. Name Launching the Theme Selection Connections Discovering Ancient Cultures The selections in this theme wil take you on a journey to the world of long ago. Afterreadjng each selection, complete the chart below to show what you learned. What is the location of the culture described in the selection? When did the events. described in the selection ~ake place? Lost Temple of the Aztecs The'Great Wall -c . ~ " .. ~ .. .E .gi 4: ~ ., a. E o o ." ¡¡ ~ i: ;3 .c '" " o :i @ .E .~. '; a. S .The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay Theme 4: ()iscovering Ancient Cultures 211
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Transcript
. Name
Launching the Theme
Selection Connections
Discovering Ancient
CulturesThe selections in this theme wil take you on a journey
to the world of
long ago. Afterreadjng each selection, complete the chart below toshow what you learned.
What is the location of theculture described in the
2. If you live in a very large city, you live in a
3. If you travel on raised pathways across marshlands,
youtrave1' on
..4. . If you have defeated ~inother nation in a war and won
control over it, you have
causeways.
that nation.
5. If a building has carvgs that are carefuiiy don~ and show great
detail, it has . carvngs.
6. If you have decorated an emperor or empress with jewelry, you have
that person.
7. Ifyou'deliver valu~blegoods to a foreign ruler who holds-control of
your nation, you give to that ruler.a. If you ~sit several places where archaeologists have found relics, you
" have visited archaeological , '.
Theme ,4: Discovering Ancient Cultures '213
Name
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Graphic Organzer Author'sViewpoint
Author's Viewpoint Chart
Passage from Selection Whom It Tells Viewpoint
About
"one of the most famous and tragic rulers Moctezuina positive
in history" (page 365)
Should they be destroyed or treated as
guests? Moctezuma decided to welcome the.. strangers. (page 365)
Moctezuma was filled with fear andc.onfusion at these unatural happenings.
(page 370)
Cortés looked at everyhig they had givenhim. "Are these your gift of welcome?" he
asked. "Is this all you have brought?"
(page 374) ,
Cortés ordered his men to fasten ironsaround the messengers' ankles and necks.
(page 374)
"Yoù'Vi1 do as I såy," said Cortés.
(page 374) .
A few months later Moctezunia, against the
advice of his chiefs, wèlcomedCortés and.his army as friends. (page 375) _
. .
The next year the Spanards seized treasureand attackèd the Aztecs during'a festival.
(page 375) ,
In May 1521 Cortés retune? to attck
Tenochtitlári and claimed victory after
. leaving-the city in ruins. (page 375) !
.. '.
214. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures.
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. Comprehension Check
AnniversarySpeechThe year is 20 I 9. It is the SOOth anniversary of the arrival of Cortés at
Veracruz. You have been chosen to give a speech honoring aii who'
played a pçirt in the momentous events of that year and the followingtwo. 'Plan your speech by completing these statements:
. I. We remember the Aztecs for (name at least two thngs): .6
2. We remember Tenochtitlán for (name at least two things):
3. We remember Moctezuma II for
4. We remember.Hernán Cortés for
5. We wonder if the Aztec society woúld have surVved, if only Moctezuma hadn't
mistaken Cortés for
'6. We are glad that the Great Temple of the Aztecs was rediscovered because
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l. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 215
To'Be Fair . . .
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Comprehension SkillAuthor's ViewpointName
Read the passage. Then complete the activity on page 21 7.
Cabeza de Vaca's JourneyÁlvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca ranks among
the greatest explorers
who ever lived. In 1528, he joined a Spanish expedition headed to theNew World to look for cities filled with gold and other riches.
'Wen the expedition's five ships- arrived 'on' the CQast of Florida,
therr leader proposed that they begin. an overland exploration. Cabeza de
Vaca disagreed with this' dangerous and foolish plan but was too proud tostay behiiid. The landing party never found any cities of gold. Instead,the men lost contact with their ships and became stuck in the Floridaswamps~ In an effort to find their ships, they built crude boats and 'set saiL. A hurricane separated Cabeza de Vaca's boat from theothers and blew it to Texas, where it was destroyed. One by
'. one, his èompanions died, leaving him alone.
Over the next four years, Cabeza de Vaca survved on
his own, a superhuman achievement.' He ,learned to live off
the land and helped different native groups trade with each .other. Then one day hé miràculously came across three
other members of the original expedition, who were now
enslaved by a native group: He helped these meri to 'escape, and togetherthey wandered through what today is Mexico and theAnericanSouthwest. . At one point, he healed a Native' Anerican man
shot by ~n
arrow. News of this feat traveled quickly, and soon many people came to
. iûm tò he healed. Everyhere he and his companions went, they werewelcomed and greeted with, gift.
Finally, the men'crossed paths with four Spanish soldiers, who took
. them tò a Spanish city ~n the Pacific Coast. Cabeza de Vaca returned toSpain to a hero's 'welcome. He told theking that
he would like to go ,
back to theN ew Wörld. The king asked him to return as an aide to the
new governor of Florida, but he refused because he had vowed neveragain to follow anyone else's orders. By sticking to his principles, he
once again showed himself to be a trly great man. .
. 216 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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To Be Fair . . . continued
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Comprehension SkillAuthor's ViewpointName
Answer the questions below about the passage on page 216.
I. What is the author's view of Cabeza de Vaca?
2. Would you say the author is biased toward Cabeza de Vaca? Why or
why not?
3. . Do you think the facts in the article support the author's statement
that Cabeza de Vaca "showed himself to be a trly great man"? Why or
why not?
4. In his writings, Cabeza de Vaca describes native'peoples in an unfavorable
way. Why do you thnk the author does not include ths information
in the article?
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l_Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cult~res 217
Name
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Structural Analysis Suffixes-ie, -aI, -ure
Aztec ArtifactsCircle the suffxes -ie, -aI, and -ure in the underlined words in thesentences below.
I. The museum had original Aztec artifacts on display for the public.
2. These national treasures of Mexico would only be in the United States
for a short time.
3. The arrival of many visitors made the museum crowded by ten o'clock.
4. Vìsitors could not touch the stone artifacts because they were protected
by a rope enclosure.
5. A plaque told of the historic importance of the Aztecs' tragic defeat by Cortés in
the year 1521.
6. A letter that showed Cortés's authentic signature was on display in a
glass case.
7. A professional archaeologist was also there to answer questions about
her work.
Now, choose five underlined words and use them correctly in sentencesof your own.
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218 Theme 4: Discovering, Ancient Cultures
Name
The Ishl Sound
The Ish! sound is usually spelled with two letters. When youhear the Ish! sound, thnk of the patterns sh, ti, ci, and ss.
Ishl polish motion offcial mission
Write each Spellng Word under its spellng of theIshl sound.
.=; ~' ~~' '\ \=Y4 ' \:ji' ~7J \ Ð!i- '\ 'Ç;7 -"\\. V / :,'\ V i M\\ Y I "\ V ;,,\ V :,\ V i :J~ "~Qj~ ~~0 ;¡\t.'J~\ -~i:, '1Æ;;\ ~2\ ~h:
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Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Spellng The Ishl Sound
I. glacier
2. motion
3. pressure
4. direction
5. caution
6. partial
7. ancient
8. polish
9. station
10. shallow
1 I. offcial
12. edition
1 3. musician
14. mention
15. mission
16. portion
17. session
18. selfish
1 9. establish
20. cushion
( .
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 219
Name
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Spellng The Ishl Sound
Spelling SpreeAdding the I shl Sound Write a Spellng Word by addingthe correct spellng of the Ishl sound to the incomplete
word in each phrase below.
I. the second edi on of a book
2. a drop in air pre ure
3. the allow end of the pool
4. a.large por on of food
5. a par al eclipse of the sun
6. a comfortable seat cu lOn
7. a musi an in a band
Word Detective Write a Spellng Word for each clue.
__-... Write an Explanation The Azteçs had a calendar just for
keeping tràck of special' religious days. Have you ever crössed off on a .
. calendar the days leading up to a holiday? ' What is your favorite holiday?
On a separate. piece of paper, write about your favorite holiday.Remember to name the holiday and tell why it is your favorite. UseSpellng Words from the list.
I. glacier,2. motion
3. pressure
4. direction
5. caution
6. partial
7. ancient
. 8. polish
9. station
10. shallow
I I. offcial
12. edition
1 3. musician
14. mention
. I 5. mission
16. portion
17. session
18. selfish
I 9. establish
20. cushion
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 221
Name
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Vocabulary Skill Multiple-Meaning Words
Expand t.he MeaningRead thednews.article and
the clues below it. Find the word that
answers each of the ten clues. Be careful! The meanir190f the word
in the article is different from the meaning in the clue. Circle each. word in the article and write it on the line next to the clue.
First or Last?A good writer can change the position of adjectives to makesentences more effective. Here is an example:
Awkward: The letter was long and interesting, and he read it twice.
Improved: He read the long, interesting letter twice.
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~ 5. Greetings from Italy! The runs are ancient, and I am learng about them.
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Below are some of the postcard messages Keesha has sent fromEurope. Rewrite the second sentence of each one, changingthe position of adjectives to make the sentence more effective.
I. Greetings from France! The paintings in the Louvre are beautiful, andI want to see them all
2. Greetings from Germany! Here is the place where the Berlin Wallonce stood, and it is lively and interesting.
3. Greetings from Ireland! The countrside is green, and I am enjoyinghiking in it.
4. Greetings from Spain! The days are sunny and warm, and I swim.
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 22 5
Name
Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Wnting Skill Explanation
Writing an ExplanationLost Temple of the Aztecs explains who the Aztecs were and why they were
conquered by Spanish explorers in 1519. The purpose of a writtenexplanation is to explain
.. who or what something is
.. what is or was important about something or someone
.. how something works or worked
~ the steps of a process '.. why something happens or happened
Fil in the graphic organizer to help you plan and organize an
explanation that answers this q,uestion: Why did Moctezuma decideto welcome the strangers as friends rather than treat them asenemies? Write this topic in the center box of the graphic organizer.Then list reasons and supporting details from the selection thatexplain why this event happened.
Reason/Supportng Details Reason/Supportg Detais
Topic
Reason/Supportng Reason/Supportng
Details Details
Now write a two- to three-paragraph explanation on a separate sheet
of paper, using the information you recorded. In the first sentenceor paragraph, clearly state the topic. Provide enough reasons tohelp readers understand the subject, and give details to clarify eachreason. Be sure to define any unfamilar terms the first time you usethem. End with a conclusion.
226 Theme4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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Lost Temple ofthe Aztecs
Writing Skill ImprovingYour WritingName
Eliminating Unnecessary
WordsGood writers revise their writing to eliminate unecessary words andrepeated ideas that can make
their writing seem awkward.
Unnecessary Word: The two of them were both running track.
Revised: The two of them were running track.
Read the following paragraph. Cross out unnecessary words andrepeated phrases. Then write the revised paragraph on the linesbelow. You may wanr to revise and combine sentences to make theparagraph read more smoothly.
My mother, Mom, is an anthropologist. She studies ancient
civilizations. She also teaches on the subject too. Both my sister and I,the two of us want to be anthropologists when we're grown-up adults.I'm taking a course at the Natural History Museum after schooL. Thecourse at the Natual History Museum is on ancient Egytiancivilizations. I'm learning about Egyt. In addition to learning aboutEgyt, I'm reading some books right now on the Inca culture of Peru.Peru is in South America.
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Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 22 7
Name
Reading-WritingWorkshop
Revising Your ResearchReport
Revising Your
Research ReportReread your research report. What do you need to make it better?Use this page to help you decide. Put
Mongol warriors threatened tooverpower the Chinese. -\
1-Laborers built the western part ofthe Great Wall from packed dirt.
The Great Wall had to be guardedagainst the Mongols.
-.
The Great Wall demanded greatsacrifices of the Chinese people, yet
their leaders lived extavagant lives.
-.
The Ming dynasty had beendisliked by its own people.
-. .
The Great Wall was no longer-. needed for defense.
234 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
Name
The Great Wall
Comprehension Check
The People Behind theGreat Wall
Each entry below names a group of people who were important in thehistory of the Great Wall. Next to each entry write a
sentence or two
tellng about that group and its role.
Mig Leaders
Mongols
Laborers and Craftsmen
Chiese Soldiers
l Manchus¡;
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l.'5-)
Chiese People
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lTheme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 235
. ~~'lë~~. . The Egytian Pyds
The pyramids of Egyt are among the wonders of the ancient world.Many were built as tombs for the Egytian pharaohs, or kings. Becausethe pharaohs were considered to be gods living on earth, their tombs hadto be very special places.
The greatest Egytian pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Khufu, built
more than 4,500 years ago. The Great Pyramid is one of three pyramids
set along the Nile River at Giza. It was built to hold the remains ofKhufu, a pharaoh who ruled Egyt for twenty-three years, beginning in2589 B.C. The pyramid is around 480 feet tall with sides that measure760 feet long at the base. It is one of the largest structures ever built.
The Egy'tians built the pyramids out of giant stone blocks thatweighed several tons each. This stone came from rock quarries many
miles away. It had to be floated down the Nile on barges and thenmoved into place using logs, levers, and pulleys. This took enormouseffort! As many as twenty thousand workers helped build the GreatPyramid over a period of twenty years.
The Egytians also built temples near the pyramids. They believedthat theph.araoh"s spirit traveled between the eart and the heavens, andthat Ìt coìÌtinued to watch over them and help them in their lives. To
"nourish the pharaohs' spirits, they filled the temples and tombs with foodand valuable objects. This wealth attacted grave robbers, however, who
looted the tombs, even in ancient times. Later Egytian leaders builttheir tombs in rock cliffs, making entr more diffcult.
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--hereat-Wall-~ ..Comprehension SkillCause and Effect
Name
How It StartedRead the following passage. Then complete the activity on page 237.
-- .
236 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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The Great Wall
Comprehension SkillCause and Effect
Name
Cause, Effect
Complete the chart below to show the missing cause or effect.Refer to the passage on page
236.
Paragraph iRgytians considered
their pharaohs to be gods ~living on earth.
, Paragraph 3The rock quarries fromwhich the stones were cutwere many miles away --
from where the pyramidswere built.
Paragraph 4
--
They built temples forworshipping pharaohs
, after 'death. and filled
. both the temples and
tombs with food anq. valuableöbjects.
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Theme 4: Discov~ring Anci~mt Cultures 23 7
"
The Great Wall
Structural Analysis Suffixes-ion and -ation
Name
S.uffix Search'Circle the suffxes ~;on and -ation in the underlined words inthe blocks.
I ~.' The Great Wall marked the separation between the Ming and
the Mon'gol territories.
2. A huge -gate was the place of connection between two sections of the
Great Wall.
3. The Ming government got money to build the Great Wall through
years of taxation of the Chinese people.
Now, use four of the underlined words above in sentences of your own.
Compare Us!Comparing with Adjectives Use the comparative form (-er ormore) of an adjective to compare two persons, places, ideas, or things.
Use the superlative form (-est or most) to compare three or more.Look at this chart of spellng changes that happen
when -er or -est is
added to some words.
Spellng changes with -er and -est
~ Do not add another e niceto adjectives ending in e.
~ You usually double the finalconsonant of adjectives that end flat
in a consonant after a single voweL.
~ Change the final y to i in busyadjectives ending in y.
nicer nicest
flatter flattest
busier busiest
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the adjective inparentheses. Remember to use more or most with long adjectives.
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I . My family built athan last year. (large)
2. Our neighbors tried to build athan ours. (big)
3. We made the fort on theyear. (cold)
4. It was the
(fantastic)
5. I hope tomorrow is not.
6. If the snow melts, we'll lose thefort we've ever made! (ambitious)
snow fort ths year
one
~.l~2i
day of the
~
~
lsnow fort ever built!
than today. (suny)
snow
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 243
Name
The Great Wall
Grammar Skill Comparingwith good and bad
Good tlews or Bad?Comparing with good and bad The adjectives good and .bad areirregular. They do not take the endings -er or -est, and the words moreor most are not added to them. Study their special comparative formsin ths chart.
Positive Negative
Adjective: I have good news. I have bad news.
Comparative form: ' The news is better today. Today's news is worse.
Superlative form: This is the best news This is the worst
I've ever heard. news I've ever heard.
Fil in the blank with the correct form of good if the word inparentheses ( ) is positive and the correct form of badif the word in parentheses is negative.
i. Signal fires were once acommunication. (positive)
means of
2. Now we havethan ever before~ (positive)
ways of gettng in touch
3. This is thehad! (negative)
telephone connection I've ever
4. . Receivig a scrambled message is than nomessage at all. (negative)
5. Sending electronic mail is the way of all tokeep in touch with friends who live far away. (positive)
6 . No one likes to get news. (negative)
244 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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Gramar Skill Using theCorrect Forms of Adjectives
What Good Form.!Using the Correct Forms of Adjectives It is impórtant for a goodwriter to use the correct form of an adjective. Here are examples of some,common mistakes writers make with adjectives: '
Error: As the years went by, they found a more better way to build the wall.
Correct: As the yeors went by, they found a better way to build the wall.
Error: Some rulers were benevolenter than others. .
Correct: Some rulers were more benevolent than others.
Error: What is the older place you have ever seen?
Corréct: What is the oldest place you have ever seen?
Beth has written a draft of a letter to her friend Nell about an
enjoyable visit to the art museum. In her enthusiasm, she has
!ßade somø mistakes with her adjectives. Find the five incorrect'adjective forms in her I.etter, and write
them correctly on the
lines below.
Ln Dear NelL. - .
,t
Yei?terdav I visited the &\reater art museum I've ever
seen. It was gooder than the one we went to last month.
The works from China were theimpressivest ones. Many
df the, works are very old. A beautifuler statue of a young
man with tvyo birds was more than 2000 years old! Can
. you itragine seeing anything ancienter? If an American
statue is 200 years old, we think that is ama~ing..
~.
5.
i.
2.
3.
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 245
Name
The Great Wall
Writing Skill Paragraph ofInformation
. Writing a Paragraph ofInformationIn The Great Wall, you leàrned about the building
of China's GreatWall.
A paragraph of information like ths one from the selection presentsfacts in a logical order.
Tens of thousands of workers were involved in building the Great
WalL. The army provided many laborers. Soldiers became constrction. workers, and generals becanÌ~ architects and engineers. Peasants were .
required to work on the wall. They worked for months at a time for littleor no pay. Criminals' served their sentences doing hard labor on the walL. '
Use this graphicorgani~er to build your own paragraph ofinformationabout another human structure.
. "
. Topic'.
Topic Sentence
Supportg Sentences
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, . , Now write your paragraph ofínformation on (I s~parQte sheet of paper. Include. a topic sentence, usuaily the first sentence in the paragraph, that tells what the
entire p(lragraph is about . Arrange several supporting s,enfEmces in a logical
. order, and make sure all of the sentences contain, facts about the topjc.
246 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
Name
i
The Great Wall
Writing Skill ImprovingYour Writing
Elaborating with Adjectives
Adjectives like strong and difcilt desçribe nouns and pronouns and helpreaders picture people, places, ideas, and things
that are being described.
A good wrIter uses adjectives in sentences to make his or her writing
clearer and more vivid.
Read these sentences about the Great Wall. Then add adjectives fromthe box to make each sentence more interesting. /",,-
Today is the thirty-fourth day of our journey. Having enough water
concern when' crossing the Sahara.
We reached the cool waters of this just before
sunset and immediately allowed our camels' to drink. We are one of seven
made up of people and camels here tonight. Most
of the camels are heavily laden with . Some of thedifferent traders have already begu
with each
other for items they want. Trade is . in this region,
with gold, salt, and exotic goods in high demand in so many places. We
heard that a prince stopped. here with a huge .' Just. 'two days ago. Tot; bad we did not get to seethat splendid gr,oup! Still, we
are told that equally wondrous sights await us in the
of the city Jenne.
248 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Graphic Organizer Topic,Main Idea, and Details ChartName
Topic, Main Idea, and"Details Chart
Topic:
Section IMain Idea:
Key Detais: I.
2.
3.
Section 2
Mài Idea:'
Key Details: I.
2.
3. '
Section 3
Main Idea:
Key Detais: I.
2.
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Section llMai Idea:
Key 'Details: I.,
2.
3.
Theme 4: Di!?covei'ng Ancient Culturès 249
The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Comprehension CheckName
Trader's Log-Trans-Saharan
Route
Use information from The Royal Kitlgdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
to complete the following log of a trader who is traveling in a caravan. -. _.' f. ."
Destination: Koumbi Saleh, in the empire of
Method of travel: .'
. Reason for traveling: to trade-for
plentiful and valuable resource
Two items brought to trade:
r G-hana's. most
, Lengt of journey:
Two tyes of traveling companions:
Daytme schedule:
Evenig :;ctivities:
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250' , Theme 4: Discovering AricientCult~res , ,
The Royal Kingdoms of .Ghana, Mali, and Song hay
Comprehension Skil Topic,Main Idea, and DetailsName
What's the Big Idea?
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Read the following passage.' Then complete the activity on page 252.
Civilizations of Mesoamerica
Before European arved in the America, Mesoamerica (which includes.
Mexico and Central America) Was home to several advanced civilizations.
Three of the main groups were the a Imecs, the Maya, and the Aztecs.The Olmecs were the first to create an advanced civilization;
Around 1200 B.C. they began to build cities and create a trade network inthe jungles of southeastern Mexico, along the Gulf of Mexico. Theycarved giant stone heads, some weighing as much as forty-four tons. By
. '400 B.C. their culture was in decline, but their achievements' influenced
. other civilizations to coi:e.By A.D. 250 another'powerful culture, the Maya, had emerged in
Mesoamerica. The Maya built great stone ci,ties, or ceremonial centers,in the lowland jungles and mountain highlands
of southern Mexico and
northern Central America. Mayan cities, 'including Palenque,Tik¡il, and
Copán, featured elaborate pyramids, temples, and palaces. The Mayabuilt irrigation canals for their fields. They also developed. a writingsystem,. ~ calendar, and advanced knowledge of mathematics and
astronomy. Afer A~D. 900 their culture began to decline, though Mayan
peoples cOii.tinue to lîve in the regiontothÌs day. ' .
The third great civilization of Mesoamerica was the Aztec. It
. emerged in the dry hìghlands of central MeXico after A.D. '1200. The
Aztecs built a great city, Tenochtitlán, on an island in a. large lake'
in the Valley of Mexico. They were also great warriors. By theearly 1500s they had conquered many nëIghboring groups and "
, had createda large em:pire. ,When the Spansh arrved in Mexico
in 1519, they were astounded by the wealth and achievementsof the Aztec empire.
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, .' 'Theme 4: Discovering ÁncieiltCultures, 251
Name
The hoyal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Comprehension Skill Topic,Main Idea, and Details
'What's the Big Idea? continued
Answer these q,uestions about the passage on pa.ge251.
I. What is the topic of the passage?
2. The topic and main ide;i of the second paragraph are listed below.Fil in the supportingcietails.
Topic: the Olmec civilization
. Main Idea: The Olmecs were the first to create an advancèd civilization.
Detals:
3. On the, lines below, write the topic, main idea, and details of the third and. .fourt paragraphs.
Third Paragraph '. Fourt Paragraph
Topic:
. Main Idea:
Topic:
" 'Main Idea:
,Details: Détails:
. I.
. 252 The~e 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures_
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Strctural Analysis
Unstressed SyllablesName
Reeognizing Unstressed
SyllablesRead each sentence. Sound out the u,nderlined word several times,
placing stress on a different syllable each time. Circle the choice withthe, correct unstressed and stressed syllables. Unstressed syllables
are written in lowercase letters and stressed'syllables are written in
capital letters.
I. In bartering, the buyer and the seller reach an agreement that is
Unstressed SyllablesTo spell a two-syllable or three-syllable word, divide the word
into syllables. Look fòr familar spellng patterns. Be sure tonote the spellng of any unstressed syllables, and then spell theword by'syllables.
prob / lem (prab¡ lam) po / si / tion (pa zish' an)
Write each Spellng Word under the heading that gives the .number of its syllables.
~.~'~~Two Syllables Three Syllables
'~
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254 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
I. company
2. success3. position
4. problem
5. poliCy
6. diffcult
7. document
8. quality
9. surprise
I O. physical
II. crisis
12. aWake
13. example
14. ignore
15. accept
16. parallel
17. admiral
18. dei:ire
19. garage
20. ambulance
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The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Spellng Unstressed
SyllablesName
Spelling SpreePhrase Filers Write the Spellng
Word that best completes
each phrase.
I. a government
2. to set a good
3. a patient's
4. to solve a
5. to reach the rank of
on automobile safe.ty
condition
6. a birthday party
7. aparking
8. rushed to the hospital in an
i.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Code Breaker Somè Spellng Wordshave'~éèn written in'code. Use the code below to figure.aut,each word.
Then
write the words :correctly., ',; ..~~~~~~~~~~~~,¡e ,CODE: 1ST PW A C D J RH" VEL GM Y B'.lLETTER: a c d e f g i i in n 0 p q r stu y'1' ~~~~~~~~~~~~Eo(J'c
.~~
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9. GYSSPGG' 13. CARLP, . '
14. VILIDDPD10.ISSPVM
II. TPGCLP 15, SLCGCG ".E 'Cl
'~ '12. VHGCMCHR8
Theme 4: O,iscovering Ancient Cultures 255
i. company
2. success3. position
4. problem
5. pOlicy
6. diffcult
. 7. document
8. 'quality
9. surprise
I O. physicql
II. crisis'
12. awake
13; example'
14. ignore
'15. accept16. parallel
17. admiral
18. desire
19. garage
20. ambulance
Name
The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Spellng . UnstressedSyllables
'Proofreading and WritingProofreading Circle the five misspelled Spellngl Words inthis travel report. Then write each word correctly.
I write these words because my eniployers desire
a briefdocumint of my recent trading expedition.
Our compeny of merchants ,made the desert crossing
in good time. We were 'all awak several hours' before
sunrise each day and did most of our traveling before
the sun got tQO hot. It is adiffacult journey, but the
sights to be' seen at the end of it make it well
worthwhile. The cities of the kingdom of Ghana are
~ bustling with many thousands of people. Goods of
high qu;ilty fill the marketplaces. There are excellent
trading opportu~itìes here.
I. 'company
2. success.
3. position
4..'problem
5. policy
6. diffcult7. document
8. quality
9. surprise
10. physical
II. crisis
12. awake
13. example
14: ignore
15. accept
16. parallel'
17.'ddmiral
I 8. ,desire. /
19. ,garager20. ambulance
.4.
5.
, i.
2.
'3; ~E'"'¡:
,
_ .__L;. Write a Paragraph of Information From'reading the sele~ti()n,
what do you know about daily life in, the medieval kingdom of Ghana?
Whatwas it like to travel across the desert in a trade caravan?
Ona separate piece of paper, write a paragraph about one aspect oflife in the Kingdom of Ghana. .' Use Spellng Words from the list.
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256 Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
Name
The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Man, and Songhay
Vocabülary Skil Prefixes and
Suffixes
Prefix and Suffix ChartRead the journal entry. Underline each word that has a prefix or'suffixlisted in Chart I. Then fill in
Chart 2,with your underlined words.
. The miners of ancienrGhana tradèd their gold by bartering., 'ometimes,they would find the merchants' goods unacceptable, and the
, erchan~s would reoffer more goods. Often, though, the system moved
, Tell Me' How!Adverbs An adverb can modify, or describe, a verb or an adjective. An
adverb that modifies a verb tells how, where, when, or to what extent. An
adverb that modifies an adjective tells to what extent. Look at the example
sentences~ What word does each adverb in dark tye modify?How: They carefully guarded the secret mines.
Where: You must go west to reach the American deserts.When: The people worked daily.
To what extent: I really like the book about Ghana.
. To what extent: It is a very interesting book.
Under each sentence write the adverb, the word it modifies,and Verb or A-djective to tell what kind of word it modifies.
I. Trade was very important in anCÌent Ghana.
2. Merchants traveled safely in groups.
3. A full-time cameleer usually'mal1aged the camels.
4. The camels could be quite stubborn:
,
5., The caravans traveled south.
6. They regularly pushed their way across the de~ert.
,
, 7. It must have been an extremely dangerous journey.
8. Temperatures in the desert could become dangerouslyhigh.
258. Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
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Name
The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Grammar Skill Comparingwith Adverbs
Time foComporeComparing with Adverbs Like
adjectives, adverbs can be used to make
, co.mparisons. Use the comparative form (-er) to compare two things.
. Use the superlative form (-est) to compare
three or more. Use more or
most will adverbs that end with-ry.
, ComparativeAndrea digs faster than Mike.
Brian swims more quickly than you.
,
on my
SuperlativeTony digs fastest of all.
He swims most quickly of us all.
Some adverbs have. completely different forms of comparison.'
Study the chart.
Adverb
well
badly
little
much
Comparativebetter'worse
'less
more
Superlativebest
worst
,least
most
Write the comparative or superlative form of the adverb in
parentheses () to complete each sentence correctly.
~'""Di:¡,
i:'"
l
I. 1 wonder
Ido about the future. (frequently)
2. I'm going to work ,history lesson ~s weekthan I did last week. (hard)
3. The. archaeologist was tle
interestig speaker of all at theassethbly. (much)
; 4. 1 was. interested in thehistorian's speech. than in hers. (litte) .
/
5. She ,went of all into detailsabout working in the field. (deep)
,'. I may think . now
about
studying archaeology than before. (seriously)
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Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 259
Name
'The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Grammar Skill Adjective orAdverb?
Adverbs at Work!
Adjective or Adverb? Good writers are carefu to use adverbs, notadjectives, to tell how much or to what extent ,about adjectives. Review the
examples below.
Incorrect: She plays real welL.
Correct: She plays really welL.
Incor'rect: The stèw was extreme delicious.
'Correct:' The, stew was extremely delicious.
, Brigitte has written a play abQut an imaginaiymedieval kingdom.. . Here is part of the 'script. Proofread it to change adjectives to
adverbs where necessary. Write the correct word above
each mistake.
tight woven basket!
Kig Snòof: Loyal subject, what have you brôught me so eager?
Gamid the Serf: Good and kind king, I have gladly brought
ths real big basket full of crops from my field.
Kig Snoof: You must have had a ,tremendous good, harvest this
year, serf.
Gamid the Serf Yes, King Snoòf! Your fierce' brave soldiers have
proteeted your kingdom and òur'crops. ,
, , King Snoof: Now, serf, sing me an extreme sweet tuite.ofthe land., '
Gamidthe Serf: But, sire, 1 carry no Sweet tue in my
'.
Kig Snoof: Then, sorry serf, 'sing a sour one!
260 Theme 4: Qiscovering A,ncientCultures
Name
Writing a Comparison and'Contrast Paragraph
The Royal Kingdoms ofGhana, Mali, and Songhay
Writing Skill A Comparisonand Contrast Paragraph
In ,The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay, the authors.compare
~nd contrast the roles played by men and women in Soninke vilage life. ,
For example, both men and women ,made baskets and pots, but men
served in,the miltary while women harvestedand'processed crops. Oneway to explore how things are alike and different is by writing acoinp,arison and contrast paragraph. Comparing shows how
things are
alike, and coutrasting shows how they are different.
Use the Venn diagram to help you compare and contrast
travel in the
days of the camel caravans with travel in modern times:
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On a separate sheet of paper, write a. compare-contrast paragraphabout travel today and travel in ancient North ,Africa. ,In the openingsentence, clearly state the
subject being compared and contra.sted.
In the supporting sentences, group details that compqre (Jnd details .
that contrast in a clear manner. Use clue words such as both
or
likewise tp help"readers identify likenesses, and on the
other hand or
only to help them 'identity differences.
Travel Then , TravelNow
Theme 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures 261
Name
The Royal Kingdoms of, Ghana Mali, and Songhay
Writig Skill Improving
Your Writing
. Combining Sentences with. Adjectives, Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. You can improve your writing
by combining repetitive adjectives into a single sentence.Ancient Ghanaians had golde'n jewelry. They also hod golden thread.
Ancient Ghanaians had golden jewelry and thread.
You can also combine several short, choppy sentences with different
adjectives into a list of adjectives in one sentence.The journey was long. The trip was diffcult, too. It was often dangerous.
The journey across the Sahara was long, diffcult, and dangerous.
, Revise this paragraph. Combine repetitive adjectives into a singlesentence, or combine several short, choppy sentences with differentødjectives into a list of adjectives in one sentence.
en an women played important roles in Soninke village life.
Working together, Soninke men and women shared essential tasks. They
did daily chores that were essential, too. For example, both made usefulbaskets. Men and women made pots and utensils that were useful as well.
On the other hand, men and w~men had separate responsibilties. Themen hunted, farmed, and served in the military. They used iron to maketools and weapons that were,strong. The tools' arid weapons were durable.
They were sharp. The women in the viage cooked plain meals. Their
. dishes were also nutrtious.'å"~
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, . 2'62, ThelIe 4: Discovering Ancient Cultures
Name
Discovering AncientCultures
Taking Tests
Vocabulary ItemsUse the test-taking strategies and tips you have learned to help youcomplete each analogy with the correct answer. Take the time you need
. to think about each analogy and the answer choices. This practice willhelp you when you take this kind of test.
Read each analogy below. Then fill ,in the circle for the best answerat the bottom of the page.
1 Emperor was to Ch~na as
'A China
B United StatesC rulers of countries
D president
2 The Great Wall was' to the Chinese people as aearly American settlers.
F wall,G fortH horse
is to the United States.
was to the
3
J sheriff
were to the Chinese guards as telephones are to
people today. '
A Swords
B. Letters
C. Smoke signals
D Mailboxes.
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Theme 4: Dis~overing Ancient Cultures 263
Vocabulary Items continued
Discovering AncientCultures
Taking Tests
Name
4 Mòngol was to threat as the Great Wall was to
F. defense
G taxesH cannons
, J airplanes
5 Soldier was to constrction worker as was to architect.A horse
B general
C criminal
D brick
-,6 Gate is to the Great Wall as is to a house.F porch,