Discretely continuous: How semantic maps affirm the intuitions and assertions of Cognitive Linguistics Steven Clancy Slavic Languages and Literatures University of Chicago SCLC-2007 University of Chicago October 12-14, 2008
Discretely continuous: How semantic maps affirm the intuitions and assertions of Cognitive Linguistics
Steven ClancySlavic Languages and Literatures
University of Chicago
SCLC-2007 University of Chicago
October 12-14, 2008
For updated information, see http://home.uchicago.edu/~sclancy
Criticisms (Janda forthcoming) different parameters
apple is contained bowlapple is loose-fit bowlapple is concave valley facing bowlapple is belly bowl
different means (evidentiality, verb vs. satellite framed languages)
different metaphors, source domains a response: much depends on how a researcher
uses, structures, and interprets the model
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Conceptual Space
specific
known
direct
negation
free
choice
indirect
negation
comparative
question
conditional
irrealis
nonspecific
specific
unknown
Haspelmath’s (1997, 2003) Conceptual Space for indefinite pronouns
• lines show connected concepts• geometric arrangement is not specific• distance between concepts is not significant
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Semantic Map for Russian
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MDSMDS = multi-dimensional scaling
mathematically well-defined method for analyzing data
organizes patterns and connections in the data
Multidimensional, i.e., can be a 1, 2, 3... dimensional analysis
Example: table of driving distances between cities; locations of cities are not specified, only raw distances between the cities
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MDS with Circle of Fifths
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths
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MDS• MDS = multidimensional scaling• cutting lines (separate the yea’s from the nay’s)• polytopes (regions defined by the cutting lines)
• Croft and Poole (forthcoming) applies MDS techniques to data sets from previous linguistic analyses (Haspelmath’s semantic map analysis of indefinite pronouns, Levinson et al.’s analysis of spatial adpositions, and Dahl’s (1985) analysis of tense and aspect
• replicates the conceptual space of Haspelmath• what was possible for a small data set (Haspelmath’s 9
functions can now be extended to a much larger set of functions that would otherwise be impossible to map
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MDS analysis of Haspelmath’s Data in Croft and Poole (forthcoming)
Indefinite Pronouns in MDS
• connections are drawn in• MDS-OC analysis produces specific geometric arrangement• semantic distance between points is significant• increased data/diversity provides greater specificity• what do the XY dimensions mean?
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Indefinite Pronouns in MDS
from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)
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Indefinite Pronouns in MDS
from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)
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Semantic Map for Russian
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MDS: Optimal Classification• Poole’s “Optimal Classification” method of MDS• “legislators” are the functions; can be identified for any
language (relatively finite)• language data are the “roll calls” (extendable)• a legislator votes for or against a certain issue• a function either participates or does not participate in a
construction with a case and/or a preposition• binary (+/- or 1/0) situation (coded as 1/6 by Poole)• what’s multi-dimensional in MDS?• some linguistic problems are 1-D, most are 2-D, some
are likely 3-D; strive for simplest dimensionality that captures the data to be analyzed
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Database in progress...
Expression, Construction, etc. Czech Russian Polish RUSSnomPLSHnomCZCHnomPLSHvocCZCHvocRUSSinstPLSHinstCZCHinstRUSSaccPLSHaccCZCHaccRUSSdatPLSHdatCZCHdatRUSSgenPLSHgenCZCHgennaming NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6lists NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6deictic pointing NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be named X’ NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘name s.o. X’ NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6calling VOC, NOM 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6subject NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be visible’ NOM, ACC 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be audible’ NOM, ACC 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate adjective NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate short adjective NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate NP NOM 1 6 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate noun NOM 1 6 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
‘seem to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘appear to X (in a dream)’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘accessible to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘clear to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘comprehensible to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘conspicuous to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘familiar to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘take sth. from X’ DAT u GEN 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6take synonyms DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘swipe X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘confiscate sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘remove sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘steal sth. from X’; 'pinch sth. from X' DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘snatch away sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘wrest sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘yank sth. away from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘seize sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be missing for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be(come) alienated to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘not be enough of for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘take one’s leave of X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘defect from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘outgrow X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘disappear to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be missing for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6
... 246for CzP, R
...
...~950-1200-1500?
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Slavic Case SemanticsFull Set (945)—Czech
fear
od G
seasons
I, v LN
na L
I, NI, jako N
I, na LA, v L
G, na A G, A
do
Gdo Gpartitivebez G
Aneg (obj)str neg (obj)
na A
za G
v A
o A po Aza A
po Av A s A
z G
NV, Nv L
o L po L
po L ILM loc
ago
za I
na A, D
k DD
D, A (CCz)
si
dest
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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Semantic Space of Slavic Case
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Semantic Space of Slavic Case
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flat vs. textured
do + GEN to + objna + ACC to + objk + DAT to + obj('s)
to schoolto the university
write with a penwrite with a friend
to the doctor's3 prepositions, 3 cases
flat textured
1 preposition
na univerzitu
lumping splitting
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Discreteness vs. Continuity future applications of MDS-OC may allow for views of semantic space that
parallel zooming in on a geographical map, e.g., Google Maps
Chicago University of Chicago Slavic Department
such applications may allow us to better approach questions of discreteness and continuity in language
DIRECTIONALITY > DESTINATION > SPECIFIC DESTINATIONRuss v + ACCRuss na + ACCRuss k + DAT
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Coding the functions(see handout for languages and categories)
DESTINATION—LOCATION—SOURCE
R na + ACC R na + LOC
‘to’ ‘on, at’
TOO MUCH (?) Russ ACC Russ LOC
R na R na
R na+ACC R na+LOC
TOO LITTLE (?) R na+ACC R na+LOC
JUST RIGHT (?) Russ ACC Russ LOC
R na R na
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Pan-Slavic destination-location-source
RUSS-CZEC-PLSH-SERB-CROA-SLVN
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Pan-Slavic destination-location-source
Russian
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Russ GEN
Russ DAT
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Pan-Slavic destination-location-source
Czech
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Czech GEN
Czech DAT
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PanSlavic destination-location-source
Polish
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Polish GEN
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Slavic Case Systems
The Case Book for Russian (2002) The Case Book for Czech (2006) The Case Book for Polish (forthcoming 2008)
all books co-authored with Laura Janda (UNC-Chapel Hill)
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The Russian Genitive
Genitive: a Whole‘of’, possession, colorprepositions and prepositional
phrases expressing ‘of’numerals, quantifier words
∑ÀÉÃÿÀœ skol'ko ‘how many’ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ neskol'ko
‘some’∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ stol'ko ‘so many’Ռɫœ mnogo ‘many/much’Œ≈Ռɫœ nemnogo ‘not
many/much’ÕÄÃœ malo ‘few/little’∫ÉÃÿш≈ bol'¨e ‘more’ÕÅŒÿш≈ men'¨e ‘fewer/less’Œ≈ÕÄÃœ nemalo ‘not a few’
partitive genitive, ‘some’
A GOAL
A SOURCE
A WHOLE A REFERENCE
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The Russian Genitive
Genitive: a Source…⁄ iz 'from'…⁄-⁄¡ iz-za 'from beyond, because
of'…⁄-¥œƒ iz-pod 'from beneath'∑ s 'from'œ∏ ot 'from'some verbs
∫œÖ∏ÿ∑µ ‘fear, be afraid’…⁄∫≈«Ä∏ÿ/…⁄∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ‘avoid’¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ ‘be
frightened’∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ
‘be shy’∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ ‘be
ashamed’
A GOAL
A SOURCE
A WHOLE A REFERENCE
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The Russian Genitive
Genitive: a Referencedates ¥≈∂◊œ«œ œ∏Àµ∫∂µ pervogo oktjabrja 'on the first of October'some prepositions
∫≈⁄ ‘without’◊Œ≈ ‘outside of’◊œÀ∂Ñ« ‘around’À∂ÉÕ≈ ‘except, besides, aside from’ÕÇÕœ ‘by, past’ÉÀœÃœ ‘around; approximately’¥É∑Ã≈ ‘after’
π u ‘near, at, by’ π X-GEN + (≈∑∏ÿ est’) + Y-
NOM[by X is Y]‘X has Y’ ‘at so-and so’s place’
A GOAL
A SOURCE
A WHOLE A REFERENCE
lack, genitive of negationŒ≈ ∫ŸÃœ/Œ≈∏/Œ≈ ∫πƒ≈∏ne bylo/net/ne budet‘there was not/is not/will not
be’some other expressions
Ã…шÄ∏ÿ/Ã…шÇ∏ÿ ‘deprive’Ã…шÄ∏ÿ∑µ/Ã…шÇ∏ÿ∑µ ‘be deprived’Ã…ш£ŒŒŸ™ ‘deprived’Œ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œÀ ‘lack’
comparison ∑∏¡∂ш≈ Õ≈Œµstar¨e menja ‘older than me’
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The Russian Genitive
Genitive: a Goalsome prepositions
ƒœ do 'to, as far as; before, until'ƒÃµ dlja 'for'∂¡ƒ… radi 'for the sake of'¥∂œ∏…◊ protiv 'against'
÷¡Ãÿ/÷¡ÃÀœ ≠al'/≠alko 'too bad, pity'
some verbsƒ≈∂÷Ä∏ÿ∑µ ‘hold to’ƒœ∑∏…«Ä∏ÿ/ƒœ∑∏Ç«Œπ∏ÿ/
ƒœ∑∏Çчÿ‘attain, reach’
÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ ‘desire, wish’⁄¡∑ÃÑ÷…◊¡∏ÿ/⁄¡∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ
‘deserve, merit’À¡∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Àœ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ ‘touch;
concern’
A GOAL
A SOURCE
A WHOLE A REFERENCE
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continuity in the networkspath through which motion occurs (is made manifest)
means tool through which action occurs (is made manifest)
label being through which a quality or condition manifests itself
adjunct through which an extension of the self/group is manifested (in a vague way)
landmark through which an extension of the self/group is manifested (in a more specific way)
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A revision of the networks?
RUSS subject RUSS dimension RUSS object RUSS locationN N:name N:identAG G:reference G:sourceD D:experiencer D:competitorD:receiverL L:placeI I:means I:label I:landmark
agentive dimensions, means destinations, objects locationalI:adjunct (s 'with')
A:endpoint
I:means
(D:po 'along') (D:k 'to, towards')G:goal G:wholeA:destA:dimension
whatdistinctions
what case does case how it does itmakes
thebreakdown
conceptual space semantic map
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BE in Slavic
location/position
presence/absence
auxiliary
existence
copula
impersonal
BE
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Rude’s Circle
BE + ADJ
GET HAVE
MAKE BE + LOC
BE + ADJBE + NP
AttributionInherent
Production Location
Acquisition Possession
AttributionTemporal
Equation
A Contiguously Polysemous Continuum of Meaningadapted from Rude (1978)
Rude's (1978) continuum of meaning in the copula 'make' PRODUCTION 'get' ACQUISITION 'have' POSSESSION 'be + LOC' LOCATION 'be + ADJ' (temporal) ATTRIBUTION, TEMPORAL 'be + ADJ' (inherent) ATTRIBUTION, INHERENT 'be + NP' EQUATION Rude (1978) presents data for these categories of BE functions for 13 different languages (Mandarin, Spanish, Twi, Persian, Amharic, Tamil, Swahili, Korean, Quiche, English, Malagasy, Nez Perce, Arabic).
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Rude’s Circle, Chvany’s Revision
BE + ADJ
GET HAVE
MAKE BE + LOC
BE + ADJBE + NP
AttributionInherent
Production Location
Acquisition Possession
AttributionTemporal
Equation
A Contiguously Polysemous Continuum of Meaningadapted from Rude (1978)
BE + ADJ
GET HAVE
MAKE
BE + LOC
BE + ADJ
BE + NP
PermanentAttribution
TemporaryAttribution
Acquisitionor Becoming Possession
Production Existence
LocationEquation
BE
An Adaptation of Rude’s Circle for Russianadapted from Chvany (1995)
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BE + ADJ
GET HAVE
MAKE BE + LOC
BE + ADJBE + NP
AttributionInherent
Production Location
Acquisition Possession
AttributionTemporal
Equation
A Contiguously Polysemous Continuum of Meaningadapted from Rude (1978)
Rude’s Circle, MDS-OC
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BEING-BECOMING-UNBECOMINGCATEGORY BECOMING BEING UNBECOMING
existenceMAKE/DO
BECOMEBE (UNMAKE)
possessionGIVE, TAKE
GETHAVE
TAKE, GIVE
LOSE
creation CREATE EXIST DESTROY
life BE BORN LIVE, GROW DIE
visibility, presence APPEAR BE visible DISAPPEAR
visibility, presence SHOW BE visible HIDE
accessibility FIND KEEP LOSE, LEAVE
motion COME STAY GO/LEAVE
process START/BEGIN CONTINUE FINISH/END
position STAND UP STAND SIT DOWN/LIE DOWN
position SIT DOWN/LIE DOWN SIT/LIE STAND UP
manipulation PUT BE in location REMOVE
manipulation PICK UP HOLD PUT DOWN
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BE in Slavic (MDS-OC)
location/position
presence/absence
auxiliary
existence
copula
impersonal
BE
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BEING-BECOMING-UNBECOMING
CATEGORY BECOMING BEING UNBECOMINGexistence ∫Ÿ∏ÿ, ≈∑∏ÿ, Øpossession …Õ≈∏ÿ∑µcreation ∏◊œ∂…∏ÿ∑µ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿlifevisibility, presence µ◊õ∏ÿ∑µ
¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊õ∏ÿ ∑œ∫œ™accessibility Œ¡»œƒ…∏ÿ∑µmotion ¥∂…∑π∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿprocessposition ∑∏œµ∏ÿ,
∑…ƒ≈∏ÿ, Ã≈÷¡∏ÿmanipulation
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Caveats and Questions
what will MDS do, what can it do? how to structure the data to take advantage of MDS what exactly are we modeling? is case sufficiently coherent as a system for an MDS analysis? across
Slavic? across languages with morphological case? across languages in general?
how do we compare case systems with systems using word order? using prepositions?
expanding the database is necessary, but time intensive catching errors in the database how do we zoom in/out on regions: generalized functions/meanings vs.
greater detail
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Hopes that MDS-OC will... provide a rigorous, mathematical model that affirms the speculative, introspective models,
diagrams, and networks long in use by cognitive linguists
– e.g., will the case meanings of the Janda & Clancy Case Book series emerge in the conceptual space
provide a means of tackling large-scale problems that would be insoluble by introspective or empirical means
reveal a conceptual space for the domain of case (and adposition) functions across languages
allow for the extension of conceptual spaces to other linguistic domains (verbal semantics, aspect, modality) given proper structuring of the data
reveal a coherent, universal conceptual space that is carved up in a variety of ways across languages
provide motivations for diachronic change in measurable semantic proximity in the conceptual space
provide a model for tracking and predicting diachronic change as well as the effects of language contact (e.g. Tenser (forthcoming) using semantic maps to track language contact effects in Romani dialects)
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For further information... contact Steven Clancy
[email protected] visit my website
http://home.uchicago.edu/~sclancy contribute to the multilingual database
to be established at the University of Chicago Center for the Study of Languages http://languages.uchicago.edu/projects
For updated information, see http://home.uchicago.edu/~sclancy
Additional Materials the following slides contain supplementary materials not
presented in the full talk at the SCLC-2007conference.
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directionality scope shaping
status
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directionality
marginality
quantification
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NOM???
LOC
DAT
ACC
INST
GEN
LOC2
GEN2
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Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(1) Specific known: a specific referent whose identity is known to the speaker (but
not the hearer)Masha met with someone near the university.[speaker knows who] (46)
(2) Specific unknown: a specific referent whose identity is unknown to both hearer and speakerMasha met with somebody near the university.[speaker has forgotten who] (46)
(3) Irrealis non-specific: a referent (a manner in this example) which does not have a specific identity and exists only in a nonreal contextVisit me sometime. (42)
Haspelmath (1997) in Croft and Poole
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Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(4) Question: an unspecified referent in the scope of interrogation
(especially polar interrogatives)Can you hear anything? (36)
(5) Conditional: an unspecified referent in the protasis in a conditional constructionIf you hear anything, tell me. (36)
(6) Indirect negation: an unspecified referent which is in a clause embedded in a negated clauseI don’t think that anybody has seen it. (33)
Haspelmath (1997) in Croft and Poole
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Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(7) Comparative: an unspecified referent occurring in the standard of comparison in
a comparative constructionThe boy runs as fast as anyone in his class. (35)
(8) Free choice: an unspecified referent in certain contexts whose identity can be freely chosen without affecting the truth value of the utteranceAfter the fall of the Wall, East Germans were free to travel anywhere. (48)
(9) Direct negation: an unspecified referent which is in the scope of negation in the same clauseI noticed nothing/I didn’t see anything. (31-32)
Haspelmath (1997) in Croft and Poole
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MDS with driving distances
from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)
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MDS with driving distances
from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)
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MDS with politics
from Keith Poole’svoteview.com
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Slavic Case Semantics
location (na)
dest (na)
help
duration
on date
location (maj)
neg (obj)
neg (subj)
BE (past)BE (pres)
in sum
afraid of
become
comp than in win
withoutsource (na)dest (hum)
understand
date is
after
neg (obj), str
interested in
close todist from
location (hum)
for time
before
source (hum)
source (maj)
dest (maj)
control
ago
at o'clockBE (fut)
in spr
in aut
every other
ask thing
ask hum
around
take from X
wish
comp amt
give
on day
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
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