dish positioning controlling using radar and telecommunication system

Dish position controlling and monitoring using radar

& telecommunication applications

INTRODUCTION

Technology is the word coined for the practical application of scientific knowledge in the industry. The

advancement in technology cannot be justified unless it is used for leveraging the user’s purpose.

Technology, is today, imbibed for accomplishment of several tasks of varied complexity, in almost all

walks of life.

The society as a whole is exquisitely dependent on science and technology.

Technology has played a very significant role in improving the quality of life. One way through which

this is done is by automating several tasks using complex logic to simplify the work.

AIM:-

The aim of our project is to control the radiation pattern of the antenna through the

positioning the dish. Here we use the RF communication for the controlling of the dish motor, which

can adjust the dish position according to the radiation pattern of the antenna. The implementation

overview contains the microcontroller for the radiation pattern tracking control by using transmitter

frequency, then the microcontroller controls the dish motor direction and automatically the dish

position will set towards the high radiation pattern direction (line of sight).

COMPONENTS:-

transformer Bridge rectifier Capacitors Regulators LED’S LCD’S Micro controllers Encoder, decoder, transmitter, receiver,

DC motor, dish, power supply, battery.

METHODOLOGY

Specifications AnalysisProduct Design

Test Cases

High-levelDesign

Low-level Design

Coding &Unit

Testing

IntegrationSystem

TestDocumentation

Test Design

Successful

Failure

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

An embedded system is a specialized computer system that is housed in a large system in order to carry

out certain specific applications. Some embedded systems include operating systems and most are so

specialized such that the entire logic can be implemented as a single program.

APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Industrial machines

Automobiles

Medical equipment

Cameras

Household appliances

Airplanes

Vending machines

Toys etc

Power Supply

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that supplies

electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power supply unit or

PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones,

and rarely to others

This power supply section is required to convert AC signal to DC signal and also to reduce

the amplitude of the signal. The available voltage signal from the mains is 230V/50Hz which is an AC

voltage, but the required is DC voltage(no frequency) with the amplitude of +5V and +12V for

various applications.

In this section we have Transformer, Bridge rectifier, are connected serially and voltage

regulators for +5V and +12V (7805 and 7812) via a capacitor (1000µF) in parallel are connected

parallel as shown in the circuit diagram below. Each voltage regulator output is again is connected to

the capacitors of values (100µF, 10µF, 1 µF, 0.1 µF) are connected parallel through which the

corresponding output(+5V or +12V) are taken into consideration.

Bridge Rectifier

A diode bridge or bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes in a bridge

configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of input

voltage. When used in its most common application, for conversion of alternating current

(AC) input into direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier

provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight

as compared to a center-tapped transformer design, but has two diode drops rather than one,

thus exhibiting reduced efficiency over a center-tapped design for the same output

voltage.

When the input connected at the left corner of the diamond is positive with respect to

the one connected at the right hand corner, current flows to the right along the upper colored

path to the output, and returns to the input supply via the lower one.

When the right hand corner is positive relative to the left hand corner, current flows

along the upper colored path and returns to the supply via the lower colored path.

In each case, the upper right output remains positive with respect to the lower right

one. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces DC

power when supplied with AC power: it also can provide what is sometimes called "reverse

polarity protection". That is, it permits normal functioning when batteries are installed

backwards or DC input-power supply wiring "has its wires crossed" (and protects the

circuitry it powers against damage that might occur without this circuit in place).

Prior to availability of integrated electronics, such a bridge rectifier was always

constructed from discrete components. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component

containing the four diodes connected in the bridge configuration became a standard

commercial component and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.

Output smoothing (Using Capacitor)

For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge

serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be important

because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage of fixed polarity but pulsating magnitude

(see diagram above).

LINEAR REGULATOR

Micro controller

Memory(RAM/ROM)

I/O ports

Peripherals

In electronics, a linear regulator is a component used to maintain a steady voltage.

The resistance of the regulator varies in accordance with the load resulting in a constant output voltage. In contrast, the switching

regulator is nothing more than just a simple switch. This switch goes on and off at a fixed rate usually between 50 kHz to 100 kHz as set by

the circuit. The regulating device is made to act like a variable resistor, continuously adjusting a voltage divider network to maintain a

constant output voltage. The primary advantage of a switching regulator over linear regulator [1] is very high efficiency, a lot less heat and

smaller size.

MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION: - A microcontroller is a computer on a chip. It is an integrated chip that is

usually a part of an embedded system. It is a microprocessor that is meant to be more self contained,

independent and yet function as a tiny, dedicated computer. It lays emphasis on high integration, low

power consumption, self sufficiency and cost effectiveness.It is typically designed using the CMOS

(complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technology and has the following features:

a central processing unit

discrete input and output pins

serial input/output ports(UARTs)

peripherals such as timers, counters

RAM,ROM,EPROM,Flash Memory(EEPROM)

Clock generator

May include analog to digital converters

In-circuit programming and debugging support

ATMEL 89S52:

ATMEL 89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of flash

programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM).The device is manufactured using Atmel’s

high density, non volatile memory technology and is compatible with industry standard MCS-51

instruction set. It provides highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control

applications.

FEATURES OF ATMEL 89S52:

It has 4K bytes of in-system reprogrammable flash memory (1000 write/erase cycles).

Fully static operation: 0-24 MHz

Three level program memory lock

128 bytes internal RAM

32 programmable I/O lines(4 ports)

Two 16 bit timers/counters

Six interrupt sources

Programmable serial channel

Low power idle and Power down modes

8 bit CPU optimized for controlled applications

64 K of external program memory

Full duplex UART

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE MICROCONTROLLER:

DESCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM:

CY AC FO RS1 RS0 OV -- P

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):The microcontroller consists of 8 bit ALU with

associated registers like register A, register B, Program status word(PSW),Stack pointer(SP) ,a 16 bit

program counter(PC) and a 16 bit data pointer register(DTPR).

ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU): The ALU performs arithmetic and logic functions

on 8 bit variables. An important and unique feature of the microcontroller architecture is that the ALU

can manipulate 1 bit as well as 8 bit data types. It performs the Operations over the operands held by the

temporary registers TMP1 and TMP2.The temporary registers cannot be accessed by the user.

ACCUMULATOR (ACC): It is referred to as register A or Acc. It is an 8 bit register. It holds

the source operand and stores the result of arithmetic operations. It is used as the source or destination

register for logical operations. It is either explicitly or implicitly specified in the instructions.

BREGISTER: It is a special function register. It can be used to store one of the operands in

multiply and divide instructions. For all other instructions it is used as a scratch pad.

PROGRAM STATUS WORD (PSW): It is one of the special function registers .It is an 8

bit register. It is a set of Flags that indicate the status of the microcontroller.

CARRY BIT (CY): This bit holds the carry bit in case of arithmetic operations. It also serves the

purpose of accumulator in case of Boolean operations. It is set to one when there is a carry out from the

D7 bit. It can also be rest or cleared through instructions.

AUXILLARY CARRY (AC): It is used in BCD operations usually. This bit is raised when a

carry occurs from lower nibble to the higher nibble during arithmetic operations on BCD numbers.

FLAG 0 (F0): Flag 0 is available to the user for general purpose.

REGISTER SELECT BITS (RS1 AND RS0): The two bits RS1 and RS0 are used to

select one of the four available register banks. As below:

OVERFLOW FLAG (OF): The overflow flag was created specifically for the purpose of

informing the programmer that the result of the signed number operation is erroneous. If the result of an

operation on signed numbers is too big for a register, an overflow has occurred and the programmer must

be notified.

PARITY (P): The parity bit reflects the number of 1s in the accumulator. P=0 implies that

accumulator contains an even number of 1s. P=1 implies that the accumulator contains odd number of

1s.D1 bit is a user definable flag and is reserved for future use.

SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER BANK (SFR): It is a set of special function

registers that can be addressed using their respective addresses allotted to them. The addresses lie in the

range 80H-FFH.

INPUT-OUTPUT (I/O) PORTS (P0-P3): These four latches-drivers pairs have been

allotted to the four parallel I/O ports. These latches have been allotted addresses in the special function

register bank. Using these allotted addresses, the user can communicate with the ports.

BUFFER: It is a special function register and consists of two registers namely transmit buffer and the

receive buffer. The transmit buffer receives data parallely and transmits serially. The receive buffer on

the other hand is serial in parallel out register.

TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT: It derives the timing and control information required for

the internal operation of the circuit and the control information required for controlling the external bus.

OSCILLATOR: It generates the basic timing clock signal required for the operation of the circuit

using a crystal oscillator connected externally.

EPROM AND PROGRAM ADDRESS REGISTER: These blocks provide on chip

EPROM and a mechanism to internally address the EPROM.

RAM AND RAM ADDRESS REGISTER: They provide 128 bytes of RAM and a

mechanism to internally address the RAM

PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89S52

VCC (PIN 40):- Supply voltage.

GND (PIN 20):- Ground.

Port 0 (PIN 32-39), Port 1 (PIN 1-8), Port 2 (PIN 21-28), Port 3 (PIN 10-17).

RST (PIN 9):-Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running

resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The

DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit

DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG (PIN 30):- Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte

of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)

during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator

frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. If desired, ALE operation can be

disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or

MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if

the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN (PIN 29):- Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory.

When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each

machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data

memory.

EA/VPP (PIN 31):- External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,

however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped

to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage

(VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1 (PIN 19) :- Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock

operating circuit.

XTAL2 (PIN 18):- Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

µ VISION3 OVERVIEW

The µVision3 IDE is a windows based software development platform that combines a robust editor,

project manager, and integrated make facility. µVision3 integrates all tools including the C compiler,

macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator. µVision3 helps expedite the development

process of our embedded applications by providing the following:

Full-featured source code editor

Device database for configuring the development tool setting

Project manager for creating and maintaining our projects

Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking our embedded applications

Dialogs for all development tool settings

True integrated source level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral simulator

Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for connection to

Keil ULINK

Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM

Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets and user’s guides

.In the Build Mode, we maintain the project files and generate the

application. In the Debug Mode, we verify our program either with a powerful CPU and peripheral

simulator or with the Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter (or other AGDI drivers) that connect the

debugger to the target system. The ULINK allows us also to download our application into Flash

ROM of our target system.

ENCODER( HT12E) :-

The 2^12 encoders are a series of CMOS LSIs (large scale integrated circuits) for remote control

system applications. They are capable of encoding information which consists of N address bits and

12_N data bits. Each address/data input can be set to one of the two logic states. The programmed

addresses/data are transmitted together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission

medium upon receipt of a trigger signal. The capability to select a TE trigger on the HT12E.

Features:

Operating voltage

2.4V~12V for the HT12E

Low power and high noise immunity CMOS technology

Low standby current: 0.1_A at VDD=5V

Minimum transmission word

Four words for the HT12E

Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor

Data code has positive polarity

Minimal external components

HT12E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

PIN Diagram:

PIN Description:

A0~A7 (NMOS Transmission Gate Protection Diode). Input pins for address A0~A7 setting. These pins can be externally set to VSS or left open.

AD8~AD11 (NMOS Transmission Gate protection Diode) Input pins for address/data AD8~AD11 setting. These pins can be externally set to VSS or left open

D8~D1 (CMOS IN) Pull-high Input pins for data D8~D11 setting and transmission enable, active low. These pins should be externally set to VSS or left open

DOUT (CMOS OUT) Encoder data serial transmission output

L/MB (CMOS IN) Pull-high Latch/Momentary transmission format selection pin:

RF MODULE:-

433 z RF Transmitter STT-433: The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low

cost and longer range is required. The transmitter operates from a 1.5-12V supply, making it

ideal for battery-powered applications. The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator,

ensuring accurate frequency control for best range performance. Output power and harmonic

emissions are easy to control, making FCC and ETSI compliance easy. The manufacturing-

friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433 suitable for high volume

applications.

Features:- (433.92 MHz Frequency, Low Cost, 1.5-12V operation, 11mA current consumption at

3V, Small size, 4 dBm output power at 3V)

Transmitter

3. Applications:- (Remote Keyless Entry (RKE), Remote Lighting Controls, On-Site Paging, Asset

Tracking, Wireless Alarm and Security Systems, long Range RFID, Automated Resource

Management

4. SpecificationL:- (Operating Voltage Vcc 1.5 3.0 12 Volts DC, Operating Current, Data = VCC

Icc - 11mA @3V, 59mA @5V- mA, Operating Current, Data = GND, Icc - 100 – uA, Frequency

Accuracy TOL fc -75 0 +75 Khz, Center Frequency Fc - 433 – Mhz, RF Output Power - 4 dBM@3V

(2 mW), 16 dBM@5V (39 mW)dBm / mW, Data Rate 200 1K 3K BPS, Temperature -20 +60 Deg. C,

Power up delay 20 ms

5. Pin Description

ANT 50 ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and harmonic

emissions. An L-C low-pass filter may be needed to sufficiently filter harmonic emissions. Antenna

can be single core wire of approximately 17cm length or PCB trace antenna. VCC Operating voltage

for the transmitter. VCC should be bypassed with a .01uF ceramic capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF

tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade transmitter

noise performance. DATA Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be

driven with CMOS level inputs. GND Transmitter ground. Connect to ground plane.

Data Rate:-The oscillator start-up time is on the order of 40uSec, which limits the maximum data rate

to 4.8 kbit/sec.

SAW stabilized oscillator:-The transmitter is basically a negative resistance LC oscillator whose

center frequency is tightly

controlled by a SAW resonator. SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) resonators are fundamental frequency

devices that resonate at frequencies much higher than crystals.

433 MHz RF Receiver STR-433:- The STR-433 is ideal for short-range remote control applications

where cost is a primary concern. The receiver module requires no external RF components except for

the antenna. It generates virtually no emissions, making FCC and ETSI approvals easy. The super-

regenerative design exhibits exceptional sensitivity at a very low cost. The manufacturing-friendly

SIP style package and low-cost make the STR-433 suitable for high volume application.

Features:- (low Cost, 5V operation, 3.5mA current drain, No External Parts are required, Receiver

Frequency: 433.92 MHZ, Typical sensitivity: -105dBm, IF Frequency: 1MHz

Receiver

Applications:- ( Car security system, Sensor reporting, Automation system, Remote Keyless Entry

(RKE), Remote Lighting Controls, On-Site Paging, Asset Tracking, Wireless Alarm and Security

Systems, Long Range RFID, Automated Resource Management

Super-Regenerative AM Detection:-

The STR-433 uses a super-regenerative AM detector to demodulate the incoming AM carrier. A super

regenerative detector is a gain stage with positive feedback greater than unity so that it oscillates. An

RC-time constant is included in the gain stage so that when the gain stage oscillates, the gain will be

lowered over time proportional to the RC time constant until the oscillation eventually dies.

Power Supply:- (The STR-433 is designed to operate from a 5V power supply. It is crucial that this

power supply be very quiet. The power supply should be bypassed using a 0.1uF low-ESR ceramic

capacitor and a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. These capacitors should be placed as close to the power pins

as possible. The STR-433 is designed for continuous duty operation. From the time power is applied,

it can take up to 750mSec for the data output to become valid.)

Antenna Input:- (It will support most antenna types, including printed antennas integrated directly

onto the PCB and simple single core wire of about 17cm. The performance of the different antennas

varies. Any time a trace is longer than 1/8th the wavelength of the frequency it is carrying, it should

be a 50 ohm microstrip.)

DECODER (HT12D- DECODER)

GENERAL FEATURES: - (Operating Voltage:2.4V to 12V, Low power and high noise

immunity CMOS technology, Low standby current, Capable of decoding 12 bits of information, Binary

address setting, Received codes are checked three times, Address/Data number combination: 8 address

bits and 4 data bits, Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor, Valid transmission indicator, Easy

interface with an RF or an IR transmission medium, Minimal external components.