n+


&&

Pc` ji` m`g\odq`gt ndhkg` ntno`h rc`m` kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj^`nn`n c\q`

]`ì hj_`g`_ np^^`nnapggt dn oc` _dm`ô kcjojgtndn ja ^jio\hdi\ion di r\o`m+

@dm`ô kcjojgtndn j^^pmn rcì \ ^c`hd^\g \]njm]n m\_d\odji) \i_ \ n`md`n ja

kmj^`nn`n j^^pmn oj oc` `s^do`_ no\o` hjg`^pg` rcd^c `qìop\ggt ^jiq`mon oc\o

^c`hd^\g oj kmj_pôn+ Scì oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja oc` ^jio\hdi\io dn gjr) \i_

oc` ìqdmjihìo\g m`\bìo ^ji^ìom\odjin \m` ^jino\io %d+`+ - /&) _dm`ô kcjojgtndn

m`\ôdjin ^\i ]` m`gd\]gt km`_dô`_ ajm hjno np]no\i^`n+ =gocjpbc oc`n` ndhkg`

^ji_dodjin \m` m`g\odq`gt m\m`) oc` ^c`hd^\g \i_ kctnd^\g \nk`ôn ja ocdn g`nn

^jhkgd^\o`_ ^\n` `sdno di i`\mgt \gg ja oc` joc`m hjm` ^jhkgd^\o`_ ìqdmjihìo\g

^jhk\mohìon+

+'* 9[dWUf EZafa^ke[e

+'** A[YZf STeadbf[a`

=it npigdbco*di_p^`_ om\inajmh\odji ]`bdin rdoc \]njmkodji ja npigdbco+

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PMKLX XLEX MW EFWSVFIH F] E QSPIGYPI GER FI IJJIGXMZI MR TVSHYGMRK TLSXSGLIQMGEP

GLERKI MR XLI QSPIGYPI% Pc` m`npgo dn \i `g`ômjid^\ggt `s^do`_ hjg`^pg` oc\o ^\i

ocì pi_`mbj q\mdjpn ^c`hd^\g \i_ kctnd^\g kmj^`nn`n+ Bjm \ ndibg` \]njm]dib

^jhkjiìo di om\ink\mìo h`_d\) oc` \]njmkodji ja gdbco ajggjrn oc` >``m*

H\h]`mo H\r7

E : gj.-*`k,


&'

rc`m` g- dn oc` di^d_ìo m\_d\odji) E dn oc` om\inhdoo`_ m\_d\odji) ` dn oc` hjg\m

`sodiôdji ^jàad^dìo) L dn oc` hjg\m ^ji^ìom\odji \i_ , dn oc` k\ocgìboc

%Bdiig\tnji*Ldoon \i_ Ldoon) .653&+ Pc` \]njm]\i^` %=& ja oc` njgpodji dn7

= : *gjbg,gj : `L 5

Ijg\m `sodiôdji ^jàad^dìon) rcd^c \m` oc` diomdind^ \]njmkodqdot ja `\^c ^c`hd^\g

\o `\^c r\q`gìboc) ^\i ]` _ò`mhdi`_ ji ^jhhjigt \q\dg\]g` pgom\qdjgò*

qdnd]g` nk`ômjhò`mn \i_ \m` i`^`nn\mt ajm hj_`gdib kcjojgtndn fdiòd^n+

N`\mm\ib`hìo ja oc` >``m*H\h]`mo H\r bdq`n7

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Pc` h`\npm`hìo dn jaoì ^jhkgd^\o`_ rcì \]njmkodji nk`ôm\ ja q`mt

iji*kjg\m ^jhkjpi_n \m` ]`dib _ò`mhdi`_ di r\o`m+ Ojgp]dgdot gdhdo\odjin h\t

m`lpdm` oc` pn` ja \ ^jnjgqìo np^c \n hòc\ijg jm \^òjidomdg`+ ?\m` hpno ]`

o\fì oj ìnpm` oc\o oc` ^jnjgqìon \m` ijo \go`mdib oc` nk`ôm\ ]t nk`ôm\g ncdaon

oj `doc`m cdbc`m jm gjr`m r\q`gìbocn+ C\n kc\n` nk`ôm\ ja jmb\id^

^jhkjpi_n jaoì \m` ncdao`_ oj gjr`m r\q`gìbocn) ^jhk\m`_ oj njgpodji kc\n`

nk`ôm\ %D\^fòo) ò \g+) .662&+ =gq\mù \i_ Ijjm` %.661& pn`_ \ QR,Rdn

nk`ômjhò`m \i_ h`\npm`_ oc` nk`ômph ja IEP? di \i `q\^p\o`_ lp\mou ^`gg oj

_ò`mhdi` oc` r\q`gìbocn ja \]njm]\i^` ]`tji_ rc`m` njgpodji h`\npm`_


.0

`soì_`_+ Pcdn hòcj_ \ggjr`_ oc`h oj n`` oc` jq`mg\kkdib \]njm]\i^` ja oc`

^jhkjpi_ rdoc oc` njg\m agps+

N\o`n ja _dm`ô kcjojgtndn \m` _`kì_ìo ijo jigt ji oc` \]njmkodji

nk`ôm\ ja ^jio\hdi\ion) ]po \gnj ji oc` jq`mg\k rdoc oc` nk`ômph ja npigdbco

nomdfdib oc` `\mocÅn npma\^`+ Opigdbco r\q`gìbocn ncjmo`m oc\i /6- ih \m`

\ghjno ^jhkgò`gt \]njm]`_ ]t \ohjnkc`md^ juji` \i_ \m` ijo \q\dg\]g` ajm

kcjoj^c`hd^\g m`\ôdjin di oc` omjkjnkc`m` %Bdb+ .&+ Pc` pgom\qdjgò r\q`gìbocn

%/6- oj 1-- ih& \m` \ooìp\o`_ hjm` nomjibgt oc\i oc` qdnd]g` r\q`gìbocn \n

oc`t k\nn ocmjpbc oc` \ohjnkc`m`) kmdh\mdgt _p` oj hjg`^pg\m n^\oo`mdib ) ]po

\gnj ]t \]njmkodji ]t \ohjnkc`md^ b\n`n %Lò`mnji) .643&+ Opigdbco q\md`n

n`\nji\ggt) _dpmi\ggt \i_ \n \ apiôdji ja g\odop_`+ Pc`n` ^c\ib`n \m`) cjr`q`m)

km`_dô\]g` \i_ ^\i ]` ^\g^pg\o`_ pndib \q\dg\]g` njg\m hj_`gn %d+`+ C?OKH=N)

QOAL=) .655&+ =i `s\hkg` ja oc` n`\nji\g q\md\odji ja oc` kcjojgtndn ja

@_^cgjmj\idgdi` %@?=& \o 1-wJ g\odop_` dn km`nìo`_ di Bdbpm` / %Idgg`m ò \g+)

.65-&+ Pc` ^c\ib`n ^\i ]` _m\h\od^ ajm oc` ncjmo QR*> r\q`gìbocn %/5-*0/-

ih&) rcd^c \m` k\mod^pg\mgt dhkjmo\io ]`^\pn` oc`n` r\q`gìbocn \m` \]njm]`_

hjm` nomjibgt %di bì`m\g& ]t \iocmjkjbìd^ ^c`hd^\gn oc\i oc` gjib`m

r\q`gìbocn+ Pc` \]njmkodji nk`ôm\ ja @?= r\n j]o\di`_ ]t Idgg`m ò \g+

%.65-& pndib \ h`\i \ooìp\odji ^jàad^dìo _ò`mhdi`_ ]t \i\gtndn ja oc`

r\q`gìboc _`kì_ì^` ja oc` nk`^dad^ npigdbco \]njmkodji m\o` \o hd_nphh`m)


&)

hd_*_\t %Bdbpm` 0&+ Ki` ncjpg_ ijo` oc\o oc` iph]`m ja kcjojin \]njm]`_

\]jq` 0.4 ih dn `lpdq\gìo oj oc\o \]njm]`_ ]`gjr 0.4ih+

Ki^` \ ^jhkjpi_ \]njm]n \ kcjoji ja gdbco ì`mbt) n`q`m\g k\ocr\tn \m`

\q\dg\]g` ajm gjnn ja oc\o ì`mbt %Bdb+ 1&) \i_ kcjoj^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji dn

jigt ji` ja ocjn` kmj^`nn`n+ @`\ôdq\odji ja oc` hjg`^pg` ^\i j^^pm ]t

gphdi`n^ì^`) kctnd^\g lpì^cdib) ì`mbt om\ina`m) `g`ômji om\ina`m) \i_

kcjojdjidu\odji \n r`gg \n kcjojom\inajmh\odji %?\gq`mo \i_ Ldoon) .633&+ Pc`

m`g\odq` dhkjmo\i^` ja `\^c ja oc`n` k\ocr\tn _`kì_n ji ]joc oc`

^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja oc` ^c`hd^\g \i_ ji oc` ^c`hd^\g ìqdmjihìo di rcd^c do

m`nd_`n+

Hphdi`n^ì^` j^^pmn rcì \ lp\ioph ja gdbco dn `hdoo`_ _pmdib oc`

om\indodji oj oc` bmjpi_ `g`ômjid^ no\o` \i_ njh` m`nd_p\g qd]m\odji\g `s^do\odji

dn gjno qd\ ^jggdndji+ Hphdi`n^ì^` ^\i ^jh` amjh `doc`m ndibgò no\o`n

%agpjm`n^ì^`&) rc`m` \gg ja oc` `g`ômjin \m` k\dm`_ jm omdkgò no\o`n

%kcjnkcjm`n^ì^`& rc`m` orj `g`ômjin \m` pik\dm`_+ Lctnd^\g lpì^cdib

j^^pmn rcì `s^do`_ no\o` ì`mbt ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ dn _dnndk\o`_ ]t ^jggdndji\g

_`\ôdq\odji) hjno jaoì rdoc oc` njgqìo+

Ai`mbt om\ina`m ^\i j^^pm da \ npdo\]g` \^^`kojm `sdnon oc\o \ggjrn oc`

`g`ômjid^ ì`mbt oj ]` om\ina`mm`_) m`npgodib di oc` _`\ôdq\odji ja oc` hjg`^pg`

oc\o \]njm]`_ oc` gdbco \i_ oc` `s^do\odji ja oc` \^^`kojm+ Ijg`^pg\m jstbì dn

\i `s\hkg` ja \i dhkjmo\io lpì^c`m+ Pm\inajmh\odji ja oc` ^c`hd^\g ^\i \gnj


&*

j^^pm ]t `g`ômji om\ina`m) kcjojdjidu\odji) cjhjgtndn jm `s^do`_ no\o` m`\ôdjin

rdoc \q\dg\]g` ìqdmjihìo\g m`\bìon+

Pc` ^jiomd]podji ja `\^c ja oc` iji*m`\ôdq` kmj^`nn`n di_d^\o`_ di Bdb+ 1

oj oc` jq`m\gg m\o` ja _`\ôdq\odji dn _`kì_ìo ji oc` di_dqd_p\g m`\ôdji m\o`n)

rcd^c q\mt amjh ]`dib q`mt m\kd_) ji oc` jm_`m ja .-6 n$.) oj m`g\odq`gt ngjr) ji

oc` jm_`m ja .-0n $.+ Lcjojgtndn m`\ôdjin hpno c\q` admno*jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ji

oc` jm_`m ja .-Z oj .-y n . di jm_`m oj ^jhkò` rdoc kcjojkctnd^\g _`\ôdq\odji

kmj^`nn`n+

Pc`n` ^jhkòdodq` _`\ôdq\odji n^c`h`n \m` `skm`nn`_ di oc` n`^ji_

g\r ja kcjoj^c`hdnomt+ Pc` Oo\mf*Adino`di*>j_ìno`di H\r no\o`n oc\o XLI

EFWSVTXMSR S J PMKLX F] E QSPIGYPI MW E SRI$UYERXYQ TVSGIWW# WS XLEX XLI WYQ SJ

XLI TVMQEV]$TVSGIWW UYERXYQ ]MIPHW !,N-" QYWX FI YRMX]% Pcpn) oc` am\ôdji ja gdbco

\]njmkodji `qìon oc\o m`npgon di om\inajmh\odji dn o`mh`_ oc` lp\ioph td`g_ ajm

m`\ôdji %1;;m& \i_ dn `lp\g oj oc` iph]`m ja hjg`^pg`n oc\o \m` om\inajmh`_

_dqd_`_ ]t oc` iph]`m ja kcjojin \]njm]`_+ %Bdig\tnji*Ldoon \i_ Ldoon) .653&+

/+./ Lcjoj gtn dn di \lp`jpn ntno`hn

Lcjojgtndn ja ^jio\hdi\ion di r\o`m c\n m`^`dq`_ `soìndq` \ooìodji \i_

h\it ^jhkm`cìndq` m`qd`rn ja oc` q\mdjpn otk`n ja m`\ôdjin ì^jpio`m`_ di

kpm` \i_ i\opm\g \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìon \m` di oc` gdo`m\opm` %?mjn]t) .6438

?mjn]t ò \g+) .6438 D\po\g\) .6458 Idgg`m ò \g+) .6468 L`mmt ò\g+) .6458 Ohdoc ò

\g+) .6458 S\m` ò \g+) .65-8 Njja) .65-8 V\admdjp ò \g+) .6518 V`kk) .6458 V`kk)


&+

.645]8 V`kk \i_ >\pbch\i) .6458 V`kk \i_ ?gdi`) .6448 V`kk \i_

O^cgjouc\p`m) .646&+ Pc` dio`m`no di \lp\od^ kcjojgtndn no`hn amjh kp]gd^

^ji^`mi jq`m oc` kjoìod\g ajm cph\i `skjnpm` oj oc` ^c`hd^\gn rcd^c ^\i ìo`m

oc` ct_mjnkc`m` amjh \dm]jmi` _mdao) rò \i_ _mt _`kjndodji) npma\^` mpijaa)

np]npma\^` mpijaa \i_ die`ôdji dioj oc` \lpda`m+ Pcdn c\n hjm` m`^ìogt ]`ì

`sk\i_`_ oj di^gp_` oc` `^jgjbd^\g àa`ôn oc\o oc` ^c`hd^\gn h\t c\q` ji \gg ja

oc` ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìon+

Pc` g\mb` \hjpio ja diajmh\odji ji \lp`jpn ntno`hn dn \gnj _p` di k\mo

oj oc` r`gg*_àdi`_ kctnd^\g \i_ kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmjk`mod`n ja r\o`m+ Cì`m\ggt) da

oc` lp\ioph td`g_ \i_ \]njmkodji nk`ômph ja \ ^jhkjpi_ \m` fijri) \n r`gg

\n oc` gdbco om\inhdnndji ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja oc` r\o`m ^jgphi) _dm`ô kcjojgtndn

m\o`n h\t ]` ^\g^pg\o`_ \o nk`^dad^ g\odop_`n \i_ _\o`n ajm ^jhkjpi_n di kpm`

r\o`m \i_ di r\o`mn ^jio\didib _dnnjgq`_ gdbco*\]njm]dib h\o`md\gn %V`kk \i_

?gdi`) .6448 V`kk \i_ >\pbch\i) .645&+

Pc` m\o` ja om\inajmh\odji di kpm` r\o`m ]t _dm`ô kcjojgtndn dn bdqì ]t

*_WLY,_o : fLWLY : 9e;;mg\

rc`m` OT dn oc` admno*jm_`m _dm`ô kcjojgtndn m\o`) D;; Y dn oc` ^ji^ìom\odji) PE dn

oc` npigdbco \]njmkodji m\o` \i_ 9e;;m dn oc` lp\ioph td`g_ ajm m`\ôdji+ Ei _dgpo`

njgpodji oc` ^g`\m*nft m\o` ^jino\io ajm npigdbco \]njmkodji %,\& dn ^\g^pg\o`_ ]t

S 4


rc`m` dn oc` hjg\m `sodiôdji ^jàad^dìo ja oc` ^c`hd^\g \o r\q`gìboc B# \i_

dn \ q\gp` kmjkjmodji\g oj oc` _\t*\q`m\b` npigdbco dioìndot di \ _àdi`_

r\q`gìboc dio`mq\g B% Pcdn m`g\odjincdk dn \kkgd^\]g` jigt ajm kpm` iji\]njm]dib

njgpodjin rcì oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ di r\o`m dn npaad^dìogt gjr oc\o

`nnìod\ggt iji` ja oc` gdbco dn \]njm]`_ ]t oc` ^jhkjpi_+ Bjm cdbc`m

^ji^ìom\odjin \i_ rcì joc`m \]njm]dib h\o`md\g dn km`nìo) oc` `lp\odji dn

hjm` ^jhkgd^\o`_ %Idgg`m \i_ V`kk) .646&+

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\o q\mdjpn g\odop_`n \i_ c\q` ]`ì ^jhkdg`_ ]t Idgg \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.65.&+

Pc`n` ^\g^pg\odjin \m` nom\dbcoajmr\m_ \i_ ^\i ]` k`majmh`_ pndib \ ndhkg`

^\g^pg\ojm+ =go`mi\odq`gt) oc` hd^mj^jhkpo`m kmjbm\h C?OKH=N %AL=) .655&

\ggjrn m\kd_ ^\g^pg\odji ja kcjojgtndn m\o`n \n \ apiôdji ja odh` ja _\t) odh` ja

t`\m) \i_ g\odop_` \i_ \ggjrn ^c\ib`n di joc`m k\m\hò`mn np^c \n juji` \i_

r\o`m ^g\mdot+ = ndhkgdad`_ q`mndji ja C?OKH=N c\n ]`ì ]pdgo dioj oc`

Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdib Otno`h %AT=IO& %>pmin) .66-& rcd^c \^^`kon

dikpo ja oc` kctnd^\g kmjk`mod`n ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n \i_ \ggjrn ^jhk\mdnji ja

kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja om\inajmh\odji rdoc joc`m om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\tn+

Ki^` \ kcjojgtndn admno jm_`m m\o` c\n ]`ì _ò`mhdi`_ \ kcjojgtndn c\ga*

gda` %o.,/& h\t ]` ^\g^pg\o`_ \n ajggjrn7

o.,/ : -+360WLYfk


.5

Ki` ja oc` q`mt pnàpg \nk`ôn ja oc` C?OKH=N kmjbm\h dn oc\o do \ggjrn

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a\ôjm ja ajpm ajm r\q`gìbocn gjib`m oc\i 0/- ih \i_ pk oj \ a\ôjm ja ocdmot*nds

ajm oc` QR*> m`bdji %/62 oj 0/- ih&+ = oìajg_ jm bm`\o`m n`\nji\g q\md\odji di

kcjojgtndn c\ga*gdq`n ^\i ocì ]` `sk`ô`_ _p` oj oc` dioìndot _daa`mì^`n+

Mp\ioph td`g_n jaoì q\mt rdoc njgqìon) `som\kjg\odji ja _dm`ô kcjojgtndn

lp\ioph td`g_n oj joc`m njgqìon jm ntno`hn dn bì`m\ggt diq\gd_ %Idgg`m) ò+ \g+)

.65-&+ @pib \i_ KÅG`à` %.661& ajpi_ oc\o oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja /)4*_d*)

/)0)4)5*oòm\* \i_ .)/)4)5*oòm\*^cgjmj_d]ìujapm\in r`m` 1*.2 odh`n a\no`m di

\lp`jpn njgpodji dmm\_d\o`_ \o 0-- ih oc\i di jmb\id^ njgpodjin+ Pc` kmj_pô

td`g_n \gnj q\md`_ \n do r\n ajpi_ oc\o .-") 4-" \i_ 2-" ja kcjoj_`bm\_`_ /)4*

_d*) /)0)4)5*oòm\* \i_ .)/)4)5*oòm\*^cgjmj_d]ìujapm\in ) m`nk`ôdq`gt r`m`

_`^cgjmdi\o`_ di c`s\i` \n jkkjn`_ oj 9.") .4" \i_ /-" di r\o`m+

=gocjpbc lp\ioph td`g_n ajm m`\ôdjin dn pnp\ggt di_`kì_ìo ja

r\q`gìboc) ocdn \nnphkodji dn pnàpg jigt ajm nh\gg ^c\ib`n di r\q`gìboc \i_

\it \oo`hko oj `som\kjg\o` oc` m\o` ja kcjojgtndn di oc` ìqdmjihìo amjh _\o\

^jgg`ô`_ pndib /21 ih dmm\_d\odji ^\i diomj_p^` ndbidad^\io `mmjmn dioj `nodh\o`n

ja ìqdmjihìo\g a\o`+

Pm\ing\odji ja _dm`ô kcjojgtndn m\o`n oj ìqdmjihìo\g ^ji_dodjin m`lpdm`n

\ ocjmjpbc pi_`mno\i_dib ja \gg ^jhkòdib _`bm\_\odji a\ôjmn di \lp\od^


.6

`^jntno`hn+ Sdocdi i\opm\g r\o`mn) cphd^ np]no\i^`n) npnkì_`_ n`_dhìon)

\gb\` \i_ i\opm\g dijmb\id^ h\o`md\gn ^\i c\q` \ np]no\iod\g diagpì^` ji oc`

m\o` ja _dm`ô kcjojgtndn+ Pc`n` h\o`md\gn rdgg bì`m\ggt \ooìp\o` npigdbco

ocmjpbc oc` r\o`m ^jgphi \i_ m`_p^` _dm`ô kcjojgtndn m\o`n+ Idgg`m \i_ V`kk

%.646& c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o npnkì_`_ n`_dhìon ^\i \aa`ô kcjojgtndn m\o`n

ocmjpbc gdbco \ooìp\odji \i_ n^\oo`mdib+ Pc`dm m`npgon di_d^\o` oc\o hjm` oc\i 66

k`m^ìo gdbco \ooìp\odji amjh di^d_ìo m\_d\odji ^\i j^^pm \o _`kocn ja /2 ^h ajm

njgpodjin ^jio\didib i\opm\g n`_dhìo ^ji^ìom\odjin ja .4 hb,H oj .-3 hb,H+

Gj^c\it \i_ I\bpdm` %.661& nop_d`_ oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja Iòjg\^cgjm

di jmb\id^*am`` r\o`m \i_ g\f` r\o`m ^jio\didib q\mdjpn njgpo`n+ Pc` Iòjg\^cgjm

ncjr`_ g`nn oc\i 1" gjnn \ao`m .-- _\tn di g\f` r\o`m di oc` _\mf+ Opigdbco

kcjoj_`bm\_\odji di^m`\n`_ oc` c\ga*gda` oj /- _\tn di nphh`m \i_ /-2 _\tn di

rdio`m \o 1-wJ g\odop_`) \nnphdib ./ c \i_ 6 c ja npigdbco \ _\t) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Ei

ocdn ^\n` oc` \__dodji ja _dnnjgq`_ jmb\id^ h\oo`m) 2hb,H) di^m`\n`_ oc` c\ga*gda`

/*0 odh`n+

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\m^ %=+ ;; /6-ih& \i_ ajpi_ \ c\ga*gda` ja 0+- _\tn+ Pc` \__dodji ja cphd^ \^d_n

%0+3 _\tn& \i_ ct_mjbì k`mjsd_` %/+3 _\tn& _d_ ijo c\q` \ ndbidad^\io àa`ô ji

oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`+ Scì oc` kD r\n \_epno`_ amjh kD 4 oj kD / oc` c\ga*gda`

bm`\ogt _`^m`\n`_ oj 1+0 cjpmn+ Pcdn ^c\ib` r\n _p` oj oc` ]\ocj^cmjhd^ ncdao)

di^m`\ndib oc` \]njmkodji nk`ôm\ jq`mg\k rdoc oc` sìji \m^+


/-

Sjj_pmi ò \g+ %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` \lp`jpn kcjojgtndn ja omd^gjktm di kD 4

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npigdbco+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n r`m` _ò`mhdi`_ oj ]` -+2 _ \i_ .+0 _ di ]paa`m`_ r\o`m

\i_ i\opm\g r\o`m) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Pc` ndbidad^\io _daa`mì^` ]òr`ì oc` orj

ntno`hn dn oc\o oc` ]paa`m`_ r\o`m bì`m\o`_ \ kcjojkmj_pô oc\i r\n ijo

j]n`mq`_ di oc` i\opm\g r\o`m) 2*^cgjmj*0)3*_dct_mjst*/*ktmd_ditgjst\^òd^ \^d_+

Gjgkdi \i_ G\gfjaa %.660& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja \om\udi` di \ nh\gg

Ejr\ nom`\h di \i \oo`hko oj ^jmm`g\o` gjnn ja \om\udi` amjh oc` ntno`h rdoc

]djod^ _`bm\_\odji+ Pc`t n\hkg`_ r\o`m amjh =kmdg ocmjpbc Jjq`h]`m \o .

hjioc dio`mq\gn \i_ \i\gtu`_ ajm \om\udi` \i_ don orj h\ejm ]djod^ _`bm\_\odji

kmj_pôn+ Pc`t ajpi_ oc\o \om\udi` ^ji^ìom\odjin np]no\iod\ggt _`^m`\n`_ \i_

h\_` ^jmm`g\odjin ja c\ga*gda` q`mnpn odh` ja t`\m) r\o`m o`hk`m\opm`) _\dgt cjpmn

ja npigdbco \i_ idom\o` ^ji^ìom\odji+ Jdom\o` ^ji^ìom\odji r\n ^cjnì \n

di_dm`ô kcjojgtndn rdgg bì`m\o` ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn+ Pc`t ajpi_

oc\o oc` jigt ^jmm`g\odji r\n rdoc _\dgt cjpmn ja npigdbco \i_ _ò`mhdi`_ oc\o

kcjojgtndn r\n oc` h\ejm _`bm\_\odji k\ocr\t+

+'+ >`V[dWUf bZafa^ke[e

Ei_dm`ô kcjojgtndn m`\ôdjin j^^pm rcì npigdbco dn \]njm]`_ ]t njh`

np]no\i^` oc\o didod\o`n \ n`md`n ja m`\ôdjin oc\o `qìop\ggt ^jinph` oc`

^jhkjpi_+ Ei oc` ìqdmjihìo) di_dm`ô kcjojgtndn ^\i m`npgo amjh \]njmkodji ja

npigdbco ]t \ bmjpi_*no\o` nìndodu`m %ZO&+ Pc` npigdbco ^c\ib`n oc` bmjpi_*


/.

no\o` nìndodu`m oj \i `s^do`_ ndibgò no\o` %.O'&+ Pc` `s^do`_ ndibgò no\o` dn \

ncjmo gdq`_ nk`^d`n \i_ ^\i pi_`mbj hjg`^pg\m dio`mntno`h ^mjnndib oj m`npgo di \

gjib`m gdq`_ omdkgò nìndodu`_ no\o` %0O'&+ Pc` q\mdjpn _`\ôdq\odji kmj^`nn`n

^\i j^^pm \i_) rdoc ^`mo\di m`nomdôdjin ocdn ì`mbt ^\i ]` om\ina`mm`_ oj oc`

^jhkjpi_ ja dio`m`no m`npgodib di kmj_pô ajmh\odji+

Pc` ì`mbt ja 0O' ^\i ]` om\ina`mm`_ oj bmjpi_*no\o` hjg`^pg\m jstbì oj

ajmh m`\ôdq` ndibgò jstbì %.-/'&+ Pcdn ndibgò jstbì ^jio\din // f^\g,hjg

hjm` ì`mbt oc\i don omdkgò bmjpi_ no\o` \i_ rdgg m`\ô rdoc `g`ômji*md^c

np]no\i^`n oj ajmh \ q\mdòt ja kmj_pôn %Bjjo`) .643&+ Ea oc` nìndodu`_ m`\ô\io

pi_`mbj`n kcjojdjidu\odji) `g`ômji om\ina`m jm am\bhìo\odji) m`\ôdq` am``

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rcd^c ^\i ^jinph` joc`m ^jhkjpi_n ocmjpbc iji*nk`^dad^ jsd_\odq` kmj^`nn`n+

=gocjpbc cphd^ np]no\i^`n \ooìp\o` npigdbco \i_ ^\i np]no\iod\ggt

mò\m_ _dm`ô kcjojgtndn) n`q`m\g nop_d`n c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o di_dm`ô

kcjojgtndn m\o`n ^\i ]` ìc\i^`_ ]t oc` km`nì^` ja oc`n` QR*\]njm]dib

h\o`md\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn+ V`kk \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.643& c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o

oc` kcjojgtndn m\o` ja hòcjst^cgjm di n`q`m\g i\opm\g r\o`mn r\n _m\h\od^\ggt

ìc\i^`_ ^jhk\m`_ oj m\o`n ajpi_ di _dnodgg`_ r\o`mn+ @pib \i_ KÅG`à` %.661&

ajpi_ oc\o oc` npigdbco kcjojgtndn m\o`n ja kjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _d]ìujapm\in di

i\opm\g r\o`m r`m` ìc\i^`_ ]t di_dm`ô jm nìndodu`_ kcjojm`\ôdjin ja

^c`hd^\gn i\opm\ggt j^^pmmdib di r\o`m+


//

Lcjojgtndn ja i\opm\g jmb\id^n di r\o`m ^\i m`npgo di am`` m\_d^\g

kmj_pôdji+ Idgg ò \g+ %.65-& c\q` ncjri oc\o dmm\_d\odji ja i\opm\g r\o`m

^jio\didib ^phì` ^\pn`n oc` ajmh\odji ja kmj_pôn oc\o \m` ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja

jsd_\odji ]t \gftgk`mjst \i_ ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn+ Pc`n` m`n`\m^c`mn npbb`no oc\o

\gftgk`mjst m\_d^\g ajmh\odji ^\i ]` npaad^dìogt cdbc oc\o) ajm ^`mo\di cdbcgt

m`\ôdq` ^c`hd^\gn) jsd_\odji ]t kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt bì`m\o`_ k`mjst \i_ ct_mjstg

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V`kk \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %V`kk ò \g+) .65. \i_ V`kk ò \g+) .644& c\q`

_`hjinom\o`_ oc\o di i\opm\g r\o`mn) cphd^ np]no\i^`n ^\i \gnj kcjojnìndodu`

oc` ajmh\odji ja ndibgò jstbì+ Pc` m\o` ja ndibgò jstbì kmj_pôdji di oc`n`

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r\n _`hjinom\o`_ ]t =_\hn ò \g+ %.661& rcj ajpi_ oc\o nhjf` _t`n ji njdgn

pi_`mrìo m\kd_ kcjojgtndn+ Pc` h`^c\idnhn ja _`bm\_\odji diqjgq`_ nìndodu`_

kcjoj*jsd_\odji ]t ndibgò jstbì+

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kcjoj^c`hd^\g a\o` ja \ ^jhkjpi_ di don ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìo+ Pc` m\o`

\i_ q\mdòt ja kcjojkmj_pô ajmh\odji _`kì_n ijo jigt ji oc` fdi_n ja


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.645&+ Pc`m` \m` \gnj n`q`m\g m`qd`rn oc\o _dn^pnn bì`m\odji ja kcjojkmj_pôn

di k`nod^d_`n %Idgg`m \i_ ?mjn]t) .6508 Ijdg\iì ò \g+) .6428 Opi_nomjh \i_

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nk`^d\gdu`_ m`\ôdjin oc\o j^^pm jigt ajm `s^do`_*no\o` hjg`^pg`n bì`m\o`

kmj_pôn pidlp` oj kcjojgtndn m`\ôdjin+

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\i_ di_dm`ô m`\ôdjin+ Ijg`^pg\m bmjpi_ no\o` jstbì %0?;;/ & dn ajpi_ di

\]pi_\i^` di hjno ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìon \i_ rdgg m`\ô rdoc am`` m\_d^\gn

oj ajmh joc`m jsd_\ion+ Pc`n` jsd_\ion ^\i ocì m`\ô oj ajmh kmj_pôn ocmjpbc

np^c kmj^`nn`n \n ct_mjbì \ojh `som\ôdji) idomjbì jsd_\odji) nd_` ^c\di

jsd_\odji) ct_mjstg m\_d^\g \__dodji oj \mjh\od^n) \i_ \__dodji oj _jp]g` ]ji_n+

Koc`m kcjojm`\ôdjin kmj_p^` kmj_pôn ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja ct_mjgtndn jm

ip^g`jkcdgd^ np]nodopodjin+ As\hkg`n di^gp_` `gdhdi\odji m`\ôdji ja ^\m]\mtg

%?mjn]t ò \g+) .643&) kcjojct_mjgtndn ja k\m\ocdji %Cmpir`gg \i_ Amd^fnji)


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\i_ ?mjn]t .641&+ Lcjojkmj_pôn m`npgodib amjh hjno kcjojnp]nodopodjin \m`

\oomd]po`_ `s^gpndq`gt oj `s^do`_*no\o` m`\ôdjin \i_ \m` ijo j]n`mq`_ di joc`m

om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\tn+

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np]nodopìon) k\mod^pg\mgt rc`m` ct_mjbì njpm^`n \m` \q\dg\]g` %?mjn]t \i_

Sjib) .644&+ @`c\gjbì\odji dn \ijoc`m dhkjmo\io kcjoj^c`hd^\g k\ocr\t ajm

joc`m ^cgjmdi\o`_ \i_ ]mjhdi\o`_ \mjh\od^ ^jhkjpi_n di^gp_dib L?>$n \i_

L>>$n %Opi_nomjh \i_ Npuj) .645&+ Lcjojm`_pôdji ja idomj bmjpkn oj \hdi`n

c\n ]`ì _`hjinom\o`_ ajm k\m\ocdji %Npuj) .65/& \i_ q\mdjpn idomjkcìtg

òc`mn %Npuj ò \g+) .65-&+

@p` oj oc` ^jhkg`sdot ja kjnnd]g` k\ocr\tn do dn `\nd`no oj no\o`

kcjoj^c`hd^\g a\o` di o`mhn ja _dn\kk`\m\i^` ja oc` jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_+

@ò`mhdi\odji ja oc` m\o` ^jino\io !O"# c\ga*gda` %at,/&) \i_ lp\ioph td`g_ !!N-" \m`

]\n`_ ji kn`p_j*admno jm_`m _`bm\_\odji \i_ _dn\kk`\m\i^`+ Pc`n`

^c\m\ô`mdnod^n màg`ô ji oc` ^jh]di`_ àa`ôn ja \gg kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj^`nn`n

joc`m oc\i _`\ôdq\odji ja oc` `s^do`_ no\o`+

+'- 6f_aebZWd[U bZafa^ke[e

Pc` gjr`m omjkjnkc`m` n`mq`n \n \i dhkjmo\io om\inkjmo ìqdmjihìo \i_

ndif ajm h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n+ Pc`n` ^jhkjpi_n ^\i ìo`m oc`

\ohjnkc`m` amjh _dm`ô `hdnndji) ajmh\odji di oc` \ohjnkc`m` \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji


'*

amjh kg\io) njdg \i_ r\o`m npma\^`n+ Ki^` di oc` \ohjnkc`m` oc`n` ^jhkjpi_n

^\i ]` om\inkjmo`_ bgj]\ggt \i_ m`_`kjndo`_ oj oc` `\moc ocmjpbc \_njmkodji \i_

rò \i_ _mt _`kjndodji %I^?gpm`) .643&+ Pc`m` dn ^jind_`m\]g` `qd_ì^` oc\o

@@P \i_ L?>$n ^\i pi_`mbj gjib*m\ib` om\inkjmo \i_ bgj]\g ^t^gdib8 ]joc c\q`

]`ì ajpi_ di h\it kmdnodi` nòodibn) di^gp_dib oc` kjg\m m`bdjin) oc\o c\q` i`q`m

]`ì `skjn`_ oj _dm`ô \kkgd^\odji+

Djr`q`m) kctnd^\g kmj^`nn`n \m` ja q\md\]g` dhkjmo\i^` ajm m`hjq\g ja

m`\ôdq` ^jhkjpi_n amjh oc` gjr`m omjkjnkc`m` %O`d]`m ò \g+) .650&+

=ohjnkc`md^ kcjoj_`bm\_\odq` kmj^`nn`n) rcòc`m \ôdib ]t _dm`ô kcjojgtndn jm

di_dm`ô kmj^`nn`n np^c \n ct_mjstg m\_d^\g \i_ juji` kcjojjsd_\odji) c\q`

]`ì m`kjmo`_ \n dhkjmo\io kmj^`nn`n di _`bm\_\odji %?mjn]t \i_ Ijdg\iì)

.6418 Oj_`mlpdno ò \g+) .6428 Sjj_mjr ò \g+) .645&+

=gocjpbc oc` \ohjnkc`m` dn \ bì`m\ggt r`gg*_àdi`_ cjhjbìjpn ntno`h)

\oo`hkon \o hj_`gdib fdiòd^n ja \ohjnkc`md^ b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn c\q` ]`ì

jigt k\mod\ggt np^^`nnapg+ Pcdn dn kmdh\mdgt \ m`npgo ja _daad^pgod`n di `no\]gdncdib

no\]g` q\kjm ^ji^ìom\odjin ajm gjr*qjg\odgdot ^jhkjpi_n+ ?jhkjpi_n rdoc gjr

q\kjm km`nnpm`n oì_ oj njm] jioj oc` r\ggn ja oc` m`\ôdji q`nn`gn+ Ei nh\gg

q`nn`gn) r\gg m`\ôdjin oì_ oj km`_jhdi\o` _p` oj oc` g\mb` \m`\ oj qjgph` m\odj

%H`h\dm` ò \g+) .65.&+

C\n kc\n` `sk`mdhìon ^ji_pô`_ di n`\g`_ ^jio\di`mn ^\i jigt kmjqd_`

lp\gdo\odq` diajmh\odji ^ji^`midib om\inajmh\odji kmj_pôn+ Pc`dm podgdot dn gdhdo`_


'+

rcì \oo`hkodib oj `no\]gdnc m`g`q\io ìqdmjihìo\g kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_

kcjojkmj_pô _dnomd]podjin+ = a`r kmj^`_pm`n c\q` ]`ì _`q`gjk`_ oj `nodh\o`

kcjojkmj_pôn _p` oj r\gg m`\ôdjin %?mjn]t \i_ Ijdg\iì) .644& \n r`gg \n

`nodh\o` ad`g_ b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o`n+ Pc`n` kmj^`_pm`n pn` \

kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` ^jhkjpi_ rdoc ndhdg\m kctnd^\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n \n \

om\^`m di jm_`m oj ^m`\o` \ m\odj ja ^jhkjpi_ oj om\^`m %Sjj_mjr ò \g+) .645&+

Ksd_\ion m`nkjind]g` ajm di_dm`ô _`bm\_\odji \m` \gnj \q\dg\]g` di oc`

omjkjnkc`m`+ =ohjnkc`md^ m`\ôdqdot \i_ m`nd_ì^` odh`n ajm 13 ^jhkjpi_n

ajpi_ oj m`\ô rdoc juji` \i_ ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn c\q` ]`ì m`kjmo`_ %?pkdoo)

.65-&+ Dt_mjstg m\_d^\g m`\ôdjin _jhdi\o` oc` om\inajmh\odji ja oc`n`

np]no\i^`n \i_ \m` hjno gdf`gt oc` kmdh\mt hj_` ajm jsd_\odq` _`bm\_\odji ja

^jhkjpi_n di \dm+ Pc` _`q`gjkhìo ja oc` =ofdinji ^c\h]`m c\n g`\_ oj h\it

nop_d`n m`b\m_dib oc` m`\ôdji ja ^c`hd^\gn di oc` b\n kc\n` rdoc ct_mjstg

m\_d^\gn %=ofdinji ò \g+) .652&+ Pc`n` nop_d`n \m` dhkjmo\io \n ^c`hd^\g

jsd_\odji ]t ct_mjstg m\_d^\gn jm juji` dn kmj]\]gt oc` h\ejm _`bm\_\odq`

k\ocr\t ajm ^jhkjpi_n oc\o _j ijo pi_`mbj _dm`ô kcjojgtndn+

Agì_ ò \g+ %.661& k`majmh`_ kcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìon di \i =ofdinji nhjb

^c\h]`m \i_ r`m` \]g` oj np^^`nnapggt lp\iodo\o` oc` m`g\odq` dhkjmo\i^` ja

_dm`ô \i_ di_dm`ô kcjojgtndn) \n r`gg \n) jsd_\io ^jiomd]podjin amjh ct_mjstg

m\_d^\gn) juji` \i_ ndibgò jstbì+


',

=i \__dodji\g ^jind_`m\odji dn oc` àa`ô oc\o \ohjnkc`md^ k\mod^g`n h\t

c\q` ji _`bm\_\odji m\o`n+ Gj`no`m \i_ Ddo`n %.66/& ajpi_ oc\o rcdg`

kjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _djsdin \i_ _d]ìujapm\in c\q` ]`ì ncjri oj kcjoj_`bm\_` di

njgpodji) oc\o oc`t _d_ ijo _`bm\_` rcdg` ]jpi_ oj adq` _daa`mìo otk`n ja agt \nc+

Pcdn npbb`non oc\o ^jhkjpi_n ]jpi_ oj \ohjnkc`md^ k\mod^g`n h\t ijo pi_`mbj

kcjoj_`bm\_\odji \i_ do h\t ijo ]` \ h\ejm gjnn h`^c\idnh+

+'. EZafa^ke[e a` ea[^ egdXSUWe

Kmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n ji njdg \i_ kg\io npma\^`n \m` `skjn`_ oj oc` nomjib

ìqdmjihìo\g ajm^`n ja npigdbco) jstbì \i_ c`\o ajm \ k`mdj_ ja odh` ]àjm`

]`dib \]njm]`_) om\inajmh`_ oj joc`m kmj_pôn jm `q\kjm\o`_ amjh ocjn`

npma\^`n+ Lcjojgtndn ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n ji njdg \i_ g`\a npma\^`n dn gdf`gt oj

]` \ h\ejm _`bm\_\odq` kmj^`nn+ Ei ^jiom\no oj \lp`jpn \i_ \dm kcjojgtndn) njdgn

\m` cò`mjbì`jpn \i_ c\q` q\md\]g` jmb\id^) hdi`m\g) hjdnopm` \i_ o`sopm`

kmjk`mod`n+ A\^c ja oc`n` kctnd^\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^n c\n oc` kjoìod\g oj \aa`ô

kcjojgtndn \i_ oj ^\pn` _daa`mì^`n di m\o`n \i_ kmj_pô _dnomd]podjin+ Idgg`m ò

\g+ %.656& _`hjinom\o`_ \i `s\hkg` ja ocdn rdoc oc` kcjojgtndn ja K?@@ ji njdgn+

Pc`t ajpi_ oc\o) di njgpodji) jigt nh\gg \hjpion ja /)0)4)5*np]ndopo`_ _djsdin \m`

ajmh`_8 \o oc` njdg npma\^`8 ajmh\odji ja oc` /)0)4)5*np]nodopo`_ ^jibì`mn dn

kmà`mm`_+

Hdbco \ooìp\odji ]t njdgn dn oc` kmdh\mt a\ôjm gdhdodib kcjojgtndn ja

npma\^` _`kjndon+ >joc oc` jmb\id^ %cphd^& am\ôdji \i_ oc` dijmb\id^ am\ôdji


+ 1

^\i \ooìp\o` gdbco %Idgg`m \i_ V`kk) .646&) \i_ ^\i gdhdo oc` kcjod^ uji` ja njdgn

oj g`nn oc\i . hh di _`koc %D`]`mo \i_ Idgg`m) .66-&+ Pc` _`koc _`kì_ì^` ja

kcjojgtndn q\md`n rdoc njdg kmjk`mod`n8 oc` njdgn gjr`m di jmb\id^ ^jioìo \m`

bì`m\ggt hjm` om\ink\mìo+ Ei \gg njdgn `s\hdi`_) cjr`q`m) kcjojgtndn j^^pmm`_

jigt \o oc` npma\^` \i_ oc`màjm` \it om\inkjmo kmj^`nn`n oc\o hjq` oc`

^jhkjpi_ oj \i_ amjh oc` npma\^` rdgg c\q` \ np]no\iod\g àa`ô ji oc`

dhkjmo\i^` ja njdg kcjojgtndn+ =_\hn ò \g+ %.661& ajpi_ oc\o nhjf` _t`n

pi_`mrìo m\kd_ kcjojgtndn pk oj \ -+35hh _`koc di i\opm\g npigdbco+

Aqì ocjpbc _dm`ô kcjojgtndn kmj^`nn`n di njdgn \m` bì`m\ggt mò\m_`_

^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` di om\ink\mìo h`_d\) kcjojgtndn ^\i ]` \ h\ejm

om\inajmh\odji kmj^`nn ndi^` npma\^` \kkgd`_) \_njm]`_) \i_ rò \i_ _mt

_`kjndo`_ ^c`hd^\gn rdgg `sdno di bm`\o`no ^ji^ìom\odji ji oc`n` npma\^`n+

Lcjoj^c`hd^\g ^jiq`mndji ja ^jhkjpi_n npn^`kod]g` oj di_dm`ô kcjojgtndn ^\i

\gnj ]` np]no\iod\ggt ìc\i^`_ \n \ m`npgo ja oc` kmj_pôdji ja m`\ôdq` jsd_\ion

ji dmm\_d\o`_ njdgn+ Cjcm` \i_ Idgg`m %.650& ajpi_ oc\o ndibgò jstbì dn

kmj_p^`_ ji njdgn \o ìqdmjihìo\ggt ndbidad^\io m\o`n+ Idgg`m ò \g+ %.656& \gnj

ijo`_ oc\o am`` m\_d^\g jsd_\ion ^\i ]` kmj_p^`_ oc\o rdgg hdi`m\gdu` ^jhkjpi_n+

=o km`nìo oc`m` \m` ij np^^`nnapg km`_dôdq` hj_`gn ajm \nn`nndib oc`

fdiòd^n ja `doc`m _dm`ô jm di_dm`ô kcjojgtndn ji njdg npma\^`n+ Pcdn dn _p` di k\mo

oj oc` dic`mìo ^jhkg`sdot ja njdgn) \i_ dn \gnj \ m`npgo ja kmj]g`hn ì^jpio`m`_

rcì omtdib oj _`q`gjk \i ìqdmjihìo\ggt m`g`q\io hòcj_jgjbt ajm hj_`gdib


'.

njdg kcjojgtndn %Cpoc ò \g+) .643&+ Op^^`nnapg hj_`gn rdgg ]` h\_` jigt \ao`m

]\nd^ ^c`hdnomt \i_ om\inkjmo kmj^`nn`n \m` r`gg pi_`mnojj_+ Ods a\ôjmn ncjpg_

]` ^jind_`m`_ rcì k`majmhdib oc`n` kcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìon .& ^jhkjpi_

kcjoj^c`hdnomt) /& njdg otk`) 0& ^jhkjpi_ _`kjndodji ji npma\^`) 1& njdg r\o`m

^jioìo) 2& qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ \_q`ôdji) \i_ 3& km`*`skjnpm` ja oc` npma\^` oj

kcjojgtndn \i_ r`\oc`mdib+

L`mc\kn oc` hjno ndbidad^\io c`\goc*m`g\o`_ kmj]g`h \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc

k`nod^d_` njdg kcjojgtndn m`npgon amjh ocdjkcjnkc\o` din`ôd^d_` kcjojjsd_\odji

dioj don hjm` ojsd^ jsji hjdòt+ L\m\jsji ajmh\odji di \bmd^pgopm\g ad`g_n \ao`m

k\m\ocdji \kkgd^\odji c\n ]`ì dhkgd^\o`_ \n oc` kmdi^dk\g ojsd^ ^jinodopìo di

kjdnjidib di^d_ìon \hjib a\mh rjmf`mn di ?\gdajmid\ ^dompn bmjq`n %Jdbb \i_

=ggì) .646&+

+'/ GWS^ Lad^V 8a_b^[USf[aè

N`n`\m^c`mn c\q` pn`_ \ rd_` q\mdòt ja \kkmj\^c`n oj `s\hdi` oc`

ìqdmjihìo\g kcjoj^c`hdnomt ja h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n+ Pc` o`^cidlp`n c\q`

`qjgq`_ jq`m oc` k\no /4 t`\mn \i_ \ g\mb` ]j_t ja diajmh\odji c\n _`q`gjk`_

ji oc` hjno np^^`nnapg hòcj_n ajm km`_dôdib cjr jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n rdgg

dio`m\ô rdoc npigdbco di oc` ìqdmjihìo+ Ei h\it ^\n`n) cjr`q`m) oc` _\o\ \m`

_daad^pgo oj \kkgt oj m`\g ìqdmjihìo\g ndop\odjin+ @pm\i_ ò \g+ %.661& m`^ìogt

d_ìodad`_ /. kcjojkmj_pôn ajmh`_ di oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja aìdomjocdji+ Pc`dm

`sk`mdhìon r`m` _`ndbi`_ oj _ò`mhdi` \n h\it kcjojkmj_pôn \n kjnnd]g` ]po


(%

oc` dmm\_d\odji di \ r\oìhòc\ijg njgpodji rdoc \ cdbc*km`nnpm` h`m^pmt g\hk

h\f`n do c\m_ oj om\ing\o` oc` m`npgon oj m`\g rjmg_ ndop\odjin+ H\^jmo` \i_

>\m^`gj %.661& nop_d`_ aìdomjocdji \kkgd`_ oj `nop\mdi` r\o`mn \i_ ajpi_ \ c\ga*

gda` di i\opm\g npigdbco ja .0 c+ Pc`t r`m` jigt \]g` oj adi_ orj ja oc` /.

kcjojkmj_pôn d_ìodad`_ di oc` \modad^d\g ìqdmjihìo ja @pm\i_ ò \g+) %.661&+

L\mod^pg\mgt _daad^pgo dn `som\kjg\odji ja m\o` _\o\ oc\o c\n ]`ì j]o\di`_

pndib pi^\gd]m\o`_ g\]jm\ojmt g\hkn+ ?g`\m nft npigdbco dioìndot \o m`kjmo`_

g\odop_`n \i_ odh`n ja t`\m ^\i ]` ^jhk\m`_ ]òr`ì g\]jm\ojmd`n \i_ \kkgd`_

ojr\m_ ad`g_ ^ji_dodjin+ Scì`q`m j]o\di\]g`) oc`n` _\o\ \m` oc` hjno m`gd\]g`)

`nk`^d\ggt da \i \ôdijhò`m ntno`h dn pn`_ oj h`\npm` oc` npigdbco dioìndot+

=go`mi\odq`gt) h\it g\]jm\ojmd`n c\q` no\mo`_ pndib sìji \m^ g\hkn `lpdkk`_

rdoc QR adgo`mn oc\o ^po jaa npigdbco ]`gjr /6- ih \i_ ocpn hjno ^gjn`gt

\kkmjsdh\o` m`\g npigdbco+ Scì kmjk`mgt ^\gd]m\o`_) m`npgon amjh oc`n` ntno`hn

^\i ]` ^jhk\m`_ ]òr`ì g\]jm\ojmd`n \i_ \kkgd`_ oj ad`g_ ndop\odjin ]t

^jhk\mdnji ja njg\m dioìndot h`\npm`_ rdoc \ôdijhò`mn jm m\_djhò`mn+

Ijno piadgo`m`_ \modad^d\g g\hkn pn`_ di kcjojgtndn m`n`\m^c `hdo

r\q`gìbocn ]`gjr /6- ih+ Emm\_d\odji ja ^jhkjpi_n \o r\q`gìbocn ]`gjr /6-

ih jaoì m`npgon di kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_pô _dnomd]podjin \otkd^\g ja

ìqdmjihìo\g ^ji_dodjin+ I\it jmb\id^n ndhkgt _j ijo \]njm] npigdbco \i_ _j

ijo pi_`mbj _dm`ô kcjojgtndn di npigdbco+ Ea oc` gdbco njpm^`n oc\o \m` pn`_ `hdo

r\q`gìbocn \]njm]`_ ]t jmb\id^n oc\o \m` om\ink\mìo oj npigdbco) oc` m`npgon


0.

rdgg ijo ]` \kkgd^\]g` oj m`\g rjmg_ ndop\odjin+ Qiadgo`m`_ h`m^pmt \m^ g\hk

nop_d`n \m` k\mod^pg\mgt npnk`ô \n oc`t kmdh\mdgt `hdo /21 ih m\_d\odji+ Aqì ajm

^jhkjpi_n oc\o _j ijo \]njm] npigdbco) h`m^pmt \m^ g\hkn ^\i kmj_p^`

kmj_pôn ijo ajpi_ rcì oc` ^c`hd^\g dn `skjn`_ oj npigdbco %Idgg`m \i_ ?mjn]t)

.645&+

=ijoc`m ^ji^`mi jaoì jq`mgjjf`_ dn oc` h`_dph di rcd^c oc` ^jhkjpi_

dn `skjn`_ oj gdbco+ Ea r\o`m dn oc` ntno`h) pn` ja hòc\ijg) c`s\i` jm \it joc`m

jmb\id^ njgqìo rjpg_ kmjqd_` hdng`\_dib m`npgon+ =i `s\hkg` dn oc` kcjojgtndn

ja 0)1 _d^cgjmj\idgdi` di r\o`m td`g_dib /*^cgjmj*2*\hdijkcìjg \n \

kcjojkmj_pô+ Ei \^òjidomdg`) oc` kmj_pô dn ijo j]n`mq`_ \i_ oc` kcjojgtndn m\o`

dn jq`m .-- odh`n ngjr`m %Idgg`m ò \g+) .646&+ =it kcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìo

k`majmh`_ di \ijoc`m h`_dph ncjpg_ ]` q\gd_\o`_ di oc` h`_dph ja oc`

ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìo ja dio`m`no ]àjm` ìqdmjihìo\g ndbidad^\i^` dn

\nndbi`_ oj oc` m`npgon+

Pc` n\h` ^jind_`m\odjin i``_ oj ]` h\_` rcì _`\gdib rdoc njdg \i_

kg\io npma\^`n+ = njdg$n jmb\id^ \i_ dijmb\id^ ^jhkjiìon h\t mò\m_ _dm`ô

kcjojgtndn+ Ei njdg ntno`hn) oc`m` \m` \gnj \ q\mdòt ja cò`mjbì`jpn hdsopm`n

^jindnodib ja _dnnjgq`_ \i_ k\mod^pg\o` jmb\id^ np]no\i^`n) gdqdib jmb\idnhn)

^jggjd_\g npnkìndjin \i_ hdi`m\g k\mod^pg\o`n oc\o ^\i n^m`ì npigdbco jm

k\mod^dk\o` di ì`mbt om\ina`m di gdbco*di_p^`_ om\inajmh\odjin+ Ei kg\ion) oc`

npma\^`n ja oc` kg\ion \m` ^jhkjn`_ ja q\mdjpn np]no\i^`n) km`_jhdi\o`gt \


('

ct_mj^\m]ji jpo`m ^j\odib+ I^?m\_t \i_ I\bb\m_ %.660& nop_d`_ oc` pko\f`

\i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja /)0)4)5*oòm\^cgjm_d]ìuj_djsdi %P?@@& njm]`_ oj bm\nn

ajgd\b` \i_ ajpi_ qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odji oj ]` oc` kmdh\mt gjnn

kmj^`nn`n+ Pc` kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` ja /)0)4)5*P?@@ njm]`_ oj bm\nn \i_

`skjn`_ oj i\opm\g npigdbco r\n 11 c+ Pcdn dn hp^c ngjr`m oc\i oc` c\ga*gda`

j]n`mq`_ di njgpodji ja 2 hdipo`n+

Qn` ja ndgd^\ b`g jm bg\nn kg\o`n oj km`_dô kcjojgtndn ji oc`n` npma\^`n rdgg

ijo kmjqd_` _`kì_\]g` km`_dôdq` diajmh\odji+ >mìonji %.66-& _dn^pnn`n oc`

gdo`m\opm` m`g\odib oj kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ji ajgd\b` \i_ _dn^pnn`n oc` m`g\odq`

àa`ôn qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ ajgd\m kìòm\odji kg\t+ L\o`mnji ò \g+ %.66.& km`nìo`_

\ apb\^dot*]\n`_ hj_`g oc\o _`n^md]`n oc` `lpdgd]mdph \i_ fdiòd^n ja pko\f` \i_

^g`\mdib ]t g`\q`n ja ct_mjkcj]d^ jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di oc` b\n kc\n`+

Pc` kctnd^\g \i_ ^c`hd^\g i\opm` ja ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìon \n oc`t

m`\ô rdoc jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n dn nodgg g\mb`gt pifijri+ Pcjpbc r` ^\i km`_dô

_dm`ô kcjojgtndn di njgpodji) `som\kjg\odji ja kcjojgtndn m\o`n \i_ kmj_pôn oj

joc`m ìqdmjihìo\g ^jhk\mohìon dn pi^`mo\di \i_ hpno ]` _ji` rdoc hp^c

kmp_ì^`+ Qiodg \ hjm` ^jhkgò` pi_`mno\i_dib dn \q\dg\]g` ja oc`n`

^jhk\mohìon) oc` nop_d`n oc\o jaa`m oc` ]`no km`_dôdq` ^\k\]dgdot \m` ocjn` oc\o

pn` ^jhkjiìon hjno gdf` ocjn` ajpi_ di oc` ìqdmjihìo+ Scì`q`m kjnnd]g`)

npigdbco \i_ i\opm\g np]nom\o`n ncjpg_ ]` `hkgjt`_ di \ g\]jm\ojmt \nn`nnhìo

ja oc` ndbidad^\i^` ja kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji di oc` ìqdmjihìo+


((

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?D0J? di oc` kcjojgtndn ja ?D0J?O+ >GMIRGI# /307/-2*/-4+=ofdinji) N+ %.652& Gdiòd^n \i_ h`^c\idnhn ja oc` b\n kc\n` m`\ôdjin

ja oc` ct_mjstg m\_d^\g rdoc jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n pi_`m \ohjnkc`md^ ^ji_dodjin+/LIQ% =IZ%

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>pmin) H+=+ %=kmdg .66-& AT=IO7 =i Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdibOtno`h+ AL=,3--,0*56,-51 Q+O+ Aiqdmjihìo\g Lmjo`ôdji =bì^t) =ocìn) C=+

?\gq`mo) F+C+ \i_ F+J+ Ldoon+ %.633& Lcjoj^c`hdnomt+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin)J`r Ujmf+

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?mjn]t) @+C+) A+ H`dodn \i_ S+D+ Sdio`mgdi+ %.643& Lcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja^\m]\h\o` din`ôd^d_`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% .07/-1*4+

?mjn]t) @+C+) \i_ G+S+ Ijdg\iì+ %.641& R\kjm*kc\n`kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja \g_mdi \i_ _d`g_mdi+ .VGL% 1RZMVSR% /SRXEQ% ?S\MGSP% /73/*41+

?mjn]t) @+C+ \i_ G+ S+ Ijdg\iì+ %.644& R\kjm kc\n` _`^jhkjndodji ja@@P+ /LIQSWTLIVI 3.<*$'(%

?mjn]t) @+C+ \i_ =+O+ Sjib+ %.644& Aiqdmjihìo\g _`bm\_\odji ja/)0)4)5*oòm\^cgjmj_d]ìuj*k*_djsdi+ >GMIRGI .627.004*05+

?pkdoo) H+P+ %.65-& B\o` ja ojsd^ \i_ c\u\m_jpn h\o`md\gn di oc` \dmìqdmjihìo+ AL=*3--,20*5-*-51+ Q+O+ Aiqdmjihìo\g Lmjo`ôdji =bì^t)=ocìn) C=+

@pib) I+D+ \i_ L+S+ KÅG`à`+ %.661& ?jhk\m\odq` m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn jakjgt^cgjmdi\o`_ _d]ìujapm\in di jmb\id^ njgqìon \i_ \lp`jpn njgpodjin+1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM# /57216*221+

@pm\i_) C+) F+H+ =]\_) B+ O\i^cù*>\ù\) =+ I`nn`bp`m \i_ @+ >\m^`gj+%.661& Qi`lpdqj^\g d_ìodad^\odji ja ^jhkjpi_n ajmh`_ di oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odjija aìdomjocdji di r\o`m,hòc\ijg \i_ kmjkjn\g ja n`g`ô`_ om\inajmh\odjik\ocr\tn+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1/75.1*5/.+

Agì_) A+) ?+ Vòun^c \i_ N+ O\m\adi+ %.661& Lcjojgtod^ \i_kcjoj^c`hd^\g _`bm\_\odji ja IEP? di \dm+ Lm`nìo`_ \o EQL=? ^jia`mì^`)S\ncdiboji) @+?+

Bdig\tnji*Ldoon) >+F+ \i_ F+J+ Ldoon+ %.653& =ohjnkc`md^ ^c`hdnomt7Bpi_\hìo\gn \i_ `sk`mdhìo\g o`^cidlp`n+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin) J`r Ujmf+


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Bjjo`) ?+O+ %.643& Lcjojnìndodu`_ jsd_\odji \i_ ndibgò jstbì+ Ei Bm``m\_d^\gn di ]djgjbt) Rjg+ /) `_+ S+=+ Lmtjm) 51*.00+ =^\_`hd^ Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf+

Bmd`_`g) N+=+ \i_ I+ Km^cdi+ %.62.& Qgom\qdjgò nk`ôm\ ja \mjh\od^^jhkjpi_n+ Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin) J`r Ujmf+

Cjcm`) G+ \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m+ %.650& Odibgò jstbì bì`m\odji ji njdgnpma\^`n+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% 0.7..-1*-5+

Cjocì) C+?+ %.66.& =nnj^d\o` =_hdidnom\ojm ajm O\aòt) B`_`m\g N\dgmj\_=_hdidnom\odji) QO @`k\mohìo ja Pm\inkjmo\odji+ Oo\o`hìo ]àjm` oc` Q+O+Djpn` ja N`km`nìo\odq`n Cjq`mihìo =ôdqdod`n \i_ Pm\inkjmo\odjiOp]^jhhdoo`` ja oc` ?jhhdoo`` ji Cjq`mihìo Kk`m\odji+ Kq`mndbco D`\mdibji Pm\di @`m\dghìon \i_ Pjsd^ Okdggn+

Cmpir`gg) F+N+ \i_ N+D+ Amd^fnji+ %.640& Lcjojgtndn ja k\m\ocdji %- )- *_dòctg*-*W1*idomjkcìtgY ocdjkcjnkc\o`&+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# /.76/6*0.+

Cpoc) F+=+) J+ >pmfc\m_ \i_ @+K+ A]`mg`+ %.643& Ask`mdhìo\g\kkmj\^c`n ajm nop_tdib oc` k`mndnoì^` ja k`nod^d_`n di njdgn+ Ei L`mndnoì^` jak`nod^d_`n \i_ c`m]d^d_`n) Lmj^``_dibn >mdodnc ?mjk Lmjo`ôdji+

D\po\g\) N+N+ %Fpi` .645& Opma\ô\io àa`ôn ji k`nod^d_` kcjoj^c`hdnomtdi njdg \i_ r\o`m+ AL=*3--,0*45*-3-+

D`mncìji) D+I+ %.633) .63.) .623& Qgom\qdjgò \i_ qdnd]g` \]njmkodjink`ôm\+ =^\_`hd^ Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf+

G\hgò) I+F+ %.63-& Kmb\id^ `g`ômjid^ nk`ôm\ _\o\) Rjg+ .+ Eio`mn^dì^`Lp]gdnc`mn) Ei^+) J`r Ujmf+

G\i) N+K+ %.633& Kmb\id^ kcjoj^c`hdnomt+ I^Cm\r*Ddgg >jjf ?j+) J`rUjmf+

G\o\bd) P+ %.66/& Lcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja 0*kcìjst]ìujd^ \^d_ di r\o`m\i_ ji njgd_ npma\^`n+ F+ .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1-7./36*./41+

Gj^c\it) F+ \i_ N+F+ I\bpdm`+ %.661& Opigdbco kcjoj_`bm\_\odji jaIòjg\^cgjm di r\o`m+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ%# 1/71-3*1./+

Gjgkdi) @+S+ \i_ O+F+ H\fgcjaa+ %.660& =om\udi` _`bm\_\odji di \ nh\ggnom`\h di Ejr\+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM# /47.01*.06+

Gj`no`m) ?+F+ \i_ N+=+ Ddo`n+ %.66/& Lcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja kjgt^cgjmdi\o`__djsdin \i_ _d]ìujapm\in \_njm]`_ oj agt \nc+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# /372-/*2-4+

H\^jmo`) O+ \i_ @+ >\m^`gj+ %.661& N\kd_ _`bm\_\odji ja aìdomjocdji di`nop\mdi` r\o`mn+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# /57..26*..30+

H`h\dm`) F+) E+ ?\hk`gg) D+ Dpgk`) F+=+ Cpoc) S+ I`mu) F+ Lcdgk \i_ ?+ RjiS\g_jr+ %.65.& =i \nn`nnhìo ja o`no hòcj_n ajm kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja^c`hd^\gn di oc` ìqdmjihìo) `_+ H+ Ppmi`m) .*3.+ Apmjk`\i ?c`hd^\g Ei_pnomtA^jgjbt \i_ Pjsd^jgjbt ?ìo`m+ P`^cid^\g N`kjmo Jj+ 0) >mpnn`gn) >`gbdph+

I\cji) @+I+ %.66.& Lm`nd_ìo ja Ojpoc`mi L\^dad^ Pm\inkjmo\odji?jhk\it+ Oo\o`hìo ]àjm` oc` Q+O+ Djpn` ja N`km`nìo\odq`n Cjq`mihìo=ôdqdod`n \i_ Pm\inkjmo\odji Op]^jhhdoo`` ja oc` ?jhhdoo`` ji Cjq`mihìoKk`m\odji+ Kq`mndbco D`\mdib ji Pm\di @`m\dghìon \i_ Pjsd^ Okdggn+


(*

I^?gpm`) R+A+ %.643& Pm\inkjmo ja c`\qt ^cgjmdi\o`_ ct_mj^\m]jin di oc`\ohjnkc`m`+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# .-7.//0*/6+

I^?m\_t) F+G+ \i_ O+L+ I\bb\m_+ %.660& Qko\f` \i_ kcjoj_`bm\_\odjija /)0)4)5*oòm\^cgjm_d]ìuj*k*_djsdi njm]`_ oj bm\nn ajgd\b`+ 1RZMVSR% >GM%?IGLRSM%# /47010*02-+

Idgg) P+) @+C+ Dì_mt \i_ D+ Nd^c\m_nji+ %.65-& Bm`` m\_d^\g jsd_\ion dii\opm\g r\o`mn+ >GMIRGI /-475.2*/-+

Idgg) P+) S+N+ I\]`t) @+?+ >jh]`mb`m) P+S+ ?cjp) @+C+ Dìmt \i_ F+D+Ohdoc+ %.65.& H\]jm\ojmt kmjoj^jgn ajm `q\gp\odib oc` a\o` ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gndi \dm \i_ r\o`m) .*0/6+ ?jiom\ô Jj+ 35*-0*///4+ Q+O+ Aiqdmjihìo\g Lmjo`ôdji=bì^t) =ocìn) C=+

Idgg`m) C+?+) \i_ @+C+ ?mjn]t+ %.645& Lcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja npno\m dir\o`m+ 6% .KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% /37.0.3*/.+

Idgg`m) C+?+ \i_ @+C+ ?mjn]t+ %.650& L`nod^d_` kmj_pôn7 Cì`m\odji \i_ndbidad^\i^`+ 6% ?S\MGSP% /PMR% ?S\MGSP% .674-4*02+

Idgg`m) C+?+) R+N+ D`]`mo) I+F+ Idgg`) N+ Idou`g \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.656&Lcjojgtndn ja jô\^cgjmj_d]ìuj*k*_djsdi ji njdgn7 kmj_pôdji ja /)0)4)5*P?@@+/LIQSWTLIVI .57./32*./41+

Idgg`m) C+?+) R+N+ D`]`mo \i_ S+S+ Idgg`m+ %.656& Aaa`ô ja npigdbco jijmb\id^ ^jio\hdi\ion \o oc` \ohjnkc`m`*njdg dio`ma\^`+ Ei N`\ôdjin \i_hjq`hìo ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di njdgn) OOO= nk`^d\g kp]gd^\odji ij+ //)I\_dnji Sg+

Idgg`m) C+?+) I+F+ Idgg`) @+C+ ?mjn]t) O+ Ojioph \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.646&Lcjojnjgqjgtndn ja 0)1*_d^cgjmj\idgdi` di r\o`m+ ?IXVELIHVSR 027.464*66+

Idgg`m) C+?+ \i_ N+C+ V`kk+ %.646& Lcjojm`\ôdqdot ja \lp\od^ kjggpo\ionnjm]`_ ji npnkì_`_ njdg n`_dhìon+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM% .0753-*30+

Ijdg\iì) G+S+) @+C+ ?mjn]t) ?+F+ Oj_`mlpdno \i_ =+O+ Sjib+ %.642&@ti\hd^ \nk`ôn ja k`nod^d_` kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji+ Ei Aiqdmjihìo\g _ti\hd^nja k`nod^d_`n) `_n+ N+ D\lp` \i_ R+ Bm``_+ Lgìph Lm`nn) J`r Ujmf+

J\f\b\r\) I+ \i_ @+C+ ?mjn]t+ %.641& Lcjojip^g`jkcdgd^ m`\ôdjin jaidomjaì+ 6% .KVMG 2SSH /LIQ% //760-*00+

Jdbb) D+J+ \i_ F+?+ =ggì+ %.646& = ^jhk\mdnji ja odh`*r`\oc`m hj_`gnajm km`_dôdib k\m\ocdji _dn\kk`\m\i^` pi_`m ?\gdajmid\ ^ji_dodjin+ 1RZMVSR% >GM%?IGLRSM% .07/0.*00+

L\o`mnji) O+) @+ I\^f\t) A+ >\^^d \i_ @+ ?\g\h\md+ %.66.& ?jmm`g\odji jaoc` `lpdgd]mdph \i_ fdiòd^n ja g`\a*\dm `s^c\ib` ja ct_mjkcj]d^ jmb\id^^c`hd^\gn+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# /27533*54.+

L`mmt) B+I+) A+S+ @\t) Fm+) D+A+ I\b\_\iu \i_ @+C+ O\i_`mn+%O`ko`h]`m .645& B\o` ja idomjn\hdi`n di oc` ìqdmjihìo7 Lcjojgtndn dii\opm\g r\o`mn+ Lm`nìo`_ \o oc` .43oc J\odji\g I`òdib) =h`md^\i ?c`hd^\gOj^dòt) Id\hd >`\^c) BH+


(+

Lò`mnji) F+P+ %.643& ?\g^pg\o`_ \ôdid^ agps`n %/6-*4--ih& ajm \dmkjggpodji kcjoj^c`hdnomt \kkgd^\odjin+ .*22) AL=*3--,1*43*-/2+ N`n`\m^cPmd\ibg` L\mf) J?7 Q+O+ Aiqdmjihìo\g Lmjo`ôdji =bì^t+

Njja) =+=+I+ %.65-& =lp\od^ kcjoj^c`hdnomt+ Ei D\i_]jjf jaìqdmjihìo\g ^c`hdnomt) Rjg /]) `_+ - + Dpoudib`m) Okmdib`m R`mg\b) J`r Ujmf+

Npuj) H+K+ %.65/& Lcjoj^c`hd^\g m`\ôdjin ja oc` ntiocòd^ ktmòcmjd_n+Ei Lmjbm`nn di k`nod^d_` ^c`hdnomt) `_n+ @+D+ Dponji \i_ P+N+ Nj]`mon) .*00+Fjci Sdg`t # Ojin) Ho_+

Npuj) H+K+) F+G+ H`` \i_ I+F+ V\]df+ %.65-& Ojgpodji*kc\n`kcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja n`q`m\g np]nodopo`_ _dkcìtg òc`m c`m]d^d_`n+ 6% .KVMG%2SSH /LIQ% /57./56*6/+

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Ohdoc) F+D+) S+N+ I\]`t) J+ >jcjijn) >+N+ Djgo) O+O+ H``) P+S+ ?cjp)@+?+ >jh]`mb`m \i_ P+ Idgg+ %I\t .645& Aiqdmjihìo\g k\ocr\tn ja n`g`ô`_^c`hd^\gn di am`ncr\o`m ntno`hn7 L\mo EE+ H\]jm\ojmt nop_d`n+ AL=*3--,4*45*-41+

Oj_`mlpdno) ?+F+) @+C+ ?mjn]t) G+S+ Ijdg\iì) F+J+ O`d]`m \i_ F+A+Sjj_mjr+ %.642& K^^pmmì^` ja omdagpm\gdi \i_ don kcjojkmj_pôn di \dm+ 6% .KVMG%2SSH /LIQ% /070-1*-6+

Opi_nomjh) C+ \i_ H+K+ Npuj+ %.645& Lcjoj^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji jakjggpo\ion di r\o`m+ ;;IVQEKSR >IV% 1RZMVSR% >GM% .7/-2*//+

Ppmmj) J+F+ %.645& Ij_`mi hjg`^pg\m kcjoj^c`hdnomt+>ìe\hdi,?phhdin Lp]gdncdib ?j+) Iìgj L\mf+

QO @`k\mohìo ja ?jhh`m^`+ %.66.& A^jijhd^n \i_ Oo\odnod^n=_hdidnom\odji) >pm`\p ja ?ìnpn+ .66- ?ìnpn ja Ljkpg\odji \i_ Djpndib+Ophh\mt Ljkpg\odji \i_ Djpndib ?c\m\ô`mdnod^n ja ?\gdajmid\+ S\ncdiboji)@+?+7 Q+O+ Cjq`mihìo Lmdiodib Kaad^`+

S\m`) C+S+) @+C+ ?mjn]t \i_ F+S+ Cdg`n+ %.65-& Lcjoj_`^jhkjndodji ja@@=+ .VGL% 1RZMVSR% /SRXEQ% ?S\MGSP% 67.02*13+

Sjga`) J+H+) Q+ Idib`gbmdi \i_ C+?+ Idgg`m+ %.66-& =]djod^ om\inajmh\odjindi r\o`m) n`_dhìon \i_ njdg+ Ei L`nod^d_`n di oc` njdg ìqdmjihìo+ OOO= ]jjfn`md`n) ij+ /) I\_dnji) Sg+

Sjj_]pmi) G+>+) B+N+ >\ou`m) B+D+ Scdo` \i_ I+N+ O^cpgou+ %.660& Pc`\lp`jpn kcjojgtndn ja omd^gjktm+ 1RZ% ?S\% ERH /LIQ%# ./710*22+

Sjj_r\m_) N+>+ %.61.& Oompôpm` \i_ oc` \]njmkodji nk`ôm\ j a *pin\opm\o`_ fòji`n+ 6% .Q% /LIQ% >SG% 307../0+

Sjj_mjr) F+A+) @+C+ ?mjn]t) P+ I\no) G+S+ Ijdg\iì \i_ F+J+ O`d]`m+%.645& N\o`n ja om\inajmh\odji ja omdagpm\gdi \i_ k\m\ocdji q\kjmn di oc` \dm+ 6%.KVMG% 2SSH /LIQ% /37.0./*.3+


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V\admdjp) K+?+) F+ Fjpnnjo*@p]dì) N+C+ V`kk \i_ N+ Vdf\+ %.651&Lcjoj^c`hdnomt ja i\opm\g r\o`mn+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM% .57025\*4.\+

V`kk) N+C+ %O`ko`h]`m .645& =nn`nndib oc` kcjoj^c`hdnomt ja jmb\id^kjggpo\ion di \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìon+ L\k`m km`nìo`_ ]àjm` oc` @dqdndji jaAiqdmjihìo\g ?c`hdnomt) =h`md^\i ?c`hd^\g Oj^dòt) Id\hd >`\^c) BH+

V`kk) N+C+ %.645]& Mp\ioph td`g_n ajm m`\ôdji ja kjggpo\ion di _dgpo`\lp`jpn njgpodji+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# ./70/4*/6+

V`kk) N+C+ %.646& Lcjoj^c`hdnomt di \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìon+ Ei@ti\hd^n) `skjnpm` \i_ c\u\m_ \nn`nnhìo ja ojsd^ ^c`hd^\gn) `_+ N+ D\lp`)^c\k+ 6+ =ii =m]jm O^dì^`) =ii =m]jm+

V`kk) N+C+ \i_ C+H+ >\pbch\i+ %.645& Lm`_dôdji ja kcjoj^c`hd^\gom\inajmh\odji ja kjggpo\ion di oc` \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìo+ Ei =lp\od^ Ljggpo\ion7Pm\inajmh\odji \i_ ]djgjbd^\g àa`ôn) `_+ - + Dpoudib`m) E+D+ R\i H`gtq`g_ \i_>+?+F+ Vjò`h\i) L`mb\hji Lm`nn) Ksajm_+

V`kk) N+C+) C+H+ >\pbch\i \i_ L+B+ O^cjgouc\p`m+ %.65.& ?jhk\mdnjija kcjoj^c`hd^\g ]`c\qdjm ja q\mdjpn cphd^ np]no\i^`n di r\o`m7 EE+Lcjojnìndodu`_ jstbì\odjin+ /LIQSWTLIVI .-7..6*/3+

V`kk) N+C+ \i_ @+I+ ?gdi`+ %.644& N\o`n ja _dm`ô kcjojgtndn di oc`\lp`jpn ìqdmjihìo+ 1RZMVSR% >GM% ?IGLRSM%# ..7026*33+

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1/

+'0 =kVda^ke[e

Dt_mjgtndn dn oc` hjno dhkjmo\io m`\ôdji ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n di

\lp`jpn ìqdmjihìon \i_ dn \ ndbidad^\io ìqdmjihìo\g a\o` kmj^`nn+ Ei

i\opm\g ìqdmjihìon) ct_mjgtndn rdgg ^jhkò` rdoc iph`mjpn joc`m gjnn

kmj^`nn`n di^gp_dib \_njmkodji) g`\^cdib) qjg\odgdu\odji) hd^mj]d\g _`bm\_\odji)

kcjoj_`bm\_\odji) m`_js m`\ôdjin \i_ ]djgjbd^\g pko\f`+ Pc` _`bm\_\odji ja oc`

np]no\i^` _j`n ijo h`\i oc\o oc` ojsd^dot kjoìod\g dn `gdhdi\o`_) ndi^` oc`

_`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn ^\i ]` epno \n ojsd^ jm `qì hjm` ojsd^ \n dn oc` ^\n` rdoc

oc` ^jiq`mndji ja k\m\ocdji oj k\m\jsji+ Pj apggt pi_`mno\i_ oc` ìqdmjihìo\g

dhk\ô ja \ ^c`hd^\g r` hpno _ò`mhdi` don _`bm\_\odji m\o`) kmj_pôn \i_ oc`

np]n`lpìo _`bm\_\odji ja \it ojsd^ _\pbco`m kmj_pôn+

Dt_mjgtndn h\t ]` ndbidad^\io \n h\it ^jhkjpi_n `qìop\ggt adi_ oc`m`

r\t dioj oc` bmjpi_r\o`m) nom`\hn \i_ mdq`mn ocmjpbc mpijaa \i_ g`\^cdib+

Dt_mjgtndn m\o`n \m` di_`kì_ìo ja diagpì^` ]t npigdbco) hd^mj]d\g kjkpg\odjin

\i_ jstbì+ Pc` ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n) cjr`q`m) \m` _`kì_ìo ji kD) o`hk`m\opm`

\i_ ^c`hd^\g ^ji^ìom\odji8 oc`n` kmjk`mod`n ^c\ib` ngjrgt \i_ n`\nji\ggt da \o

\gg %I\]`t \i_ Idgg) .645&+ Pc`m` \m` n`q`m\g `s\hkg`n di rcd^c ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n

h`\npm`_ di ]joc kpm` \i_ i\opm\g r\o`mn c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ bjj_ ^jmm`g\odji

ja m`npgon ajm q\mdjpn ^c`hd^\gn %Cg`r \i_ Ij`grti*Dpbc`n) .62/8 H\pbcoji

\i_ Nj]`monji) .6238 H\pbcoji \i_ Nj]`monji) .626&+


10

Ei oc` ìqdmjihìo) ji` ^\i \nnph` \ ndhkg` ntno`h rdoc gjr djid^

nomìboc \i_ hdidh\g \hjpion ja jmb\id^ h\o`md\g di oc` \lp\od^ ^jhk\mohìo+

Pc` \nnphkodji ^\i \gnj ]` h\_` oc\o oc` ^ji^ìom\odjin rdgg ]` ^jiomjgg`_ ]t

cjhjbìjpn njgpodji ^c`hdnomt \i_ fdiòd^n+ Qi_`m oc`n` \nnphkodjin)

ct_mjgtndn ^\i ]` `skg\di`_ ]t oc` ajggjrdib kmj^`nn %B\mh`m \i_ =j^cd) .654&+

Dt_mjgtndn dn \ ^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji kmj^`nn di rcd^c \i `g`ômjkcdgd^

jmb\id^ hjg`^pg`) NT) m`\ôn rdoc r\o`m) rcd^c \ôn \n \ ip^g`jkcdg`) oj ajmh \

^\m]ji*jstbì ]ji_ \i_ ^g`\qdib \ ^\m]ji*T ]ji_ di oc` jmdbdi\g hjg`^pg`+ Pc`

iò m`\ôdji dn hjno ^jhhjigt \ _dm`ô _dnkg\^`hìo ja \ T ]t KD7

N*T ( D/- *;; NKD ( T$ ( D(

Pc`m` \m` orj _dnodiô otk`n ja ip^g`jkcdgd^ _dnkg\^`hìo m`\ôdjin) oc`

OJ. %Op]nodopodji) Jp^g`jkcdgd^) Qidhjg`^pg\m& \i_ OJ/ %Op]nodopodji)

Jp^g`jkcdgd^) >dhjg`^pg\m& ]\n`_ ji oc`dm m\o` gdhdodib no`k+

Pc` OJ. m`\ôdji dn \ orj no`k kmj^`nn di rcd^c \ no\]g` ^\m]jidph dji dn

ajmh`_) N() rcd^c dn ocì m\kd_gt \oo\^f`_ ]t r\o`m+ Pc` n`^ji_ no`k dn lpdo`

m\kd_ \i_ oc`màjm` oc` m`\ôdji m\o` dn di_`kì_ìo ja oc` r\o`m ^ji^ìom\odji+

Pcdn otk` ja m`\ôdji dn admno jm_`m ndi^` oc` m\o` _`kì_n jigt ji oc` jmb\id^

^jhkjpi_ ^ji^ìom\odji+

N*T *;; T$ ( N( %ngjr&N(( D/- *;;NKD ( D( %a\no&

Pc` Oi/ m`\ôdji j^^pmn rcì oc` ip^g`jkcdg` \oo\^fn oc` nd_` jkkjndo`

oc` g`\qdib bmjpk) rdoc oc` ajmh\odji ja \i dio`mh`_d\o`+ Pc` OJ/ m`\ôdji dn


))

hjno dhkjmo\io rcì _`\gdib rdoc ìqdmjihìo\g ^jio\hdi\ion \i_ oc` m\o` dn

_`kì_ìo ji oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja ]joc m`\ô\ion+

N*T ( D/- *;; D/-*N*T *;; NKD ( T$ ( D(

Odi^` oc` m`\ôdji m\o` dn _`kì_ìo ji oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja ]joc

m`\ô\ion) ocdn ncjpg_ ]` \ n`^ji_ jm_`m m`\ôdji+ Djr`q`m) do ncjpg_ ]` om`\o`_

\n admno jm_`m ndi^` r\o`m dn ijo gdhdodib di \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìon \i_ ocpn oc`

m`\ôdjin rjpg_ ]` kn`p_j*admno jm_`m+

+'1 =kVda^ke[e GSfW ASi

Pc` ct_mjgtndn ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di r\o`m dn admno*jm_`m di oc`

^ji^ìom\odji ja oc` jmb\id^ nk`^d`n+ Scì oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_

pi_`mbjdib ct_mjgtndn dn npaad^dìogt gjr \n oj ijo \aa`ô oc` ]pgf _ìndot) oc`

jq`m\gg m\o` ^\i ]` `skm`nn`_ \n \ admno jm_`m kmj^`nn+ Ei ocdn ^\n` oc` m\o` ja

gjnn ja NT) *_WNTY,_o dn _dm`ôgt kmjkjmodji\g oj oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja oc`

^jhkjpi_ WNTY7

*_WNTY,_o : fPWNTY

rc`m` fP dn oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o` ^jino\io+ Askm`nn`_ di o`mhn ja c\ga*gda`) oc`

ct_mjgtndn m\o` dn7

o.,/ : -+360,fP

As^`ko di oc` ^\n` rc`m` \^d_ \i_ ]\n` ^\o\gtndn \m` \]nìo) oc` m\o` ^jino\io

rdgg ]` \ apiôdji ja kD) \i_ ^\i di^gp_` ^jiomd]podjin amjh \^d_ ^\o\gtu`_


12

ct_mjgtndn) ]\n` ^\o\gtu`_ ct_mjgtndn \i_ ip^g`jkcdgd^ \oo\^f ]t r\o`m %D\mmdn)

.65/&+

Pc` kD _`kì_ì^` ja oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o` c\n ]`ì r`gg _`n^md]`_

%I\]`t \i_ Idgg) .645&+ Pc`t kmjkjn`_ oc\o oc` kD m\o` kmjadg` h\t ]` Q*

nc\k`_ jm R*nc\k`_) _`kì_dib ji oc` h\bidop_` ja oc` i`pom\g ct_mjgtndn m\o`

^jhkjiìo di m`g\odji oj oc` \^d_ \i_ ]\n` ^\o\gtu`_ ^jhkjiìon %Bdbpm` .&+

Pc` ocm`` om\indodji kjdion h\mf`_ g=J) E=>\i_ gJ>^jmm`nkji_ oj q\gp`n ja kD \o

rcd^c oc` \^d_ jm ]\n` ^\o\gtu`_ kmj^`nn`n ]`bdi oj h\f` ndbidad^\io

^jiomd]podjin oj fP+ Ea oc`n` om\indodji kjdion a\gg rdocdi oc` kD m\ib` ja oc` r\o`m

]`dib nop_d`_) oc` ^\o\gtndn hpno ]` ^jind_`m`_ rcì _ò`mhdidib oc` m\o` ja

\lp`jpn kcjojgtndn+ I\]`t \i_ Idgg %.645& nphh\mdu`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n ja

\ iph]`m ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n+

Pc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ja jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn di^m`\n`n rdoc o`hk`m\opm`+

Pc` o`hk`m\opm` \i_ don m`g\odjincdk oj oc` m\o` ^jino\io ^\i ]` `skm`nn`_

ocmjpbc oc` =mmcìdpn `lp\odji rc`m`7

f : =`$A=,NP

di rcd^c A= dn oc` =mmcìdpn \ôdq\odji ì`mbt) N dn oc` b\n ^jino\io \i_ P dn oc`

o`hk`m\opm`+ Pc` o`hk`m\opm` àa`ô dn \kkgd`_ n`k\m\o`gt oj fD) f-D \i_ fJ

ndi^` oc` ^\o\gtu`_ \i_ pi^\o\gtu`_ m`\ôdjin ncjr _daa`mìo o`hk`m\opm`

_`kì_ì^d`n+


)+

Pc` q\gp`n ja A=ajm ct_mjgtndn ja jmb\id^n di r\o`m pnp\ggt a\gg di oc`

m\ib` ja ./*/2 f^\g,hjg) rdoc q\gp`n ja .4*/- hjno ^jhhji %D\mmdn) .65/&+

Ojh` bì`m\g bpd_`gdi`n oj ajggjr rcì _`\gdib rdoc o`hk`m\opm`n ]òr`ì -

\i_ 2-w? \m`7

* \ .w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ .-" ^c\ib` di f

* \ .-w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ a\ôjm ja /+2 ^c\ib` di f

* \ /2w? ^c\ib` di o`hk`m\opm` ^\pn`n \ a\ôjm ja .- ^c\ib` di f

]\n`_ ji \i A=q\gp` ja .4*.5 f^\g,hjg+

?c\ib`n di o`hk`m\opm` c\q` \ bm`\o \aa`ô ji f \i_ oc`màjm` c\q`

ndbidad^\io ^jin`lpì^`n7

* `sk`mdhìo\g o`hk`m\opm` hpno ]` ^jiomjgg`_ \^^pm\o`gt \i_km`^dn`gt oj `gdhdi\o` pi^`mo\diot+

* pi^`mo\diot di A= dn h\bidad`_ rcì g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon \m``som\kjg\o`_ jq`m /2w? jm g\mb`m dio`mq\gn oj `nodh\o` f q\gp`npi_`m ìqdmjihìo\g ^ji_dodjin+ N\o` _\o\ j]o\di`_ ]t`som\kjg\odji ja hjm` oc\i /2w? ncjpg_ ]` ^jind_`m`_ jm_`m jah\bidop_` \kkmjsdh\odjin+

Scì k`majmhdib ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon oj ]` `som\kjg\o`_ oj oc`

ìqdmjihìo) oc` ]`no m`npgon \m` _`mdq`_ amjh ]m\^fòdib oc` o`hk`m\opm`n ja

dio`m`no+ Jph]`mn oc\o \m` bì`m\o`_ rdoc gdoog` `som\kjg\odji rdgg ]` hjm`

m`km`nìo\odq`n ja m`\g rjmg_ ìqdmjihìon+


),

'$. 5VBOLIVQGA CDDCAQP

Dt_mjgtndn m`\ôdjin h\t ]` ^\o\gtu`_ di oc` km`nì^` ja om\^`*hò\g

nk`^d`n di i\opm\g r\o`mn ]po ijo di oc` g\]jm\ojmt ntno`hn+ Pc`n` ntno`hn

^jpg_ g`\_ oj m\o`n oc\o \m` cdbc`m oc\i km`_dô`_ ]\n`_ ji g\] m`npgon+ I`dfg`

\i_ Ujpibnji %.645& kmjkjn`_ ocdn h`^c\idnh oj `skg\di \ .2 ajg_ m\o`

ìc\i^`hìo j]n`mq`_ ji ^cgjmktmdajn di ^\i\g r\o`m \n jkkjn`_ oj kcjnkc\o`

]paa`m njgpodjin di _dnodgg`_ r\o`m+ ?`mo\di nk`^d`n ja hò\gn np^c \n ?p/() Vi/()

Ii/() = g0( \i_ B`0( c\q` ]`ì ncjri oj ]` àa`ôdq` di \^^`g`m\odib oc`

ct_mjgtndn ja n`g`ô`_ jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n %>ì_`m) .6308 Akno`di \i_ Ijnc`m)

.635&+ Dt_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin ja

q\mdjpn ]paa`m hds`n) di i\opm\g r\o`mn ja q\mtdib kD ^jio\didib cphpn \i_ di

_dnodgg`_ r\o`m+

O`_dhìon h\t \gnj àa`ô ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \i_ hpno ]` ^jind_`m`_ rcì

`som\kjg\odib g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon oj i\opm\g r\o`m ìqdmjihìon+ Sjmf c\n ]`ì

k`majmh`_ \o AL= =ocìn oj ]òo`m pi_`mno\i_ oc` àa`ôn n`_dhìo hdbco c\q`

ji ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n+ =it ct_mjgtod^ nop_d`n ncjpg_ di^gp_` nop_d`n oj _ò`mhdi`

rc\o àa`ôn oc` n`_dhìon hdbco c\q` ji oc` m\o`n ]t \__dodji ja n`_dhìo oj

oc` o`no kmjoj^jg+

L\mododjidib ja ^jio\hdi\ion jioj njdg k\mod^g`n c\_ \ bm`\o àa`ô+ Ea ocdn dn

omp`) ocì ^g\tn rjpg_ c\q` \ bm`\o`m àa`ô oc\i n\i_ \i_ ndgo+ Ask`mdhìon

c\q` ncjri oc\o nh`ôdo` ^\i ]` dhkjmo\io _p` oj don `sk\i_\]dgdot \i_ cdbc


15

npma\^` \m`\ di oc` km`nì^` ja D() J\(\i_ ?\( %?jmidej ò \g+) .6508 Odibc\g

\i_ Odibc) .643&+ Lcjnhò c\n ]`ì ncjri oj pi_`mbj 2--*ajg_ bm`\o`m

_`bm\_\odji di oc` km`nì^` di /7. otk` ^g\t hjiohjmdggjido` oc\i di \ ^g\t*am``

ntno`h %?\h\u\ij \i_ I\modi) .650&+

Sjgo ò \g+) %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja agphònpg\h di \i \i\`mj]d^

ntno`h oj _ò`mhdi` don \i\`mj]d^ \lp\od^ _`bm\_\odji+ Pc` ^jhkjpi_

`scd]do`_ \ c\ga*gda` ja .1*.-2 _\tn pi_`m \`mj]d^ njdg hò\]jgdnh) _`kì_dib ji

njdg \i_ jmb\id^ ^\m]ji ^jioìo %H`ch\ii ò \g+) .66/&+ Ei oc` \i\`mj]d^

ntno`h) oc` agphònpg\h k\mododji`_ oj oc` r\o`m \i_ `scd]do`_ \ c\ga*gda` ja .50

_\tn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` di \i \`mj]d^ ntno`h r\n _ò`mhdi`_ oj ]` 1- _\tn+ Pc`n`

m`npgon npkkjmo oc` d_`\ oc\o jstbì \^^`g`m\o`n oc` ct_mjgtndn kmj^`nn ja njh`

^c`hd^\gn+

Gipoc \i_ D`didn %.66/& nop_d`_ oc` _`bm\_\odji ja ^cgjmktmdajn di \lp\od^

ntno`hn+ Pc`t _ò`mhdi`_ oc\o oc` ^cgjmktmdajn `scd]do`_ \ m\kd_ didod\g gjnn

kc\n` \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc qjg\odgdu\odji \i_ ^c`hd^\g _`bm\_\odji di oc` r\o`m

^jgphi) ocmjpbc ct_mjgtndn+ Pc`t j]n`mq`_ \ c\ga*dga` ja 1+4*5 cjpmn+ Pcdn q\gp`

\bm``_ r`gg rdoc joc`m m`kjmon \i_ ^gjn`gt \kkmjsdh\o`n m`\g ^ji_dodjin \n oc`t

ndhpg\o`_ ad`g_ nkm\tdib \i_ n\hkg`_ dhh`_d\o`gt+

Jb\]` ò \g+ %.660& nop_d`_ oc` jmb\ij^cgjmdi` k`nod^d_`n) \* \i_ t*

c`s\^cgjmj^t^gjc`s\i`n+ Pc`t nop_d`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn ja oc`n` ^jhkjpi_n di

]paa`m`_ njgpodjin om`\o`_ rdoc nj_dph \ud_`) oj _`nomjt oc` hd^mj]d\g kjkpg\odji)


).

\i_ di odbcogt n`\g`_ ]joog`n di oc` _\mf oj km`qìo kcjojgtndn \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+

Pc` nop_d`n _ò`mhdi`_ oc\o do rjpg_ o\f` ]òr`ì /3 \i_ 1/ t`\mn ajm oc`

^jhkjpi_n oj _`bm\_` \o kD 5 \i_ 2w?+ Pc`n` m`npgon di_d^\o` oc\o ct_mjgtndn

dn ijo \ h\ejm k\ocr\t ajm _`bm\_\odji ja c`s\^cgjmj^t^gjc`s\i`n+ Pc`n`

`sk`mdhìon r`m` k`majmh`_ di np^c \ r\t oj kmjk`mgt km`qìo dio`ma`mì^` ja

oc` m`npgon ]t joc`m k\ocr\tn+

Pc` hd^mj]d\g ^jhhpidot km`nìo di \ ntno`h ^\i àa`ô ct_mjgtndn m\o`n+

>djgjbd^\ggt h`_d\o`_ ct_mjgtndn dn ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t oc` km`nì^` ja \ g\b kc\n`

\n oc` hd^mj]d\g ^jhhpidot \_\kon oj pn` oc` kjggpo\io \n \i ì`mbt njpm^`+

Pc` ct_mjgtod^ m\o`n \m` jaoì kmjkjmodji\g oj ]\ô`md\g ]djh\nn \i_,jm nk`^dad^

ìuth` ^ji^ìom\odji %Sjga` ò \g+) .656&+

+'*) =kVda^kf[U XgÙf[a`S^ Ydagbe

Dt_mjgtndn ^\i j^^pm jigt da ^`mo\di npn^`kod]g` apiôdji\g bmjpkn \m`

km`nìo+ I\it ^jhkjpi_n rdgg ijo pi_`mbj ct_mjgtndn \n oc`t _j ijo kjnn`nn

oc` mdbco apiôdji\g bmjpkn+ Pc` apiôdji\g bmjpkn oc\o \m` kjoìod\ggt npn^`kod]g`

oj ct_mjgtndn \m` \hd_`n) ^\m]\h\o`n) `kjsd_`n) \gdkc\od^ \i_ \mjh\od^ `no`mn)

\gftg \i_ \mtg c\gd_`n) idomdd`n) kcjnkcji\o`n) kcjnkc\o`n,ocdjkcjnkc\o`n \i_

kcjnkcjijc\gd_\o`n %I\]`t \i_ Idgg) .645&+

+'** GWS^ Lad^V 8a_b^[USf[aè

Pc`m` \m` h\it ^jhkgd^\odjin di `som\kjg\odib g\]jm\ojmt ct_mjgtndn

`sk`mdhìon oj cjr \ ^c`hd^\g rdgg m`\ô di oc` m`\g ìqdmjihìo+ Ijno


2-

`sk`mdhìon \m` k`majmh`_ di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin \o cdbc o`hk`m\opm`n+ Eo dn c\m_

oj `som\kjg\o` ocjn` m`npgon oj gjr`m o`hk`m\opm`n \i_ oc` àa`ôn oc\o cphd^

h\o`md\gn di i\opm\g r\o`mn hdbco c\q`+ Pc` àa`ôn ja n`_dhìon \i_ oc`dm djid^

npma\^`n \i_ ^jhkjiìon \m` c\m_ oj km`_dô+

Ki` np^c r\t oj _`\g rdoc oc` `som\kjg\odji dn oj k`majmh `sk`mdhìon ji

^c`hd^\gn di oc` m`\g rjmg_ ìqdmjihìo+ O^cjoog`m ò \g+) %.661& nop_d`_

\om\udi`) \g\^cgjm \i_ ^t\i\udi` ]t h`\npmdib oc` ^jhkjpi_n di \ g\mb` mdq`m

ntno`h \n r`gg \n h`\npmdib oc`dm _`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn+ Pc` ^jhkjpi_n

pi_`mrìo ct_mjgtndn) hd^mj]d\g _`bm\_\odji \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+ Odi^` oc`

\i\gto`n \m` jigt ngdbcogt qjg\odg`) oc` h\ejmdot ja oc` gjnn dn \oomd]po`_ oj

ct_mjgtndn \i_ ]djgtndn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` ja \om\udi` q\md`_ amjh /. oj 25 _\tn+ Pc`

gjib`m c\ga*gdq`n r`m` \oomd]po`_ oj m\kd_ agpncdib jq`m njdg npma\^`n \i_ g`nn odh`

ajm hd^mj]d\g dio`m\ôdji+ Pcdn ntno`h dn \ _dm`ô h`\npm` ja \ m`\g ntno`h) ]po

rjpg_ ]` c\m_ oj pn` di omtdib oj `som\kjg\o` oc` m`npgon oj joc`m ntno`hn \n

h\it k\m\hò`mn \m` ijo d_ìodad`_+

Ea m`\g rjmg_ ìqdmjihìon ^\iÅo ]` pn`_ _p` oj ^jhkg`sdot jm do dn

dhkm\ôd^\g) ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ di ndop\odjin oc\o hjno

^gjn`gt \kkmjsdh\o` m`\g rjmg_ ^ji_dodjin+ Pcdn rdgg \ggjr oc` m`npgon oj ]`

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20

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24

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25

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%adq` `sk`mdhìon& amjh F#S %Bjgnjh) ?=&+ Pc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kc r\n o`hk`m\opm`

kmjbm\hh`_ amjh 4-w? oj .0-w? \o \ m\o` ja .-w? k`m hdipo`+ Pc` o`hk`m\opm` r\n

ocì c`g_ \o .0-w? ajm .+2 hdipo`n+ Pc` ^\mmd`m b\n agjrn r`m` / hH,hdi idomjbì ajm

oc` -+0/ hh ^jgphi \i_ 3 hH,hdi c`gdph ajm oc` -+20 hh ^jgphi+ Pc` JL@ m`^`dq`_

ct_mjbì \o 1 hH,hdi) \dm \o ..1 hH,hdi \i_ idomjbì h\f`pk b\n \o 0- hH,hdi+ Pc`

BL@ m`^`dq`_ ct_mjbì \o 42 hg,hdi) \dm \o .-- hH,hdi \i_ idomjbì h\f`pk b\n \o /1

hH,hdi+ Pc` JL@ _ò`ôjm r\n jk`m\o`_ ]òr`ì /- \i_ 0- k=+ Pc` BL@ r\n

jk`m\o`_ di oc` npgapm nk`^dad^ hj_` pndib \ 061 ih adgo`m+

Aaagpìo amjh oc` b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^jgphi r\n nkgdo ]òr`ì oc` JL@ \i_

BL@) rcd^c \ggjr`_ ajm ^jiadmh\odji ja oc` IEP? k`\f \i_ ajm h\nn ]\g\i^`


3.

_ò`mhdi\odji+ IEP? \i_ don kmdh\mt _`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn ^jio\di `doc`m npgapm jm

idomjbì \i_ di^gp_` IE?) hòctg dnj^t\id_`) hòctg \hdi`) J*hòctg ajmh\hd_`)

ct_mjbì npgad_`) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_` \i_ npgapm _djsd_` %3 ) 4&+ Pc`n`

kmj_pôn r`m` ^jiadmh`_ ]t ^j*^cmjh\ojbm\kct rdoc fijri no\i_\m_n ja `\^c

^jhkjpi_ ji oc` @>*3/1 ^jgphin \i_ ji \ CO*M 0- h s -+20 hh E+@+ LHKP ^jgphi

\n r`gg \n ]t b\n ^cmjh\ojbm\kct,h\nn nk`ômjhòmt %C?,IO&+

C?,IO ^jiadmh\odji r\n k`majmh`_ ji \i DL 256- O`md`n EE C\n

?cmjh\ojbm\kc dio`ma\^`_ rdoc DL 264. I\nn O`g`ôdq` _ò`ôjm+ Pc` dinomphìo pn`_

\ -+20 hh E+@+) 0- h @>*3/1 0+- kh ^\kdgg\mt ^jgphi amjh F#S+ ?jiadmh\odji r\n

\gnj k`majmh`_ pndib \ Bdii`b\i %O\i Fjn`) ?=& I=P OOM4.- I\nn Ok`ômjhò`m

dio`ma\^`_ rdoc \ R\md\i %Opiitq\g`) ?=& 01-- C\n ?cmjh\ojbm\kc pndib \ -+/2 hh)

0- h @>*2 ^\kdgg\mt ^jgphi amjh F#S \i_ \ @>*3/1 0- h s -+0/ hh E+@+) 0+- kh

^jgphi amjh F#S+

&,79187

GSfW aX B>I8 EZafa^ke[e

Hjnn ja IEP? di oc` dmm\_d\o`_ ^c\h]`mn r\n _ò`mhdi`_ ]t ^\g^pg\odji ja oc`

^c\ib` di m\odj ja IEP? oj kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` om\^`m jq`m odh`+ Pc` m\odj hòcj_

%5& r\n pn`_ oj \ggjr ^jind_`m\odji ja njmkodji ja IEP? ji oc` r\ggn ja oc` ^c\h]`mn)

rcd^c c\n ]`ì \ kmj]g`h rdoc joc`m h`_dph r`dbco jmb\id^n %6&+ Bdmno jm_`m m\o`n

r`m` ^\g^pg\o`_ pndib oc` `lp\odji7

No : N-`*I

rc`m` Na: WIEP?Y,Wno\]g` om\^`mY \o odh` o8 N- : WIEP?Y,Wno\]g` om\^`mY \o didod\g odh`8 \i_

fk dn oc` kcjojgtndn admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\io+


3/

>potmjidomdg` r\n _`hjinom\o`_ oj ]` kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` pi_`m oc`

^ji_dodjin pn`_ di oc` `sk`mdhìo ]joc \n \ kpm` ^jhkjpi_ \i_ di oc` km`nì^` ja

IEP?) IE? jm hòctg dnj^t\id_`+ Odi^` oc` om\^`m dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g`)

_daa`mì^`n di oc` IEP?,om\^`m m\odj ]òr`ì oc` dmm\_d\o`_ n\hkg` \i_ _\mf ^jiomjg

r`m` \nnph`_ oj ]` _p` oj kcjojgtndn+ Pcdn _daa`mì^` di kcjoj^c`hd^\g gjnn r\n

TPSXXIH \n gi%N-,No& q`mnpn odh` oj td`g_ admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ajm kcjojgtndn %fk& \i_

c\ga*gda` %o*.,/& %Bdbpm` .&+ Pc` q`mod^\g _mjk*gdi` dn m`km`nìo\odq` ja oc` IEP? c\ga*gda` ajm

oc\o `sk`mdhìo+

Pc` c\ga*gda` ja IEP? di oc` 2 H P`_g\m ]\bn pndib ]potmjidomdg` \n oc` om\^`m r\n

_ò`mhdi`_ oj ]` 4+. ( .+- cjpmn+ D`s\iìdomdg` r\n \gnj pn`_ \n \ kcjoj^c`hd^\g

om\^`m ndi^` do c\n \ q\kjm km`nnpm` ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i IEP?+ Ea oc` gjnn ja IEP? r\n

_p` kmdh\mdgt oj _daa`mìod\g njmkodji oj oc` r\ggn) ^jhk\m`_ oj ]potmjidomdg`) oc` pn` ja

c`s\iìdomdg` rjpg_ ncjr \i jkkjndo` àa`ô+ Sdoc c`s\iìdomdg` \n oc` om\^`m) IEP?

c\_ \ c\ga*gda` ja ..+/ ( .+. cjpmn pi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji+

=gocjpbc oc`n` q\gp`n r`m` njh`rc\o _daa`mìo) oc` \bm``hìo ]òr`ì

`sk`mdhìon r\n ^jindnoìo rdoc oc` _`hjinom\odji oc\o IEP? r\n kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt gjno

di oc` P`_g\m ]\bn) bdqì oc` ^jinom\dion ja oc` `sk`mdhìon+ Pc` _daa`mì^`n di oc`

j]n`mq`_ kcjojgtndn m\o`n pndib oc` orj om\^`mn r`m` kmj]\]gt _p` oj _daa`mì^`n di

m\o`n ja gjnn ja oc` om\^`m \i_ IEP? oj oc` r\ggn+ D`s\iìdomdg` c\n \ gjr`m q\kjm

km`nnpm` \i_ r\n njm]`_ hjm` m\kd_gt oc\i oc` joc`m ^jhkjpi_n \i_ ^jin`lpìogt

di_d^\o`_ \ ngjr`m kcjojgtndn m\o`+ >joc oc` om\^`mn \i_ IEP? r`m` gjno oj oc` r\ggn ja

oc` P`_g\m ^c\h]`mn8 ajm `s\hkg`) 0-*2-" ja IEP? r\n otkd^\ggt m`hjq`_ amjh oc`

b\n kc\n` di oc` _\mf ^jiomjgn jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` `sk`mdhìon+


30

Lmj]g`hn rdoc njmkodji r`m` np]no\iod\ggt m`_p^`_ rcì ]jmjndgd^\o` jm lp\mou

ag\nfn r`m` pn`_) \i_ kcjojgtndn m\o`n r`m` `nnìod\ggt oc` n\h`8 oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja

IEP? r`m` _ò`mhdi`_ oj ]` .0+. ( /+1 cjpmn \i_ .-+2 ( 0+2 cjpmn) m`nk`ôdq`gt) ajm

]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou ^jio\di`mn+ Pc` ngjr`m m\o` di ]jmjndgd^\o` dn gdf`gt _p` oj gdbco

n^m`ìdib \o oc` ncjmo`m r\q`gìbocn+ =gocjpbc `\^c ja oc` _daa`mìo ^jio\di`mn b\q`

ngdbcogt _daa`mìo m\o`n) oc` _daa`mì^`n \m` npaad^dìogt gjr oc\o àa`ôn _p` oj r\gg

kcjojnìndodu\odji ^\i ]` `s^gp_`_+ >`^\pn` ja oc` gjr`m gdbco n^m`ìdib \i_ oc`

gjr`m njmkodji àa`ôn) oc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o` _ò`mhdi`_ di lp\mou \kk`\mn oj

]` oc` hjno m`gd\]g`+

Pc` n\h` n`md`n ja `sk`mdhìon r\n \gnj k`majmh`_ jpo_jjmn di apgg npigdbco+

Qi_`m jpo_jjm ^ji_dodjin) c\ga ja oc` IEP? r\n gjno di P`_g\m) lp\mou \i_ ]jmjndgd^\o`

^c\h]`mn di 0.) /6 \i_ 06 cjpmn) m`nk`ôdq`gt) ja ^jiodipjpn jpo_jjm `skjnpm`)

di^gp_dib idbcoodh` %Bdbpm` /&+ H`nn oc\i /" gjnn ja IEP? r\n j]n`mq`_ amjh npinò oj

npimdn`+ N\_djhò`m m`\_dibn di oc` /6-*0/2 ih m`bdji ja gdbco r`m` dio`bm\o`_ \i_

^jhk\m`_ ajm ]joc sìji \m^ \i_ i\opm\g npigdbco) rcd^c c\q` \i jq`mg\kkdib nk`ômph

ajm hd_*_\t) hd_*nphh`m gdbco+ Pc` _daa`mì^` di c\ga*gdq`n ]òr`ì oc` gdbco njpm^`n dn

^jindnoìo rdoc oc` _daa`mìo dioìndod`n ja gdbco %Bdbpm` 0&+ P\]g` E nphh\mdu`n oc`

m`npgon+

EZafabdaVgUfe

Bjggjrdib dmm\_d\odji ja IEP?) oc` ^jioìon ja ]joc ]jmjndgd^\o` ag\nf \i_ P`_g\m

]\b kcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìon r`m` \i\gtu`_ ]t C?,IO oj `no\]gdnc kcjojkmj_pô

d_ìodot+ Pc` d_ìodot r\n _ò`mhdi`_ ]t ]`no ado ja \ gd]m\mt h\o^c) nk`ôm\g ^jhk\mdnji

rdoc no\i_\m_n) mòìodji odh` ^jhk\mdnji rdoc no\i_\m_n \i_ oc` hjg`^pg\m dji+ Pc`


31

kcjojkmj_pôn d_ìodad`_ di^gp_`_ hòctg dnj^t\i\o` %IE?&) hòctg dnj^t\id_` %?D0J?&)

hòctg \hdi` %?D0JD/&) J*hòctg ajmh\hd_` %?D0JD?KD&) npgapm _djsd_` %OK/&)

ct_mjbì npgad_` %D/O& \i_ ^\m]jitg npgad_` %?KO& %Bdbpm`n 1) 2 \i_ 3&+ ?\m]ji

_dnpgad_` %?O/& r\n ajpi_ di ]joc dmm\_d\o`_ n\hkg`n \i_ _\mf ^jiomjg \i_ _j`n ijo

\kk`\m oj ]` \ kcjojkmj_pô+ = kjnnd]g` k\ocr\t ajm oc` kcjoj_`bm\_\odji ja IEP? dn

jpogdi`_ di Bdbpm` 4) ]\n`_ ji oc`n` `sk`mdhìon+

Eidod\ggt) IE? \i_ hòctg dnj^t\id_` ^j*`gpo`_) \i_ d_ìodad^\odji ja IE? ]t

C?,IO r\n ^jhkgd^\o`_ ]t \ am\bhìo ja h,` 1.+ Bpmoc`m màdi`hìo ja oc`

^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^ji_dodjin \ggjr`_ m`njgpodji ja oc` ^jhkjpi_n) \i_ IE? r\n

^jiadmh`_ ]t C?,IO+ Pc` km`nì^` ja IE? \n \ kcjojkmj_pô ja IEP? r\n ^jiadmh`_

rdoc \ td`g_ ja 2-" %.-&+ Iòctg dnj^t\id_` r\n d_ìodad`_ di nop_d`n ja =gq\mù \i_

Ijjm` %2& \i_ r\n ^jiadmh`_ di oc` km`nìo rjmf ]t C?,IO \i_ ^j*^cmjh\ojbm\kct

rdoc \ no\i_\m_+

Ki^` IE? \i_ hòctg dnj^t\id_` r`m` d_ìodad`_ \i_ m`njgq`_) m`g\odq`

lp\iodo\odji ja `\^c kmj_pô r\n k`majmh`_ jq`m oc` ^jpmn` ja oc` m`\ôdji+ S`

j]n`mq`_ oc\o _pmdib oc` didod\g kcjojgtndn k`mdj_ %9.2 hdi+& ;;5-" ja oc` gjnn ja IEP?

m`npgo`_ di kmj_pôdji ja hòctg dnj^t\id_`) \gocjpbc n`^ji_\mt kcjoj^c`hd^\g

kmj^`nn`n r`m` didod\o`_ rcd^c m\kd_gt ^jinph`_ oc` hòctg dnj^t\id_`+ =__dodji\ggt)

apmoc`m diq`nodb\odji ji oc` kcjojgtndn ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` di_d^\o`_ oc\o do dn

kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt pino\]g` oj sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji) pndib oc` n\h` ^ji_dodjin+ IE?

di^m`\n`_ ^jiodipjpngt _pmdib oc` dmm\_d\odji) _`hjinom\odib oc\o do dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt

no\]g` oj npigdbco r\q`gìbocn+


32

!/7*977/43

Pc`n` `sk`mdhìon _`hjinom\o` oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n kcjojgtndn di oc` b\n

kc\n`+ Qi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji) IEP? r\n kcjojm`\ôdq` di `\^c ja oc` ^c\h]`mn

`s\hdi`_) rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn+ Pc` c\ga*gda` di hd__\t) hd_nphh`m npigdbco

dn ngdbcogt bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t+ Pc` diqjgq`hìo ja r\gg m`\ôdjin ^\i ]` m`\nji\]gt

`s^gp_`_ ndi^` oc` m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn \m` ndhdg\m di ag\nfn ja np]no\iod\ggt _daa`mìo

^jhkjndodji %P`_g\m) ]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou&+ N\o`n ja kcjojgtndn r`m` \gnj `nnìod\ggt

oc` n\h` %rdocdi /-"& rcì oc` ^ji^ìom\odji ja IEP? r\n q\md`_ jq`m \ a\ôjm ja .-+

Pc` m`g\odq`gt m\kd_ kcjojgtndn ja IEP? di oc` sìji \m^ kcjojm`\ôjm \i_ di

npigdbco c\n ijo ]`ì j]n`mq`_ di r\o`m+ @m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %..& ajpi_ IEP? oj ]`

pi^c\ib`_ \ao`m 2 cjpmn ja `skjnpm` di \ N\tjiò NLN*.-- kcjojm`\ôjm rdoc

agpjm`n^ìo ]g\^fgdbco g\hkn `hdoodib ]mj\_]\i_ QR m\_d\odji %T+h\s : 02-ih&+ Ei

m`g\o`_ rjmf) r` \gnj j]n`mq`_ \ c\ga*gda` bm`\o`m oc\i .4- cjpmn rcì IEP? r\n

_dnnjgq`_ di r\o`m \i_ dmm\_d\o`_ di oc` sìji \m^ kcjojm`\ôjm+ Pc`n` m`npgon ^jiadmh

oc\o oc` b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn m\o` ja IEP? dn jq`m /- odh`n a\no`m oc\i rcì _dnnjgq`_

di r\o`m) di a\gg npigdbco r\q`gìbocn+ Pc`màjm`) kcjojgtndn dn \ _jhdi\io _`bm\_\odji

k\ocr\t di oc` b\n kc\n` ]po dn kmj]\]gt ijo ndbidad^\io di r\o`m+

=gocjpbc oc` b\n*kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc`n` `sk`mdhìon \kk`\mn

oj j^^pm qd\ _dm`ô kcjojgtndn) oc` a\o` ja `\^c ja oc` kcjojkmj_pôn dn g`nn ^`mo\di+

Iòctg dnj^t\i\o` dn kcjoj^c`hd^\ggt no\]g` pi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji %9 .-" gjnn

jq`m 23 cjpmn ja `skjnpm`&+ Iòctg \hdi` dn ndhdg\mgt no\]g` \i_ ij gjnn r\n j]n`mq`_

_pmdib 20 cjpmn ja sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji+ =gocjpbc hòctg dnj^t\id_` r\n j]n`mq`_

oj _`bm\_` m\kd_gt _pmdib IEP? kcjojgtndn) oc` h`^c\idnh ja ocdn m`\ôdji dn pifijri+


33

Opgapm _djsd_` h\t \^^`g`m\o` oc` _`bm\_\odji) ndi^` do c\n \i \kkm`^d\]g` \]njm]\i^`

di npigdbco) \i_ dn fijri oj ]` \ ndibgò jstbì nìndodu`m %./&+ Pcdn h`^c\idnh r\n

npkkjmo`_ rcì \__`_ npgapm _djsd_` m`npgo`_ di di^m`\n`_ gjnn ja hòctg dnj^t\id_`

pi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji %_\o\ ijo ncjri&) ^jhk\m`_ oj ngjr`m gjnn rcì hòctg

dnj^t\id_` r\n dmm\_d\o`_ di oc` \]nì^` ja npgapm _djsd_`+

Sdoc \ VITSVXIH lp\ioph td`g_ ja -+65 ajm _dnnj^d\odji ja IEP? oj hòctg

dnj^t\id_` \i_ npgapm \ojhn %2&) oc` a\o` ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` dn dhkjmo\io amjh \

ojsd^jgjbd^\g k`mnk`ôdq`+ Iòctg dnj^t\id_` ^\i ]` ct_mjgtu`_ oj J*hòctg ajmh\hd_`

jm jsd_du`_ oj hòctg dnj^t\i\o`+ Lcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìon ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` r`m`

k`majmh`_ di ]joc P`_g\m ]\bn \i_ lp\mou ag\nfn) di oc` km`nì^` \i_ \]nì^` ja oc`

]potmjidomdg` om\^`m jq`m \ .- ajg_ ^ji^ìom\odji m\ib`+ Pc`n` `sk`mdhìon ncjr`_ oc\o

bm`\o`m oc\i 6-" ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` r\n gjno ajggjrdib `dbco cjpmn ja dmm\_d\odji+ IE?

ajmh\odji \^^jpio`_ ajm bm`\o`m oc\i 4-" ja oc` gjnn ja hòctg dnj^t\id_`+ Iòctg

dnj^t\id_` dn \gnj fijri oj _`bm\_` oj IE? \n \ ntioc`ndn ]t*kmj_pô \i_ ]t

\pojjsd_\odji di oc` _\mf %3&+ Pc` h\ipa\ôpmdib kmj^`nn hìodjin oc` _`bm\_\odji ja

oc` hòctg dnj^t\id_` di oc` ntioc`ndn \i_ nojm\b` ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` oj IE?+

IE? kmj_pôdji dn gdf`gt oj j^^pm ocmjpbc jsd_\odji ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` %3&+

@pmdib oc` IEP? kcjojgtndn `sk`mdhìon) hòctg dnj^t\id_` r\n j]n`mq`_ \n oc` h\ejm

didod\g kcjojkmj_pô) \i_ IE? kmj_pôdji ajggjr`_ hòctg dnj^t\id_` gjnn+

=kkmjsdh\o`gt 4" ja oc` gjnn ja IEP? ^\i ]` \oomd]po`_ oj bì`m\odji ja IE? di oc`

\]jq` `sk`mdhìon+ Qi_`m joc`m \ohjnkc`md^ ^ji_dodjin %d+`+ KD jm juji` \n oc`

kmdh\mt jsd_\ion&) oc` _`bm`` ja ^jiq`mndji h\t ]` _daa`mìo+


34

Pc` m`npgon ja oc`n` `sk`mdhìon \m` ndbidad^\io ajm `^jgjbd^\g \i_ cph\i c`\goc

mdnf \nn`nnhìo ajm orj m`\njin+ Pc` admno m`g\o`n oj nop_d`n di oc` pkk`m O\^m\hìoj

Ndq`m oj d_ìodat oc` cph\i c`\goc \i_ `^jgjbd^\g mdnfn m`npgodib amjh oc` hò\h nj_dph

nkdgg di Fpgt ja .66.+ Pc` kcjoj^c`hdnomt \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? dn k\mod^pg\mgt ^mdod^\g

bdqì oc` ^\itji g\i_n^\k` \i_ nphh`modh` ^gdh\od^ ^ji_dodjin rcd^c rjpg_ kmjhjo`

cdbc m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn \i_ no\bi\odji rdocdi oc` ^\itji+ Qi_`m oc`n` ^ji_dodjin) do

rjpg_ \kk`\m oc\o oc` bm`\o`no mdnf dn amjh `skjnpm` oj om\inajmh\odji kmj_pôn m\oc`m

oc\i amjh oc` k\mìo ^jhkjpi_+

Pc` n`^ji_ dn hjm` m`bdji\g di ^jio`so \i_ dn ]\n`_ ji oc` di^m`\ndibgt

rd_`nkm`\_ pn` ja hò\h nj_dph ajm \bmd^pgopm\g pn`n+ Pcm`` oj nds hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ja

hò\h nj_dph \m` pn`_ \iip\ggt di oc` Q+O+) rdoc ?\gdajmid\ pndib /+/ hdggdji fdgjbm\hn

ji h\digt ^\mmjo) ojh\oj \i_ ]mpnn`g nkmjpo ^mjkn %.0&+ Iò\h nj_dph pn` c\n

di^m`\n`_ \n joc`m aphdb\ion) np^c \n .)0*_d^cgjmjkmjkì` \i_ _d]mjhj^cgjmjkmjk\i`

%@>?L&) r`m` m`hjq`_ amjh oc` h\mfò _p` oj kjoìod\g bmjpi_r\o`m ^jio\hdi\odji+

Scì pn`_ di \i \bmd^pgopm\g nòodib) cph\in _jrirdi_ amjh oc` \kkgd^\odji ndo` h\t

]` np]e`ô oj ndbidad^\io `skjnpm` oj IE?+

Pc` ajmh\odji ja IE? di oc` b\n kc\n` c\n ijo km`qdjpngt ]`ì j]n`mq`_) \i_

apmoc`m rjmf dn i``_`_ oj _ò`mhdi` oc` m\o`n \i_ k\ocr\tn ja oc` IEP? oj IE?

^jiq`mndji+ IE? dn fijri oj ]` \^po`gt ojsd^ \i_ c\n ]`ì m`nkjind]g` ajm cph\i

kjdnjidibn %.1) .2&+ Pc` \kk`\m\i^` ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` \n oc` h\ejm kcjojkmj_pô

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\i_ BL@) rcd^c \ggjr`_ ajm ^jiadmh\odji ja oc` IEP? k`\f \i_ ajm h\nn ]\g\i^`

_ò`mhdi\odji+ IEP? \i_ don kmdh\mt _`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn ^jio\di `doc`m npgapm jm

idomjbì \i_ h\t di^gp_` hòctg dnj^t\id_` %IE?&) hòctg dnj^t\id_`) hòctg \hdi`) J*


50

hòctg ajmh\hd_`) ct_mjbì npgad_`) ^\m]ji _dnpgad_`) ^\m]jitg npgad_` \i_ npgapm

_djsd_`+

Iò\h nj_dph r\n _ò`mhdi`_ pndib \ hj_dad`_ hòcj_ _`n^md]`_ ]t Cm\t \i_

Oom`dh %.631& di rcd^c \i \gdlpjo dn m`hjq`_ \i_ \ggjr`_ oj m`\ô rdoc ^jkk`m ^cgjmd_`+

Pc` hò\h nj_dph*^jkk`m ^jhkg`s dn t`ggjr di ^jgjm \i_ r\n _ò`mhdi`_ \o 1/- ih

pndib \ Ddo\^cd .--*5- nk`ômjkcjojhò`m %Jdnn`d O\ibtj) Ijpio\di Rd`r) ?=&+ ?LI

1/- ih r\q`gìboc r\n ^cjnì oj km`qìo \it dio`ma`mì^` amjh \b`_ hò\h njgpodjin

rcd^c ^jio\di _`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn \]njm]dib pk oj 1-- ih+

Pj _ò`mhdi` oc` àa`ôn ja n`_dhìon ji oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ajm ]joc hò\h

\i_ IEP?) r` km`k\m`_ n\hkg`n oc\o r`m` .7. %r7r& nkdf`_ ]paa`m njgpodji7n`_dhìo+

Pcdn m\odj gào \]jpo 4 hH ja c`\_nk\^` di oc` qd\g+ Pc` njdgn pn`_ r`m` amjh Ndq`m Idg`

00 %NI00& ja oc` Qkk`m O\^m\hìoj mdq`m rcd^c dn \ kD 4+.3) n\i_ rdoc \ ?A? ja

01h`l,.--b \i_ -+0/" jmb\id^ ^\m]ji) \i_ \i \bmd^pgopm\g njdg j]o\di`_ \o oc`

Qidq`mndot ja J`q\_\Ån =bmd^pgopm\g Ask`mdhìo Oo\odji %Nìj) JR& rcd^c c\_ \ kD ja

3+01) ?A? ja .21h`l,.--b) .+.5" jmb\id^ ^\m]ji \i_ dn ^g\nndad`_ \n Pmp^f`` ndgo

gj\h %adi`*gj\ht) hds`_) h`nd^) Bgpq\lpìod^ D\kgjs`mjgg&+ Pc` \bmd^pgopm\g ndo` c\_ ij

cdnojmt ja IEP? pn` \i_ oc` NI00 njdg c\_ ij cdnojmt ja pn` kmdjm oj oc` nkdgg+ Pc`

NI00 njdg r\n ^jgg`ô`_ ji` t`\m \ao`m oc` nkdgg+ >joc njdgn r`m` ^jgg`ô`_) om\inkjmo`_

oj oc` g\]jm\ojmt) \dm _md`_ ajm orj r``fn) cjhjbìdu`_ \i_ nojm`_ di \dm odbco

^jio\di`mn+ Ehh`_d\o`gt kmdjm oj pn`) oc` njdgn r`m` nd`q`_ oj / hh+ Pc` n`_dhìo

n\hkg`n r`m` `doc`m kg\^`_ ji oc` no\]g` nc`ga ja oc` ìqdmjihìo\g ^jiomjg ^c\h]`m

%no\od^ n\hkg`n& jm ji oc` nc\fdib kg\o` %\bdo\o`_ n\hkg`n&+ Pc`n` n\hkg`n r`m`

\i\gtu`_ \n _`n^md]`_ \]jq`+

Lm`qdjpn `sk`mdhìon \gnj npbb`no`_ oc\o hò\h om\inajmh\odji m\o`n di oc`

km`nì^` ja n`_dhìon r`m` ngjr`_ di oc` \]nì^` ja jstbì+ Pcdn ^jpg_ c\q`

ndbidad^\io àa`ôn \n oc` dhk\ô oj oc` mdq`m ntno`h \i_ \lpda`m ^jpg_ ]` kmjgjib`_ da


51

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oc` hò\h ìo`m`_ oc` \ijsd^ bmjpi_r\o`m \i_ _d_ ijo pi_`mbj _`bm\_\odji piodg

^jhdib di ^jio\ô rdoc \dm+ Pj ^jiadmh oc`n` adi_dibn) \ hòcj_ r\n ^m`\o`_ di rcd^c

jstbì r\n m`hjq`_ amjh oc` ntno`h ]t kpmbdib oc` n`_dhìo rdoc idomjbì ajm /1

cjpmn) m`hjqdib oc` \dm amjh oc` nkdfdib njgpodji ocmjpbc njid^\odji \i_ kpmbdib) \i_

^ji_pôdib oc` `sk`mdhìon di \ bgjq` ]js h\dio\di`_ pi_`m kjndodq` idomjbì agjr+

&,79187 (3+ !/7*977/43

Ln`p_j*admno jm_`m m\o`n ajm gjnn ja oc` m`nk`ôdq` k\mìo ^jhkjpi_n %IEP? jm

hò\h& r`m` ^\g^pg\o`_ pndib oc` `lp\odji7

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rc`m` ?Z: WIEP?Y \o odh` o8 ?- : WIEP?Y \o didod\g odh`8 \i_ fk dn oc` kn`p_j admno jm_`m

m\o` ^jino\io ajm ct_mjgtndn+ Pc`n` _\o\ r`m` kgjoo`_ \n gi%?-,?o& q`mnpn odh` oj td`g_

kn`p_j*admno jm_`m m\o` ^jino\ion ajm ct_mjgtndn %fk& \i_ \ c\ga*gda` %o.,/& %Bdbpm` .&+ Pc`

c\ga*gdq`n r`m` ocì kgjoo`_ q`mnpn kD oj ncjr oc` àa`ô ja q\mtdib kD ji ct_mjgtndn

%Bdbpm` /&+

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IEP? ct_mjgtndn di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin r\n m`g\odq`gt ngjr) k\mod^pg\mgt di oc` kD

m\ib` ^jmm`nkji_dib oj oc` mdq`m %P\]g` .&+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n r`m` ngjr`no \o kD 4

rdoc c\ga*gdq`n ja 32 \i_ .45 _\tn \o /2w? \i_ .-w? m`nk`ôdq`gt+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n

_`^m`\n`_ oj .2 \i_ 34 _\tn+ Ei bì`m\g) oc`m` r\n \ 1*4 ajg_ _`^m`\n` di c\ga*gdq`n

]òr`ì .-w? \i_ /2w?) rdoc oc` m`g\odq` _daa`mì^` di m\o`n cdbc`m \n kD di^m`\n`_+ Ei

oc` m`bdji ja dio`m`no oj oc` Qkk`m O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m oc` c\ga*gdq`n m\ib`_ amjh 6 oj .26

_\tn+ Pc`n` _\o\ di_d^\o` oc\o oc` IEP? ^jpg_ c\q` o\fì ji` oj adq` hjiocn oj

_`bm\_` ]t ndhkg` \lp`jpn*kc\n` ct_mjgtndn+


IEP? dn fijri oj pi_`mbj ngjr ct_mjgtndn di r\o`m) ]po oc` m\o` dn di^m`\n`_ di

]joc \^d_ \i_ ]\n`+ Fjn`kc \i_ ^jrjmf`mn %.66/& ijo`_ oc\o IEP? dn .-4 odh`n g`nn

npn^`kod]g` oj \^d_ ^\o\gtndn di r\o`m oc\i hòctg dnj^t\i\o`+ Pc` ajggjrdib m`\ôdjin

ncjr oc` h`^c\idnhn+

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Pc` ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? di ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin r\n ^jhk\m`_ oj oc\o ja i\opm\g

r\o`mn ]t k`majmhdib oc` n\h` `sk`mdhìon ji r\o`m ^jgg`ô`_ ajmh oc` Qkk`m

O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m \o ?\no`gg\ \i_ oc` Pmp^f`` Ndq`m di J`q\_\+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n

amjh oc`n` `sk`mdhìon r`m` ngdbcogt ngjr`m oc\i ocjn` ajpi_ di oc` ]paa`m`_ njgpodjin

rdoc c\ga*gdq`n \mjpi_ 05 _\tn+

Sjga` %.66-& npbb`no`_ oc\o oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o` ja ^`mo\di otk`n ja ^jhkjpi_n

h\t ]` di^m`\n`_ ]t hò\g dji ^\o\gtndn \o om\^` ^ji^ìom\odjin jm n`_dhìo npma\^`n+

Odi^` oc` ^jio\hdi\o`_ opm]pgìo mdq`m r\o`m r\n di ^jio\ô rdoc oc` n\i_t ]`_)

ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? h\t ]` \^^`g`m\o`_ ]t dio`m\ôdji rdoc n`_dhìo+ Pc` àa`ô ja

n`_dhìo r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib \ no\od^ n`_dhìo) m`km`nìo\odq` ja kjjgn \i_ ngjr

hdsdib) \i_ \i \bdo\o`_ n`_dhìo) m`km`nìo\odq` ja oc` opm]pgìo agjr rdoc m\kd_ hdsdib

%P\]g` / \i_ P\]g` 0&+

Pc`n` `sk`mdhìon di_d^\o`_ oc\o n`_dhìon ^\pn`_ \ ndbidad^\io di^m`\n` di oc`

m\o` ja gjnn ja IEP? di \gg ^\n`n) `s^`ko \o kD .-+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n di oc` ntno`hn

^jio\didib NI00 n`_dhìo r`m` m`_p^`_ ]t \ a\ôjm ja /*2) ^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` rdocjpo

n`_dhìo \o kD 1 \i_ kD 4 %Bdbpm`n 0&+ Pc` c\ga*gdq`n \o kD .-) cjr`q`m di^m`\n`_

ngdbcogt ^jhk\m`_ oj ocjn` di oc` \]nì^` ja n`_dhìo+ =o kD .-) oc` n`_dhìo


53

\kk`\mn oj `s`mo \ hdijm kmjo`ôdib àa`ô ji ct_mjgtndn) \gocjpbc \o ocdn kD) oc` m\o`n

\m` oc` hjno m\kd_ \i_ oc` \]njgpo` _daa`mì^`n \m` nh\gg+

BWfS_ ZkVda^ke[e

=gocjpbc oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n ja hò\h nj_dph di r\o`m c\q` ]`ì km`qdjpngt

m`kjmo`_ %4).-& oc`m` c\q` ]`ì ij nop_d`n ncjrdib oc` àa`ôn ja n`_dhìo+ S`

`s\hdi`_ cjr mdq`m n`_dhìo \aa`ô`_ oc` ct_mjgtndn ja hò\h \i_ oc` hjg\m td`g_ ja

IEP? \o q\mdjpn m\odjn ja n`_dhìo oj ]paa`m) ^jhk\m`_ oj ct_mjgtndn di ]paa`m`_

\lp`jpn njgpodjin rdocjpo n`_dhìo+ Pc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n ja hò\h nj_dph di r\o`m \o

ajpm kD g`q`gn \i_ orj o`hk`m\opm`n \m` ncjri di P\]g` 1+

Pc` c\ga*gda` ja hò\h nj_dph dn ncjmo`no) 1+4 cjpmn) \o kD 1 \i_ /2w? \i_

gjib`no \o kD 4) 40 cjpmn+ =^d_ ct_mjgtndn dn `sk`ô`_ oj j^^pm \o \ a\no`m m\o` ]`^\pn`

kmjoji\odji kmjhjo`n hò\h ^jiq`mndji oj ^\m]ji _dnpgad_` \i_ hòctg \hdi` \i_ dn \

bì`m\g ^c\m\ô`mdnod^ ja _docdj^\m]\h\o`n+ Kq`m\gg) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja hò\h nj_dph di

r\o`m \m` m`g\odq`gt ncjmo rdoc \gg g`nn oc\i ocm`` _\tn+ Pc` h`^c\idnhn ja _`bm\_\odji

\m` `skg\di`_ ]t Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_ì %.630& \i_ @m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %.66/&+ Pc`

m`npgon j]o\di`_ di oc` km`nìo nop_t \m` ^jhk\m\]g` oj ocjn` ajpi_ di joc`m nop_d`n)

\gocjpbc oc` m`npgon amjh km`qdjpn nop_d`n bdq` ]joc ngjr`m \i_ a\no`m om\inajmh\odji

m\o`n+ =o kD 4 \i_ /2w?) r` ajpi_ oc` c\ga*gda` ja hò\h oj ]` 40 cjpmn+ Koc`m m`npgon

\o oc` n\h` kD \i_ o`hk`m\opm` \m`7 02 cjpmn %@m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h) .660&8 .5-

cjpmn %Ldij) .66.&8 \i_ 20 cjpmn %S`]`m) .66.&+ =o kD 6 \i_ /2w?) r` ajpi_ \ c\ga*

gda` ja 00 cjpmn+ Koc`m nop_d`n ajpi_ c\ga*gdq`n ja 13 cjpmn %Ldij) .66.& \i_ .-5 cjpmn

%S`]`m) .66.&+


54

Ask`mdhìon oj _ò`mhdi` oc` àa`ô ja n`_dhìo ji oc` ct_mjgtndn ja hò\h

r`m` k`majmh`_ di \ h\ii`m ndhdg\m oj ocjn` ji IEP?+ O`_dhìo r\n \__`_ oj oc`

hò\h njgpodji pi_`m ]joc no\od^ \i_ \bdo\o`_ ^ji_dodjin+ Ei oc`n` `sk`mdhìon) r`

\gnj q\md`_ oc` n`_dhìo oj ]paa`m m\odj oj ]òo`m m`km`nìo \ m\ib` ja \ôp\g mdq`m

^ji_dodjin %P\]g` 2 \i_ P\]g` 3&+

Bjggjrdib oc` _ò`mhdi\odji ja hò\h nj_dph di oc` \]jq` kD 5 `sk`mdhìon)

\gdlpjon ja oc` njgpodjin r`m` \gnj `som\ô`_ oj _ò`mhdi` oc` hjg\m td`g_ ja IEP? amjh

oc` hò\h nj_dph ct_mjgtndn) pndib oc` km`qdjpngt _`n^md]`_ kmj^`_pm`+ Ei oc` /2w? *

./b n`_dhìo * no\od^) .-w? * ./b n`_dhìo * no\od^ \i_ .-w? * ./b n`_dhìo * \bdo\o`_

`sk`mdhìon) oc` td`g_ ja IEP? r\n ./+.") .1+2" \i_ ./+3") m`nk`ôdq`gt) ji \ hjg\m

]\ndn+ Pc` kmjadg` ja IEP? kmj_pôdji r\n ^c\m\ô`mdu`_ ]t m\kd_ %92 hdi+& di^m`\n`n di

IEP? ^ji^ìom\odji) rcd^c _d_ ijo ncjr np]no\iod\g ^c\ib` ocmjpbcjpo oc` _pm\odji ja

oc` `sk`mdhìon %Bdbpm` 1&+ Pc` /2w? * .b n`_dhìo * no\od^ `sk`mdhìo c\_ \i didod\g

IEP? td`g_ ja 0" \i_ oc` td`g_ ^jiodip\ggt di^m`\n`_ oj .." \o oc` ì_ ja oc` 4 cjpm

`sk`mdhìo %Bdbpm` 2&+ P`mhdi\odji ja `\^c `sk`mdhìo j^^pmm`_ rcì hò\h nj_dph

^jpg_ ijo ]` _ò`ô`_+ Pc` gjb kgjon ajm c\ga*gda` _ò`mhdi\odji \m` km`nìo`_ di Bdbpm`n

3 # 4+ Pc`n` ncjr oc\o oc` c\ga*gda` ja hò\h dn epno pi_`m ocm`` cjpmn di .7./

n`_dhìor\o`m ^ji_dodjin ]po di^m`\n`n oj \mjpi_ 12 hdipo`n di .7. n`_dhìo r\o`m

^ji_dodjin+ Pcdn ^\i ]` `skg\di`_ ]t oc` cdbc`m ^jiq`mndji m\o` ja hò\h oj IEP? di

njdg ngpmmd`n \n jkkjn`_ oj \lp\od^ ìqdmjihìon %C`mnog \i_ U\mji) .644&+

;;VSHYGXW

Pc` h\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdhìon r`m` k`majmh`_ ji IEP? \i_ hò\h+ Bjm oc`

IEP? `sk`mdhìon) ]joc oc` c`\_nk\^` \i_ òctg \^ò\o` `som\ô r`m` \i\gtu`_ ji

N`kmj_p^`_ rdoc k`mhdnndji ja oc` ^jktmdbco jri`m+ Bpmoc`m m`kmj_pôdji kmjcd]do`_ rdocjpo k`mhdnndji+

55

C?,JL@*BL@+ Jj _`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn r`m` j]n`mq`_ di `doc`m ^jhk\mohìo+ Pcdn dn

kmj]\]gt _p` oj oc` gjr didod\g ^ji^ìom\odji ja IEP?+ Pc` dinomphìo c\_ dinpaad^dìo

nìndodqdot oj _ò`ô oc` kmj_pôn \o np^c gjr g`q`gn+ IE?) \ h\ejm kcjojgtndn kmj_pô)

c\n \ ct_mjgtod^ c\ga*gda` ja g`nn oc\i 5 hdipo`n \i_ rjpg_ ]` _daad^pgo oj lp\iodo\o`

%Agì_ ò \g+) .661&+ Bjm hò\h) oc` jigt kmj_pô _ò`ô`_ r\n IEP?) rcd^c r\n ajpi_

\o \kkmjsdh\o`gt .-*.2" hjg\m GSRZIVWMSR JVSQ QIXEQ MR \bm``hìo rdoc oc` rjmf ja

@m\k`m \i_ S\f`c\h %.660&+

34;;/* ,--,*87

Pc` `sk`mdhìon k`majmh`_ ji oc` gjnn ja hò\h di \i \ijsd^ ìqdmjihìo

ncjr`_ \ np]no\iod\g _`^m`\n` di oc` m\o` ja gjnn+ Pc` `sk`mdhìon r`m` ^\mmd`_ jpo ji

NI00 n`_dhìo \o /2w? \i_ kD 5+ Pc` \]nì^` ja jstbì c\_ \ ndbidad^\io àa`ô8 oc`

c\ga*gda` rìo amjh -+22 cjpmn di oc` km`nì^` ja K/ oj 3+- cjpmn di oc` \]nì^` ja K/)

\i .. ajg_ di^m`\n`+ Lm`qdjpn nop_d`n c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ oc\o oc` _`^jhkjndodji m\o`

dn _`kì_ìo ji oc` jstbì ^jioìo ja njgpodji %Fjmdn ò \g+) .64-8 Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_ì)

.630&+ Eo c\n ]`ì ncjri oc\o _docdj^\m]\h\o`n pi_`mbj jsd_\odji di oc` km`nì^` ja \

hdg_ jsd_\io+

Pc` admno jsd_\odji kmj_pô dn \ ocdpm\hd_dnpgad_` rcd^c dn ocì jsd_du`_ ]t \dm oj

hòctg dn docdj^t\i\o` \i_ `g`hìo\g npgapm+ Pc` q\gd_dot ja ocdn h`^c\idnh r\n

np]no\iod\o`_ ]t oc` a\ô oc\o oc` jstbì ^jioìo di oc` n\hkg`n c\_ ij diagpì^` ji

oc` m`\ôdji m\o` di \^d_d^ ^ji_dodjin %Ppmi`m \i_ ?jm_ì) .630&+ Scì kD q\gp`n \m`

]`gjr 4) oc` m`_pôdji ja kmjojin ]`^jh`n oc` h\di m`_pôdji m`\ôdji oj ^jind_`m \i_

ocpn oc` jsd_\odji ja hò\h dn `sk`ô`_ oj ]` i`bgdbd]g` di \^d_d^ njgpodjin+


56

=o kD q\gp`n bm`\o`m oc\i 4 oc`m` \m` orj _`^jhkjndodji h`^c\idnhn rcd^c \m`

j^^pmmdib \o oc` n\h` odh`) ]\n`*^\o\gtu`_ ct_mjgtndn \i_ \i jsd_\odji kmj^`nn+ =o

q`mt cdbc ]\n` ^ji^ìom\odjin) bm`\o`m oc\i kD 6+2) oc` m\o` ja jsd_\odji \kk`\m`_

i`bgdbd]g` ^jhk\m`_ oj oc` ]\n` ^\o\gtu`_ ct_mjgtndn+ Djr`q`m) \o kD q\gp`n gjr`m

oc\i 6+2) m`hjq\g ja jstbì amjh oc` njgpodji m`_p^`_ oc` jq`m\gg _`^jhkjndodji m\o`

]t \ a\ôjm ja ajpm oj ji`+

N`npgon ja \gg `sk`mdhìon k`majmh`_ ji IEP? \i_ hò\h nj_dph \m` nphh`_

pk di P\]g`n 4 \i_ 5) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Pc`n` o\]g`n kmjqd_` o`hk`m\opm`) \hjpio ja

n`_dhìo) kD g`q`gn) c\ga*gdq`n \i_ iph]`m ja `sk`mdhìon di `\^c `sk`mdhìo+

!/7*977/43 p

Qi_`m oc` o`hk`m\opm`) kD \i_ n`_dhìo ^ji_dodjin ajpi_ di oc` Qkk`m

O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc oc` hò\h nkdgg) ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? h\t ]` \ h\ejm

om\inajmh\odji k\ocr\t+ O`_dhìo r\n ncjri oj di^m`\n` oc` m\o` ja gjnn ja IEP?)

\gocjpbc oc` m\o`n m`h\di m`g\odq`gt ngjr+ =o i`pom\g kD) di oc` km`nì^` ja no\od^

n`_dhìo \o /2w?) oc` odh` ajm gjnn ja c\ga ja oc` IEP? r\n /4 _\tn) rcd^c r\n oc`

hjno m\kd_ gjnn \o i`\m*i`pom\g kD+ Pc` n`_dhìo h\t \^^`g`m\o` oc` gjnn ocmjpbc oc`

km`nì^` ja hò\gn jm ^g\t+ ?`mo\di nk`^d`n ja hò\gn np^c \n ?p/() Vi/() Ii/() = g0(

\i_ B`0(c\q` ]`ì ncjri oj ]` àa`ôdq` di \^^`g`m\odib oc` ct_mjgtndn ja n`g`ô`_

jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n %>ì_`m) .6308 Akno`di \i_ Ijnc`m) .635&+ Ask`mdhìon c\q`

\gnj ncjri oc\o nh`ôdo` ^\i ]` dhkjmo\io _p` oj don `sk\i_\]dgdot \i_ cdbc npma\^`

\m`\ di oc` km`nì^` ja D() J\(\i_ ?\( %?jmidej ò \g+) .6508 Odibc\g \i_ Odibc)

.643&+ Pc` m\o`n ja gjnn r`m` a\no`m di oc` \bmd^pgopm\g njdg oc\i oc` mdq`m n`_dhìo+ Pc`


6-

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oc` NI00 n`_dhìo npkkjmon oc` kjnnd]dgdot oc\o ocdn njmkodji dn m`nkjnidn]g` ajm oc`

di^m`\n`_ gjnn ja IEP?+ Ki^` ]jpi_ oj oc` jmb\id^ h\oo`m oc` IEP?Ån `g`ômji

_dnomd]podji dn \go`m`_ \i_ do ]`^jh`n hjm` npn^`kod]g` oj pi_`mbj ct_mjgtndn+

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]dj_`bm\_\odji) qjg\odgdu\odji jm q\kjm kc\n` kcjojgtndn&+ Pcpn) _pmdib oc` agjr ja oc`

nkdgg _jri oc` mdq`m) ct_mjgtndn ja IEP? \n \ h`^c\idnh ja gjnn ^\i ]`^jh` dhkjmo\io da

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oc` gjib o`mh) oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja ct_mjgtndn rjpg_ i``_ oj ]` ^jhk\m`_ oj m\o`n ja joc`m

kmj^`nn`n pi_`m ndo`*nk`^dad^ ^ji_dodjin+

=go`mi\odq`gt) ct_mjgtndn ja hò\h nj_dph dn gdf`gt oc` h\ejm om\inajmh\odji

k\ocr\t+ =o oc` kD ja oc` Qkk`m O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m \o /2w?) oc` c\ga*gda` dn g`nn oc\i

orj _\tn di ]paa`m`_ r\o`m+ O`_dhìo dn ^g`\mgt dhkjmo\io ajm oc` gjnn ja hò\h nj_dph)

`doc`m ]t ^\o\gtu`_ jsd_\odji jm ]t njmkodji+

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6.

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dhh`_d\o` IEP? kmj_pôdji \i_ h\t diqjgq` njmkodji+

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njm]`_ jioj oc` npma\^` ja oc` n`_dhìo+ Djr`q`m) da njmkodji dn j^^pmmdib) do dn kjnnd]g`

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60

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61

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62

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63

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_`^dndjin ji ìqdmjihìo\g a\o` \i_ om\inkjmo+ >joc `sk`mdhìon \i_ hj_`gdib rdgg

c`gk ji` pi_`mno\i_ oc` ìqdmjihìo\g a\o` kmj^`nn`n oc\o \m` c\kkìdib+ Eo dn

dhkjmo\io oj ]joc ^jhk\m` oc` hj_`gn rdoc `sk`mdhìo\g _\o\ \i_ oj c`gk _ò`mhdi`

rcd^c kmj^`nn`n \m` dhkjmo\io ]t ^jhk\mdib oc` kmj^`nn`n pndib oc` hj_`gn+

Ei jm_`m oj ^jhk\m` oc` `sdnodib hj_`gn di oc` ad`g_ ja ^c`hd^\g a\o`) E c\q`

^jhk\m`_ oc` `sk`mdhìo\g m`npgon amjh oc` kcjojgtndn \i_ ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon oj

oc` m`npgon km`_dô`_ ]t oc` hj_`gn+ Pc` hj_`gn ^cjnì r`m` C?OKH=N) rcd^c

hj_`gn kcjojgtndn) \i_ AT=IO %Askjnpm` =i\gtndn Ij_`gdib Otno`h&) rcd^c hj_`gn

^c`hd^\g a\o` ocmjpbc _`bm\_\odji \i_ _dnndk\odji k\m\hò`mn+

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Pc` AT=IO dn \ hj_`g _`q`gjk`_ ]t ONE ajm QOAL= di =ocìn) C`jmbd\ %.&+

AT=IO ^\i ]` pn`_ oj km`_dô oc` ]`c\qdjm ja ^c`hd^\gn ìo`mdib oc` ìqdmjihìo \n \

m`npgo ja oc` h\ipa\ôpm`) pn` \i_ _dnkjn\g ja ^jhh`m^d\g kmj_pôn+ Eo dn \ ^jiqìdìo

ojjg oj \d_ di ep_bdib oc` ìqdmjihìo\g ^jin`lpì^`n ncjpg_ \ nk`^dad^ ^c`hd^\g

^jio\hdi\io ìo`m \ i\opm\g \lp\od^ ntno`h+ Pc` hj_`g n`mq`n oj kmjqd_` \i\gtn`n ja

`skjnpm`) a\o` \i_ k`mndnoì^` ja \ ^c`hd^\g ^jio\hdi\io di oc` ntno`h+

AT=IO dn \i dio`m\ôdq` ^jhkpo`m*]\n`_ ntno`h ajm nk`^datdib \i_ nojmdib oc`

kmjk`mod`n ja ^c`hd^\gn \i_ `^jntno`hn) hj_datdib oc`h pndib ndhkg` ^jhh\i_n) \i_

^ji_pôdib m\kd_ `q\gp\odjin \i_ `mmjm \i\gtn`n ja oc` kmj]\]g` \lp\od^ a\o` ja

ntiocòd^ jmb\id^ ^c`hd^\gn+ Pc` kmjbm\h kmj_p^`n jpokpo o\]g`n \i_ ndhkg` bm\kcd^n

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k`mndnoì^`7 oc` odh` m`lpdm`_ ajm kpmdad^\odji ja oc` ntno`h %qd\`skjmo,om\inajmh\odji kmj^`nn`n& ncjpg_ oc` ^c`hd^\g gj\_dibn^`\n`+

AT=IO di^gp_`n n`k\m\o` h\oc`h\od^\g hj_`gn ja oc` fdiòd^n ja oc` kctnd^\g)

^c`hd^\g \i_ ]djgjbd^\g kmj^`nn`n bjq`midib om\inkjmo \i_ om\inajmh\odjin ja

^c`hd^\gn+ AT=IO ^jhkpo`n oc` fdiòd^n ja om\inajmh\odjin ]t _dm`ô kcjojgtndn)

ct_mjgtndn) ]djgtndn \i_ jsd_\odji m`\ôdjin+

AT=IO c\n ]`ì _`ndbi`_ oj `q\gp\o` oc` ^jin`lpì^`n ja gjib`m*o`mh)

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AT=IO+

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kpgn` gj\_) rcd^c hjno ^gjn`gt \kkmjsdh\o` nkdgg ^ji_dodjin+

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`nodh\o`_ oc\o \o g`\no /)3-- fb ja IEP? ìo`m`_ oc` b\n kc\n` ocmjpbc qjg\odgdu\odji+

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ndbidad^\iogt a\no`m oc\i `sk`mdhìo\g m`npgon ja 55 _\tn \o .-w? \i_ .3 _\tn \o /2w?+

Pc` `sk`mdhìo\g c\ga*gdq`n r`m` di^m`\n`_ ]t \o g`\no \ a\ôjm ja ocm`` di oc` km`nì^`

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n`_dhìo \aa`ôn) ji` rjpg_ `sk`ô oc` c\ga*gda` oj ]` \mjpi_ /2 _\tn+ Pcdn dn ajpm

odh`n ngjr`m oc\i oc` hj_`g km`_dôn \i_ ocpn oc` mjg` ja ct_mjgtndn di m`hjq\g ja IEP?

amjh oc` O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m dn kmj]\]gt g`nn oc\i `nodh\o`_+

Pc` AT=IO hj_`g dn \gnj \]g` oj ^\g^pg\o` oc` ^jiomd]podji ja m`_pôdji) m\_d^\g

jsd_\odji) _dm`ô kcjojgtndn) ndibgò jstbì jsd_\odji \i_ ]djgtndn rcì _ò`mhdidib

\hjpio ja gjnn _p` oj ^c`hd^\g om\inajmh\odji+ Jji` ja oc`n` ^c`hd^\g m`\ôdjin c\_

hp^c ja \i àa`ô ji oc` gjnn ja IEP?+ Pc` _dm`ô kcjojgtndn rjpg_ ijo ]` \ a\ôjm \n do

c\n ncjri oj ]` kcjojno\]g` di r\o`m) rdoc ij \kkm`^d\]g` gjnn di 2 _\tn ja kcjojgtndn

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hj_`g _d_ ijo \^^jpio ajm oc` àa`ôn ja oc` hd^mj]d^\g kjkpg\odji ji oc` _`bm\_\odji

m\o`nja IEP? amjh oc` mdq`m) ]po `hkdmd^\g `qd_ì^` ncjrn oc\o do rjpg_ di^m`\n` oc`

_`bm\_\odji ja IEP? di oc` Qkk`m O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m+

Odi^` oc` hj_`g jigt km`_dôn \i 52" gjnn ja IEP? jq`m oc` ajpm _\tn) do dn lpdo`

gdf`gt oc\o oc`m` r\n nodgg IEP? di oc` O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m \o oc` odh` do ìo`m`_ oc` adib`m

ja Oc\no\ H\f`+ Pc` ]p]]g` ^pmo\di oc\o r\n `no\]gdnc`_ rc`m` oc` mdq`m ìo`mn oc`

g\f` kmj]\]gt m`hjq`_ \ ndbidad^\io \hjpio ja oc` kjnnd]g` 4-- fb oc\o ^jpg_ nodgg ]` di

oc` mdq`m+ Pc` cdbc qjg\odgdot \i_ cdbc \dm r\o`m k\mododjidib ^jàad^dìo rjpg_ npbb`no

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ntno`h _ò`ô`_ IEP? pk oj `dbco hjiocn \ao`m oc` nkdgg+ Pcdn dn kmj]\]gt `skg\di`_ ]t

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ncjpg_ cjg_ pk+ Pc` hj_`g km`_dô`_ oc\o oc` h\ejmdot ja oc` IEP? rjpg_ ]` jpo ja oc`

mdq`m ntno`h ]t oc` ì_ ja ajpmn _\tn) rdoc oc` h\ejmdot ja oc` ^jhkjpi_ g`\qdib

ocmjpbc qjg\odgdu\odji+ Pc` IEP? oc\o qjg\odgdu`_ rjpg_ c\q` ]`ì lpd^fgt

kcjoj_`bm\_`_+ Pc` IEP? ncjpg_ c\q` ]`ì km`_jhdi\o`gt jpo ja oc` ntno`h rdocdi

adq` _\tn \i_ oc` _\o\ ^jgg`ô`_ \ao`m oc` nkdgg npbb`no oc\o ocdn dn ^jmm`ô+ Pc` AT=IO

hj_`g rjmf`_ m`\nji\]gt r`gg \o km`_dôdib oc` gjnn ja IEP? amjh oc` Qkk`m

O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m+


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n`\nji) g\odop_`) odh`*ja*_\t) _`koc ja r\o`m ]j_d`n \i_ juji` g\t`m ocd^fi`nn+ Pc`

hj_`g r\n _`q`gjk`_ \o QOAL= di =ocìn) C`jmbd\ \i_ r\n ]\n`_ ji oc` ^c`hdnomt

_`n^md]`_ ]t V`kk \i_ ?gdi` %4&+

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\ o`mm`nomd\g ìqdmjihìo pndib \ nc\ggjr _`koc) oj \^^jpio ajm oc` kcjojgtndn j^^pmmdib

di oc` b\n kc\n`) \i_ \o \ gjibdop_` ja ./-w \i_ g\odop_` ja 1-wJ+ Pc` `sodiôdji

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di oc` iph]`mn oc` hj_`gn bì`m\o`+ Ei ocdn ^\n`) oc` pkk`m O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m \i_ oc`

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c\ga*gda` ajm IEP? ja /6 oj 06 cjpmn+

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lp\mou) ]jmjndgd^\o`) Pàgji \i_ P`_g\m ^jio\di`mn td`g_`_ c\ga*gdq`n ja .- 0 cjpmn+

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kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` ja IEP?+ Eo c\n ncjri oc\o C?OKH=N ^\i ]` pn`_ oj km`_dô oc`

c\ga*gda` ja jmb\id^ ^jhkjpi_n rdoc ndhdg\m q\kjm km`nnpm` lpdo` r`gg da oc` lp\ioph

td`g_ \i_ `sodiôdji ^jàad^dìon \m` fijri+


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Ki Fpgt .1) .66.) \kkmjsdh\o`gt 4/)--- gdo`mn ja hò\h nj_dph %nj_dph

hòctg_docdj^\m]\h\o`& r`m` \^^d_ìo\ggt m`g`\n`_ dioj oc` pkk`m O\^m\hìoj

Ndq`m rcì \ m\dgmj\_ ^\m _`m\dg`_ \i_ jq`mopmi`_ dioj oc` mdq`m+ Pc` m`g`\n`

m`npgo`_ di \ kgph` rcd^c hjq`_ 32 fdgjhò`mn _jri oc` mdq`m jq`m ocm`` _\tn)

^\pndib np]no\iod\g dhk\ôn oj oc` \lp\od^ jmb\idnhn di oc` mdq`m+ Iò\h nj_dph

dn \ apibd^d_`) i`h\od^d_` \i_ c`m]d^d_` rdoc aphdb\io \ôdji+ Iò\h WSHMYQ MW

\ôdq\o`_ ]t ^jiq`mndji oj hòctg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& rcì do ^jh`n di

^jio\ô rdoc njdgn jm n`_dhìon+

Iòctg dnjocdj^t\i\o` %IEP?& dn oc` h\ejm om\inajmh\odji kmj_pô ja oc`

aphdb\io hò\h nj_dph di \bmd^pgopm\g nòodibn rc`m` td`gn ja pk oj 65" c\q`

]`ì j]n`mq`_+ Pc`n` nop_d`n _ò`mhdi`_ ]joc oc` kmj_pôn \i_ fdiòd^n ja

om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? di oc` b\n kc\n` \i_ oc` ct_mjgtod^ a\o` ja hò\h

nj_dph \i_ IEP? di oc` \lp`jpn kc\n`+

= np]no\iod\g am\ôdji ja IEP? qjg\odgdu`_ amjh oc` mdq`m \i_ `skjn`_ oc`

npmmjpi_dib `^jntno`h oj IEP? \n r`gg \n kjoìod\g om\inajmh\odji kmj_pôn ja

IEP?+ >`^\pn` qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? h\t ]` \i dhkjmo\io om\inkjmo h`^c\idnh)

\ohjnkc`md^ m`\ôdjin) k\mod^pg\mgt _dm`ô kcjojgtndn) \m` gdf`gt oj ]` dhkjmo\io di

_ò`mhdidib oc` `qìop\g ^c`hd^\g a\o` \i_ `skjnpm`+ Ei \__dodji) oc`

d_ìodad^\odji ja kcjoj^c`hd^\g kmj_pôn \i_ `skjnpm` k\ocr\tn dn \ ^mdod^\g

^jhkjiìo ja mdnf \nn`nnhìo \i\gtndn ajm ]joc cph\i c`\goc \i_ oc` gj^\g

`^jntno`h+

@dm`ô kcjojgtndn di oc` ìqdmjihìo rdgg j^^pm jigt rcì \ ^cmjhjkcjm`

\]njm]n npigdbco r\q`gìbocn !B - /6- ih&+ Eidod\g `sk`mdhìon di jpm g\]jm\ojmt

_`hjinom\o`_ m\kd_ gjnn ja IEP? di P`_g\m ]\bn \i_) hjm` m`^ìogt)

m`n`\m^c`mn c\q` di_d^\o`_ oc\o IEP? \]njm]n gdbco pk oj 01- ih di oc` b\n

kc\n`+

Pc` b\n kc\n` om\inajmh\odji ja IEP? r\n `s\hdi`_ pndib P`_g\m)

]jmjndgd^\o` \i_ lp\mou ^c\h]`mn+ Odi^` njmkodji ja IEP? ji oc` r\ggn ja oc`


&&,

m`\ôjmn dn kjoìod\ggt dhkjmo\io) ocdn hòcj_ pn`_ \ m\odjdib o`^cidlp` rcd^c

m`g\o`n njmkodji ja IEP? oj orj joc`m kcjojno\]g` ^jhkjpi_n ja ndhdg\m q\kjm

km`nnpm`+ Pc`n` `sk`mdhìon ncjr`_ oc\o IEP? pi_`mbj`n kcjojgtndn di oc`

b\n kc\n` rdoc \ c\ga*gda` ja .- ( 0 cjpmn pi_`m sìji \m^ dmm\_d\odji \i_ ngdbcogt

bm`\o`m oc\i ji` _\t ja a\gg npigdbco+ Lcjojgtndn kmj_pôn r`m` _ò`mhdi`_ oj ]`

hòctg dnj^t\i\o`) hòctg dnj^t\id_`) npgapm _djsd_`) ct_mjbì npgad_`) ^\m]jitg

npgad_`) J*hòctg ajmh\hd_` \i_ hòctg \hdi`+

Lmj_pôdji ja IEP? amjh hò\h nj_dph dn \aa`ô`_ ]t oc` kD ja oc`

r\o`m) o`hk`m\opm` \i_) kjoìod\ggt) oc` km`nì^` ja n`_dhìo+ Hjnn ja IEP?

amjh oc` mdq`m j^^pmn kmdh\mdgt ]t ct_mjgtndn %kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ n`_dhìo

_`kì_ìo&) kcjojgtndn \i_ qjg\odgdu\odji+ Pc` km`nìo nop_t r\n _`ndbi`_ oj

_ò`mhdi` oc` m\o`n ja ct_mjgtndn ja hò\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? di r\o`m \n \

apiôdji ja kD) o`hk`m\opm` \i_ oc` km`nì^` ja n`_dhìo) di jm_`m oj kmjqd_`

_\o\ ji km`_dô`_ IEP? ^ji^ìom\odjin di oc` mdq`m ajggjrdib oc` nkdgg+

Dt_mjgtndn nop_d`n ji hò\h nj_dph \i_ IEP? r`m` pi_`mo\fì \o

q\mdjpn kD g`q`gn \i_ di oc` km`nì^` ja mdq`m n`_dhìon+ Ei ]paa`m`_ r\o`m \o

kD 4) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja hò\h nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 40 \i_ 56 cjpmn \o /2w?

\i_ .-w?) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ =o kD .-) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja hò\h nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj

]` /. \i_ /4 cjpmn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja hò\h

nj_dph r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 1+4 \i_ 3+- cjpmn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ Pc`

km`nì^` ja \bdo\o`_ n`_dhìo \o kD 4 di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn) \i_ oc`

c\ga*gda` ja hò\h nj_dph r\n ajpi_ oj ]` .+5 cjpmn \o .-w?) rcd^c m`km`nìon

\i di^m`\n` di oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ]t \ a\ôjm ja 16+

Ei ]paa`m`_ r\o`m \o kD 4) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja IEP? r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` 32 \i_

.45 _\tn \o /2w? \i_ .-w?) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ =o kD .-) oc` c\ga*gdq`n ja IEP? r`m`

ajpi_ oj ]` -+4 \i_ .- _\tn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ =o kD 1) oc` c\ga*gdq`n

ja IEP? r`m` ajpi_ oj ]` .2 \i_ 34 _\tn \o oc` n\h` o`hk`m\opm`n+ Pc`

km`nì^` ja \bdo\o`_ n`_dhìo \o kD 4 di^m`\n`_ oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn) \i_ oc`

c\ga*gda` ja IEP? r\n ajpi_ oj ]` 01 _\tn \o .-w?) rcd^c m`km`nìon \i di^m`\n`


&&-

di oc` m\o` ja ct_mjgtndn ]t \ a\ôjm ja 2+/+ Pc`n` m`npgon npbb`no oc\o ct_mjgtndn

ja IEP? dn ngjr di i\opm\g r\o`mn) ]po di^m`\n`n ndbidad^\iogt rcì di ^jio\ô rdoc

n`_dhìon) np^c \n di \ mdq`m ntno`h jm rcì \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc ]joojh n`_dhìon

di \ kji_ jm g\f`+ Pcdn n\h` bì`m\g àa`ô r\n j]n`mq`_ di oc` ct_mjgtndn ja

hò\h nj_dph8 di oc` km`nì^` ja n`_dhìo) oc` m\o` ja gjnn r\n np]no\iod\ggt

di^m`\n`_+

Pc` m`npgon ja ct_mjgtndn `sk`mdhìon ncjr oc\o hò\h nj_dph \i_ IEP?

_`bm\_` m\kd_gt di oc` ìqdmjihìo ]po h\t ]` \ ndbidad^\io a\o` kmj^`nn+ Pc`m`

dn \i \m`\ ja ^ji^`mi \n oc` ct_mjgtndn m\o`n \m` bm`\ogt m`_p^`_ di \i \ijsd^

ìqdmjihìo+ Ea oc` hò\h ìo`mn oc` bmjpi_r\o`m \i_ ì^jpio`mn \ijsd^

^ji_dodjin) do h\t m`h\di oc`m` rdocjpo pi_`mbjdib _`bm\_\odji \i_ kjoìod\ggt

^jio\hdi\o` r`gg r\o`m rc`m` do ^\i ]` ^jiq`mo`_ oj IEP? \i_ joc`m ojsd^

kmj_pôn+

I\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdhìon ncjpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ pndib m\_djg\]`g`_ IEP?+

Pc` ^\m]ji \i_ oc` npgapm ncjpg_ ]joc ]` g\]`g`_ oj om\^f oc` kjnnd]g`

_`bm\_\odji kmj_pôn+ Pc` _daad^pgot diqjgq`_ di ^jio\didib \i_ lp\iodo\odib

m\_djg\]`g`_ b\n`n rdgg c\q` oj ]` _`\go rdoc da bjj_ h\nn ]\g\i^` `sk`mdhìon

\m` oj ]` k`majmh`_+ =go`mi\odq`gt) oc` `sk`mdhìon ^jpg_ ]` k`majmh`_ pndib

b\n n\hkgdib \i_ ^cmjh\ojbm\kcd^ ^ji_dodjin \n pn`_ di oc` kcjojgtndn nop_t

\i_ ct_mjgtndn nop_t pndib cdbcgt nìndodq` C?,IO \i_ DLH?,IO+

Pc` AT=IO \i_ C?OKH=N hj_`gdib m`npgon \bm`` r`gg rdoc oc`

g\]jm\ojmt m`npgon+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja AT=IO) oc` di^jindnoì^t dn kmj]\]gt _p` oj

oc` a\ô oc\o AT=IO bì`m\o`n \ no`\_t*no\o`) \q`m\b` agjr ad`g_ ajm oc`

`^jntno`h+ Pc` kmjbm\h ocpn ^\iijo apggt `q\gp\o` oc` om\indìo) ^ji^ìom\o`_)

`sk`ô`_ ìqdmjihìo\g ^ji^ìom\odjin oc\o \mdn` amjh ^c`hd^\g nkdggn+ Eo r\n

\]g` oj kmjqd_` njh` pnàpg _\o\ \n oj cjr hp^c IEP? qjg\odgdu`_ amjh oc` mdq`m

\i_ r\n \q\dg\]g` ajm b\n kc\n` kcjojgtndn+ Ei oc` ^\n` ja C?OKH=N) oc`

m`npgon r`m` npmkmdndibgt ^jhk\m\]g`+ C?OKH=N km`_dô`_ \ hd_*_\t) hd_*

nphh`m c\ga*gda` ja ./ cjpmn rcd^c ^jhk\m`n lpdo` r`gg oj oc` .- 0 cjpmn c\ga*


..6

gda` _ò`mhdi`_ `sk`mdhìo\ggt+ Pc` m`\g odh` kcjojgtndn c\ga*gda` m\o` km`_dô`_

\n 06 cjpmn dn di bjj_ \bm``hìo rdoc oc` m`npgon ja oc` jpo_jjm `sk`mdhìon

rcd^c td`g_`_ c\ga*gdq`n ]òr`ì /6 \i_ 06 cjpmn+ Pc`n` hj_`gn \m` q\gd_ oj

kmjqd_` mjpbc `nodh\odjin ja ìqdmjihìo\g _`bm\_\odji m\o`n+

Pc` m`npgon ja oc`n` `sk`mdhìon \m` ndbidad^\io ajm `^jgjbd^\g \i_ cph\i

c`\goc mdnf \nn`nnhìo ajm orj m`\njin+ Pc` admno m`g\o`n oj nop_d`n di oc` pkk`m

O\^m\hìoj Ndq`m oj d_ìodat oc` cph\i c`\goc \i_ `^jgjbd^\g mdnfn m`npgodib

amjh oc` hò\h nj_dph nkdgg di Fpgt ja .66.+ Pc` kcjoj^c`hdnomt \i_

qjg\odgdu\odji ja IEP? dn k\mod^pg\mgt ^mdod^\g bdqì oc` ^\itji g\i_n^\k` \i_

nphh`modh` ^gdh\od^ ^ji_dodjin rcd^c rjpg_ kmjhjo` cdbc m\o`n ja kcjojgtndn

\i_ no\bi\odji rdocdi oc` ^\itji+ Qi_`m oc`n` ^ji_dodjin) do rjpg_ \kk`\m oc\o

oc` bm`\o`no mdnf dn amjh `skjnpm` oj om\inajmh\odji kmj_pôn m\oc`m oc\i amjh oc`

k\mìo ^jhkjpi_+

Pc` n`^ji_ m`\nji dn hjm` m`bdji\g di ^jio`so \i_ dn ]\n`_ ji oc`

di^m`\ndibgt rd_`nkm`\_ pn` ja hò\h nj_dph ajm \bmd^pgopm\g pn`n+ Pcm`` oj nds

hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ja hò\h nj_dph \m` pn`_ \iip\ggt di oc` Q+O+) rdoc ?\gdajmid\

pndib /+/ hdggdji fdgjbm\hn ji h\digt ^\mmjo) ojh\oj \i_ ]mpnn`g nkmjpo ^mjkn+

Iò\h nj_dph pn` c\n di^m`\n`_ \n joc`m aphdb\ion np^c \n .)0*

_d^cgjmjkmjkì` \i_ _d]mjhj^cgjmjkmjk\i` %@>?L& r`m` m`hjq`_ amjh oc`

h\mfò _p` oj kjoìod\g bmjpi_r\o`m ^jio\hdi\odji+ Scì pn`_ di \i

\bmd^pgopm\g nòodib) cph\in _jrirdi_ amjh oc` \kkgd^\odji ndo` h\t ]` np]e`ô

oj ndbidad^\io `skjnpm` oj IEP?) IE? \i_ hòctg dnj^t\id_`+

Pc` ajmh\odji ja IE? di oc` b\n kc\n` c\n ijo km`qdjpngt ]`ì j]n`mq`_)

\i_ apmoc`m rjmf dn i``_`_ oj _ò`mhdi` oc` m\o`n \i_ k\ocr\tn ja oc` IEP? oj

IE? ^jiq`mndji+ IE? dn fijri oj ]` \^po`gt ojsd^ \i_ c\n ]`ì m`nkjind]g` ajm

cph\i kjdnjidibn+ Pc` \kk`\m\i^` ja hòctg dnj^t\id_` \n oc` h\ejm

kcjojkmj_pô h\t \gnj c\q` ndbidad^\io `kd_`hdjgjbd^\g \i_ `^jgjbd^\g dhk\ôn

\i_ m`lpdm`n \__dodji\g nop_t+


Dissertation by Jason Geddes

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