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LT. KOL. UNGKU AZLY BIN UNGKU ZAHAR
Doktor Falsafah (Pengurusan Sumber)Sem 5 Sesi 2013/2014
Penyelia Utama: PROF. DR. JEGA ULI
Penyelia Bersama: PROF. DR. FAKHRUL-RAZI BIN AHMADUN (UPM)PROF.
MADYA DR. AINI BTE MAT SAID (UPM)MEJ. JEN. PROF. DATO DR. MOHD ZIN
B. BIDIN
1Kolokium Siswazah UPNM 30 OKTOBER 2013
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: STRUCTURE, COLLABORATION
INTER-AGENCIES AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PERFORMANCE*
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BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCHPROBLEM STATEMENTSIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDYOBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHLITERATURE REVIEW CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK RESEARCH DESIGN
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*National Security Council (NSC) is the main disaster management
structure in Malaysia responsible towards disaster issues.
The Public increasingly expects better public sector before,
during and after catastrophic disaster and emergencies (Boin et
al., 2005; Kapucu and Van Wart, 2006)
Taxonomy of Disaster divided into Natural Causes & Man-made
Causes (Aini, M.S., Fakharul-Razi, A.,Ahmad Rodzi, M. and Fuad, A.
(2008)
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*Collaboration inter-agencies is always the issues in emergency
management and national emergency network (Kapucu, N., Arslan T.
and Demiroz F., 2010).
Emergency Response Performance is part of mobilization during
the disaster or emergency management response phase (Mobilization
Authority under United State Code (USC) Title 10 FM 100-17).
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*Effective Disaster Management requires strong structure that
interdependent members to enhance performance (Ford, J.K. and
Schmidt, A.M. (2000)
According to Coleman (2005) Disaster Management comprises three
phase i.e. planning, response & recovery.
Factors determine the success of operation i.e. resources,
system & personnel.
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*NSC responsible in Prevention, Mitigation, preparedness,
response & recovery of Malaysia DM. The activities from plans,
procedures, resources, training, disaster drill, execution &
recovery as well as rehabilitation plan.The most crucial phase in
DM is response phase, in this phase the goal is to save live &
property (Doyle, 1996; Ford & Schmidt, 2000; Kelly, 1995;
Ramachandran, 1999; Tierney et al., 2001). Generally disaster
response level are local council, state, national, and
international levels of emergency response and law enforcement.The
area that has received less emphasis (research gap) within the
study in Malaysia DM context is the revision of the structure,
collaboration & response performance addressing disaster issues
((Kapucu, N., Arslan T. and Demiroz F., 2010; Subramaniam, C., Ali,
H., and Faridahwati, M.S., 2010)
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Examination of the literature reveals that many disaster have
been studied in the developed nation but relatively few were from
the developing country like Malaysia.
It is observed that majorities of the studies focuses on the
geographical factor, technological factor and the socio-technical
of the disaster.
Therefore less emphasis on the studied in Social Sciences that
lead to the structure, collaboration and response performance in
address the disaster issues according to command, control &
coordination. 15
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To identify the current type of DM collaborations and response
performance (mobilization) in Malaysia.To evaluate effectiveness of
the existing programs from NSC structure at all level (state &
federal) in DM community that aims to achieve optimum emergency
response performance through disaster report.To determine the best
structure and practices of emergency response performance based on
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Emergency Management
Australia (EMA) & Japan International Coordination Agency
(JICA).To propose an integrated Disaster Management framework for
the NSC.15
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The study is intended to advance a better theoretical
understanding and the practitioner solution on the knowledge
contribution for the field of disaster management among the
security agencies as well as the population. The policies of
national security directive will be looked into in order to improve
as well as to add more comprehensive security value to the best
practice.
The structure will be used to identify the real issues in DM/EM
for future improvement.15
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The study will focus from the view of the players involved in
the various incident either natural disaster (NSC Directive No. 20)
or man made disaster (NSC Directive No. 21). Qualitative data will
be gather from the observation, experimental, reports and
interviews then translated into instruments (using adopt and adapt
concept from the established tool by Enrico L. Quarantelli and
Thomas E. Drabek). Quantitative data will be collected from the
security agencies respondents (identified through non probability
sampling technic that is the purposive sampling snowball effect).
Nevertheless the study will identify the professional views on
disaster/emergency management practices and disaster management
hands-on approach.Consideration from best practices i.e. FEMA, EMA
& JICA will be included. 15
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*The Disaster Crunch Model
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Risk ManagementCrisis Management
DISASTERPreventionMitigationPreparedness Prediction and Early
Warning System
Protection
Response Search and Rescue Relief
Recovery and Rehabilitation Analysis Recontruction
RecoveryImpact Assessment
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Social workers respond to domestic and international crises. A
disaster is an unforeseen and often sudden event that causes great
damage, destruction and human suffering (FEMA).Disasters are often
caused by nature or may have human origins.
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Disasters often destroy homelands and displace people. A
disaster has the potential of permanently damaging ecological
systems; irreparable damage to a sustainable environment. Examples
of man-made disasters are: wars, civil disturbances and acts of
genocide. A combination of human error and nature are explosions,
fires, accidents involving hazardous materials, drought
(poor farming practices), transportation incidents (air, sea,
rail auto), nuclear accidents.
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A disaster becomes a public tragedy when it focuses national or
international attention and mourning.A public tragedy elicits a
societal response and collective action.Disasters reflect the
quality of adaptability and resiliency between people and their
communities.
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Disasters have municipal, regional, national, and international
levels of emergency response and law enforcement.Disasters require
immediate response and long term recovery.Social workers are
employed by governmental and non-governmental organizations. They
work with displaced persons and political refugees. Some work to
rebuild local communities affected by disasters and others work in
international organizations or ministries.
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*Organizational structure Several researchers have hypothesized
that variation in organizational performance can be explained by
differences in organizational structure (Cohen and Bailey, 1997;
Gladstein, 1984; Hackman, 1987; Manz, 1992; Stewart and Barrick,
2000; Wageman, 1995). Organizational structure shapes the behavior
of members and makes it a possible determinant in explaining and
predicting organizational performance (Robbins, 1993). According to
Greenberg and Baron (1997), organizational structure keeps the
organizational members together so they can function as a unit
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*Major Elements in DM FrameworkDM Collaboration Collaboration of
DM authority, leadership, and resources are shared among
organizations (Mandell and Keast, 2007). The question is whether a
pure collaborative structure or a combination of hierarchical
command and control systems and collaborative networks should be
implemented for effective DM as Moynihan (2008) and Waugh and
Streib (2006) offers a combination could be more successful. A
praise of bureaucracies comes from McGuire and Agranoff (2007)
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*Major Elements in DM FrameworkDisaster Response Performance
Robbins (1993) general model of group behavior can be enhanced
& explained emergency responders performance work as a team
rather than as a single individual since members in a particular
team has specific & distinct roles to play during cases of
emergency (Baldwin, 1994). According to Hackman (1987) mobilization
and group synergy is a result of group outcome that may be quite
different from those that would be obtained by simply adding up the
contribution of individual members.
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CollaborationSequentialParallelSynchronous
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The study utilized a multi-strategy research design that
employed both quantitative & qualitative research methods in
parallel. It involves making decision about which kinds of research
question are best answered using a quantitative research
method& which by qualitative research method (Bryman, 2000)
The Multi-strategy research approach will undertake
Triangulation & complementary of the findings. Triangulation
refers to the use of quantitative research to substantiate
qualitative research findings or vice versa & complementarity
it the utilization of both methods in order that different aspects
of an investigation can be merged (Hammersley, 1996)
Case Study method Sharan B. Merriam (2009)Survey in Social
Research David De Vaus (2002)Quantitative method Bryman,
(2005)Educational Research John W. Creswell (2012)
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Sequential Exploratory Design
QUAL Data Collection QUAL Data Analysis Quan Data Collection
Quan Data Analysis
Interpretation of Entre Analysis
*10Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods
Elham Ahmadnezhad. Mixed Methods
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Basic Theories - Disaster Crunch Model Naim Kapucus Theoretical
FrameworkThomas E. Drabek Theoretical FrameworkRobbinss behavior
Disaster ModelCollaboration mediator variable indirect effect in
Robbinss Model
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Johor Big Flood Report 2006Land slide in Bukit AntarabangsaBukit
Sauk ReportSipadan Island Kidnapping Report Memali ReportBERSIH
Rally Report*
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SEARCH AND RESCUESUPPORTWELFAREMEDIAEMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
SMART Police ATM Fire and Rescue Department Civil Defence
Department ETC
HospitalMalaysia Red CrescentSt. John AmbulanceETC
Information DepartmentBroadcasting Department
Local AuthoritiesPublic Works DepartmentTelephone
BoardElectricity BoardThe ArmyThe PoliceETC
Social Welfare DepartmentVoluntary OrganisationETC
SECURITY CONTROLThe PoliceRELAETC
SECURITY AGENCIES & NGO
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ReportingData AnalysisPhase VPhase VI
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