Discovery and Expansion Chapter 14. Background 1.Age of Exploration-period from 1450-1650 A. Era of improved geographical knowledge and technology B.

Discovery and Expansion

Chapter 14

Background

1. Age of Exploration-period from 1450-1650A. Era of improved geographical knowledge and technologyB. Age of migration of Europeans to other parts of the worldC. Colonization resulted in political control of S and N America, coastal regions of Africa, India, China, Japan, and SE AsiaD. Colonization followed by introduction of European life into other areas of the world.

Overseas Exploration and Conquest

1. Viking explorations-under Eric the Red and Leif Erickson, discovered Greenland and coast of N AmericaA. Made permanent settlements on Iceland, Ireland and England

2. Crusades-failed European attempt to control other peoples; expanded European technological knowledge

3. Political centralization in Spain, France, and England allowed these countries to push outward

4. Portugal took the lead in overseas exploration due to stable financial situation

A. Prince Henry the Navigator founded school for exploration; led expeditions down western coast of Africa

B. Portugal established trading posts in N Africa coasts on Mediterranean; controlled gold trade between Africa and Europe

C. Bartholomew Diaz (1487)-rounded Cape of Good Hope to reach southern tip of Africa

D. Vasco da Gama (1499)-rounded Cape of Good Hope and reached India

E. As Portugal went on to establish ports in Brazil and in S Asia, Port of Lisbon became entry port of Asian goods into Europe

F. Portuguese attempted to take over Muslim control of spice trade in SE Asia by using military force0the cannon

1. Established coastal trading posts in Asia as a means to bring Christianity into the “Dark Regions” of Asia

Technological Stimuli to Exploration

1. Canon-iron and bronze guns developed to pacify areas under conquestA. Eventually evolved from land based weapon to sea based weapon

2. Improved shipsA. Caravel-small, light, 3 sailed ship; able to maneuver easily and carry canon to prove effective military force

3. Magnetic compass4. Astrolabe-instrument developed by Muslims which

allowed explorers to determine latitude in relation to the Equator

5. Improved cartography and knowledge of wind and sea patterns

Cortes

Pizzaro

Explorers’ Motives

1. E G’s-God, Gold and GloryA. God-religious zeal to spread Christianity to less

civilized societies became God’s calling; led to missionary effort in New World

B. Gold-dreams of unlimited resources in foreign lands; also complimented by desire to control spice trade (emerged as a result of Crusades)

C. Glory-European crowns financed overseas ventures; outward growth of Renaissance spirit of curiosity and quest for achievement

1. Ex: Spanish conquistadors Cortez and Pizzaro

Problem of Christopher Columbus

1. Pioneer of Christian civilization in New World, or source of slavery and demise of native population?A. Sought and believed that he had discovered trans-Atlantic passage to IndiesB. Established government in Caribbean and began encomienda and slave labor system in New World-origins of racism

2. PositivesA. Initiated new era in history by transforming modern world into global world

Later Explorers

A. Impact of Columbian Encounter

1. News of discovery spread quickly throughout Europe as regional newspapers recorded for events in local vernacular

A. Amerigo Vespucci-wrote Mundus Novus first written document to describe New World as a continent separate from Asia

2. Spanish exploration determined by precious metal locations

3. Ferdinand Magellan-commissioned by Spanish ruler Charles V to find direct route to spice islandsA. Although Magellan killed in Philippines, crew returned to Spain as first to successfully circumnavigate the globe

4. Spanish ConquistadorsA. Hernando Cortes-successfully conquered Aztecs in Mexico due to military superiority and trickeryB. Francisco Pizzaro-defeated Incas in Peru

5. Antwerp emerged as center fro overseas wealth as spices and overseas bullion flowed thru its center

6. Amsterdam eventually replaced Antwerp as commercial center by end of 16th centuryA. Dutch East India Company-major organ of Dutch imperialismB. Expelled Portuguese from SE Asia

7. English and French-slow to exploreA. John Cabot-discovered Newfoundland in attempt to discover NW PassageB. Jacques Cartier-explored St. Lawrence River1. Quebec eventually became 1st permanent French settlement in 1608

Economic Effects of Spain’s Discoveries in the New World

1. Golden Century of Spain-reference to 16th century accomplishments of Spanish in New World and their impact in EuropeA. Huge influx of precious metals-mostly silverB. Steady population increase led to increased demand for products colonies in Americas; led to inflationary prices and demise of economy1. influx of silver bullion allowed King Philip II to repay debts in inflated silver-now affected global economy; prices of food and wages unable to keep up with rate of inflation

Columbian Exchange

1. Origins of global market-the Columbian Exchange or Great CircuitA. Result of migration of peoples from Europe to Americas which led to exchange of foodstuffs and livestock1. American goods-corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, tomatoes and potatoes2. European goods-horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, and chickensB. Europeans also brought disease-smallpox-with them and onto Native Population-90% decrease in Native Population

Colonial Administration

1. Spanish crown divided New World into 4 Viceroyalties (Administrative decisions)A. New Spain-Mexico, Central America, and present day American Southwest; capital based out of Mexico CityB. Peru-lands of upper South American ContinentC. New Grenada-southern portion of Central America; capital based out of BogotaD. La Plata-Argentina; Capital based out of Buenos Aires

2. Viceroy-imperial governor of each province that exercised military and civil authority

A. Presided over Audencia-board of judges that served as his advisory council and judicial body

B. Intendants-royal officials who possess military, administrative, and financial authority who were directly responsible to the king

3. Mercantilist Economic System-colonies existed for financial benefit of mother countryA. focused on mining of gold and silverB. crown claimed Quinto-1/5 of all precious metals; yielded 25% of crown’s incomeC. manufactured goods shipped to Americas

4. Brazil-controlled by PortugueseA. Also restricted by mercantilist policiesB. Developed use of black slave labor due to introduction of coffee, cotton, and eventually sugarC. Brazil’s society-rich mixture of black, white, and natives

European Slavery and the Origins of American Racism

– Slavery in pre-modern world result of Plague and need for agricultural workers» Italian merchants sought slaves from Balkans» Most slaves were white, therefore racism not present

– Ottoman sack of Constantinople in 1453 cut off Slavic slave trade, forcing Europeans to seek alternative source- Sub-Saharan Africa

– Bible- mentions slavery, interpret to sanction practice, therefore no moral implications

– Italian merchants provided capital, cane, and technology for sugar cultivation in Portugal and Canary Islands» From 1490-1530, Port of Lisbon saw importation of 1-2k

slaves annually» Slaves eventually transported to Azores and Cape

Verdes Islands in Atlantic» Sugar plants brought to Americas

– Spanish forced labor of natives (encomienda system) proved disastrous as natives unable to adapt to working conditions and lacked immunity to disease

– Bartolome de las Casas- urged Charles V to end Indian slavery and import black slaves from Africa due to witnessing of harsh conditions of encomienda system» Charles V initiated start of African slave trade in

1518 due to ability of African slaves to adapt to tropical climate

– Portuguese brought first slaves to Brazil; by 1600, importing 4k slaves annually» Expanded by founding of Dutch West India

Company and English Royal African Company– Origins of Racism:

» Christian theological speculation- perceived as barbarians and heathens

» Arab ideas- writings depicted Africans as intellectually inferior

» Both combines with contemporary European attitudes = birth of modern racism

Slave Trade

• Impacted peoples along the coast—Portuguese forts along West Africa and Dutch at the Cape of Good Hope. (Trade did not really affect the people in the interior of Africa).

• Not new…practiced in Africa since ancient times, but it increased rapidly beginning in 15th c. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Then, the introduction of sugarcane plantations in Caribbean changed everything. New product important to Triangular Trade.

• As demand increased, African middlemen moved inland to find supply.

S, E, P effects of the Trade

• Families, depopulation

• Undermining of cottage industry, poverty

• Increased warfare and violence

Effects in the East

• Portugal did not have the means economically, nor in force, to dominate Southeast Asia.

• Beginning in the 17th c., the Dutch dominated and occupied the Portuguese coastal forts throughout the Indian Ocean. (Indonesia in particular because of heavy demand of spices).

• Europeans became involved in factional disputes to weaken Asian nations.

• Mainland Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand were able to resist control due to their political solidarity.

India

• Portuguese, English, Dutch, French• 17th c. English increased trade posts and

became quite successful with trading goods between England, India, and East Indies; Sir Robert Clive of the East India Trade Company consolidated control of India—defeat of the Mughal empire enabled the BEIC to remain in authority until crown takes control in 19th c.

• **Key to success with Britain was government aid.

China

• Ming dynasty devastated by epidemic and revolt (17th c.).

• Qing dynasty (Manchus) 17th-18th c. Decline began due to excessive population and treasury expenses due to frontier control. Russian threats from the north pressured for trade; English replaced Portuguese in demands for trade along coast. To keep China “pure” contact was limited to just outside Canton; but the East India Company continued to press for China to be open to receiving British manufactured goods (this will be denied).

Japan

• Tokugawa Shogun

• Initiated strict reaction to Christian missionaries; restricted trade and expelled Europeans

• Only Dutch left in small area of Nagasaki because they didn’t become involved in missionary activities; however, they faced heavy restrictions.

Impact

• Central and South America—Latin America• Multiracial (mulatto and mestizo)• Ecology (animals and plants)—Columbian exchange• Catholic missionaries (Dominicans, Franciscans,

Jesuits); military, hospitals, schools, orphanages, western culture, achievements, and ideas

• Women—new opportunities (land-owners, nunneries)• Trade wars• Eurocentric perspective (superiority)

World Economy

• 16th c. Inflation (price revolution); 2-3% a year—mostly in food prices (wheat)

• Wages were stagnant, and standard of living decreased for workers; aristocrats prospered; Entrepreneurs benefitted b/c of rising prices, cheap labor, and expanding markets

• Governments borrowed from banks and instituted new taxes

• **Stimulus to investment and capitalism• Debates—influx of metals from New World?

Increased population demands?

ProfitsJoint stock companies

Shipbuilding

Technology

Mining

Banking and Exchanges

*Mercantilism—acquisition of gold and silver bullion; state intervention, government regulations for benefit of the state

**Peasants—still 80% of population and no improvements