Disaster Management

What is Disaster ?

[- Presented by Subham Roy Ujjal Das Bhawna Kumari Ashutosh Raj Rajesh Singh Parmar]

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Overview

• Disaster Definition• Types of Disaster• Hazards• Different Forms• Disaster Effects

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Disaster Definition • Sudden overwhelming and unforeseen

event.

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• The term disaster is derived from a Middle French desastre and that from old Italian disastro and which in tern has its root from Greek pejorative prefix- (dus-) “bad” and (aster) “star”. The root of the disaster comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the sights of planets.

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The word disaster…

Ways to look disaster…

• Household level -assistance from neighbors.• Community/

National Level -assistance from International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

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Scope of disaster.

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Terms in Disaster.

• Hazard• Emergency• Risk• Vulnerability

• Disaster = (Vulnerability + Hazard)/Capacity

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HAZARD RECOGNITION:CATAGORIES / TYPES OF HAZARD

DEFINITION OF HAZARD:- ‘A source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss.’ A hazard is a threat , a future source to danger and has a potential to cause harm to

People - death, injury, disease and stress.Human activity – economic, educational etc.Property - property damage, economic loss of Environment - loss fauna and flora, pollution, loss of amenities.

Some of the examples of hazards are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, cyclones, floods , landslides , fires, and other such events.

TYPES OF HAZARD:- GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS:- Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, dam burst, mine fire etc. WATER AND CLIMATIC HAZARDS:- Tropical cyclones, tornado and hurricanes, floods, drought, hailstorm , cloudburst, landslides, heat and cold wave, snow avalanche ,sea erosion etc. ENVIRONMENTAL AND BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS:- Environmental pollutions, deforestation , human/animal epidemics, pest attacks, desertification ,pest infection , food poisoning, weapons of mass destruction.

CHEMICAL , INDUSTRIAL AND NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS:-

chemical disasters, Industrial disasters, oil spills/fires, nuclear bomb attacks.

ACCIDENT RELATED DISASTERS:- Boat/ Road /Train accidents, airplane crashes, rural/urban fires bomb, serial bomb blasts, forest fires, building collapse , electric accidents, festival related disasters, mine flooding etc.

HAZARD ASSESSMENT:- It is sometimes called hazard evaluation or hazard analysis.

Hazard assessment is the process of estimating , for defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of potentially-damaging phenomenon of given magnitude within a specified period of time (UNDRO, 1991) .

HAZARD ASSESSMENT APPROACHES:- Depending on the situation, various methods are used with obvious variations in the degree of accuracy which are as follows:-

QUANTITATIVE APPROACH:- Here mathematical functions are used to denote relationships between variable considered to quantify the hazard. Numerical data can be fed in to assess the impact of the hazard event.

QUALITATIVE APPROACH:-This method uses ranking such as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ and ‘low’ to access a hazard event . When certain variables cannot be expressed numerically , this qualitative ranking may be appropriate to take hazard mitigation decisions.

Deterministic Approach:- In this approach, a past event is selected and associated characteristics and the consequences are described.

Probabilistic Approach:- This approach provides an estimate of the probability of each hazard affecting an area or region. Probability of each hazard may be categorized as ‘high’, ‘moderate’ or ‘low’. Probability of occurrence can be calculated through research on past events.

OUTCOME:- Hazard assessment is the first step for hazard mitigation planning. It prioritizes hazards so that a community or a government may use discretion to plan and implement hazard mitigation action.

Disaster

Natural disaster is a consequence were natural calamity effects or poses a level of threat to human life, health, property, or environment is known as “natural disaster”.

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Types of Disaster:- i.) Natural Disaster. ii.) Man made Disaster.

i.)Natural Disaster:-

Natural Disaster

Types of Natural Disaster:-

Meteorological Topographical Environmental

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Some examples of natural disaster are:- Earthquakes .Volcanic eruptions.Cyclones.Floods.Landslides, and other such events.

Natural Disaster 3

Different forms of natural disaster:-

Natural Disaster 1.) Earthquake:- It is a shaking movement of the earth surface,

resulting from plate movement, along a fault plane or as a result of volcanic activities.

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Natural Disaster 5

Natural Disaster It can strike suddenly, violently & without warning at

any time of the day or night.

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Natural Disaster The

earthquake is measured by “Richter Scale”. And the magnitude is determined by analyzing seismic data obtain from seismometer.

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Natural Disaster Measures to be taken during earthquake:-

• Take shelter under a desk, table, bed or doorway during earthquake.

• Shut off kitchen gas.• Heavy objects and glasses should be kept on lower shelf.• Keep stock of drinking water, food and first-aid arrangements.• Do not panic and run near buildings during an earthquake.• Do not switch on any mains supply immediately after an

earthquake.

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Natural Disaster 2.) Volcanic eruptions:- A volcano is a rupture on the crust of planetary –

mass object, such as Earth, that allows the lava, volcananic ash, and poisonous gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.

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Natural Disaster 10

During and after volcano

Natural Disaster It occurs due to the techonic plates are diverging or

converging. (ie :- displacement of tectonic plates.)

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Natural Disaster

Types of volcano on the basis of composition:- ( silica )

i.) Felsic ( >63% of silica ) ii.) Andesitic (52% - 63% of silica) iii.) Mafic * (45% – 52% of silica)

*It contains high percentage of Magnesium & Iron.

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Natural Disaster 3.) Cyclones:-

Different surface materials, such as land and sea or land and ice, have different capabilities of absorbing and retaining heat, leading to lateral changes in air density.

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Natural Disaster During the day, atmospheric molecules are heated, lowering their density

and causing them to rise. At night time, these particles cool, increase in density, and descend.

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Natural Disaster When a warm ocean gives rise to hot air which in turns creates

convention air currents. Cyclones occurs when these convention air currents are displaced.

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Natural Disaster High winds, heavy rains, storm surges, & tornadoes

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Natural Disaster 17

4.) Floods:- The phenomenon

occurs when water covers previously dry area is known as flood.

Natural Disaster ( ie:- when large amount of water flow from a source such as a

river, or a broken pipe onto a previously dry area or when water overflow banks of barriers.)

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Natural Disaster It also cause economic &

emotional input on people particularly if their property is directly affected.

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It also helps in some way perhaps to minimize or prevent flood damages for next time.

Natural Disaster Before a Flood To prepare for a flood, you should:- Avoid building in a flood prone area ,unless you elevate and reinforce your

home. Elevate the furnace, water heater, and electric panel if susceptible to

flooding.

Contact community officials to find out if they are planning to construct barriers (levees, beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater from entering the homes in your area.

Seal the walls in your basement with waterproofing compounds to avoid flooding.

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Natural Disaster During a Flood If a flood is likely in your area, you should: -

Listen to the radio or television for information.

Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash flood, move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.

Be aware of streams, drainage channels, canyons, and other areas known to flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.

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Natural Disaster After a Flood

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The following are guidelines for the period following a flood: Listen for news reports to learn whether the community’s

water supply is safe to drink. Avoid floodwaters; water may be contaminated by oil,

gasoline, or raw sewage. Water may also be electrically charged from underground or downed power lines.

Avoid moving water. Be aware of areas where floodwaters have receded. Roads

may have weakened and could collapse under the weight of a vehicle.

Stay away from downed power lines, and report them to the power company.

Natural Disaster 5.) Landslides:- It refers to the downward movement of masses of rock & soil. They cause by the combination of the following factors like:-

Change in slope, gradient . Increasing the load the land must bear, shocks and

vibration. Change in water content. Ground water movement frost action. Weathering of rocks…etc

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Natural Disaster

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Landslide in Yupia

Introduction A man-made disasters is a disaster resulting from human intent,

negligence, or error.

Manmade disasters can be both intentional and unintentional. It results in huge loss of life and property. It further affects a person's mental, physical and social well-being.

Reasons For Man-Made Disasters

There are multiple factor that may relate to manmade disasters

Ignorance Unawareness Illiteracy Carelessly handling danger Chemicals Weapons

Types of man-made disasters

1.NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS 2.ACCIDENTS:a)Rail accidentsb)Road accidentsc)Air accidentsd)Water accidents3.FIRES4.INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS5.TERRORIST ATTACKS

Nuclear Disaster Nuclear disaster are

the types of disaster that

are caused due to explosion of atomic energy.

NUCLEAR DISASTERS can occur due to:

*Failure of nuclear reactors due to human error

*Dropping of nuclear bombs

*While researching in laboratory on atomic energy and nuclear reactions.

What Happened? On 26th April 1986, at 1:23 P.M. blast occurred in

the 4th reactor. The reactor 4 suffered power increase leading to explosion from core. The two engineers present in the 4th reactor were Alexander Akimov and Leonid Toptunov. Whereas Leonid was present at the time of blast as he was a young engineer with a 3 months experience.

Chernobyl today 27 years have passed but still the radiation level is that area is so

high that nobody will be able to live there for 200 years. The whole area is sealed by the Russian force and no individuals id allowed to visit anywhere near the reactor. It is said that the controller keys of reactor 4 still remain untouched even after 27 years.

Chemical Disasters/Industrial Disasters

By their nature, the

manufacture, storage, and transport of chemicals are accidents waiting to happen.

*It occur when toxic chemicals are exposed to environment or leakage of toxic gases.

**Can harm humans as well as plants and environments.

A major industrial accident that occurred in india was BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY in april 1984.

**It occurred due to leakage of methyl isocynate from UCIL.

Fire disasters

Bush fires, forest fires, and mine fires are generally started by lightning, but also by human negligence or arson. They can burn thousands of square kilometers

Deforestation Forest is an important source

for satisfying people's demands and needs. Thus, undoubtedly people would try to exploit forest resources. This process of exploiting forest is called deforestation.

RAIL ACCIDENTS: A large number of rail accidents

happen around the world It may occur due to: a)Bad weather b)machine error c)lack of communication d)driver’s fault

Over 15000 deaths in india yearly due to rail accidents.

ROAD ACCIDENTS:a)bad weatherb)drink and drivec)brake failured)over-takinge)bad driving

*Over 1.3 million deaths all over the world(3287 each day).*Over 1,35,000 deaths each year only in india.

AIR ACCIDENTS:CAUSES:a)communication errorb)bad weatherc)operational fault d)terrorists

Over 3000 deaths all over the world.

FIRE ACCIDENTS:**gas leakage**blast in gas pipeline**electric shocks

Over 3000 deaths in 2014 leading to loss of $11.7 billion

Over 500 deaths in india in 2014(236 in mumbai).

TERRORISM Intentional bomb blasts,plane hijacking by

terrorist organisations. Major terrorists organisations: a)Al-quida b)ISIS c)PKK(Turkey) D)HAMAS(Palestine) E)boko haram(nigeria) F)tehrik-i-Taliban(ahghan-pak ) F)Taliban(Afghanistan)

over 10000 attacks all over the world in 2013 leading to 18000 deaths over 404 deaths in india due to terrorist attacks in

2014. Till now 43,717 deaths in india. 40% increase from last year

Precautions for man made disasters

1. One should not look at the fire as it causes instant blindness

2. Should close all doors and windows as radioactivity does not penetrate into solid structures

3. Cover all food and water

Nuclear Accidents:

Chemical Agents

1. Use protective equipment.

2. Give quick and correct self-aid when contaminated.

3. Avoid areas where chemical agents exist.

4. Decontaminate your equipment and body as soon as possible.

Fire Accidents

1. Wires should be properly covered.

2. Inflammable things should be kept safely.

3. Power points should not be overloaded.

Chernobyl-Nuclear Disaster

OverviewThe Chernobyl disaster was

a tragic nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine,

An explosion and fire released Abundant amounts of radioactive particles into the atmosphere, which spread over much of the western USSR and Europe.

Timeline1:26:03 – fire alarm activated1:28 – arrival of local fire fighters, Pravik's guard1:35 – arrival of firefighters from Pripyat,

Kibenok's guard1:40 – arrival of Telyatnikov2:10 – turbine hall roof fire extinguished2:30 – main reactor hall roof fires suppressed3:30 – arrival of Kiev firefighters4:50 – fires mostly localized6:35 – all fires extinguished

Causes of the disasterThe first official explanation of the accident

stated that it was the plant’s operators fault. Most of the earlier accusations against staff

for breach of regulations were acknowledged to be either erroneous.

In this analysis , deficiencies in the reactor design and in the operating regulations that made the accident possible. Several procedural irregularities also helped to make the accident possible.

EffectsFour hundred times more radioactive material

was released from Chernobyl than by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.

In the aftermath , 237 people suffered from acute radiation sickness (ARS), of whom 31 died within the first three months.

Most of the victims were fire and rescue workers trying to bring the accident under control.

Many (28) of the people who were exposed , died within the first few months.

The Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located next to the Pripyat River, supplied water to the residents of the city, and was still in spring flood when the accident occurred.

 The radioactive contamination of aquatic systems therefore became a major problem in the immediate aftermath of the accident.

 In the most affected areas of Ukraine, levels of radioactivity in drinking water caused concern during the weeks and months after the accident.

After the disaster, four square kilometers of pine forest directly downwind of the reactor turned reddish-brown and died, earning the name of the "Red Forest". 

Some animals in the worst-hit areas also died or stopped reproducing.

Most domestic animals were removed from the exclusion zone, but horses left on an island in the Pripyat River 6 km (4 mi) from the power plant died when their thyroid glands were destroyed by radiation doses of 150–200 Sv.

The next generation appeared to be normal.

INTRODUCTIONTHE BHUJ EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED ON 26 JANUARY 2001 ON THE INDIA’S 51 REPUBLIC DAY.IT WAS VERY VERY HUGE AND DISASTEROUS AND CAUSE MANY DEATHS.PEOPLE TODAY ALSO REAMEMBER ABOUT THAT AS IT HAS LEAVED VERY BIG IMPACT ON THEM. ABOUT 20,000 PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND ABOUT 167,000 WERE INJURED AND 40,000 HOMES WERE DESTROYED. THE EARTHQUAKE WAS 6.9 ON RICHTER SCALEAND SO IT WAS VERY DANGEROUS.IT WAS CAUSED DUE TO TECTONIC CONVERSION.

BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001DateJanuary 26, 2001 (2001-01-26)Magnitude7.7 Mw

[1]

Depth16 kilometres (10 mi)Epicenter locationYellow star marks epicentreCountries or regions affected IndiaMax. intensityX (Intense)Casualties19,727 believed dead, 166,001 injured [3]

The 2001 Gujarat earthquake occurred on January 26, 2001, India's 51st Republic Day, at 08:46 AM local time (3:16 UTC) and lasted for over two minutes. The epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari[3] in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India.[4] The earthquake reached a magnitude of between 7.6 and 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum felt intensity of X (Intense) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The quake killed around 20,000 people (including 18 in South eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.[5]

The epicenter was near the remote Little Rann of Kutch, but within 150 to 200 kilometers of several villages and towns. The proximity to populated areas, coupled with a shallow 17-kilometer focus, resulted in massive destruction and fatalities. The area is mainly barren, with the exception of a belt of arable land stretching along the shore of the Gulf of Kachchh. The affected area also experienced magnitude 5.0 to 5.8 aftershocks for several days subsequent to the main earthquake (

Earthquake location

EARTHQUAKE LOCATION

DAMAGE CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKE The 26 January 2001 earthquake in Gujarat was the most

devastating seismic event to affect the state since the last magnitude 7.7 event in 1819. More than 20,000 people died and over 167,000 injuries were reported. Both rail and highway traffic into and out of the entire Kachchh region was completely cut off for two days. Numerous bridges, dams, and ports were destroyed or severely damaged as a result of liquifaction of the blue marine clay soil on which they are constucted. Approximately 1,000,000 homes were destroyed or seriously damaged, as were many commercial, industrial, and public utility facilities. Total blackout resulted in several towns and villages; communications in Bhuj were disrupted for two days when fiber optic cables were damaged, and water supplies were affected as liquifaction caused some wells to become turbid and others tested positive for metal contaminants and anaerobic sludge .

DAMAGES BY EARTHQUAKE 2001

PEOPLE AFFECTED BY EARTHQUAKE

Many people were affected by the bhuj earthquake 2001 which was about 6.9 on richter scale.more than 20,000 people died and over 18,000 people were injuried.most of

the people lost their houses and family and were badly affected.the earthquake caused death of about 100 persons and injured hundrends more.

Kashmir Earthquake

What?The Kashmir earthquake (also known as the South Asia earthquake or Pakistan earthquake) of 2005, was a major earthquake whose epicenter was the Pakistan-administered disputed region of Kashmir.

Who?• As of 8 November, the Pakistani

government's official death toll was 73,276, while officials say nearly 1,400 people died in Indian-administered Kashmir and four people in Afghanistan

Where?

Why were the casualties so high?

• Most of the casualties resulting from the earthquake were in Pakistan where the official confirmed death toll is 73,276, putting it higher than the massive scale of destruction of the Quetta earthquake of May 31, 1935. Nearly 1,400 people died in Indian-administered Kashmir, according to officials. [1] International donors have estimated that about 86,000 died but this has not been confirmed or endorsed by Pakistani authorities.

TSUNAMI Tsunami which struck India

on 26 Dec 2004

Tsunami struck in the Indian ocean on 26dec 2004.

These huge waves were a result of the earthquake that had its epicenter close to the western boundary of Sumatra

The magnitude of this earthquake was measured 9.0 on the Richter scale.

As the Indian plate went under the burma plate, their was certain movement of the was a sudden movement of the sea floor, causing the earthquake.

The ocean floor was displaced by about 10 metres to 20 metres and tilted in a downward direction.

Huge mass of ocean water flowed to the fill gap that was being created by the displacement.

This marked the withdrawal of the water mass from the coast lines of the land masses in the South and Southeast Asia.

After thrusting of the Indian plate below the Burma plate, the water mass rushed back towards the coast line at a speed of about 800km/h and washed away many islands in Indian ocean.

Tsunami caused wide spread damage to the coastal areas of India. Mainly the Indira point in the Andaman and Nicobar islands got submerged after the tsunami.

Most affected Than “ALL”

Indian effected areas

A National Disaster

Kosi – The Sorrow RiverTHE KOSI- A part of Ganges, Brahmaputra & Meghna riverine system travels through Nepal before entering the plains of Bihar.

Why so dangerous?

Young Morphology

Steep gradient

Ability to quickly change course

Leaves behind heavy silt and debris which are infertile.

It has been causing huge damages to Northern Districts of Bihar almost every year

2008 Floods – an unprecedented tragedy Unlike earlier floods in 2008 the River

itself changed the path that too up-to several kilometres.

Its Magnitude- Too large compared to earlier floods.(more than 2.5 lakh houses destroyed)

Submerged Area- Much higher comparatively.(crops in 1.06 lakh hectare wiped off)

Intensity of water forces- huge (flow of water through the breach went up to 1.9 lakh cubic feet per second)

No. of persons directly affected- Much higher

No. of deaths- cannot be assessed

2008 floods- Fact file The worst affected districts: Supaul,

Saharsa, Madhepura, Araria, Purnia &

Katihar

866 villages destroyed - India Today

Minimum Rs. 10,000 crore loss - India

Today

More than 2000 camps are needed for the

displaced - India Today

As per Sahara TV, who have special

correspondent in the affected area, it is

feared that even one lakh people might

have lost their lives.

2008 floods- The scale of challenge The magnitude of destruction caused by this flood is higher than Hurricane

Katrina, Super Cyclone and Tsunami

The rehabilitation is going to take longer than what it took to recover from the aftermaths of Tsunami

Lakhs of people still trapped and have to be evacuated.

This Flood has resulted in one of the biggest ever evacuations of people in history.

About 1.2 crore persons have to be rehabilitated-(http://www.igovernment.in)

Lakhs of people are lacking food, medicine,shelter and drinking water.

2008 floods- The scale of challenge

As per estimates more than 3.5 mn

people have to live under temporary

arrangements. Assuming Rs 60 as

per person per day cost for food,

shelter, clothing, medicine and

water, it will require 21.00 cr per day.

For 75 days a sum of Rs 1575 Cr is

required just for survival.

Add: Cost of rehabilitation!

2008 floods- Some reactions “The Kosi Flood is nothing but a

national Calamity”- Prime Minister, Dr.

Manmohan Singh.

“The floods have pushed Bihar back to

50 years” -Rameshwar Prasad, a local

historian

“Places where crops were standing 15

days ago is 12-14 feet deep under

water and the current of water is

comparable to Richter 5 of earthquake

intensity”- Chandan Singh- An

environmentalist & Flood volunteer

The Struggle to survive

The worst is yet to come … Historically Kosi River has been discharging water in much higher

volumes in September and October so it is feared that it will get worse

Once the flood water starts pacifying there will be out break of

epidemics.

Diseases like Diarrhoea, Cholera, other Gastro intestinal disorders &

infections can cause huge damage to human lives.

Restoring public Infrastructure would be a Herculean task

Loss of material belongings difficult to replenish

The worst affected would be Women and Children

If we don't,then who will?