Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems.

Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Lymph nodeLymph node

Found in various location throughout the body

“Inspect” lymph for foreign material such as bacteria, viruses, etc.

Swollen and tender nodes may indicate infection

Found in various location throughout the body

“Inspect” lymph for foreign material such as bacteria, viruses, etc.

Swollen and tender nodes may indicate infection

SepsisSepsis Systemic inflammatory response

syndrome(SIRS) caused by infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood

SIRS must exhibit two sets of conditions: Fever,rapid heart or respiration High WBC count

Often leads to lymphangitis, inflammation of the lymph vessels

Continued growth of bacteria leads to septic shock and death

Two major forms of sepsis Gram – sepsis Gram + sepsis

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) caused by infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood

SIRS must exhibit two sets of conditions: Fever,rapid heart or respiration High WBC count

Often leads to lymphangitis, inflammation of the lymph vessels

Continued growth of bacteria leads to septic shock and death

Two major forms of sepsis Gram – sepsis Gram + sepsis

Gram Negative SepsisGram Negative Sepsis Outer LPS layer of Gram – bacteria is a

powerful toxin that is released when the bacteria lyses

Symptoms include fever, chills, and severe drop in blood pressure

Rapidly fatal condition with little effective treatment

About 750,000 cases in the US every year, 225,000 are fatal!

Outer LPS layer of Gram – bacteria is a powerful toxin that is released when the bacteria lyses

Symptoms include fever, chills, and severe drop in blood pressure

Rapidly fatal condition with little effective treatment

About 750,000 cases in the US every year, 225,000 are fatal!

Gram positive sepsisGram positive sepsis Various species of Staphylococcus and

Enterococcus are the cause Release of exotoxin Often nosocomial in origin Results from invasive hospital procedure Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus

have become a major problem Gram positive bacteria are the leading cause

of sepsis.

Various species of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus are the cause

Release of exotoxin Often nosocomial in origin Results from invasive hospital procedure Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus

have become a major problem Gram positive bacteria are the leading cause

of sepsis.

Heart structureHeart structure

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis

Infection of heart valves

Oral bacteria from dental procedures get into the blood

Lodge on damaged heart valves, causing further valve damage, impairs blood flow

Heart damage and death if not treated

Oral surgery and antibiotics

Infection of heart valves

Oral bacteria from dental procedures get into the blood

Lodge on damaged heart valves, causing further valve damage, impairs blood flow

Heart damage and death if not treated

Oral surgery and antibiotics

Bacterial endocarditisBacterial endocarditis

AnthraxAnthrax

Bacillus anthracis G+ spore forming

rod Isolated by Robert

Koch in 1877 Zoonotic disease

of grazing animals Human are

incidental hosts

Bacillus anthracis G+ spore forming

rod Isolated by Robert

Koch in 1877 Zoonotic disease

of grazing animals Human are

incidental hosts

Cutaneous anthraxCutaneous anthrax

Most common form of anthrax in humans

95% of human cases Spores enter the skin

via small cut and cause a cutaneous lesion

Low mortality Resolved with

antibiotic therapy

Most common form of anthrax in humans

95% of human cases Spores enter the skin

via small cut and cause a cutaneous lesion

Low mortality Resolved with

antibiotic therapy

Other forms of anthraxOther forms of anthrax

Gastrointestinal Ingest spores from

under cooked meat Rare form of the

disease Causes severe

nausea, pain and diarrhea

Mortality rate can be as high as 50%

Gastrointestinal Ingest spores from

under cooked meat Rare form of the

disease Causes severe

nausea, pain and diarrhea

Mortality rate can be as high as 50%

Pulmonary anthrax Most dangerous form

of the disease Inhale the spores Systemic spread

from the lungs Rapidly fatal Nearly 100%

mortality Biological weapon Vaccine?

Pulmonary anthrax Most dangerous form

of the disease Inhale the spores Systemic spread

from the lungs Rapidly fatal Nearly 100%

mortality Biological weapon Vaccine?

GangreneGangrene Loss of blood supply, death of

soft tissue Ischemia - loss of blood supply Necrosis - tissue death

Clostridium perfringens infection in the dead tissue

Bacterial toxin kills more tissue and gas is produced which causes swelling

Systemic infection when the bacteria and toxin enter the blood

Often fatal without treatment Antibiotic therapy, amputation

in severe cases Hyperbaric chamber

Loss of blood supply, death of soft tissue Ischemia - loss of blood supply Necrosis - tissue death

Clostridium perfringens infection in the dead tissue

Bacterial toxin kills more tissue and gas is produced which causes swelling

Systemic infection when the bacteria and toxin enter the blood

Often fatal without treatment Antibiotic therapy, amputation

in severe cases Hyperbaric chamber

GangreneGangrene

Necrosis – tissue death

Gangrene in the toes can be a complication of diabetes

Anaerobic environment necessary for the infection

Necrosis – tissue death

Gangrene in the toes can be a complication of diabetes

Anaerobic environment necessary for the infection

Vector transmitted diseases

Vector transmitted diseases

Plague Lyme disease Typhus Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Plague Lyme disease Typhus Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

Plague (Black Death)Plague (Black Death)

Yersinia pestis Gram – rod Disease of rats that

spreads to humans by infected flea bite

Estimated 25,000,000 deaths in Europe in 5 years in the 14th century

Yersinia pestis Gram – rod Disease of rats that

spreads to humans by infected flea bite

Estimated 25,000,000 deaths in Europe in 5 years in the 14th century

PlaguePlague

Three forms of the disease Bubonic plague, infection of

lymphatic system Septicemic plague, bacteria in the

blood Pneumonic plague, lung infection

Rat is the reservoir, flea is the vector

Three forms of the disease Bubonic plague, infection of

lymphatic system Septicemic plague, bacteria in the

blood Pneumonic plague, lung infection

Rat is the reservoir, flea is the vector

Bubonic plagueBubonic plague

Lymphatic system Buboes Lymph nodes swell

and hemorrhage, turn black, hence the name “black death”

Mortality rate of 50-75%

Death in a week

Lymphatic system Buboes Lymph nodes swell

and hemorrhage, turn black, hence the name “black death”

Mortality rate of 50-75%

Death in a week

Other form of plagueOther form of plague

Systemic plague Bacteria in blood

causing septic shock

Rapidly fatal

Systemic plague Bacteria in blood

causing septic shock

Rapidly fatal

Pneumonic plague

Flea bite is not necessary

Inhalation transmission

Very contagious Mortality nearly

100%

Pneumonic plague

Flea bite is not necessary

Inhalation transmission

Very contagious Mortality nearly

100%

Lyme DiseaseLyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi

Spirochete Reservoir is the

field mouse Vector is a tick of

genus Ixodes Spread to humans

by the tick bite

Borrelia burgdorferi

Spirochete Reservoir is the

field mouse Vector is a tick of

genus Ixodes Spread to humans

by the tick bite

Lyme DiseaseLyme Disease

Characteristic rash associated with the disease (bulls-eye)

Flu-like initial symptoms

Antibiotic treatment works well for initial symptoms

Some cases linger and become systemic causing meningitis, encephalitis, and arthritis

Characteristic rash associated with the disease (bulls-eye)

Flu-like initial symptoms

Antibiotic treatment works well for initial symptoms

Some cases linger and become systemic causing meningitis, encephalitis, and arthritis

Distribution of Lyme disease in the US

Distribution of Lyme disease in the US

Lyme Disease Risk MapLyme Disease Risk Map

RickettsiaRickettsia Rickettsia are bacteria;

small intracellular parasites

Discovered by Dr. Howard Ricketts as a pathogenic group

This group causes diseases such as typhus, and spotted fever

Dr. Ricketts died in Mexico in 1910 while investigating an outbreak of typhus

Rickettsia are bacteria; small intracellular parasites

Discovered by Dr. Howard Ricketts as a pathogenic group

This group causes diseases such as typhus, and spotted fever

Dr. Ricketts died in Mexico in 1910 while investigating an outbreak of typhus

Epidemic typhusEpidemic typhus Caused by the bite of the

human body louse carrying the rickettsia

Rickettsia prowazeki Louse bites and defecates;

you scratch the bite and inoculate yourself

Crowded, unsanitary conditions

Prolonged fever, rash, can develop into fatal encephalitis or myocarditis

High mortality rate Treated with tetracycline

and chloramphenicol Also prevented by better

sanitation and control of lice

Caused by the bite of the human body louse carrying the rickettsia

Rickettsia prowazeki Louse bites and defecates;

you scratch the bite and inoculate yourself

Crowded, unsanitary conditions

Prolonged fever, rash, can develop into fatal encephalitis or myocarditis

High mortality rate Treated with tetracycline

and chloramphenicol Also prevented by better

sanitation and control of lice

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsial disease transmitted by tick bite

Characteristic rash Fever, headache, chills rash.

Systemic complications include renal failure, gastrointestinal complications

Mortality rate of about 20% if not treated

Chloramphenicol and tetracycline treatment

Disease found mostly in the southeastern US

Rickettsial disease transmitted by tick bite

Characteristic rash Fever, headache, chills rash.

Systemic complications include renal failure, gastrointestinal complications

Mortality rate of about 20% if not treated

Chloramphenicol and tetracycline treatment

Disease found mostly in the southeastern US

Distribution of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Distribution of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis

Protozoan disease that can be contracted by humans

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Humans get the disease from infected

cats Especially dangerous to pregnant

women who are exposed from infected cat feces

Causes severe fetal damage

Protozoan disease that can be contracted by humans

Caused by Toxoplasma gondii Humans get the disease from infected

cats Especially dangerous to pregnant

women who are exposed from infected cat feces

Causes severe fetal damage

Toxoplasmosis life cycleToxoplasmosis life cycle

MalariaMalaria

Protozoan systemic disease of humans

Caused by various species of genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum)

Very wide spread disease Effects 300-500 million people,

killing 1-2 million people each year Spread by the bite of the infected

female Anopheles mosquito

Protozoan systemic disease of humans

Caused by various species of genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum)

Very wide spread disease Effects 300-500 million people,

killing 1-2 million people each year Spread by the bite of the infected

female Anopheles mosquito

MalariaMalaria

Complicated life cycle effecting RBC and causing anemia

Symptoms are fever, chills and severe headache alternating with no symptoms

Mosquitoes are the vectors, humans are the host

Treatment is mosquito control, sleeping under bed nets, and drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and malarone

Complicated life cycle effecting RBC and causing anemia

Symptoms are fever, chills and severe headache alternating with no symptoms

Mosquitoes are the vectors, humans are the host

Treatment is mosquito control, sleeping under bed nets, and drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and malarone

Malaria life cycleMalaria life cycle