Disorders Associated with the Immune System

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

M I C R O B I O L O G Ya n i n t r o d u c t i o n

ninth edition TORTORA FUNKE CASE

Part A19Disorders Associated

with the Immune System

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Harmful immune responses

Allergies

Transplant rejection

Autoimmunity

Immunodeficiencies

Disorders Associated with the Immune System

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Hypersensitivity Reactions

Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage.

Four main types of hypersensitivity:

Anaphylactic

Cytotoxic

Immune Complex

Cell-Mediated

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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions

Anaphylaxis means

“the opposite of

protected.”

Localized

Systemic

Anaphylactic shock

Figure 19.1a

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Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions

Skin testing

Desensitization

Localized Allergen Examples:

Figure 19.3

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Eight Foods responsible for 97% of food allergens

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Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions

Complement activation causes cell lysis or damage

by macrophages.

Transfusion Difficulties

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ABO Blood Group System

Table 19.2

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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDNB)

Figure 19.4

Can be prevented with anti-RH antibodies - RhoGAM

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Cell-Mediated Reactions

Delayed-type

hypersensitivities

due to TD cells.

Cytokines attract

macrophages and

initiate tissue damage.

Figure 19.8

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.7 - Overview (1 of 4)

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Autoimmune Diseases

Clonal deletion during fetal development ensures

self-tolerance.

Autoimmunity is loss of self-tolerance.

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Diseases Related to Specific HLAs

Table 19.3

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Reactions to Transplantation

Transplants may be attacked by T cells,

macrophages, and complement-fixing antibodies.

Transplants to privileged sites do not cause an immune

response.

Stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning to avoid

rejection.

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Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning

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Grafts

Autograft: Use of one's own tissue.

Isograft: Use of identical twin's tissue.

Allograft: Use of tissue from another person.

Xenotransplantation product: Use of non-human

tissue.

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The Immune System and Cancer

Cancer cells possess tumor-specific antigens.

TC cells recognize and lyse cancer cells.

Cancer cells may lack tumor antigens or kill TC cells.

Figure 19.10

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Immunotherapy

Treatment of cancer using immunologic methods.

Tumor necrosis factor, IL-2, and interferons may kill

cancer cells.

Immunotoxins link poisons with an monoclonal antibody

directed at a tumor antigen.

Vaccines contain tumor-specific antigens.

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Immune Deficiencies

Congenital: Due to defective or missing genes

Acquired: Develop during an individual's life, due to

drugs, cancers, and infections.

Artificial: Immunosuppression drugs.

Natural: HIV infections.