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DISASTER OPERATIONSMANAGEMENT (DOM)
The management of "activities that are performedbefore, during, and after the occurrence of a disasterwith the goal of preventing loss of human life, reducingits impact on the economy, and returning to a state ofnormalcy".
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Phases of DOM
1. Disaster Mitigation
2. Disaster Preparedness
3. Disaster Recovery
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1. Disaster Mitigation
The process of designing and implementingprocedures for reducing the risk associated withthe occurrence of a disaster, typically by
reducing either the likelihood or the impact of apotential disaster event.
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2. Disaster Preparedness
Improving the expected capabilities of responseand recovery efforts in advance of an actualdisaster event, often by providing relevant
information to help individuals and organizationsprepare themselves for its occurrence.improving the expected capabilities of responseand recovery efforts in advance of an actual
disaster event, often by providing relevantinformation to help individuals and organizationsprepare themselves for its occurrence.
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3. Disaster Recovery
Minimizing the long-term effects of a disastersituation and facilitating restoration.
Recovery typically begins immediately after
urgent health and safety issues have beenaddressed, and it is the phase towards which thelargest shares of costs in the disastermanagement process are directed.
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INTRODUCTION TO RISK ASSESSMENT
Disasters in general, can broadly begrouped under three categories viz.
(i) Water and Climate related
(ii) Geology / Geomorphology related and(iii) Accident related.
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RISK ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED
i) Cyclone/Stormii) Flood
II. GEOLOGY / GEOMORPHOLOGY RELATED
i) Earthquake
ii) Tsunami
III. ACCIDENT RELATED
i) Fire
ii) Accidentsiii) Industrial / Chemical
IV. SECONDARY HAZARDS
i) Epidemics
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I. WATER AND CLIMATE RELATED
i) Cyclone/Storm
Potential Impacts
Apart from injury and loss of life and damage to public
and personal properties, cyclones and storms havealso impacts on the environment by way of soilerosion, silting, water pollution and increase in watersalinity in general. The resultant economic and social
consequences include loss of livelihood, loss/disruption in production and markets, familydisorganisation triggering out-migration, law and orderproblem, etc. Secondary effects may also cause waterborne epidemics.
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ii) Flood
Possible impacts of floods include damage/loss
of human life, livestock and property.Environmental impacts of flood include soilerosion, silting, water pollution, denudation of
land, ingress of saline water in cultivable landincreasing soil salinity. Socio-economicconsequences include loss of livelihood, loss/disruption in production and markets, familydisorganisation triggering outmigration, law andorder problem, spread of epidemics assecondary effect.
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II. GEOLOGY / GEOMORPHOLOGYRELATED
i) Earthquake
Potential impacts of earthquake may bemassive involving huge loss of human life andlivestock, damages to public and personalproperties. Damages to the environment maybe caused by landslide and land subsidence,loss of vegetative cover due to soil erosion
and siltation (due to flash flood owing toshoring tides), alteration in river flows andnatural landscape, liquefaction, etc.
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ii) Tsunami
Tsunami involves huge loss of life andproperty and damages to the environmentand socio-economic order. The impacts of
tsunami are almost identical to the impactsas discussed for floods and earthquakes.
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III. ACCIDENT RELATED
i) Fire
Potential impacts of fires are the burns,injuries and even loss of human life andproperty. Fire may disrupt services like
overhead power and communication lines.Economic consequences may includedisruption in productive activities and loss of
livelihood. Environmental impacts include airpollution due to emission of obnoxious gaseswhich may affect nearby settlements.
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ii) Accidents Potential impacts due to accidents include injuries and
burns which demand surgical interventions, poisoningor exposure to toxic material, trauma and even loss ofhuman life. Property damage includes damage/loss offishing vessels/crafts and other surface vehicles,
mechanical devices and equipments used duringconstruction and operational phases.
Apart from loss of life and property, accidents may
lead to partial or complete disruption of activitiesduringthe construction phase and harbour operationsafter its commencement. Fire and release ofobnoxious gas from the accident spot are the
immediate secondary effects.
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iii) Industrial / Chemical
The potential impacts of industrial /chemical induced accidents may bepollution of the surface / river / estuarine
water quality and significant damage toaquatic life and serious air pollution due torelease of obnoxious gases.
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IV. SECONDARY HAZARDS
Epidemics are mostly localised and confined to
water borne diseases like gastro enteritis,cholera, typhoid, jaundice, etc. The incidence ofsuch diseases generally occurs during
monsoon, which gets compounded at times offloods.
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DISASTER RESPONSE Disaster response is the reaction and activity
involved in helping people who have involved insome kind of catastrophe.
Overall disaster management plan is usually
focused on disaster avoidance, The creation of an action plan that details the
necessary response if one occurs.
Once an incident has taken place, these plansfor response and recovery are then set intomotion, to best remedy the situation.
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CONT Disaster response takes the action plan and puts it
into motion when necessary. According to it and in adisaster situation, emergency personnel are ready tobe deployed for search and rescue missions.
Citizens may be advised to either evacuate or seekshelter. In the case of evacuation, transportation istypically pre-arranged to quickly and safely removecitizens from the affected area.
Also, supplies can be brought in by humanitariangroups or emergency management authorities to aid
those impacted by the incident.
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CONT
During this phase, the condition of the area hit by the
disaster is usually assessed, and a plan for the futureis formulated.
This can be as simple as returning people to theirhomes, or as complicated as setting up temporary,
long-term housing and providing necessities for thoseaffected.
This phase can also include plans that outline the
repair of damaged areas, and the restoration of livingconditions.
Prevention of future, similar incidents is usuallydiscussed, and a new planning phase can begin.
K A ti iti d i th
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Key Activities during theResponse Phase
Monitoring Committee(s)
Objective of Relief
Rescue & Medical care
Relief Personnel
Food & Shelter Health and Sanitation
Trauma Counseling
Surface Communication
Security Information Sharing
Rapid Damage Assessment
Transparency
Early transition to rehabilitation
WHAT ARE NON GOVERNMENTAL
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WHAT ARE NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANISATIONS (NGOs)?
In the current context:
A civic or public advocacy organization, whichgenerates, transfers, or administers humanitarian andother aid (development / relief)
Generally, NGO's are organized as nonprofitcorporations (charities)
Can be local or international (INGOs)
May work with or independent of government Generally, do not include professional associations,
businesses, and foundations
E l f NGO i l d i di t &
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Examples of NGOs involved in disaster &humanitarian crisis response
Care
MSF
Oxfam
Red Cross (not ICRC)
Save the Children
St John Ambulance World Vision
Wh th th l i
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Who are the other players indisaster health management?
Government
National
State / Provincial
Local
United Nations
Donors
Hybrid organisations with own defined status
International Committee of the Red Cross(ICRC)
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What do they do?
Operational verses Advocacy
Grassroots, long-term projects,development work
Willing to work in high risk areas; notconstrained by sovereignty
In theory, emphasis on sustainability
Full integration with local population Good positioning for disaster response
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Who pays them?
Funding sources
Private Donations (citizens, businesses andfoundations)
International Organizations (UN)
National Governments
Perceptions are important
Importance of public relations and the Media
Where international assistance
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Where international assistancerequired in disasters?
Donors also rely on NGOs, because of their accessto the populations in need and again, their access isdependent on their neutrality
NGOs, as implementing partners of donor
organizations, are the legs on which disasterresponse stands
Accountability
How do we know that NGOs are doing the rightthing?
Who monitors NGOs?
Who Monitors NGOs?
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Who Monitors NGOs? Little External Monitoring
Self-Regulation: NGO Standards
Red Cross Code of Conduct
InterAction PVO Standards
Sphere Minimum Standards in Disaster Response
Sphere Project
www.sphereproject.org
Launched in 1997
Humanitarian NGOs and related organizations, including Red Cross andRed Crescent movements
Three elements
Handbook Collaboration
Expression of commitment to quality and accountability
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NGO Culture
Independent: need to cooperate
Decentralized authority
On-the-job training (changing however)
Often develop a range of field guidelines,e.g. MSF, Red Cross
Hopefully develop long-term perspective
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