Disaster: Perspectives Source: EK Noji, Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences The Public Health Consequences of Disaster of Disaster
Sep 17, 2015
Disaster: PerspectivesSource: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesA disaster is a result of a vast ecological breakdown in the relation between humans and their environment, a serious or sudden event on such a scale that the stricken community needs extraordinary efforts to cope with it, often with outside help or international aidSource: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesPublic Health View
Disasters are definedby what they do to people...
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesMajor Categories of Disasters
-Natural Disasters-Human-generated Disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesNatural Disasters-Arise from forces of nature-Two subcategories:Sudden impact or acute onsetSlow or chronic onsetSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesSudden Impact or Acute Onset DisastersGeological or climatic hazards Hurricanes/typhoonsTornadoes EarthquakesVolcanoes FloodsTsunamis Temperature extremesWildfires LandslidesAvalanchesEpidemicsFood, water, vector-borne diseasesPerson-to-person transmission diseasesSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesSlow or Chronic Onset DisastersDroughtFamineEnvironmental degradationChronic exposure to toxic substancesDesertificationDeforestationPest infestationSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives
Disaster: Perspectives2002 DEEP Center Classification-Natural disasters-Non-intentional human-generated disasters-Terrorist-perpetrated disasters-Complex disasters-Natural-technological disasters (NA-TECHS)
Disaster: PerspectivesHuman-Generated DisastersIndustrial/technologicalTransportation (vehicular)DeforestationMaterial shortagesComplex emergencies
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesComplex Emergencies-Wars and civil strife-Armed aggression-Insurgency-Other actions resulting in displaced persons and refugees
Source: EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster: PerspectivesTerrorist-perpetrated Disasters-Biological-Nuclear-Incendiary-Chemical-Explosive
The Disaster Cycle
Disaster CycleSudden impact natural disasterscan be considered as a continuous time sequenceof five phases:Inter-disasterPre-disasterImpactEmergencyReconstructionSource: EK Noji, Sivertson KT. Injury prevention in natural disasters: a theoretical framework. Disasters 1987;11:290-296.
Interdisaster PhasePlanning disaster prevention/preparedness/mitigation Identifying risksIdentifying vulnerabilitiesCreating a resource inventoryConducting professional trainingConducting community education
Synonym: Non-disaster Phase
Disaster Cycle
Predisaster PhaseIssuing timely warningsImplementing protective actionsUndertaking emergency management activitiesEvacuating population as necessary
Synonym: Warning PhaseDisaster Cycle
Impact PhaseDestructionInjuriesDeathsmay occur during impactDisaster Cycle
Disaster CycleEmergency PhaseImplementing life-saving actions-search and rescue-first aid-emergency medical assistanceRestoring emergency communicationsRestoring emergency transportationImplementing public health surveillanceEvacuating vulnerable areas
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase
Disaster CycleEmergency PhaseNote: The immediate post-impact period is the isolation phase where most urgent rescue tasks are accomplished by the survivors using local resources
Synonyms: Relief Phase, Isolation Phase
Reconstruction PhaseRestoring pre-disaster conditionsReestablishing health servicesReconstructing & repairing damaged facilitiesReflecting and debriefing on lessons learned
Synonym: Rehabilitation PhaseDisaster Cycle
Disaster Severity
Disaster SeverityA Decade of Natural Disasters1 million thunderstorms100,000 floodsTens of thousands of landslides, earthquakes, wildfires & tornadoesSeveral thousand hurricanes, tropical cyclones, tsunamis & volcanoes
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
A Decade of Natural Disasters (1980s)Floods 39,000 deathsTropical cyclones 14,000 deathsHurricanes 1,000 deathsEarthquakes 54,000 deathsOther disasters1,012,000 deathsTOTAL1,120,000 deaths
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisaster Severity
Factors Contributing to Disaster Severity-Human vulnerability due to poverty & social inequality-Environmental degradation-Rapid population growth especially among the poor
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disaster Severity
Influence of PovertyPersons in poverty:-Live in poor housing unable to withstand seismic activity-Live in poor housing susceptible to landslides-Inhabit coastal areas and flood plains vulnerable to hurricanes, storm surges, flooding, and tidal waves-Live near hazardous industrial sites-Do not receive education on life-saving actions during disasters-Do not receive warning of impending disasters
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisaster Severity
Influence of Poverty-Low-income countries:3,000 deaths per disaster-High-income countries:500 deaths per disaster
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisaster Severity
Influence of Population Growth- Urban dwellers:1920: 100 million1980: 1 billion2000: 2 billion
2000: 20 cities with >10 million people
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisaster Severity
Capabilities of Developed NationsThat Mitigate Disaster Effects-Ability to forecast severe storms-Ability to enforce strict building codes-Ability to use communication networks to broadcast alerts and warnings-Ability to provide emergency medical services-Ability to engage in contingency planning
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisaster Severity
Disasters: The Public Health Impact
Disasters: The Public Health ImpactMortality & MorbidityDisasters cause deaths, injuries, and illnessesDisasters may overwhelm medical resources and health services
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disasters: The Public Health ImpactHealth Care InfrastructureDisasters may destroy hospitals Disasters may disrupt routine health servicesDisasters may disrupt preventive activitiesConsequence: long-term increases in morbidity and mortalitySources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Environment & PopulationDisasters may increase potential for communicable diseasesDisasters may exacerbate environmental hazardsConsequences: increases in morbidity and premature death, decreased quality of lifeSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disasters: The Public Health Impact
Psychological and Social BehaviorDisasters may cause generalized panic or paralyzing traumaDisasters may provoke increases in anxiety, depression and neurosesDisasters may lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at epidemic levels
Sources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disasters: The Public Health Impact
Food SupplyDisasters may disrupt the food supplyDisasters leading to food shortages may cause specific micronutrient deficiencies Disasters may provoke severe nutritional consequences including famine and starvationSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of Disaster
Disasters: The Public Health Impact
Population DisplacementDisasters may cause large spontaneous or organized population movementsPopulation movement may increase morbidity and mortalityPopulation movement may precipitate epidemics of communicable diseases in both displaced and host communitiesCrowding of populations and overlay of refugee and host populations may lead to injuries and violenceSources: CDC & EK Noji, The Public Health Consequences of DisasterDisasters: The Public Health Impact
Kondisi IndonesiaGeografis Indonesia rawan bencana Bencana alam (Natural Disaster) Karena ulah manusia (Man-Made Disaster) Kedaruratan Kompleks (Complex Disaster)Selalu akibatkan masalah kesehatan ujung tombak
Peta Lempeng Bumi di IndonesiaKerawanan Gempa
Peta Tingkat Kerawanan Bencana Tsunami di Indonesia
Peta Rawan Gempa Bumi di Indonesia
Peta Daerah Gunung Api di Indonesia
Gunung Berapi129 gunung berapi aktif: Jawa ( 21 gunung ) Sumatra ( 21 gunung api ) Bali ( 2 gunung api ) Nusa Tenggara ( 20 gunung api ) Laut banda ( 9 gunung api ) Sulawesi Utara ( 6 gunung api ) Kepulauan Sangihe ( 5 gunung api ) Halmahera ( 5 gunung api )
Peta Rawan Tanah Longsor di Indonesia
Peta Rawan Banjir di Indonesia
Peta Rawan Konflik di Indonesia
Bencana & Korban Massal di Indonesia 1980 2004 :Gunung Galunggung, 1980Food Poisening Jakarta Barat, 1981Kebakaran Tanjung Priok, 1981Gas Tanjung Priok, 1982Gempa Jawa Barat, 1983Fire Htl Jakarta, 1985Bouraq Krawang, 1985KLL Jalan Tol, 1985Banjir RS Atmajaya, 1986Evac RS Fatmawati Ledakan Mesiu), 1987Kecelakaan Kereta Api Bintaro, 1987Isolasi RS Koja (Huru-hara Tg Priok), 1987Food Poisening Pabrik Jakarta, 1988
Bencana & Korban Massal di Indonesia 1980 2004 :Gempa Flores, 1991Riot Jakarta, 1992Banjir Jakarta, 1991&1992Tsunami Lombok, 1993Gempa Liwa, 1993Gn Merapi Jogya, 1995Gempa Kerinci, 1995Riot PDI-P Jakarta, 1996Gempa& Tsunami Biak Gempa Sulawesi Selatan, 1997Riot Etnik Pontianak, 1997Gempa Bengkulu, 1997Riot Etnik Sampit, 2001
Bencana & Korban Massal di Indonesia 1980 2004 :Pengungsi di Madura, Poso, NTB, NTT, Papua, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Sulawesi Utara, 2001Kekeringan di Sampang, 2001Gunung Papandayan, 2002Kecelakaan Kereta Api Brebes, 2002Tnh Longsor Jawa Timur, 2002Banjir Sumatera Utara, 2002Banjir Sumatera Utara, 2002Banjir Pekalongan & Semarang, 2002Riot Agama Ambon, 1999 - 2002Riot Agama Palu, 1999 - 2002Riot Papua, 1999 - 2002Bom Teroris (32x) & Riot Jakarta, 1998 - 2002
Banjir 3 Minggu Jakarta 2002Nunukan Displaced Migrant Worker 2002Bom Teroris Bali 2002Bom Teroris Htl Marriott Jkt 2003Ledakan Pabrik Kimia Gresik 2004Gempa Karang Asem Bali 2004Gempa Nabire 2x 2004Gempa Aceh 2004Gempa Palu 2005Kelaparan NTT 2005Sampah Longsor Bandung2005Gempa Nias 2005 Bencana & Korban Massal di Indonesia 1980 2004 :
Bencana Alam & Manusia
Masyarakat panikTerganggunya pelayanan umum bagi wargaKerusakan sarana dan prasaranaKegiatan sosial tergangguKegiatan sehari-hari lumpuh Kerusakan kehidupanKegiatan ekonomi Lumpuh Pengungsian penduduk. Cedera tubuhAngka kesakitan > Kematian >Efek Psikologis Post Trauma Stress Bencana & Korban Massal di Indonesia 1980 2004 :
Bencana Bisa Terjadi Kapan Saja, di mana Saja, dan Bisa Menimpa Siapa Saja.