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DISCLAIMER

The International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security (ICSAFS) was held on September 2011 at Universitas Padjadjaran. Responsibility for the content of these papers rests solely with the authors. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the instituion.

Published by Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Padjadjaran Indonesia

April 2012

Nurbaity, A., Subroto, E., Setyowati, E.Y., Stanica, F., Bari, I.N., Carsono, N., Mulyani, O., Lehmousloto,

P., Teng, P.S., Siswanto, S.Y., Aleksic, S. 2012. Proceeding of International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security (ICSAFS). 782p.

Copyright on all papers on the Conference resides with Universitas Padjadjaran Jl. Raya Jatinangor km. 21 Bandung 40600 West Java Indonesia

ISBN 978-979-8246-11-1 [printed version] ISBN 978-979-8246-12-8 [electronic version]

Technical editing and design: Ichsan Nurul Bari and Gigih Ibnu Prayoga

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FOREWORD

Agriculture as one of leading economic sectors in some countries, is currently facing many problems. This situation could be overcomed by policy and institutional environment which is condusive to increase agricultural productivity while maintaining a sustainable agriculture development and food security. According to this, it is required to develop strategies, a new paradigm, and holistic approach to support the agricultural growth continuum.

In order to make a significant contribution to the better understanding of sustainable agriculture for meeting food security needs and addressing climate change challenges, an International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security was held in Bandung Indonesia on 27-28 September 2011. This conference was organized by collaboration of four faculties in Universitas Padjadjaran: Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, and Faculty of Agricultural Industrial Technology. Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia and internationally well-known experts from USA, Finlandia, Singapore, Germany, Malaysia, Romania, Republic of Serbia, China as well as Indonesia were invited as resource speakers.

More than 250 participants from 15 countries attended the conference. The conference shared experiences and views regarding agricultural production in a changing environment towards sustainable agriculture development to maintain food security, and stimulated cooperative research among participating institutions.

About 180 papers are presented and the committee hopes that these papers will be a lsating record of the contributions to this conference and a useful reference for all practitioners in the fields of agriculture in general. Some of the topics presented include critical issues dealing with sustainable agriculture and food security, agrosocio-economy, agritechnology, plant sciences, animal production, and food technology. The committee would like to thank the many reviewers of the papers for their contribution to these proceedings.

The conference and proceeding would have not been accomplished without the support of many individuals, groups and academic units. We owe our gratitude to those who commit and dedicate their self to this conference.

Benny Joy Chair of ICSAFS

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................... iii

CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... v

INVITED SPEAKERS .................................................................................................................. 1

New Technologies for The Improvement of Yield and Quality of Beef of Domestic Spotted Breed

Aleksid S., M.M. Petrovid, V. Pantelid, Ž. Novakovid, D. Ostojid, N. Stanišid, and M. Novakovid ....................................................................................................................... 3

The Effect of Pollution on Food Security of Floating Net Cage Aquaculture in The Lake

Dhahiyat, Y. ..................................................................................................................... 9

Characteristics of Indonesian Lakes and Fisheries Development Lehmusluoto, P. ............................................................................................................ 20

Opportunities for Sustainable Intensification of Agricultural Practices to Improve Crop Productivity of Small Holding Farmers in West Africa

Prasad, P.V. V., Jesse B. Naab, Mamadou Doumbia and Timothy Dalton .................... 30

Management of Water Saving and Organic Based Fertilizers Technology for Remediation and Maintaining The Health of Paddy Soils and to Increase The Sustainability of Rice Productvity in Indonesia

Simarmata, T., B.Joy and T. Turmuktini ........................................................................ 31

New Fruit Technologies in Europe Stănică,F. ...................................................................................................................... 48

Empowering Business of “Garut Sheep” for Small Holder Farmers in West Java

Tawaf, R., D. Heriyadi, A. Anang, M. Sulaeman and R. Hidayat ................................... 58

Biotechnology to Ensure Food Security Teng,P.S. ....................................................................................................................... 64

Diversification of Food Products to Support Food Security: Development of Food Products Based on Sorghum Rice and Flour

Tjahjadi, C. .................................................................................................................... 65

Application of Genomics Approaches to Unravel The Functional Biodiversity of Farm Animals

Wimmers, K. and S. Ponsuksili ...................................................................................... 73

Ecological Rain-Fed Agriculture in Semiarid Loess Plateau of Northwest China Xiong, Y. ........................................................................................................................ 74

Biodiversity and Variety Improvement of Crop Plant

Zain, S.M. ...................................................................................................................... 75 iv | I C S A F S - U N P A D

ORAL PRESENTER

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE ................................................................................................ 91

Indicators of Agricultural Sustainability at the Regional Level a Case Study of Vidarbha Borkar, P........................................................................................................................ 93

Effect of Mulch, Clay and Organic Matter on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties of Sandy Soil and Growth of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

Djajadi ......................................................................................................................... 107

Sustainability of Food Resources by Eco-Farming Implementation: The Role of Farmer’s Socio Economics

Frimawaty, E., A. Basukriadi, J. A.Syamsu, and T.E.B. Soesilo ..................................... 115

Utilization of Yard to Increase Household Income and Food Security Herliana, S. and Yogi ................................................................................................... 122

Harmonizing Agriculture, Forests and Fishery Management in the Design of REDD+ in Small Islands of Kepulauan Aru Regency, Maluku Province

Mardiatmoko, G. ......................................................................................................... 135

Farmers are sacrificing their health for production of vegetables Muktamar, Z., S. Sudjatmiko, B. Toha, and M. Asteria ............................................... 141

Phosphorus Recovery from Agroindustrial Wastewater through Struvite Crystallisation: Principles and Applications

Muryanto, S., A.P. Bayuseno, E. Supriyo, and B. Hermanu ......................................... 150

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced the Content of Isoflavonoid that Reduced Potato Cyst Nematode on Roots of Potato Plants

Nurbaity, A, T. Sunarto, M.A. Solihin, and R. Hindersah ............................................. 160

Analysis of Sustainability of Capture Fisheries Resources Management (A Case in Pangandaran the District of Ciamis West Java)

Nurhayati, A., Rusidi, M.H. Karmana, & B. Koswara ................................................... 166

Remediating The Degraded Land Due to Mining of Pumice Stone in The Northern Part of Lombok Island by Applying Silicate Rock-Organic Fertilizer

Priyono, J., C. Sukorahardjo, and A. A.Rahmianna ...................................................... 179

Evaluation of Extension Worker’s Attitude toward Integrated Farming System in Indonesia

Putra, R. A. R. S, J. Udomsade, and S. Niyamangkoon ................................................ 186

Numerous Factors Influencing Food Availability During Harvesting and Lean Seasons in West Timor

Suek, J. and H.J.D. Lalel ............................................................................................... 196

The Characterization and Evaluation of Local Upland Rice Cultivars to Blast Disease (Pyricularia oryzae) Resistance in Southeast Sulawesi

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Taufik, M., T. Wijayanto, and A. Wahab ..................................................................... 204

Effects of Nitrification Inhibitors on Denitrification in Soils

Tindaon, F. and J.C.G. Ottow ...................................................................................... 212

Yields Increasing of Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas l.), Variety of Beauregard by Organic Cropping System at Desa Cilembu, Sumedang

Wagiono ..................................................................................................................... 228

AGROSOCIO-ECONOMY ...................................................................................................... 235

The Potentials and Pitfalls of Ecotourism Development on Natural Resources Conservation Area in Indonesia

Avenzora, R., and T.Sunarminto ................................................................................. 237

Instability in Selected Malaysian Crop Production in Reference to the National Agricultural Policies

Borkotoky, P., I. AbdLatif, Z.A. Mohamed and M.N.Shamsudin ................................. 247

Public Perception of Food Alternatives for Rice in Bandung Deliana, Y. ................................................................................................................... 253

Physiological Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) to Boron Fertilizers Under the Varied Soil Lime Content

Karaman, M.R., S. Şahin, N.Geboloğlu, M. Turan, and M.Sadıkoğlu .......................... 260

Evaluation of Food Safety Concept in Indonesian Food Security Policies Karmana, M.H., E. Wulandari and D. Supyandi .......................................................... 269

Socio-economic Interfaces of African Indigenous Vegetables in a Subsistence Economy and the Implication for Food Security in Western Kenya

Langat, B.K., V.K. Ngéno, V.Mugalavai, L.G. Linnet and S. Yaninek ............................ 279

Promoting Forest and Non Timber Forest Cultivation to Increase Farmer’s Income on Small Scale Private Forest (A case study at Tanjung Raya Village, Samarang Sub District, Garut, West Java)

Suharti, S. .................................................................................................................... 287

Environmental Friendly Attitudes of Women in Forest Management Based on Communities Empowerment (PHBM)

Sulaeman, M.M. and S. Homzah................................................................................. 297

AGRITECHNOLOGY PLANT SCIENCES .................................................................................. 307

Antagonistic Activity of Rhodotorula spp. Against Spoilage-Causing Moulds on Tomatoes

Hafsari, A.R., A. Oetari, A. Salamah, and W.Sjamsuridzal .......................................... 309

Indonesian Rainfall Patterns: A Dramatic Shift Awaluddin, M.Y. and J.Kaempf ................................................................................... 314

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Agronomic Trait Evaluation of Transgenic Rice Line With Db1 Transgene Carsono, N., N.Fitriani, D. Dono, A. Wahyudin, D. Damayanti, M. Herman, Murdaningsih H.K., and K. Toriyama .......................................................................... 321

Residual Effects of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Bokashi on Growth and Yield of Cilembu Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lamb.)

Djasmara, S., A. W. Irwan, A. Wahyudin, and Nuryani ............................................... 326

Reformation of Shifting Cultivation Farming System Towards Permanent and Sustainable Cultivation

Herman and S. Suharti ................................................................................................ 332

The Abilities of Endophytic Fungi from Tomato Roots in Suppressing Root Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Tomato

Istifadah, N., Nurholis and T. Sunarto ......................................................................... 340

Non-Irrigated Upland Cultivation - Utilizing The Concept of Transpiration Coeffisient Kramadibrata, A.M. .................................................................................................... 346

Prospect and Challenge of The Usage of Portable Near-Infrared Spectrometer to Assess Fruit and Vegetable Quality in Indonesia

Kusumiyati, S. Kawasaki and H. Kazunori ................................................................... 357

Enzymatic Production of Monoglyceride Through Esterification System Luna, P., N. Andarwulan and T.Haryati ....................................................................... 363

Evaluation Drought Tolerance Level of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Germplasm from NTT Province

Mau, Y.S. ..................................................................................................................... 371

Laboratory Bioassay of Entomophatogenic Fungi Beauveria Bassiana and Metarrhizium Anisopliae for Control of Sweet Potato Weevil (Cylas formicarius Fab.)

Mau, Y.S. ..................................................................................................................... 378

Simulation Model For Corn (Zea mays, L.) Planting Time Determination In Dryland Of Timor, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Mella, W.I.I., T. Vincentius, R. Pollo, A.S.J Adutae, M.M.J. Kapa, M. Kasim, K. Rantelobo, A. Kedang, and A. Geru ............................................................................. 386

Efficacy of New Formulation of 1-Methylcyclopropene for Improving Postharvest Quality of Pelargonium Flower

Mubarok, S., M. Serek, and V. Mussmann .................................................................. 396

Genetic Diversity of Morphological Responses ond The Relationships Among Javanese Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L. DC.) Accessions

Nusifera, S., M.H. Karmana, M. Rachmadi, and A.Karuniawan .................................. 402

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Influence of Fermentation by Using Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus megaterium on Crude Fiber, Fat, Tannin, and Protein Content of Saba Banana (Musa balbisiana colla) Peel

Safitri, R., N.A. Fauzana, and E. Kardia ....................................................................... 412

The Effect of Cymbopogon nardus Linne Rendle on Rice Storage Pest Sitophilus oryzae Linn (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Sanjaya, Y., M. Halimah and Y.S. Mulyati ................................................................... 416

Feasibility Test of The Biopore Absorption Hole to Improve Infiltration Rate Sistanto, B. A. .............................................................................................................. 419

Relationship between Slope and Soil Physical PropertiesA Case Study at Pasirwangi, Garut, Indonesia

Siswanto, S. Y., Sandrawati, A., and Sangjaya, M.I..................................................... 428

The Potential of Trichoderma Isolated from Cocoa to Control Black Pod Diseases on Cocoa Pod

Sriwati, R., Marlina and Mufakir ................................................................................ 433

The Effect of Phosphates Solubilizing Bacteria to The Growth and Crop Production of Corn Plant (Zea mays L.)

Surtiningsih, T., D. Puspitasari, and A. Supriyanto ...................................................... 439

Inducing Somatic Embryos of Soybean Glycine max and Glycine soja on Sucrose Concentrations Variation

Wahyurini, E................................................................................................................ 446

ANIMAL PRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 455

Isolation and Characteristic of Lactobacillus sp. Isolated from Milks of Cattle, Goat and Homemade Yogurt’s for Potential as Probiotic

Alias, R., R. Ragupathy, K. Anbalagan, N.W.I. Suhaimy, E.S. Idrus, H. Subramaniam, A.N. Awang, P. Rajandara,and F. Riza. ....................................................................... 457

Live Weight Changes of Bali Cattle as Draft Animal Under The Integration of Oil Palm- Cattle System in Bengkulu

Dwatmadji and T. Suteky, ........................................................................................... 462

Characterization of Cellulose Enzyme from Milkfish (Chanos chanos) Gastrointestinal As Potential Agent to Degrade Cellulose

Hidayanti A.K., Annisa N.L, R. Erdiana, Winda A.P, An. Ridhowati, Fikri, B.M. , Miranti D.S, Abrory A.C, Trijoko, and Y.A. Purwestri ................................................... 466

Layer Productivity as Affected by Different Feeding Portion

Indreswari, R., U. Atmomarsono, and H. I. Wahyuni .................................................. 472

The Effect of Kombucha Supplementation in The Ration on Quails Body Weight and Dressed Carcass Weight

Lengkey, H. A.W., E. Sudjana, and T. Widjastuti ......................................................... 480

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Occurrence of Pork Derivative in Confectionery Product Upon Malaysia Market Noor Asiah Binti Hassan and Rozila Binti Alias ........................................................... 484

Nutritional Contents of Gecko’s Flesh (Gekko spp)

Prastiwi, A., D. Yudhabuntara, W. S. Nugroho, and D.A. Widiasih ............................. 491

Effect of PUFA Supplementation on Cholesterol, Fat Content, Water Content, and Protein Content of The Simental-Ongole Cross Bred Meat

Riyanto, J. , S. D. Widyawati, and W. Pratitis .............................................................. 497

Anticancer Activity of Chitosan from Local Chitin Waste of Fishery Products In Vitro Rochima, E., and A. Diantini ........................................................................................ 504

Relationship Between Body Part Measurement, Body Weight and Flying Speed of Racing Pigeon (Columba linia) at Local Tournament of Sprint Racing (Case at Local Tournament of the Sprint Pigeon in the District in of Bandung)

Sri Bandiati K.P., D. Garnida, and M. Yusuf ................................................................. 513

Performance of Sheep and Goat with Rotational Grazing Under Oil Palm Plantation Based on Animal Unit Equivalent (AUE)

Suteky, T. and Dwatmadji ........................................................................................... 520

FOOD TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 527

Optimization of Fish Gelatin Extraction from Starry Triggerfish (Abalistes stellaris) Skin

Amin, A.M. and N.H. Alias ........................................................................................... 529

Optimization of Gelatin Extraction Parameters from Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) Skin

Amin, A.M., N. Ibrahim, N.J. Mohamad, and W. M. Wan Maizatul Shima ................. 537

Carotenoid, Total Phenolic Content, and Antioxidant Activities of “Jintan Leaves” (Plectranthus amboinicus L. Spreng.)

Lestario, L.N., L. Agustina, and S.Hartini ..................................................................... 546

Optimization Formulation of Functional Beverages Based on Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

Luna, P., S. Usmiati, and A.N. Alamsyah ..................................................................... 555

Chemicals and Appearance Characteristics of Noodles Producing from Composite Flour based on Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and The Beans

Markus , J. E. R, and S. S. Oematan ............................................................................. 565

The Effect of Type of Packaging and Storage Time on The Quality of Patchouly Oil Nurjanah, S., S. Zain, T. Pujianto, and A.K. Amaliah ................................................... 572

The Potency of Banana Tissue Culture Development to Answer the Malnutrition Problems

Omar, A., V. Narita, Djajanegara, I.R, Supriadi, Y, and Noriko, Nita ........................... 580

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Quality Degradation of Mashed Red Chilli Based on Capsaicin During Processing Renate, D., F. Pratama, K.Yuliati, and G.Priyanto ....................................................... 588

Improving the Quality of Meat from Old Cattle through Extended Cooking

Setyowati, E.Y. and U. Santosa ................................................................................... 594

Increasing of Conjugated Linoleic Acid of Dairy Milk with Additional Rice Meal Fermented and Soybean Oil

Suhartati, F.M. and W. Suryapratama ........................................................................ 601

Chitin Oligomer Production with Unique Chitinase Bacillus sp Strain SW71 Enzyme from Dams Water Shrimp

Wahyuni, S. and M. T. Suhartono ............................................................................... 607

LIST OF PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS ........................................................................... 616

LIST OF INVITED SPEAKER ............................................................................................... 619

LIST OF ORAL PRESENTER ................................................................................................ 620

LIST OF POSTER PRESENTER ............................................................................................ 623

LIST OF PARTICIPANT ...................................................................................................... 628

THE BEST OF ORAL PRESENTERS ..................................................................................... 629

THE BEST OF POSTER PRESENTERS ................................................................................. 629

COMMITTEE .................................................................................................................... 630

LIST OF SPONSORS .......................................................................................................... 632

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Harmonizing Agriculture, Forests and Fishery Management in the Design

of REDD+ in Small Islands of Kepulauan Aru Regency, Maluku Province

Mardiatmoko1, G.

1Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Pattimura, Ambon, 97233, Indonesia,

Abstract

Generally, ecology on big islands and small islands is different. In case of small

islands ecology is more fragile, implementation of sustainable agriculture, forest and fishery

should be handled carefully. The research regarding management of coastal area in small

islands and its impact for sustainable development in Regency of Kepulauan Aru, Maluku

Province was done.

The results showed that the natural resources of Kepulauan Aru Regency is a very

potential regency for fishery development and fishery sector has become as leading sector

and prime mover for economical development in this region. Unfortunately, the coastal area,

low land and high land have damaged by forest degradation, deforestation and others

activities. In this case, forest quality can be improved through forest conservation action in

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) Project.

The Special Design of REDD+ Project in Small Islands is needed and should be done

by harmonizing Agriculture, Forests and Fishery management with involvement of all

stakeholders in this region.

Keywords: sustainable agriculture, REDD+, deforestation, forest degradation.

Introduction

In general, ecology on small island is very specific and there is difference between

small island and big island. Dahl (1998) states the ocean covers more than two thirds of our

planet, and small island developing States are generally somewhere in the middle of it. Their

environmental priorities concern the islands themselves and their immediate coastal areas,

where the balance of population and resources is critical for the future. From the perspective

of the island countries, the ocean is still an unlimited resource relative to the present scale of

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their human impacts. The effects on the ocean of the great centres of population and industry

in continental countries are much more significant.

Natural resources management in small islands should be done fully attention and

properly. Widespread environmental problems should be minimized i.e. the safe disposal of

liquid domestic wastes (human wastes and urban sewage); the damage or destruction of

productive coastal resources and fisheries; the steady reduction in forest cover (timber

extraction, shifting cultivation and land clearing for agriculture); conflict of interest on land

use and land tenure. In any case, we have to manage natural resource in small island wisely.

In this region, efficient use must be made of all available land to meet the needs of the people

for water, food, building materials and reasonable quality of life, and to maintain the

functioning of natural systems on which all these depend. This requires comprehensive

planning and careful allocation of land to the most appropriate use or combination of uses.

In the last two decades, the most threats of sustainable natural resource management

in small islands is global warming. Global warming is a gradual warming of Earth’s

atmosphere reportedly caused by the burning of fossils fuels and industrial pollutant. It is

caused by gaseous that trap suns heat in Earth’s atmosphere. Primarily carbon dioxide and

CFC gaseous are to blame. In general, adverse effects of global warming on small islands is

slight increase in sea levels, increases the temperature of sea and blamed for severe climatic

change. Many efforts to handle global warming, one of them is REDD program. It is

estimated that greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation contribute up to

20% of global emissions. REDD stands for 'reducing emissions from deforestation and

degradation', and is an important part of global policies to address climate change. The term

'REDD-plus' or 'REDD+' is now also used frequently. REDD+ is similar to REDD, but

instead of just covering deforestation and degradation, it includes other activities, such as the

sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (Graham,

2010). Therefore harmonizing agriculture, forest and fishery management in the design of

REDD+ in small island is important.

Materials and Methods

Methods of the study are environmental policy study and literature study.

Environmental policy is any [course of] action deliberately taken [or not taken] to manage

human activities with a view to prevent, reduce, or mitigate harmful effects on nature and

natural resources, and ensuring that man-made changes to the environment do not have

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harmful effects on humans (McCormick, 2001). Environmental policy study focuses on

problems arising from human impact on the environment, which retroacts onto human society

by having a (negative) impact on human values such as good health or the 'clean and green'

environment. There are many environmental issues in the world. In general, environmental

issues addressed by environmental policy include natural resource i.e. air and watershed

management, water pollution, forest with its biodiversity protection, land conservation,

coastal area protection, ecosystem management, etc. Material of the study are information

regarding natural resources management which available on research report, annual report,

text books and some articles from website. The site study is presented in Figure 1.

Source: Maluku Provincial Forestry, 2009

Figure 1. The site study

Results and Discussion

Forestry Management in Kepulauan Aru Regency

There is two Forest Management Units (FMU) in Kepulauan Aru Regency, namely

Wokam and Kobror – Trangan. Wokan FMU area is 61,012 Ha (production forest 57,992 Ha

and protected forest 3,020 Ha) with watershed area namely Wai Gaimar 69,160 ha. This

watershed is rather and very critical 17,866 Ha (25.83 %). In general, forest resources in this

FMU is good where primary and secondary forest in large area and open area or agriculture

activities in forest area still limited. This forest can be functioned as catchment area and it is

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very important for local community to use water for their life and also for development of

traditional agriculture and pastures.

Kobror-Trangan FMU area is 117,614 Ha (production forest 114,781 Ha and

protected forest 2,833 Ha) with 4 watersheds i.e. Koba 3,910 Ha with rather and very critical

area is 3,168 Ha (81.02 %), Waekoba 10,095 Ha with rather and very critical area is 1,358 Ha

(13.45 %), Trangan 2,024 Ha and all of its watershed is very critical area 2,024 Ha (100 %)

and Kobror 2,024 Ha with rather and very critical area is 15 Ha (0.74 %). Protected forest lies

in all of small islands with dominance of forest mangrove and savana. Open area or critical

land usually lies in bigger island in southern and western FMU. This critical land is caused by

illegal cutting, shifting cultivation and forest fire, etc (Maluku Provincial Forestry, 2009).

In general, land cover of rather and very critical watershed is indicated with low

density forest and dominated with shrubs, bush, grasses and open area. Based on sattelite

imagery interpretation, mainly by using color composite of Landsat ETM+ band 542 year

2008, watershed area with rather and very critical in Aru archipelago can be recoqnized

easily. Open area without vegetation is indicated with color of red to brown, shrubs, bush and

grasses with soft green and dense forest with deep green. Furthermore, by using NDVI

(normalized difference vegetation index) approach or ratio between NIR-RED with

NIR+RED wavelengths, the land cover can be recoqnized well. The higher NDVI values

indicated more abundant, greener vegetation like dense forest and lower NDVI values

indicated grasses, shrubs, bush, bare soil, water, clouds due to lower reflectance values in the

NIR wavelengths. NDVI values for dense forest, rare forest, grass-shrubs-bush, bare soil and

water is 0.7-0.9; 0.5-0.6; 0.2-0.5; 0.1-0.2 and 0.0-0.1 respectively (Mardiatmoko, 2009).

NDVI are indicators of intensity of biomass (JARS, 1993) and it is important for REL

(reference of emission level) establishment mainly to support REDD+ project.

The main habitat at coastal area in Pulau-pulau Aru and Aru Utara Sub district is

ecosystem of forest mangrove, coral reef, seagrass and algae. Composition of forest

mangrove is Rhizophoraceae, Sonneratiaceae, Maliaceae, Myrsinaceae, Sterculiaceae,

Acanthaceae and Arecaceae. Sea weeds distribution is separated randomly in surrounding of

Aru archipelago. Agriculture management in Kepulauan Aru Regency

Potential areas for agriculture in Kepulauan Aru Regency is 1,200 ha in Kapron

island. Based on ecological small island, sector development of agriculture in Kepulauan Aru

Regency is not focused on wetland paddy. There is paddy production but from dryland which

average area harvested dryland paddy is very limited 20 ha/year. Area harvested of food crop

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in year 2008 as follows maize 75 ha, cassava 243 ha, sweet potatoes 91 ha, peanuts 45 ha,

mung beans 43 ha, soybeans 0 ha, taro 88 ha. Beside this crops, area harvested, production

and yield rate of low land vegetables can be described as follows: chili area harvested 7 ha,

production 6 ton, yield rate 8.57 kw/ha; cucumber 2 ha, 7 ton, 35 kw/ha; egg pant 5 ha, 19

ton, 38 kw/ha; pulses 2 ha, 6 ton, 30 kw/ha; tomatoes 1ha, 3 ton, 30 kw/ha. The crops, area

harvested, production and yield rate of low land fruits as follows: avocados area harvested

0.35 ha, production 15 ton, yield rate 15 kw/ha; mangoes 25.57 ha, 2,661 ton, 26.61 kw/ha;

pepayas 1.05 ha, 364 ton, 36.40 kw/ha; bananas 5.28 ha, 649 ton, 64.9 kw/ha, pineapple 0.07

ha, 34 ton, 34 kw/ha and others (BPS-Statistics Indonesia, 2009).

Total area of agriculture activities in Kepulauan Aru Regency is not large and there is

no problem regarding land use and land tenure. The most important thing is agriculture area

expansion for the future should be planned well and wisely. Fisheries management in Kepulauan Aru Regency

Potential areas for fisheries and marine tourism in Kepulauan Aru Regency is high.

Based on ecological small island, sector development of fisheries in Kepulauan Aru Regency

is not focused on land area and production of inland aqua culture and open water fisheries but

in coastal area and its surroundings area. According to Kakisina et al (2010) Kepulauan Aru

Regency lies in Aru Sea and Arafura Sea and has high fisheries resources potency with its

biodiversity. Therefore fishery sector has become as leading sector and prime mover for

economical development in this region. Total marine water area which can be used as

cultivation area is 3,311.73 Km2 (seagrass 1,996 Km

2, fish 667 Km

2, sea cucumber 371

Km2, cockle shells and bivalve 278 Km

2 ). In year 2009, only 506,6947 Km

2 (15.30%) of

these area is used as cultivation activities i.e. Kobror, Koba, Maikor islands.

Number of fishery households is 969 households and non-powered fishing boats 231

units. Fish production and its value in year 2008 as follows: prawn 1,291.7 ton, IDR

17,682,380,000,-; skipjack 203.9 ton, IDR 1,223,572,000,-; indian mackarela 591.1 ton, IDR

1,182,180,000,- and others 8,179.5 ton, IDR 33,108,297,000,- (BPS-Statistics Indonesia,

2009). Kepulauan Aru Regency has many coastal area with beautifull beach and very

potensial to develop marine tourism or ecotourism, diving clubs, hand line, trolling and sport

fishing development.

Some problems regarding coastal area management is the damage or destruction of

productive coastal resources and fisheries. Coastal area are destroyed by mining of c type

excavation. Coral reefs are destroyed by construction or dredging, pollution, siltation and

dynamiting or poisoning for fish. Mangroves are killed off by dredging or filling, or by

140 | I C S A F S - U N P A D

changing essential patterns of water circulation and salinity. Location of coastal area and

coral reefs damage can be found mainly in western and eastern Wokam island and eastern

and southern Kobror island. Community perception on natural resources management

In general, perception of local community on resources management ussually can be

analyzed by using some questioner and interview. After that the survey result should be

continued by Focus Group Discussion (FGD). This analysis is used to measure the objectivity

of survey results which using questionare and interview. Arrangement of strategy for natural

resources management by local government and other stakeholders can be done by SWOT

analysis. SWOT analysis is a tool for auditing an organization and its environment. It is the

first stage of planning and helps marketers to focus on key issues. SWOT stands for strengths,

weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors.

Opportunities and threats are external factors. Establishment of management concept priority

for natural resource potency can be used by using AHP (analytical hierarchy process). AHP is

an advanced technique that supports decision makers in structuring complex decisions,

quantifying intangible factors, and evaluating choices in multi-objective decision situations. It

is a comprehensive and rational decision making framework that provides a powerful

methodology for determining relative worth among a set of elements (Jayaswal et al., 2007).

It has particular application in group decision making and is used around the world in a wide

variety of decision situations, in fields such as government, business, industry, healthcare,

and education (Saaty & Kirti, 2008). Kakisina et al (2010) reported that policy priority for

management of Kepulauan Aru Regency potency was community and government based

management. In this case, the stakeholders agreed that management of natural resources

potency in Aru coastal area should be done together by goverment and local community as

first priority. Besides this report, strategy of management of coastal area potency on

Kepulauan Aru was collaborative strategy which involved all of stakeholders. This

collaboration must be implemented based on the role and competency from every

stakeholder. The management integration of forestry, agriculture and fisheries in small islands

Almost of all small islands in Kepulauan Aru Regency has damaged not only in high

land but also low land and coral reefs. It must be handled through intensive conservation but

financial support from goverment is very limited. In this case, the management integration of

forestry, agriculture and fisheries should be done through REDD+ program because

developed countries has commitment to support conservation fund. Actually, there is close

141 | I C S A F S - U N P A D

relationship between agriculture and REDD+. According to Scherr et al (2011) the trajectory

of agricultural development is a key determinant of the success of REDD+. The original

model of REDD was to pay landowners the opportunity costs of forgoing forest development.

Yet most agricultural production systems offer much higher financial benefits than natural

forests. Given low relative carbon prices and the likelihood that they will remain low relative

to agricultural options in the future, this payment model has limited scope. It is only relevant

in the small set of circumstances where deforestation is principally due to conversion to very-

low-value land uses like extensive grazing or small-scale subsistence food production and

where governance systems are sufficiently developed to manage payments over the long-

term. In most other cases, reducing deforestation requires more than shifting financial

incentives at the margin—it requires transformation of the land rights and land use system to

harmonize farm and forest policy. Thus successful REDD+ depends less on forestry strategies

than on agricultural development strategies that retain and sustain forests. Therefore

harmonizing agriculture, forest and fishery management in the design of REDD+ in

Kepulauan Aru Regency should be tried. It is possible to be done because the stakeholders

agreed that management of natural resources potency must be done together by goverment

and local community as first priority.

Conclusions

1. Small islands ecology in Kepulauan Aru Regency is more fragile, implementation of

sustainable agriculture, forest and fishery should be handled carefully and wisely. The

stakeholders agreed that management of natural resources potency in Aru coastal area

should be done together by goverment and local community as first priority. 2. The natural resources of Kepulauan Aru Regency is a very potential regency for fishery

development and fishery sector has become as leading sector and prime mover for

economical development in this region. Unfortunately, the low land and high land have

damaged by forest degradation, deforestation and others activities. 3. The damage area must be handled through intensive conservation but financial support

from goverment is very limited. In this case, the management integration of forestry,

agriculture and fisheries should be done through REDD+ program.

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Note:

Prosiding: International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security:

Challenges and Opportunities, Padjadjaran University, 2012