Time Varying SDRs Ben Groom Individual Time Preferences The Social Discount Rate Time Varying Social Discount Rates Uncertainty Heterogeneity Risky Projects Estimating the Parameters of the SDR Conclusion Additional Materials Time Varying Social Discount Rates: Uncertainty, Heterogeneity and Project Risk Ben Groom (LSE) Centre for Health Economics, University of York December 7th, 2017
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Discounting future healthcare costs and benefits(Part 1)
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Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying Social Discount Rates:Uncertainty, Heterogeneity and Project Risk
Ben Groom (LSE)
Centre for Health Economics, University of YorkDecember 7th, 2017
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Impatience, self-control and hyperbolic discounting
Figure: Source: The New Yorker.
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Impatience, self-control and hyperbolic discounting
Figure: Source: The New Yorker.
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgc
gc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Discounted Utilitarian SWF
W0 = u (c0) + exp (�δ) u (c1) + .... exp (�δT ) u (cT ) + ...
Ramsey Rule
SDR = δ+ ηgcgc = consumption growth
2 consumption side arguments for discounting, 3 parameters (δ,η, gc )
1 Utility discounting: pure time preference, δ.
2 Societal �Wealth E¤ect�: ηgc
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
The Social Discount RateRisk Free Projects
Production side, opportunity cost arguments: SDR = r
Risk free projects: Risk-free interest rate, cost of borrowing
Risky Projects (systematic risk): Asset prices
Equilibrium
r = δ+ ηgc (=STP)
Debate: which is appropriate when distortions exist (e.g.Burgess and Zerbe 2014; Moore et al 2013; Spackman 2017)
Shadow cost of capital approach: convert to consumption anddiscount using STP
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs for Risk Free Projects
Figure: Source Groom and Hepburn (2017)
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growthRisk Free Projects
General Growth Uncertainty
SDR lower re�ecting precautionary saving
SDRH = δ+ ηgWealth E¤ect
� f�
η, σ2c ,H , σ3c ,H , σ
4c ,H
�Precautionary Savings E¤ect
Term Structure of SDR
Depends on the expected di¤usion of consumption growth
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�
SDR = δ+ ηgWealth E¤ect
�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth (riskfree)
Example: Brownian Motion
ln (ct+1/ct ) = x , x � N�µ, σ2c
�SDR = δ+ ηg
Wealth E¤ect�0.5η (η + 1) σ2cPrudence E¤ect
lower SDR, �at term structure
Example: Jump Risk
Suppose that GDP loss % of λ with probability p
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [p(1� λ) + (1� p)E exp (�ηgHH)]
Example: Parameter Uncertainty
i.i.d. shocks, but uncertainty about the mean parameter µi
xi � N�µi , σ
2c�(i = 1, 2, ...n)
SDRH = δ+H�1 ln [E exp (�ηgHH)]
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertainty in growth
�gL1 , g
L2
�= (1%, 3%) ;
�gH1 , g
H2
�= (0%, 3.5%) ;
δ = 1%, η = 2, p1 = 1/3, p2 = 2/3
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertain interest ratesExpected NPV (Weitzman 2001, Newell and Pizer 2003, Freeman et al 2015)
exp (�RHH) = E [exp (�rH)]
! RH = SDRH = �1HlnE [exp (�rH)]
Gamma Discounting (Weitzman2001, American Economic Review).
Time series applications ofWeitzman (1998) ENPV approach
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertain interest ratesExpected NPV (Weitzman 2001, Newell and Pizer 2003, Freeman et al 2015)
exp (�RHH) = E [exp (�rH)]
! RH = SDRH = �1HlnE [exp (�rH)]
Gamma Discounting (Weitzman2001, American Economic Review).
Time series applications ofWeitzman (1998) ENPV approach
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: Uncertain interest ratesExpected NPV (Weitzman 2001, Newell and Pizer 2003, Freeman et al 2015)
exp (�RHH) = E [exp (�rH)]
! RH = SDRH = �1HlnE [exp (�rH)]
Gamma Discounting (Weitzman2001, American Economic Review).
Time series applications ofWeitzman (1998) ENPV approach
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityDi¤erences in expert opinion, or heterogeneous time preferences
0.0
5.1
.15
.2De
nsity
0 10 20 30
Weitzman Gamma
Weitzman�s �Gamma�Distibution ofthe SDR for Climate Change
(Weitzman 2001)0
.2.4
.6.8
Dens
ity
0 2 4 6 8Rate of societal pure time preference (in %)
Pure rate of time preference, δ.Discounting Expert Survey by
Drupp et al. (2015)
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i
Declines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Welfare function with heterogeneous agents (H&M 2013)
W (C (t) , t) = ∑i wiU�c�i (C (t) , t)
�exp (�δi t)
c�i is the optimised path for agent i.
Is there a Representative Pure Time Preference?
Answer: Yes!
δ�η (H) =h∑i δi (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
i/h∑i (wi exp (�δiH))
1η
iDeclines to the lowest value of δi as H goes to in�nity
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs: HeterogeneityHeterogeneous pure time preference and the representative agent (Heal and Millner2013, PNAS, Gollier and Zeckhauser 2005, Freeman and Groom 2015)
Figure: Representative Pure Time Preference: δ�
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky ProjectsGollier (2012, 2012b)
Consumption CAPM
Growth is i.i.d
r (β) = δ+ ηµ� η2σ2cPrudence
+ βησ2cProject Speci�c Risk Premium
Growth is Persistent: e.g. Parameter Uncertainty
r0 (β) = δ+ ηµ+ ησ2 (β� 0.5η)
r∞ (β) =�
δ+ ηµmin + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β � 0δ+ ηµmax + ησ2 (β� 0.5η) if β > η
Term Structure of Risky Discount Rates in CCAPM
Precautionary e¤ect and the risk premium work in oppositedirections in most public investment cases: β > 0
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Time Varying SDRs with Risky Projects
δ = 0, η = 2, µ 2 [0%, 3%] , symmetric
Figure: Term Structure of Discount Rates for Risky Projects by β. Source:Gollier (2012b)
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Estimating the Parameters of the SDRUtility discount rate, Elasticity of Marginal Utility, growth and interest rates
Cropper, M.,Freeman,M.,Groom,B.,Pizer,W.,2014.Decliningdiscount rates.Am.Econ.Rev.:Pap.Proc.104,538�543.Drupp, M.A., Freeman,M.C. ,Groom,B., Nesje,F., 2015.Discounting Disentangled: An Expert Survey on theDeterminants of the Long-Term Social Discount Rate.Grantham Research Institute Working Paper No.172. LondonSchool of Economics.Fenichel et al (2017). Even the representative agent must die!....NBER Working Paper No. w23591Freeman,M.C.,Groom,B.,2015. Positively gamma discounting:combining the opinions of experts on the social discount rate.Econ.J. 125,1015�1024.Freeman, et al, 2015. Declining discount rates and the FisherE¤ect: in�ated past, discounted future? Journal ofEnvironmental Economics and Management, 73, pp. 32-39Gollier, C., 2012. Pricing the Planet�s Future: The Economics ofDiscounting in an Uncertain World. Princeton University Press,Princeton.
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Social Discounting: References
Gollier, Christian. 2013. �Evaluation of Long-Dated InvestmentsUnder Uncertain Growth Trend, Volatility and Catastrophes.�Toulouse School of Economics TSE Working Papers 12-361.
Gollier, Christian. 2012b. Term Structures of discount rates forrisky investments IDEI, mimeo.
Groom B and Hepburn C (2017). Looking back at SocialDiscount Rates..... Review of Environmental Economics andPolicy, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1 July 2017, Pages 336�356,https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex015
Groom, B., Maddison,D.J. ,2013. Non-Identical Quadruplets:Four New Estimates of the Elasticity of Marginal Utility for theUK. Grantham Institute Centre for Climate Change Economicsand Policy Working Paper No.141.
Harberger A.C. and Jenkins G (2015). Musings on the SocialDiscount Rate. Journal of bene�t-cost analysis, Vol. 6.2015, 1,p. 6-32
Time VaryingSDRs
Ben Groom
Individual TimePreferences
The SocialDiscount Rate
Time VaryingSocial DiscountRates
UncertaintyHeterogeneityRisky Projects
Estimating theParameters of theSDR
Conclusion
AdditionalMaterials
Social Discounting: References
Heal,G. and Millner, A.,2014. Agreeing to disagree on climatepolicy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 3695�3698.
Moore et al (2013). More Appropriate Social Discounting.....Journal of Bene�t-Cost Analysis, 2013, vol. 4, issue 1, 1-16
Newell R and Pizer W (2003). Discounting the bene�ts ofclimate change: How much do uncertain interest rates increasevaluations? Journal of Environmental Economics andManagement, 46(1), 52-74.
Weitzman,M.L.,1998.Why the far-distant future should bediscounted at its lowest possible rate.J.Environ.Econ.Manag.36,201�208.