Disclaimer - carbonn Center GHG... · Web viewAt this stage the CoT GHG emissions inventory is limited to carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions

A REPORT FOR THE CITY OF TSHWANE METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY

City of Tshwane Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

2012/2013

An overview of the City of Tshwane’s carbon footprint of its 2012/2013 financial year (July 2012 - June 2013).

In partnership with:

The South African Cities Network (Pty) Ltd.

EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd.

Mhlane Management Consulting (Pty) Ltd.

Confidential

Version: Final Report

Date: 30th of July 2014

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Table of Contents

Disclaimer.......................................................................................................3Acknowledgements........................................................................................31 Executive Summary................................................................................42 Introduction.................................................................................................8

2.1 The City of Tshwane...............................................................................................................8

2.2 The foot printing methodology..........................................................................................9

3 Background...............................................................................................113.1 Climate change mitigation in South Africa.................................................................11

3.2 A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory.....................................................................12

3.3 Parameters of the City of Tshwane GHG emissions inventory.........................14

4 The CoT emission inventory....................................................................174.1 Tshwane total carbon footprint 2013..........................................................................17

4.2 Tshwane Community carbon footprint 2013...........................................................18

4.3 Tshwane Corporate footprint 2013..............................................................................19

4.4 CoT GHG emissions forecast............................................................................................20

5 CoT climate action plan............................................................................225.1 CoT intensity factors compared......................................................................................22

5.2 CoT emission reduction activities.................................................................................24

6 Summary and the way forward................................................................276.1 CoT GHG emission inventory summary findings....................................................27

6.2 The way forward...................................................................................................................28

References....................................................................................................30Glossary of Terms........................................................................................31Annex 1: GHG emission factors..................................................................32Annex 2: Activity data sources...................................................................33Annex 3: Contact details of contributors...................................................34

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DisclaimerThis Report has been prepared by EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. for internal use within the City of Tshwane only.

EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd has taken all reasonable care to ensure that the facts stated herein are true and accurate in all material aspects. However EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. nor any of its directors, officers, employees, advisors or agents makes any representation or warranty or gives any undertaking of any kind, express or implied, as to the actuality, adequacy, accuracy, reliability or completeness of any opinions, forecasts, projections, assumptions and any other information contained in, or otherwise in relation to, this Report, or assumes any undertaking to supplement any such information as further information becomes available or in light of changing circumstances.

No liability of any kind whatsoever is assumed by EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. any of its directors, officers, employees, advisors or agents in relation to any such opinions, forecasts, projections, assumptions or any other information contained in, or otherwise in relation to, this Report.

This report is confidential as it contains confidential information pertaining to the City of Tshwane as well as intellectual property of EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. Therefore, this Report shall not be released to other parties than the aforementioned unless explicit written permission has been given by both parties.

AcknowledgementsThis report could not have been completed without the extensive support of:

- City of Tshwane City Sustainability- City of Tshwane Solid Waste department- City of Tshwane Metering and Invoicing Section- City of Tshwane Waste Water Treatment department- City of Tshwane Corporate Fleet- Department of Energy

The contact details of the contributors to this report can be found in Annex 3.

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1 Executive SummaryIn line with national policy and provincial policy, the City of Tshwane metropolitan municipality (CoT) published a Green Economy Strategic Framework in 2013 which defines the City’s approach to a green economy transition and provides a strategic guide for low-carbon, resource efficient and climate resilient equitable economic development. The Green Economy Strategic Framework identifies a number of actions categorised under mitigation and adaptation actions.

To be able to measure the impacts of these actions the CoT endeavoured to develop both a mitigation and adaptation baseline against which progress and results can be assessed. Through its partner, the South African Cities Network (SACN), the CoT assigned EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. (EcoMetrix) to compile the CoT Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions inventory for its 2012/2013 financial year which runs from the 1st of July 2012 – 30th of June 2013. This report provides a summary overview of the CoT’s GHG Emissions Inventory (CoT GHGEI) as was compiled during the first and second quarter of 2014.

At this stage the CoT GHG emissions inventory is limited to carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions within the energy, transport and waste sectors. The inventory is divided into two sub-inventories, one for the community within the Tshwane municipal area (Tshwane Community) and one for the local government (Tshwane Corporate). The Tshwane Corporate “sub-inventory” includes GHG emissions from activities under the control of the CoT local government, whilst the Tshwane Community inventory includes GHG emissions related to other residential, commercial and industrial activities within the boundary of the Tshwane municipal area.

The total greenhouse gas emissions recorded, under the guidance of the Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols (developed by ICLEI), for the entire CoT GHGEI was 13,180,010 tCO2e for the 2012/2013 financial year. The figure below provides a graphical breakdown of the inventory per activity (figure 1).

Solid Waste

Total CoTGHGEI

Industrial ResidentialTransport Commercial

CoT Community GHGEICoT Corporate GHGEITotal CoT GHGEI

13,180,010

tCO

2e/Y

ear

4,100,702(31.11%)

Power Generation

Buildings Street-lights

Waste water

Solid Waste

Facilities

Vehicle Fleet

4,061,851(30.82%)

2,417,646(18.34%)

1,123,886(8.53%) 922,674

(7.00%) 280,644(2.13%)

143,252(1.09%)

59,757(0.73%)

30,392(0.23%)

2,281(0.02%)

926(0.01%)

Figure 1: Breakdown of CoT GHGEI per activity (2012/2013 financial year in tCO2e).

The largest contribution to the CoT GHGEI is the Industrial Activities (31.11% of the total emissions) followed closely by emissions from Transport Activities (30.82%). The table below provides a more detailed breakdown of the emissions by source (figure 2).

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Inventory Sector Activities GHG source tCO2e %

Tshwane Community

Energy

Residential

Stationary Fuel Combustion 2,376,710 18.03%

Electricity Consumption 40,937 0.31%

Commercial Electricity Consumption

1,123,886 8.53%

Industrial

Stationary Fuel Combustion 10,284 0.08%

Electricity Consumption 4,090,418 31.04%

Transport On-road and Off-road Vehicles

Mobile Fuel Combustion 4,061,851 30.82%

Waste Solid Waste Fugitive Emissions 280,644 2.13%

Total Tshwane Community 11,984,729 90.93%

Tshwane Corporate

Energy

Power Generation Facilities

Stationary Fuel Combustion 2,281 0.02%

Buildings & Other Facilities

Stationary Fuel Combustion

19 0.00%

Purchased Electricity 143,233 1.09%

Streetlights & Traffic Signals

Electricity consumption 926 0.01%

Transport Vehicle Fleet Mobile fuel combustion

30,392 0.23%

Waste

Wastewater Facilities

Stationary and process emissions 38,647 0.29%

Purchased electricity 57,110 0.43%

Solid Waste Facilities

Fugitive emissions 921,580 6.99%Purchased electricity

1,094 0.01%

Total Tshwane Corporate 1,195,282 9.07%

Total 13,180,010 100%Figure 2: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint by source.

The emissions from the Tshwane Corporate sub-inventory represent 9.07% of the CoT GHGEI and the largest contributor to the sub-inventory results from the operations of the CoT’s landfill sites. The table below provides an overview of the CoT’s emission intensity factors in relation to other municipalities within South Africa (figure 3).

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Intensity factor City of Tshwane (tCO2e/year)

eThekwini (tCO2e/year)

Kwadukuza (tCO2e/year)

Steve Tshwete (tCO2e/year)

Emissions per inhabitant 4.51 8.03 7.30 30.90

Emissions per household 16.69 3.76 Unknown Unknown

Emissions per city official 53.12 76.16 Unknown Unknown

Emission per operating

expenditure0.67 57.21 Unknown 6.78

Emission per capital

expenditure2.90 286.27 Unknown 31.18

Figure 3: Intensity factor comparison.

As is apparent from the above table, the emission intensity factors for the CoT are substantially lower than those of the other municipalities reviewed. This could be attributed to the difference in economic activity in the sense that the Tshwane is the administrative capital of the country and therefore has fewer emissions than municipalities where high levels of industrial activity form the basis of the local economy. On the other hand it is also reasonable to assume that part of the difference can be explained by the limitation in the number of sectors included under the CoT GHGEI, which number is expected to be increased over time when the CoT becomes more adapt to the process of capturing and aligning the large volumes of data required to develop an all-encompassing emission inventory.

Assuming that the GHGEI for the City of Tshwane grows with 2.7% per year (i.e. 355,860 tCO2e/year) between 2013 and 2030 in line with the national forecast as derived from the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS),1 in 2030 the overall emissions inventory will be approximately 21,272,999 tCO2e.

To keep up with this systemic increase over time in the City of Tshwane’s emissions and to reduce its emissions profile the City has implemented and planned a range of mitigation measures for both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories. At this moment in time the data required to determine the potential of the implemented and planned mitigation activities initiated by the CoT is unavailable. Due to the absence of this critical information no emission reduction targets have been set for the CoT at this stage. Going forward the CoT will determine the mitigation potential of the activities it has initiated and based on that set emission reduction targets to be achieved by the CoT as a whole as well as the different disciplines within the City.

1 Source: Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, October 2007

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High quality data is the cornerstone to developing achievable and measurable targets and strategies and activities that reduce the emission of GHGs. To this aim the following recommendations should be taken into consideration by the CoT when developing GHGEIs going forward (figure 5).

Recommendation Description

Improve data collection process

The most material hurdle in the development of the CoT GHGEI was the collection of activity data (i.e. electricity consumption, fuel consumption,

etc.) from within the different departments of the CoT. Going forward it is recommended that more senior management attention is given to the data

requirements of developing a GHGEI and incentivise key stakeholders within the CoT to participate in the process.

Accelerate data collection cycle

The 2013 GHGEI was the CoT’ first endeavour towards the development of a GHGEI for both Tshwane Community and Corporate which resulted in a data requirement for the full 12 month period over which the GHGEI was

developed. It is recommended that going forward this process is conducted on a monthly or quarterly basis to reduce the total data requirement per

inquiry and to accelerate the ability to identify and challenge data sets. The most efficient manner in which this acceleration can be achieved is via the

implementation of a dedicated software tool by the CoT.

Improve data quality assurance process

There are several ways in which the quality of the data used for the development of a GHGEI can be verified. In this instance the data was cross referenced with other data sets to establish alignment where possible (i.e.

cross reference electricity consumption data with financial data on electricity expenditure). To improve the quality of the data used, it is

recommended that the quality assurance process is extended to include more cross-reference possibilities and to include evidence based inputs

including substantiating documentation.

Expand scope of GHGEITo develop a more accurate and complete GHGEI it is recommended to

expand the scope of the GHGEI beyond the Energy, Transport and Waste to include (among others) Agriculture, Tourism and Manufacturing.

Utilise local data

Part of the data used to develop the CoT GHGEI is based on nationally available data which was downscaled to be applicable to the CoT. There are

material concerns as to the applicability if this ‘localised data’. It is therefore recommended that where possible the CoT develops data

gathering capabilities to replace localised data sets and liaises with local business to obtain a wide range of data.

Figure 5: Summary of recommendations.

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2 IntroductionIn late 2013 the South African Cities Network (SACN) on behalf of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CoT) assigned EcoMetrix Africa (Pty) Ltd. (EcoMetrix) to compile the CoT Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions inventory for its 2012/2013 financial year which runs from the 1st of July 2012 – 30th of June 2013. In this chapter a high-level overview of the CoT climate change commitments and aspirations is provided, followed by a description of the framework and methodology under which the CoT GHG inventory was developed.

2.1 The City of Tshwane

The CoT covers an area of 6,260 km² and is the result of an amalgamation of the previous City of Tshwane, which was established on 5th of December 2000, and the three Metsweding Municipalities (Nokeng tsa Temane Local Municipality, Kungwini Local Municipality, Metsweding District Municipality), found directly east and south east of the previous City of Tshwane. The CoT is the second largest municipality in Gauteng and is among the six biggest metropolitan municipalities in South Africa. Pretoria, as one components of Tshwane, is the administrative capital of South Africa and houses the Union Buildings.

In December 2009 President Zuma, during CoP15 (the 15 th Conference of Parties as in the 15th annual gathering of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)) in Copenhagen pledged to reduce the county’s total annual emissions with 34% below ‘business-as-usual’ levels by 2020 and by 42% by 20252. The South African Department of Environmental Affairs states that the green economy refers to two interlinked developmental outcomes for the South African economy, namely:

Growing economic activity (which leads to investment, jobs and competitiveness) in the green industry sector; and

A shift in the economy as a whole towards cleaner industries and sectors with a low environmental impact compared to its socio-economic impact.

Central to achieving these outcomes is the creation of green jobs and the decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption. The first of these, namely green jobs, refers to employment in sectors such as agriculture, administration, services and manufacturing, which contribute substantially to preserving or restoring environmental quality. The second concept, namely decoupling, involves “reducing the amount of resources such as water or fossil fuels used to produce economic growth and delinking economic development from environmental deterioration” 3. The implementation of South Africa’s transition towards a green economy is significantly decentralised and, therefore, involves all spheres of government.

In line with national policy and provincial policy, CoT published a Green Economy Strategic Framework in 2013 which defines the City’s approach to a green economy transition and provides a strategic guide for low-carbon, resource efficient and climate resilient equitable 2 Source: Department of Environmental Affairs, South African Government’s position on Climate Change [Online] http://www.climateaction.org.za/cop17-cmp7/sa-government-position-on-climate-change3 Source: UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p 16. Available at: http://www.unep.org/.

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economic development. The City’s Green Economy vision arose from the overall vision of the City as captured in the 2055 Growth and Development Strategy. The 2055 vision statement sees growth and development within the CoT driven by an economy that supports a sustainable, vibrant, liveable and prosperous city, through integrated ecological, social, economic and spatial agendas that promote human and environmental well-being. The Green Economy Strategic Framework identifies a number of actions categorised under mitigation and adaptation actions. To be able to measure the impacts of these actions the CoT endeavoured to develop both a mitigation and adaptation baseline against which results can be benchmarked. The purpose of this report is to outline this mitigation baseline as was conducted in the form of a GHG emission inventory for the CoT 2012/2013 financial year.

2.2 The foot printing methodology

Globally the fight against climate change is conducted along two lines:

Climate change mitigation: which focusses on reducing the total volume of man-made GHGs released into the atmosphere over time and thereby reducing future climate change;

Climate change adaptation: which focusses on adapting to the climate change this is already happening and will continue to materialise over the foreseeable future.

The SACN has entered into a memorandum of understanding with the CoT to support its research endeavours on transitioning into the green economy as envisaged in the Tshwane Vision 2055 Strategy document. As part of this partnership the SACN has assigned EcoMetrix to assist with the development of the CoT’s GHG emissions inventory which will serve as the baseline against which the CoT’s climate change mitigation activities will be monitored and verified. This project is jointly coordinated with the Sustainability Unit of the CoT and will also be coordinated closely with the parallel process of determining the City’s Vulnerability Assessment to Climate Change which is undertaken by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Jointly, the two projects will provide valuable data to the development of the Sustainability Indicators for the City. Both projects are heavily dependent on information from within a wide range of departments of the CoT. In order to efficiently and effectively obtain this information from within the CoT, Mhlane Management Consulting (Pty) Ltd. was contracted by the SACN with the specific task of managing the data collection process.

To determine the CoT GHG emission inventory the activity data (such as fuel consumption) is multiplied by an emissions factor to convert all data to tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e). Emission factors are generally internationally accepted values, but are published by a range of different entities. To date, South Africa has not published a list of emission factors for specific use in South Africa, with the one exception being an emission factor for electricity provided by South Africa’s national utility Eskom. Therefore the United Kingdom Government Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the International Panel for the Climate Change (IPCC) published emission factors have been used. Annex 1 to this report contains an overview of the emission factors used for both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories including reference to the sources from which the emission factors were extracted.

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The technical backbone for the CoT GHG emission inventory consists of the EcoMetrix Carbon Action Model (the ECAM model). The model aggregates the decentralised parts of the data provided by the CoT and utilises this information to generate a carbon footprint according to a predefined standard. The reporting function of the model allows for detailed analysis of the footprint as well as emission forecasting and emission mitigation planning. The diagram below provides a schematic overview of the ECAM model’s functionality (figure 6).

Figure 6: EcoMetrix Carbon Action Model functionality overview.

Dispatch data collection: this module allows supper users to automatically dispatch a request for activity data to the different users assigned to a specific data set.

Standard application: This module assesses the compliance to and data quality of the data received in relation to the standard selected for the GHG footprint.

Target manager: This module allows users to monitor and manage progress towards their mitigation targets.in relation to the forecasted emission profile

Operations dashboard: This module allows the user to analyse that emission profile by slicing it across a timeframe, scope and sectors.

Input modules Output modules

Data repository: This module collects and aggregates all that data generated by the other input manuals and conducts a ‘sanity’ check on the data provided based on deviations from the benchmark and historic inputs.

Manual data collection: data collected via a straight forward excel file can be manually transferred into the data repository.

Objective determination: This module allows a super users to set emission reduction targets at sector or sub-sector level.

User

Super user

Configuration

Verification model: This module conducts cross reference verification and change management tracking on the data provided in the data repository.

Compliance reporting: This module allows super users to issue standard emission reports for internal and compliance purposes.

Bespoke reporting: This module allows super users to generate once-off bespoke reports of the data captured in the Footprint calculator.

Mitigation planner: This module allows users to plan their mitigation activities at a sector level based on activity/projects and emission inputs per activity/projects.

Footprint calculator: This module forms the heart of the ECAM model and converts meta and activity data from the data repository into emission data

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3 BackgroundThis chapter provides the background against which the GHG emissions inventory for the CoT was developed. In the first section an overview of the global and domestic climate change trends and developments is provided. This is followed by a section detailing the definitions and fundamentals underlying the development of the GHG emission inventory. The final section defines the boundaries within which the City of Tshwane GHG emissions inventory was developed.

3.1 Climate change mitigation in South Africa

With the increased global awareness of the contribution that manmade emission of GHGs make towards climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), signed in 1992, represents an international agreement to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at 1990 levels. Parties to the Convention are divided into those countries that take on responsibility for achieving the convention’s goal, the Annex I countries (all developed countries and countries with economies in transition), and those that do not, the non-Annex I countries (developing countries). The UNFCCC specifically states that the Parties may implement measures to reduce GHG emissions jointly with other Parties. The Parties to the Convention meet once a year at the Conference of Parties (CoP) to discuss and negotiate measures against global climate change. To further the goals of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at CoP-3 in 1997. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in February 16th, 2005, which binds the countries that have ratified to emission limitations and reduction commitments against 1990 levels.

With an annual output of approximately 450 million tonnes of CO2e per year, South Africa’s contribution to global GHG emissions is small, accounting for less than 2% of total emissions. However, South Africa’s highly energy-intensive economy and reliance on coal-based electricity makes the country the 12th largest emitter on the planet in absolute terms. The majority of its emissions can be attributed to the generation of electricity by burning coal and the production of liquid fuel, such as petrol, from coal.

As a Party to the Convention, South Africa is considered to be a Non-Annex I country which in terms of the convention means that it is not required to actively participate in realising the aims of the convention. South Africa is considered to be part of the group of countries that did not materially contribute to the creation of climate change and therefore it is not expected to put measures in place to reduce its GHG output into the atmosphere. However, President Zuma (in December 2009), during CoP15 (the 15th Conference of Parties as in the 15th annual gathering of the UNFCCC) in Copenhagen pledged to reduce the country’s total annual emissions with 34% below ‘business-as-usual’ levels by 2020 and by 42% by 2025. The President stated that the pledge was on condition that South Africa receives the necessary finance, technology and support from the international community that would allow the country to achieve these commitments.

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3.2 A Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

A GHG Emissions Inventory or GHGEI (commonly referred to as a ‘carbon footprint’) can be defined as ‘A measure of the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by an organization, event, product or person over a defined period.‘. An individual's, nation's, or organization's carbon footprint can be measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment or other calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting. Once the size of a carbon footprint is known, a strategy can be devised to manage and/or reduce it via the implementation of a range of measures (i.e. by technological developments, better process and product management, changed in public or private procurement processes, etc.). Before compiling a carbon footprint, a set of parameters needs to be set to clarify the dimensions of the footprint. The diagram below (figure 7) provides a schematic overview of the parameters followed by a more detailed description of each parameter.

• The GHG inventory standard utilised

• The scope of GHG emissions covered

• The gases included in the inventory

• The activities covered

• The boundary of the GHG inventory

The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, Carbon Footprint Standard, ISO14067, ICLEI IEAP, etc.

Direct emissions, Indirect energy related emission, Other indirect emission

Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Hydrofluorocarbon, Sulphur hexafluoride, etc.

Energy, transportation, waste, agriculture, mining, fishery, refining, etc.

Geographic boundary, organisational boundary, Product, event, etc.

Figure 7: Carbon footprint parameters.

GHG inventory standards

Over the last decade a wide range of GHG standards have been developed for a wide range of purposes. The most common standards for the development of a GHG emissions inventory are the: GHG protocol, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14064 International Standard Part 1, the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI) Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol. The first step towards developing a GHG emissions inventory consists of identifying the standard that is most appropriate for the task at hand.

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Emission scopes

Most carbon foot printing standards apply what are commonly referred to as scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions, where:

Scope 1 emissions: are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources; Scope 2 emissions: are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy; Scope 3 emissions: are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in

the value chain of the reporting entity, including both upstream and downstream emissions.

As per the below diagram (figure 8) the three scopes are not mutually exclusive and are commonly used as an expansion model for quantifying an entities emissions by initially starting with the determination of an installation’s scope 1 emission after which this is expanded to include scope 2 and over time scope 3.

Scope 1: are direct emissions from owned or controlled sources.

Scope 2: are indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy.

Scope 3: are all indirect emissions (not included in scope 2) that occur in the value chain of the reporting entity, including both upstream and downstream emissions.

Figure 8: GHG emission scopes.

Greenhouse gasses

In the early nineties, the Parties to the UNFCCC identified six GHGs (commonly referred to as the Kyoto GHG basket) as the most relevant contributors to climate change. The table below (figure 9) provides an overview of these gases and their contribution to manmade climate change expressed in the so called Global Warming Potential (GWP).

# Name Composition GWP1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) GWP: 12 Methane (CH4) GWP: 213 Nitrous oxide (N2O) GWP: 310

4 Perfluorocarbons (PFC) GWP: 9,2005 Hydrofluor carbons (HFC) GWP: 11,700

6 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) GWP: 23,900

Figure 9: GHGs and their Global Warming potential.

A carbon footprint is expressed in tonnes of CO2-equivalent (tCO2e) whereby the non-CO2 gasses are converted into tonnes of CO2e by multiplying them by their GWP. For example, the emission of one tonne of sulphur hexafluoride equates to the emission of 23,900 tCO2e.

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Activities and sectors

In principle, a carbon footprint should include all activities (and/or sectors) which result in GHG emissions within scope 1, 2 and 3. However the data collection efforts required to include all activities and/or sectors from the start is enormous. It has therefore become common practice to start with the most material set of activities and/or sectors and overtime expand the approach with additional activities and sectors. The diagram below (figure 10) provides a breakdown of the different sectors and their share in the total global GHG emission4 within South Africa.

# Sector Annual GHG emission (000, tCO2e)

% of total footprint

1 Energy Industries 219,491 71%

2 Transport 39,511 13%

3 Manufacturing Industries and construction 39,091 13%

4 Residential 5,928 2%

5 Agriculture/forestry/fishing 3,718 1%

6 Commercial/institutional 1,911 1%

7 Other 161 0%Total 309,811 100%

Figure 10: South African GHG emissions per sector.

Inventory boundaries

When defining the parameters along which a GHGEI is developed it is critical to define upfront which boundaries will be set for the GHGEI. The footprint boundaries can be set for a geographical area, organisation, product, event, etc. It is critical to determine which emissions would fall into scope 1, 2 or 3 in order to prevent overlap and double counting. For example, the footprint’s scope 1 emissions of a certain entity can be the scope 2 emissions of the footprint of another entity.

3.3 Parameters of the City of Tshwane GHG emissions inventory

At this stage the GHGEI for the CoT is limited to CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions in the energy, transport and waste sectors and is divided into two sub-inventories, one for the community within the Tshwane municipal area (Tshwane Community) and one for municipality or local government emissions (Tshwane Corporate). The total greenhouse emissions are recorded under the guidance of the Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols, developed by ICLEI. The remainder of this section provides additional detail on the parameters set for the CoT GHG emission inventory.

4 Source: Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa ‘South Africa’s Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, November 2011.

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GHG inventory standards

The following Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols, developed by ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability, were used to guide the development of the CoT GHGEI:

International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Version 1.05; and Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.16.

These protocols provide a standardized set of guidelines to assist local governments in quantifying and reporting GHG emissions associated with their government and community operations. Both protocols are based upon the Corporate GHG Protocol7 developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) as well as technical guidance provided by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Emission scopes

For the CoT GHGEI only direct emissions from owned or controlled sources (scope 1) and indirect emissions from the generation of purchased energy (scope 2) where considered. It is important that scopes are clearly differentiated between to avoid the possibility of double counting emissions and misrepresenting emissions when reporting a GHG emission inventory.

Greenhouse gasses

For the CoT GHG emissions inventory only carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions where considered.

Inventory boundaries

In line with the International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol the CoT GHG emissions inventory takes into account the emission from within the geographical boundary of the CoT municipal area (Tshwane Community) and those of the CoTs local government operations (Tshwane Corporate) are included as a sub-inventory of the Tshwane Community emissions. The Tshwane Corporate “sub-inventory” includes GHG emissions from activities under the control of the CoT Municipality entity, whilst the Tshwane Community inventory includes GHG emissions from the energy, transport and waste related activities within the boundary of the Tshwane municipal area but not under control by the CoT.

5 Available at http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol. 6 Available at http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol.7 Available at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard.

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The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality includes the following areas:

Akasia Ekangala Pretoria Atteridgeville Elands River Soshanguve Bronberg Ga-Rankuwa Rethabiseng Bronkhorstspruit Hammanskraal Roodeplaat Centurion Laudium Soshanguve Crocodile River Mabopane Temba Cullinan/Rayton/Refilwe Mamelodi Winterveld Eersterust Pienaarsrivier Zithobeni

Activities and sectors

For the CoT GHG emissions inventory only specific activities within the Energy, Transport and Waste sectors were considered at this stage. The table (figure 11) below provides an overview of the activities that were included for both Tshwane Corporate and Tshwane Community as part of the captured sectors.

Inventory Sector Activities GHG source

Tshwane Community

Energy

ResidentialStationary Fuel Combustion

Electricity ConsumptionCommercial Electricity Consumption

IndustrialStationary Fuel Combustion

Electricity Consumption

Transport On-road and Off-road Vehicles Mobile Fuel Combustion

Waste Solid Waste Fugitive Emissions

Tshwane Corporate

Energy

Power Generation Facilities Stationary Fuel Combustion

Buildings & Other FacilitiesStationary Fuel Combustion

Purchased ElectricityStreetlights & Traffic Signals Electricity consumption

Transport Vehicle Fleet Mobile fuel combustion

WasteWastewater Facilities

Stationary and process emissionsPurchased electricity

Solid Waste FacilitiesFugitive emissions

Purchased electricity

Figure 11: Activities included per sector.

The data underlying the CoT GHGEI was compiled in the following three ways: :

• Calculated: Whereby actual activity data was used to calculate the emissions;• Derived: Whereby national and international activity data and/or modelling was

used to calculate the emission;• Estimated: whereby activity data was estimated based on default factors.

Annex 2 provides a detailed overview of the data sources used to determine the activity data per GHG source and the assumptions adopted in this regard.

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4 The CoT emission inventoryThis chapter describes the CoT GHG emissions inventory as was developed over the 2013 financial year using the Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols. The first section looks at the overall footprint followed by a detailed breakdown of both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories.

4.1 Tshwane total carbon footprint 2013

The total greenhouse emissions recorded for the entire Tshwane municipal area was 13,180,010 tCO2e for the 2013 financial year of which 11,984,729 tCO2e can be attributed to the Tshwane Community (90.93%) and 1135,947 tCO2e to Tshwane Corporate (9.07%). The figure below provides a graphical breakdown of the inventory per activity (figure 12).

Solid Waste

Total CoTGHGEI

Industrial ResidentialTransport Commercial

CoT Community GHGEICoT Corporate GHGEITotal CoT GHGEI

13,180,010

tCO

2e/Y

ear

4,100,702(31.11%)

Power Generation

Buildings Street-lights

Waste water

Solid Waste

Facilities

Vehicle Fleet

4,061,851(30.82%)

2,417,646(18.34%)

1,123,886(8.53%) 922,674

(7.00%) 280,644(2.13%)

143,252(1.09%)

59,757(0.73%)

30,392(0.23%)

2,281(0.02%)

926(0.01%)

Figure 12: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint per activity (2012/2013 financial year in tCO2e).

The largest contribution to the footprint are Industrial activities (31.11% of the total GHGs) followed closely by emission from Transport activities (30.82% of the total GHGs). The table below (figure 13) provides a breakdown of the different types of GHG for both the emission of the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate.

Inventory GHG tCO2e

Community

CO2 11,683,724CH4 265,684N2O 35,320

Total Tshwane Community 11,984,729

Municipal

CO2 400,225CH4 794,693N2O 363

Total Tshwane Corporate 1,195,282

Total 13,180,010

Figure 13: CoT GHGEI per GHG.

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In line with expectations, the above table show that the majority of the emissions are CO 2

based and result of the combustion of fossil fuel in both the transport and energy sector.

4.2 Tshwane Community carbon footprint 2013

The total Tshwane Community (excluding Tshwane Corporate) emissions equated to 11,984,729 tCO2e. The Tshwane Community emissions inventory includes GHG emissions associated with activities occurring within the CoT geopolitical boundary generated during the 2013 financial year. The table below shows a breakdown of the Tshwane Community emissions by sector (figure 14).

Solid Waste Total CoTCommunity

GHGEI

Industrial ResidentialTransport Commercial

11,984,729

tCO

2e/Y

ear

4,100,702(34.22%)

4,061,851(33.89%)

2,417,646(20.17%)

1,123,886(9.38%) 280,644

(2.34%)

Figure 14: Breakdown of Tshwane Community per sector.

The Industrial sector contributing 34.22% to the total Tshwane Community GHG emissions is the largest contributor. The second major contributor was the Transport sector contributing 33.89% to overall Tshwane Community emissions as a result of electricity consumption. The Residential sector is also significant, at 20.17% or 2,417,646 tCO2e. Figure 15 below illustrates the total Tshwane Community emissions produced per sector/activity and emission source.

Sector Activities GHG source tCO2e

Energy

ResidentialStationary Fuel Combustion 2,376,710

Electricity Consumption 40,937Commercial Electricity Consumption 1,123,886

IndustrialStationary Fuel Combustion 10,284

Electricity Consumption 4,090,418

Transport On-road and Off-road Vehicles Mobile Fuel Combustion 4,061,851

Waste Solid Waste Fugitive Emissions 280,644Total Tshwane Community 11,984,729

Figure 15: Tshwane Community emissions per GHG source.

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4.3 Tshwane Corporate footprint 2013

Total Tshwane Corporate emissions over the 2012/2013 financial year were 1,135,923 tCO 2e. The Tshwane Corporate emissions sub-inventory included operations that are directly under the CoT municipality’s control and emissions arising from the use of significant assets during the period. The diagram below (figure 16) summarises the Tshwane Corporate emissions per government infrastructure type.

Power Generation

Buildings Street-lights

Waste water

Solid Waste

Vehicle Fleet

922,674(77.19%)

144,101(10.04%)

57,661(5.08) 30,392

(2.68%)7,605

(0.67%)2,281

(0.20%)

Total CoTCorporate

GHGEI

1,195,282

tCO

2e/Y

ear

Figure 16: Breakdown of Tshwane Corporate emissions per sector.

The largest contributor to the Tshwane Corporate emissions is the Solid waste sector by the CoT with 922,674 tCO2e per year, contributing 77.19% to the total municipal footprint. The second largest source of emission result from the electricity consumption by the Buildings and other facilities owned or controlled by the CoT local government. Figure 17 below illustrates the total Tshwane Corporate emissions produced per activity and emission source.

Sector Activities GHG source tCO2e

Energy

Power Generation Facilities Stationary Fuel Combustion 2,281

Buildings & Other FacilitiesStationary Fuel Combustion 19

Purchased Electricity 143,233

Streetlights & Traffic Signals Electricity consumption 926

Transport Vehicle Fleet Mobile fuel combustion 30,392

WasteWastewater Facilities

Stationary and process emissions 38,647Purchased electricity 57,110

Solid Waste Facilities Fugitive emissions 921,580Purchased electricity 1,094

Total Tshwane Corporate 1,195,282

Figure 17: Tshwane Corporate emissions per GHG source.

4.4 CoT GHG emissions forecast

The CoT GHG emissions inventory as presented in this report, consist of a snapshot of the emissions over the period July 2012 – June 2013. Although the purpose of the footprint is to

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set a baseline against which future footprints can be assessed, it is important to develop some insight into the systemic development of the footprint over time to be able to distinguish changes to the footprint resulting from targeted emission reduction efforts from the ‘natural’ movement of the footprint.

In October 2007 the South African government’s Department of Environmental affairs published the Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS)8. The document outlines the development of South Africa’s GHG emissions inventory over the period between 2003 and 2050 under a range of scenarios. The diagram below provides a snapshot of the emission forecast between 2013 and 2030 under the ‘Current Development Plans’ scenario (figure 18).

570 585 595 595 615 637 650 670 690 710 740 775 795 820 840 860900 920

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Figure 18: LTMS emission forecast 2013 -2030 Current Development Plans scenario (MtCO2e/year)

In the absence of detailed data regarding the future GHG emission development for the CoT, it is assumed that the systemic growth of the CoT GHG emission inventory will be in line with the growth scenario of the country on a percentage growth bases. The table below provides the percentage growth per year as derived from the LTMS scenario and how this would translate in the development of the CoT GHG emissions inventory over the period (figure 19).

8 Source: Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document, Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, October 2007

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Year % growth LTMS

CoT GHGEI forecast

(tCO2e/year)

Year % growth LTMS CoT GHGEI

2013 N/A 13,180,010 2022 2.9% 16,417,206

2014 2.6% 13,526,853 2023 4.2% 17,110,8912015 1.7% 13,758,081 2024 4.7% 17,920,1902016 0.0% 13,758,081 2025 2.6% 18,382,646

2017 3.4% 14,220,538 2026 3.1% 18,960,7172018 3.6% 14,729,240 2027 2.4% 19,423,173

2019 2.0% 15,029,837 2028 2.4% 19,885,6302020 3.1% 15,492,293 2029 4.7% 20,810,5432021 3.0% 15,954,750 2030 2.2% 21,272,999

Figure 19: CoT GHGEI till 2030.

As is apparent from the table above the carbon footprint of the CoT is expected to grow with around 50% between 2013 and 2030. Although not uncommon within a developing world environment, it is important to consider that an absolute emission reduction target set against the benchmark year 2012/2013 needs to mitigate the systemic growth in emissions over time, on top of the set absolute target at the time.

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5 CoT climate action planThe first step towards the development of a mitigation plan resulting from a GHG emissions inventory consists of an analysis of the footprint from a emission intensity perspective to enable an ‘apples with apples’ comparison with its own historic emission profile or emission profiles from other (similar) other entities. The first section of this chapter provides a more detailed explanation of the intensity factors applied and how they compare with those of three other municipalities in the country. This is followed by a section outlining the emission reduction activities the CoT has planned and, to some extent executed over the last few years.

5.1 CoT intensity factors compared

Generically, an ‘emission intensity’ is the average emission rate of a given pollutant from a given source relative to the intensity of a specific activity. For example the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Emission intensities provide useful insight on its own i.e. in our example, information on the carbon intensity of a specific economy activity may also be used to compare the climate change impact of a specified entity with that of similar entities. Both applications are very useful as they leave out a range of variables that impact on the total footprint but are (for the most part) outside of the control of the different entities such as population growth or size, etc. The following emission intensities were considered for the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate (figure 20).

Inventory Intensity factor Definition UoM

Community

Emissions per inhabitant

The GHG emissions per inhabitant of the municipality.

tCO2e / inhabitant

Emissions per household

The GHG emissions per household within the geographic boundary of the municipality.

tCO2e / household

Municipal

Emissions per city official

The GHG emissions per permanent employee of the municipal government.

tCO2e / Permanent employee

Emission per operating expenditure

The GHG emissions per million Rand of operating expenditure of the local municipality.

tCO2e / million Rand of operating budget

Emission per capital expenditure

The GHG emissions per million Rand of capital expenditure of the local municipality.

tCO2e / million Rand of Capital budget

Figure 20: Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate intensity factors.

To be able to analyse the CoT GHG emissions inventory, the above mentioned intensity factors were compared with those of the following local municipalities within South Africa:

- eThekwini municipality: The eThekwini municipality (formally known as Durban) published its GHG emission inventory over the 2011 calendar year in late 2012. The municipality is located on South Africa’s east coast and has a population of 3.442

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million and reported a carbon footprint of 27,649,400 tCO2e over their 2011 financial year;

- Kwadukuza local municipality: KwaDukuza (formally known as Stanger) is situated inland from Blythedale, and the name epitomises the historical background of the area. The town is home to King Shaka's memorial monument to commemorate his death. The municipality has a population of 231,189 and reported a carbon footprint of 1,684,733 tCO2e in 2012;

- Steve Tshwete local municipality: The Middelburg, Mhluzi, Hendrina and Kwazamokuhle where amalgamated into a new municipality under the name Tshwete Local Municipality. The municipality is located east of Witbank within the Mpumalanga province with a population of 229,831 and reported a carbon footprint of 7,115,473 tCO2e in 2012.

Direct comparison of emissions inventories and corresponding intensity factors should be undertaken with some caution. This is due to the different ages of inventories and the different methodologies applied from city to city. For example one entity may include emissions from aviation from all airports servicing the city, another may not. The table below (figure 21) provides an overview of the intensity factors of the four municipalities as described above.

Intensity factor City of Tshwane

(tCO2e/year)

eThekwini (tCO2e/year)

Kwadukuza (tCO2e/year)

Steve Tshwete (tCO2e/year)

Emissions per inhabitant 4.51 8.03 7.30 30.90

Emissions per household 16.69 3.76 Unknown Unknown

Emissions per city official 53.12 76.16 Unknown Unknown

Emissions per operating expenditure

0.67 57.21 Unknown 6.78

Emissions per capital expenditure 2.90 286.27 Unknown 31.18

Figure 21: Intensity factor comparison.

As is apparent from the above table, the emission intensity factor per inhabitant for the CoT is substantially lower than those of the other municipalities reviewed. This could be attributed to the difference in economic activity in the sense that the Tshwane is the administrative capital of the country and therefore has less emission than municipalities where high levels of industrial activity form the base of the local economies. On the other hand it is also reasonable to assume that part of the difference can be explained by the limited scope of the CoT GHGEI, which is expected to be expanded over time when the CoT becomes more adapt to the process of capturing and aligning the large volumes of data required to develop an all-encompassing emissions inventory.

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5.2 CoT emission reduction activities

To reduce the CoT’s GHG emissions inventory over time and/or to manage the systemic growth of the carbon footprint over time, the CoT has initiated a number of mitigation measures. The table below provides an overview of these measures as were collected from within the different departments of the CoT (figure 22 and 23).

# Inventory Title mitigation activity Description of Emission reduction activities

1

Tshwane Community

Mass transit. Non-motorised transport. Pedestrian lanes. Cycle lanes

The CoT aims to reduce the communities transport emission by introducing and motivating the public

to utilise non-motorized transport and thereby reduce the city’s GHGEI with the emissions

associated with motorized transport whilst at the same time implementing a range of less carbon

intensive public transport modes.

2Light rail. Integrated systems. Alternative fuels. Incentives for car sharing

Biogas and biodiesel produced from our green waste as well as sewerage treatment plants have been earmarked for use alternative fuel sources.

3Device retrofits. Passive measures. Energy efficiency by-laws

Green Buildings by-laws were developed to provide the City with Legislative Framework to ensure that a

more sustainable build environment is developed.

4Showcase buildings. Roll out new green infrastructure

Retrofitting of lights and installation of Solar Water Heaters in Municipal Resorts was initiated in

2011/2012 and is being rolled out to cover all municipal buildings.

5

Reduce leaks. Increase awareness. Faster reaction to reports

A project titled War on Leaks was developed by the City to address the following: infrastructure

backlogs, Provide quality infrastructure for growth, Ensure maintenance of existing infrastructure and

Ensure optimal resource utilization.

6

Water recycling & re-use. Rainwater harvesting. Local basic water system repair capability. Pipe network rehabilitation

The planned Sustainable Neighbourhood project to be implemented in Zithobeni Heights in 2014 / 15 financial year aims to incorporate all sustainability

elements including Water harvesting

7Infrastructure rehabilitation. Community schemes. Separation at source.

Three existing buy-back centres and two new ones will be refurbished and established respectively

during the before the end of 2014. These are intended to encourage sorting at source and

8Markets for recycled products. Buy back centres. More waste treatment facilities

In addition to the Buy-back centres mentioned above, a new Multi-purpose waste recycling and

processing facility is being constructed in KwaggasranFigure 22: Tshwane Community mitigation measures.

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# Inventory Title mitigation activity Description of Emission reduction activities

9

Tshwane Corporate

Mixed used development. Densification

West Capital Project is the City's landmark densification project which is poised to bring mixed

residential units to allow communities to reside within easy access to economic opportunities and thus eliminating the need to travel long distances.

10 Densification. Green jobs

West Capital Project is the City's landmark densification project which is poised to bring mixed

residential units to allow communities to reside within easy access to economic opportunities and thus eliminating the need to travel long distances.

11Local food production programmes

Household Food Programme & Sustainable Agricultural Programme: Producing food closer to

the city addresses the Von Thuren Theory of Spatial Economics by reducing transportation costs and the

associated carbon emissions.

12Agro processing. Capacity building. Farmers organised

Agricultural Training and Capacity Building Programme; Agricultural Forums; Farmer's Days &

World Food Day: Continuous information on sustainable agricultural practices is disseminated.

Agriculture by its nature of using natural resources should contribute to efficiency of resources use

through sustainable use of land; using water-wise technologies & incorporating green building designs that reduce energy needs and water requirements.

13Rehabilitation. Information. Capacity building

Access to land for food production: Farmers’ access to available derelict open spaces to make them

liveable is facilitated. This not only contributes to food security (coping with shocks) but reduces

otherwise crime hot spots.

14 Rehabilitation. Capacity building

Regular ward meetings and quarterly Imbizos, enhancing democracy and capacitating communities

in all aspects of governance. Stakeholder engagements through the Tshwane Green Outreach

programme is aimed bringing in education and awareness and thus facilitating behavioural change.

15

Waste to energy. Renewable energy. Efficient household devices. Awareness

Following the RFI process which was advertised in 2013, a number of Green economy interventions

were selected are due to be rolled out during 2014/15 financial year. Waste to energy, Solar farm

and bio-digesters are some of the considered projects.

16

IIP incentives. Decentralised gen. Smart metering. Universal electrification

The smart system delivers electricity to customers using two way digital technologies. This enables

efficient use of electricity by customers and allows efficient use of the network by identifying and

correcting supply and demand imbalances, thereby improving service quality, reliability and ultimately

reducing costs.Figure 23: Tshwane Corporate mitigation measures.

At this moment in time the data required to determine the potential of the mitigation activities initiated by the CoT was unavailable. To be able to set Specific, Measurable,

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Attainable, Realistic, Time bound (SMART) targets it is critical to understand the mitigation impact of the activities already initiated in order to know which target is realistically achievable over a specific period of time.

Due to the absence of this critical information this report does not contain specific emission reduction targets. Going forward the CoT will determine the mitigation potential of the activities it has initiated and based on that set emission reduction targets to be achieved by 2020 in line with the national pledge and where needed implement additional mitigation measures towards a meaningful emission reduction target for the CoT.

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6 Summary and the way forwardThis chapter summarises the findings surrounding the CoT GHGEI as was developed for the CoT 2012/2013 financial year and provides a set of recommendations as to how to improve and expand the development process of the GHGEI going forward.

6.1 CoT GHG emission inventory summary findings

When looking at the percentage contribution of the different sources of which the CoT GHGEI is compiled and outlined in the table below (figure 24), the largest contribution to the CoT GHGEI results from Industrial activities (31.04% of the total GHGs) followed closely by emission resulting from Transport activities (30.82%). The emissions from Tshwane Corporate represent 9.07% of the total emissions. The largest contribution to the Tshwane Corporate footprint results from activities in the Solid Waste sector.

Inventory Sector Activities GHG source tCO2e %

Tshwane Community

Energy

Residential

Stationary Fuel Combustion 2,376,710 18.03%

Electricity Consumption 40,937 0.31%

Commercial Electricity Consumption

1,123,886 8.53%

Industrial

Stationary Fuel Combustion 10,284 0.08%

Electricity Consumption 4,090,418 31.04%

Transport On-road and Off-road Vehicles

Mobile Fuel Combustion 4,061,851 30.82%

Waste Solid Waste Fugitive Emissions 280,644 2.13%

Total Tshwane Community 11,984,729 90.93%

Tshwane Corporate

Energy

Power Generation Facilities

Stationary Fuel Combustion 2,281 0.02%

Buildings & Other Facilities

Stationary Fuel Combustion

19 0.00%

Purchased Electricity 143,233 1.09%

Streetlights & Traffic Signals

Electricity consumption 926 0.01%

Transport Vehicle Fleet Mobile fuel combustion

30,392 0.23%

Waste

Wastewater Facilities

Stationary and process emissions 38,647 0.29%

Purchased electricity 57,110 0.43%

Solid Waste Facilities

Fugitive emissions 921,580 6.99%Purchased electricity

1,094 0.01%

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Inventory Sector Activities GHG source tCO2e %

Total Tshwane Corporate 1,195,282 9.07%

Total 13,180,010 100%Figure 24: Breakdown of Tshwane GHG Footprint by source.

Assuming that the GHGEI for the City of Tshwane grows with 2.7% per year (i.e. 355,860 tCO2e/year) between 2013 and 2030, in line with the national forecast as derived from the LTMS, the total CoT GHGEI in 2030 will be approximately 21,272,999 tCO2e. To keep up with this systemic increase over time in the City of Tshwane’s emissions and to reduce its emissions profile the City has implemented and planned a range of mitigation measures for both the Tshwane Community and Tshwane Corporate sub-inventories. In addition to this it is in the process of setting emission reduction targets for the different disciplines within the City.

6.2 The way forward

High quality data is the cornerstone to developing achievable and measurable strategies and activities that reduce the emission of GHGs. To this aim the following recommendations should be taken into consideration by the CoT when developing GHGEIs going forward:

Improve data collection process: The most material hurdle in the development of the CoT GHGEI was the collection of activity data (i.e. electricity consumption, fuel consumption, etc.) from the different departments within the CoT. Going forward it is recommended that more senior management attention is given to the data requirements of developing a GHGEI and incentivise key stakeholders within the CoT to participate in the process;

Accelerate data collection cycle: the 2013 GHGEI was the CoT’s first endeavour towards the development of a GHGEI for both Tshwane Community and Corporate which resulted in a data requirement for the full 12 month period over which the GHGEI was developed. It is recommended that going forward this process is conducted on a monthly or quarterly basis to reduce the total data requirement per inquiry and to accelerate the ability to identify and challenge data sets. The most efficient manner in which this acceleration can be achieved is via the implementation of a dedicated software tool by the CoT;

Improve data quality assurance process: there are several ways in which the quality of the data used for the development of a GHGEI can be verified. In this instance the data was cross referenced with other data sets to establish alignment where possible (i.e. cross referencing electricity consumption data with financial data on electricity expenditure). To improve the quality of the data used, it is recommended that the quality assurance process is extended to include more cross-reference possibilities and to include evidence based inputs, including substantiating documentation;

Expand scope of GHGEI: to develop a more accurate and complete GHGEI it is recommended to expand the scope of the GHGEI beyond the Energy, Transport and Waste to include (among others) Agriculture, Tourism and Manufacturing;

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Utilise local data: Part of the data used to develop the CoT GHGEI is based on nationally available data which was downscaled to be applicable to the CoT. There are material concerns as to the applicability if this ‘localised data’. It is therefore recommended that, where possible, the CoT develops data gathering capabilities to replace localised data sets and liaises with local business to obtain a wide range of data.

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References1. International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocol Version 1.0,

http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protocol.2. Summary document, eThekwini Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory 2011,

www.durban.gov.za/.3. Urban energy profile infographic, Kwadukuza local municipality 2012,

www.kwadukuza.gov.za/.4. Urban energy profile infographic, Steve Tshwete local municipality 2012,

www.stevetshwetelm.gov.za/.5. Scenario building Team 2007. Long Term Mitigation Scenarios: Scenario Document,

Department of Environment Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria, October 2007.6. Department of Environmental Affairs, South African Government’s position on

Climate Change [Online] http://www.climateaction.org.za/cop17-cmp7/sa-government-position-on-climate-change.

7. UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication, p 16. Available at: http://www.unep.org/.

8. Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa ‘South Africa’s Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’, November 2011.

9. Local Government Operations Protocol for the Quantification and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories Version 1.1, http://www.icleiusa.org/tools/ghg-protoco.l

10. 2011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors, http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/greenhouse-acctg/national-greenhouse-factors.aspx.

11. IPCC Guidelines, 2006, http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/find_ef_ft.php12. Eskom Annual Report, 2011,

http://financialresults.co.za/2011/eskom_ar2011/downloads/eskom-ar2011.pdf13. The Climate Registry, 2012,

http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/2012/01/2012-Climate-Registry-Default-Emissions-Factors.pdf

14. Green Economy Strategic Framework, 2013, http://www.tshwane.gov.za/AboutTshwane/CityManagement/CityDepartments.

15. Corporate GHG Protocol, http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard.

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Glossary of TermsCH4 Methane

CO2 Carbon dioxide

CoP Conference of Parties

CoT City of Tshwane metropolitan municipality

GHG Greenhouse Gas

GHGEI Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory

HFC Hydrofluor carbons

ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

km² Square kilo-meter

LTMS Long Term Mitigation Scenarios

N2O Nitrous oxide

PFC Perfluorocarbons

SACN South African Cities Network

SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride

tCO2e Tonne Carbon dioxide equivalent

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development

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Annex 1: GHG emission factors

Fuel typeUoM

(kg CO2e

per unit)CO2 CH4 N2O

Total kg CO2e

Reference

HFO tonnes 3212.5 2.8 13 3228.32011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Bitumen TJ 80700 210 186 810962006 IPCC Guidelines

Natural Gas cubic meters 2.0154 0.003 0.0012 2.01962011, Defra GHG Conversion

Factors

LPG litres 1.4884 0.001 0.0023 1.49172011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Coal (Industrial) tonnes 2339 1.4 42.7 2383.12011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Coke tonnes 2955.4 30.4 70.7 3056.52011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Illuminating Paraffin (Burning Oil) litres 2.5299 0.0054 0.0069 2.54222011, Defra GHG Conversion

Factors

Acetylene litres 0.00372 0.003722012, The Climate Registry

Paraffin Wax TJ 73300 210 186 736962006 IPCC Guidelines

Refinery Gas GJ 54.2 0.02 0.03 54.25NGA 2010

Petrol litres 2.3018 0.0046 0.0156 2.3222011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Diesel litres 2.6413 0.0015 0.0292 2.6722011, Defra GHG Conversion Factors

Eskom kWh n/a n/a n/a 1.03Eskom Annual Report, 2011 (T&D losses not included)

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Annex 2: Activity data sourcesInventory

SectorActivities

GH

G source

Rating

Tshwane Com

munity

EnergyResidenti

alElectricity Consum

ption

aTshw

ane Comm

unityEnergy

Residential

Stationary Fuel Com

bustion

bTshw

ane Comm

unityEnergy

Comm

ercialElectricity Consum

ption

aTshw

ane Comm

unityEnergy

IndustrialStati

onary Fuel Combusti

onb

Tshwane Com

munity

EnergyIndustrial

Electricity Consumpti

ona

Tshwane Com

munity

TransportO

n-road and Off

-road VehiclesM

obile Fuel Combusti

onb

Tshwane Com

munity

Waste

Solid Waste

Fugitive Em

issionsc

Tshwane Corporate

EnergyPow

er Generati

on Facilities

Stationary Fuel Com

bustion

aTshw

ane CorporateEnergy

Buildings & O

ther Facilities

Stationary Fuel Com

bustion

cTshw

ane CorporateEnergy

Buildings & O

ther Facilities

Purchased Electricitya

Tshwane Corporate

EnergyStreetlights &

Traffic Signals

Electricity consumpti

ona

Tshwane Corporate

TransportVehicle Fleet

Mobile fuel com

bustion

aTshw

ane CorporateW

asteW

astewater Faciliti

esStati

onary and process emissions

bTshw

ane CorporateW

asteW

astewater Faciliti

esPurchased electricity

aTshw

ane CorporateW

asteSolid W

aste Facilities

Fugitive em

issionsb

Tshwane Corporate

Waste

Solid Waste Faciliti

esPurchased electricity

a

data compilation m

ethod:

aCalculated: W

hereby actual activity data w

as used to calculate the emissions.

bD

erived: Whereby nati

onal and international acti

vity data and/or modeling w

as used to calculate the emission.

cEsti

mated: w

hereby activity data w

as estim

ated based on default factors.

Comm

ents:

1Including Furnace oil and Parrafi

n

2Including Farm

ing

3Including D

iesel and Petrol

4Excluding CoT Pretoria W

est Power Stati

on

5Avarage CO

D, 79.27 kg CO

D/m

3

6Including H

aterley, Onderstepoort, Bronkhorstspruit, Shoshanguve and G

arankuwa landfi

ll sites

7California Air resources Board Im

plementati

on of IPCC's Mathem

atically Extract First-O

rder Decay M

odel (AVR, %AN

DO

C: 8.91%)

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

CoT Corporate Fleet Managem

ent

CoT Waste M

anagement D

epartment (5)

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

CoT Waste M

anagement D

epartment (6,7)

Departm

ent of Energy, petroleum products, Fuel Sales Volum

e (3)

CoT Pretoria West Pow

er Station (4)

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

Departm

ent of Energy, petroleum products, Fuel Sales Volum

e (1)

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on (2)

Departm

ent of Energy, petroleum products, Fuel Sales Volum

e

CoT Metering and Invoicing Secti

on

Source

34 | P a g e

Annex 3: Contact details of contributorsThe list below provides the contact details of the contributors to this report:

City of Tshwane City SustainabilityName: Sello MphagaEmail: [email protected]

City of Tshwane Solid Waste DepartmentName: Frans DekkerEmail: [email protected]

City of Tshwane Metering and Invoicing SectionName: Grace KoopediEmail: [email protected]

City of Tshwane Waste Water Treatment DepartmentName: David [email protected]

City of Tshwane Corporate FleetName: Philani DlaminiEmail: [email protected]

City of Tshwane West Power StationName: Fio MasutEmail: [email protected]

Department of EnergyName: Ramaano NembaheEmail: [email protected]

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