Diseases
Diseases
Meniere’s Disease
Increase in inner ear causing:
-hearing loss
-vertigo
-tinnitus
-pain
Aphasia-Total or partial loss of the ability to use/understand language
Expressive aphasia- can’t send out thoughts
Glaucoma
• Increase pressure in eye damaging optic nerve causing vision loss-blindness
Cataracts
• Clouding of the lens- appears to be looking through dirty window
Diabetic retinopathy
• Blood vessels in eye damaged causing blurred vision- blindness
Cancer
• Abnormal growth of cells• Many types-primary• secondary-(Metastasis)Terms: Tumor• Benign• Malignant• Goals: Cure• Control• Palliation
Cancer treatment
• Surgery• Chemotherapy• Radiation• Bone marrow transplant• Hormones• Immunotherapy
• ** single or combination of therapies
Skin disorders
• Shingles- Herpes zoster
Musculoskeletal Diseases
• Osteoarthritis- overuse of joints,
• Joints wear out
• s/sx: stiffness, pain, swelling, tenderness
• Tx: pain relief, exercise, rest, wgt control
• joint replacement
•
Rheumatoid Arthritis
s/sx: painful, tender, swollen, red, poor ROM, fever, fatigue, deformities, herberden nodes
Tx: rest, splints, medication
Osteoporosis
• s/sx: back pain, loss of hgt,
• stooped posture,
• spontaneous fractures
• Treatment: prevention- exercise
• calcium/medications
Fractures
• Open-
• Closed-
Fracture treatment
Fraction treatment con’tTraction
Cast care
• Do not cover• Keep dry• Do not stick things in it• Elevate until swelling decreases• Report: pain, edema, pale/cool skin• cyanosis, numbness/tingling• drainage, temperatue
Hip fractures
• Treatment:
Rules for hip replacement
• No flexion > 90 degrees
• No hip adduction- abductor pillow
• No external rotation
• Raised toilet seats
• Get out on unaffected side
• Do not cross legs
Amputations-loss of a limb
Nervous system changes with age
• Slower doing tasks – impulses slower
• Balance & coordination issues-deterioration of nerves
• Awake at night
• Lose brain cells
• Decrease sensitivity
Stroke/CVA (Cerebral Vascular Attack)
What happens?
• Tissue death of brain due to no oxygen
Warning signs of stroke• Headache, confusion, blurred vision,
drooping eye/face, paralysis
TIA Transient Ischemic Attack
• Warning sign stroke may be coming
• s/sx comes and goes
CVA risk factors
Effects of a CVA
Types of aphasia
• Expressive
• Receptive
• expressive-receptive
Treatment for stroke
• Therapy:
Parkinson's disease• Slow progressive disease with no cure
• Brain degenerates
Multiple Sclerosis
• Chronic disease – myelin is destroyed-nerve impulses don’t travel correctly
s/sx& Tx. of MS
• Begin @ age 20-40
Spinal Cord Injuries
Seizures
Respiratory changes with age
• Lung capacity decreases d/t muscle stiffness
• Decrease cough- increase mucous in lungs- increase pneumonia/infections
• SOB with exertion
• Size of airway decreases- increase risk of choking
• Fatigue
NA roles
Respiratory DisordersCOPD
• Includes 3 disorders: – Chronic Bronchitis– Emphysema– Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis
• Inflammation of bronchi
Emphysema
• The alveoli enlarge & are less elastic
• Oxygen and carbon dioxide can’t exchange
Asthma
• Airway narrows when exposed to allergens,
• emotional stress,
respiratory infections
• Physical activity
• Cold air
Pneumonia
• Inflammation of lung tissue-
• lungs fill with fluid
Treatment of TB
Cardiovascular changes with age
• Heart pumps less efficiently
• Heart can’t meet needs
• Arteries lose elasticity• BP increases• Blood flow to brain &
organs decrease• Veins less efficient-
legs change color
• May not tolerate exercise
• BP & fluid balance problems
• Dizziness with position change
Cardiovascular DiseasesHypertension
• Resting BP > 140/90
• Pre-hypertension: BP 120-139/80-89
• Risk factors
Treatment of HTN
Coronary artery Disease (CAD)atherosclerosis
• Coronary arteries narrow decrease blood flow to the heart
• Leads to angina & MI
Angina Pectorischest pain
• Pain from decrease blood flow to heart
• Warning heart not getting enough oxygen
Myocardial InfarctionHeart Attack
• s/sx:
Heart FailureCHF
• s/sx: edema, cough, SOB, fatigue
NA actions for cardiovascular changes
Changes in urinary system
• Kidneys decrease in size• Urine production less efficient• Bladder size decrease• Increase urination @ night• Weak bladder muscles• Enlarged prostate• Incontinence-cause odor, bedsores• UTI-confusion 1st sign
NA roles
• Increase fluids• Record output• Toilet frequently• Report to RN:
color, odor of urine frequent urination in small amt. pain/burning with urination difficulty urinating incontinence
UTI-urinary tract infection
• Infection somewhere in the urinary system
• Cystitis
• Nephritis
• pyelonephritis
• Urethritis
• Ureteritis
UTI causes
• Sexual intercourse
• Wipe back to front
Renal Calculi
• Risk factors:
Renal calculi s/sx
• Back/abdominal pain
• N/V
• Fever/chills
• Urgency
• Frequency
• Hematuria
• oliguria
Treatment of renal calculi
Renal Failure
• Acute vs chronic:
• s/sx: oliguria
• Treatments: fluid restriction
• treat cause
•
Endocrine system changes with age
• Prone to fluid and electrolyte imbalance
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Risk of malnutrition
• Risk of type 2 diabetes
• Risk of hypothermia increase 6 x
• Risk of hyperthermia
Diabetescan’t produce insulin
• Type I – pancreas produces little or no insulin- must take insulin
• Type II- occurs in adult, body makes insulin but can’t utilize correctly
• Gestational diabetes: caused by pregnancy
Risk factors of diabetes
Hypoglycemia
• Weak, fast pulse, low BP, confusion
• Vision changes. Clammy skin
Hyperglycemia
• Weakness, flushed face, labored breathing, weak pulse, low BP
Treatment
• hyperglycemia • hypoglycemia
Digestive DisordersDiverticulosis
GERD- gastroesophageal reflux
Gallstones
• Pain in upper abd.
• Pain back b/t shoulder blades
• Pain lasts > 5 hours
• N/V
• Chills/fever
Hepatitis
• Hepatitis A- fecal –oral
• Hepatitis B/C-blood/body fluids