Disa Study Material Sslc Social

1

Fkv Fkv FÂ kn ]T-\-k-lmbn

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2014-þ15

2014-15

For more study materials visit BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG

2

BapJw

KpW-ta-·-bpÅ hnZym-`ymkw Ip«n-bpsS Ah-Im-i-am-Wv. Cu Ah-Imiw Dd-¸p-

h-cp¯p¶-Xn-\mbn hnZym-`ymk taJ-e-bnÂ hnhn[ GP³kn-IÄ [mcmfw \qX\

{]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v t\XrXzw hln-¡p-¶p-v. F¦nepw Ip«n-bpsS ]T\w C\nbpw Gsd

sa -̈s¸-Sm-\p-s¶ Xncn- -̈dn-hmWv Fkv.-F-kv.-FÂ.-kn. ]co-£m-êw \s½ t_m²y--s¸-Sp-

¯p-¶-Xv.

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw PnÃm ]©m-b-¯n-sâbpw Ub-än-sâbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Fkv Fkv

FÂ kn hnP-b-i-X-am\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS 2012-þ13 apXÂ \S-¸n-em¡n

hcp¶ ]²-Xn-bmWv ""Zni'' 2012þ 13 Â KWn-X-im-kv{X-̄ n-sâbpw 2013-þ14 Â Cw¥o-jn-sâbpw

]T-\-k-lm-bn-IÄ {]kn-²o-I-cn-̈ n-cp-¶p. Cu ]T-\-k-lm-bn-IÄ Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw A[ym-]-IÀ¡pw

Hcp-t]mse D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xv.

2014þ15 A¡m-Z-an-I hÀjw kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]-T-\-¯n\v klm-b-I-am-Ip¶ coXn-bnÂ

F kv Fkv FÂ kn ]T-\-k-lmbn ]pd-¯n-d-¡-W-sa¶mWv Xocp-am-\n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. FÃm

\ne-hm-c-¯nÂs¸« ]Tn-Xm-¡-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨p-sIm-pÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv Cu ]T-\-

k-lm-bn-bnÂ DÅ-Xv. CXnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pÅ FÃm {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw A[ym-]-I-cpsS

klm-b-t¯msS D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmÂ \½psS PnÃbv¡v Fkv Fkv FÂ kn ̂ ew \qdp-

ta-\n-bm-¡m³ Ign-bp-sa¶v {]Xym-in-¡p-¶p.

hnP-bm-iw-k-I-tfmsS

{ioaXn BÀ sI A³k-PnX dÊÂ {ioa-Xn. Fw kpss_Z

{]kn-Uâ v PnÃm ]©m-b-¯v, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw sNbÀt]gvk¬, BtcmKy hnZym-`ymk

ÌmânwKv I½nän. PnÃm-]-©m-b¯v

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

{io. sI. tIi-h³ t]män {ioa-Xn. ]n F. lmcn-^mÄ _oKw

{]n³kn-¸Â, Ub-äv, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw sU]yq«n Ub-d-IvSÀ (hn-Zym`ymkw)

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw


3

Zni 2014þ 15 þ kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

inÂ¸-im-e-bv¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bhÀ

-tIm þ HmÀUn-t\-äÀ

tUm. Fkv kpsse-am³ (e-IvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw)

Akn-Ìâ v tIm HmÀUn-t\-tägvkv

{io. ]n. siÂh-cmPv (ko-\n-bÀ eIvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw)

{io. apl-½Zv I_oÀ (e-IvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cw)


4

inÂ¸-im-e-bnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯-hÀ

{ioa-Xn. tacn k_o\ (ko-\n-bÀ eIvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, sImÃw)

-tUm. _m_p-¡p-«³ (ko-\n-bÀ eIvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, sImÃw)

{io. Pn.-hn.-tKm-]-Ip-amÀ, (eIvN-dÀ, Ub-äv, sImÃw)

{io. Zneo]v.]n, Pn.-F- v̈.-F-kv.-Fkv., Icp-tIm¬

{io. Zmhq-Zv.-sI, Pn.-F- v̈.-F-kv.-Fkv., A©Â CuÌv

{io. a[p-kq-Z-\³]n-Å, Pn.-F- v̈.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]qb-¸Ån

{io. _n.-Ip-ªp-tam³, Kh : HSS, a§mSv

{ioaXn Pb-Ip-amcn F-kv., Govt. HSS, Dfn-b-\mSv

{ioaXn emen tPm¬, Govt. HSS, a§m-Sv, sImÃw

{io. Zo]p Fkv. F¨v Fkv Fkv Sn lnÌ-dn

Kh F¨v Fkv Fkv, Inkn-aw, ]¯-\w-Xn«

tUm. Pb-Zhv Fkv sI.,

F¨v Fkv Fkv Sn, tPym{K-^n, Kh. F¨v Fkv Fkv Be, sN§-¶qÀ

{io a[p. hn,

F¨v Fkv F, tkmjyÂ ÌUo-kv, Kh hn F¨v Fkv IÃ-d, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw


5

Xmfp-IÄ adn-¡p-t¼m-Ä.....

kmaq-ly-imkv{X ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nÂ cv ̀ mK-§-fmbmWtÃm ]mT-`m-K-§Ä {Iao-I-

cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hmtcm ]mT-̀ m-K-§-fn-tebpw Bi-b-§Ä efn-Xhpw hyà-hp-ambn Ip«n-IÄ¡v

a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-hm³ CXn-eqsS {ian-̈ n-«p-v. Hmtcm ]mT-`m-Khpw {i²-tbmsS hmbn v̈

IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-hm\pw kwi-b-§Ä A¸-t¸mÄ A²ym-]-I-cp-ambn NÀ¨ sNbvXv ]cn-lmcw

ImWp-t¼mÄ am{X-amWv Cu kwcw`w hnP-bn-¡p-I.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2 Â Hmtcm ]mT-`m-K-¯n-tebpw Bi-b-§fpw Ah-bpsS hni-Zmw-i-

§fpw \ÂInb tij-amWv tNmZy-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Hmtcm tNmZyhpw {i²-tbmsS

hmbn¨v ]mT-`m-K¯p \n¶pw {Kln¨v Bi-b-§Ä D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯n D¯cw Is-¯p-

hm³ {ian-¡-Ww. FÃm tNmZy-§fp-sSbpw D¯-c-kq-NnI ]qÀW-ambpw ChnsS \ÂIn-bn-«n-

Ã. D¯cw Is-¯m³ \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kqN-\-IÄ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmÂ D¯-c-¯n-se-

¯m³ {]bm-k-am-hp-I-bn-Ã.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw 2 Â ̀ qan-im-kv{X-`m-K¯v ]mT-`m-Ks¯ Bi-b-§Ä BZyw \ÂIp-

Ibpw tijw ̀ mK¯v \n¶v tNmZn-¡m-hp¶ ]c-am-h[n tNmZy-§fpw Ah-bpsS hni-Z-amb

D -̄c-kq-Nn-Ibpw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. km¼-¯nI imkv{X-¯nÂ kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw þ1 Â kzoI-

cn-¨ coXnbnemWv ]mT-`m-K-§Ä {Iao-I-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

Hmtcm ]mT-`m-Khpw {i²-tbmsS IS-¶p-t]m-Im³ \n§Ä¡p Ignbpw F¶ Dd-¸p-v.

kwi-b-Zp-co-I-c-W-̄ n\v kmaq-ly-imkv{X A[ym-]-Isâ tkh\w IqSn D]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-̄ m³

Ign-ªmÂ DbÀ¶ kvtImÀ F¶ \n§-fpsS e£yw t\Sm³ Cu klm-b-km-a{Kn klm-

b-I-amIpw F¶v Icp-Xp-¶p. AXn\v Ign-bs« F¶v Biw-kn-¡p-¶p.


6

DÅ-S¡w

kmaqly imkv{Xw þ 1

1) B-[p-\nI temI-¯nsâ DZbw

2) hn¹-h-§-fpsS Imew

3) km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ hfÀ¨

4) temI-bp-²hpw XpSÀ¨bpw

5) cmw-temI alm-bp-²hpw km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ XIÀ¨bpw

6) ]s¯m³-]Xpw C-cp-]Xpw \qäm-p-I-fnse ss[j-WnI {]h-W-X-IÄ

7) C¶s¯ Cý

8) tIc-f-¸p-Xpa

9) tZ-io-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w

10) P\m-[n-]Xyw

11) a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä

12) kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-¯zhpw A´ÀtZ-iob kwL-S-\-IÄ

kmaqly imkv{Xw þ 2

1) A´-co£ {]Xn-`m-k-§Ä

2) ̀ qan-im-kv{X-¯nse \qX\ kt¦-X-§Ä

3) h³I-c-IÄ

4) Cý-þ-ù-XnI ̀ qan-imkv{Xw

5) Cý-þ-km¼-¯nI ̀ qan-imkv{Xw

6) Cý-þ-am-\-hnI ̀ qan-imkv{Xw

7) Hscmä `qan

8) hnI-k-\hpw kaq-lhpw

9) Cý³ k¼Zv hyh-Ø-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-IÄ

10) ]Whpw [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§fpw

11) BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-cWw

12) k¼Zvhyh-Øbpw kÀ¡mcpw


7

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw þ 1

bqWnäv þ 1

B[p\nI temI-¯nsâ DZbw

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS \mfn-Xp-h-sc-bpff hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fpsS ]T-\-amWv Ncn-{Xw.

H³]Xmw ¢mknÂ \mw ]cn-N-b-s¸« Ncn-{X-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bm-Wv Cu bqWn-äv. ̂ yqU-en-k-

¯nsâ hfÀ¨sb XpSÀ¶v bqtdm-¸nse km¼-¯nI cmjv{Sob kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI

taJ-e-I-fnÂ henb amä-§Ä Dmbn. hmWn-Py-̄ n-sâbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-a-b-̄ n-sâbpw

tI{µw Cým-k-ap-{Z-tem-I¯v \n¶pw amdn a[y-[-c-Wm-gn-bnse tI{µo-I-cn-¨-Xm-bpw, hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fn-ep-mb amä-§-fp-amWv Cu A[ym-b-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. \thm-°m-\w,

aX\hoI-c-Ww, {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww, ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä, imkv{X-]p-tcm-

KXn, Úmt\m-Zbw F¶nhbmWv Cu A²ym-b-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv

hmWn-Py-¯n-sâbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-sâbpw amäw

a[y-Im-e v̄ hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkv¡m-cnI hn\n-a-bhpw \S-¶n-cp-¶Xv Cý kap-{Z-temIw

tI{µo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp¶p.

C¡m-es¯ cv hmWn-Py-amÀ¤-§-fm-bn-cp¶p kap-{Z-]-Y-hpw, ]«p-XpWn ]mXbpw

Cý kap-{Z-temIw tI{µo-I-cn-¨n-cp¶ hmWn-Pyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I- hn\n-a-bhpw a[y-[-

c-Wym-gn-{]-tZ-i-t¯¡v amdn

Imc-W-§Ä

\thm-°m\w

Cä-en-bnepw CXc bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fnepw Iem-ssh-Úm-\nI cwK-¯p-mb ]p¯-

\p-WÀhmWv \thm-°m-\w.

\thm-°m\w BZy-ambn Bcw-`n-¨Xv Cä-en-bn-emWv

hym]m-c-hm-Wn-Py-_Ôw

Cäm-en-b³ \K-c-§-fpsS ̀ qan-im-kv{X-

]-c-amb {]tXy-IX

Cäm-en-b³ \K-c-§-fnÂ cq]-s¸« ̀ c-W-coXn


8

kml-N-cy-§Ä {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fpsS hfÀ¨

\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

At\z-j-W-Iu-XpIw

hnaÀi-\-_p²n

bpàn-Nn´

{]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fpsS hfÀ¨

am\hnIX

\thm-°m\w Cä-en-bnÂ

kmlnXyw

s]{SmÀ¡v þ KoX-I-§Ä

s_m¡m-̈ ntbm þ Z¡m-a-d³

Umtâ þ Unssh³ tImaUn

\nt¡mtfm amIy-h-Ãnþ cmPmhv

kÀ tXmakv aqÀ þ Dt«m]y

Ie

Iem-Im-c-·mÀ krjvSn-IÄ

enbm-\mÀtUm Umhn©n samWm-enk

Ah-km-\s¯ A¯mgw

I\ym-a-dnbw

ssa¡nÂ B©tem Aý-hn[n

\thm-°m\w bqtdm-t]m-b³ cmPy-§-fnÂ

cN-bn-Xmhv IrXn `mj

skÀhmt´m -þ tUm¬ Intlm-t«m þ kv]m\njv

Cdm-kvakv þ hnUvVn-¯s¯ hmgv¯Â þ U v̈

sP{^n-tNm-kÀ þ ImâÀs_dn IY þ Cw¥ojv

k¼-¶-Ip-Spw-_-§-

fpsS hfÀ¨`qX-Im-es¯Ipdn-¨pÅ

At\z-j-W-Iu-XpIw


9

aX-\-ho-I-cWw

16-þmw \qäm-nÂ bqtdm-¸nse It¯m-en¡m k`-bnÂ Dmb \ho-I-c-W-am-Wv aX-\-ho-

I-cWw

Imc-W-§Ä

þ ]utcm-lnXy taJ-e-bnse Agn-a-Xn-IÄ

þ hmWn-Py-¯n-ep-mb hfÀ¨

þ ]pXnb hym]m-cn-hÀK-¯nsâ DZbw

þ It¯m-en¡m k`-bpsS km¼-¯nI {]Xn-kÔn

þ ]m]-apàn ]{X-¯nsâ hnev¸\

aX-\-ho-I-c-W-¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-hÀ

amÀ«n³ eqYÀ þ PÀ½\n

DÄdn¡v kznwKvfnþ kznävkÀeâ v

tPm¬ImÂhn³ þ {^m³kv

sl³dn F«m-a³ þ Cw¥v

{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

It¯m-en¡m k`bv¡v DÅn-ep-mb ]cn-jv¡-cW {ia-am-Wv {]Xn-\-ho-I-c-Ww.

{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

þ kqNnI (Index)

þ C³Izn-kn-j³ (Inquisition)

þ Cutim-k` (Society of Jesus) Øm]-I³ þ Ctá-jykv etbmf

þ Pkyq«v ]mXncn kwLw (Jesuit Order)

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä

]Xn-\©v ]Xn-\mdv \qäm-p-I-fnÂ bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fnÂ Dmb ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-cn-

thjWhpw ̀ q{]-tZ-i-§-fpsS Is-¯epw

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§-fn-te¡v \bn¨ kml-N-cy-§Ä

amÀt¡m-t]m-tfm-bpsS k©m-c-I-Y-IÄ¡v bqtdm-̧ nÂ In«nb {]Nm-cw. Ch Adn-bm-\pÅ

Xmev]cyw.


10

ssN\, Cý XpS-§nb cmPy-§-fnse P\-Po-hn-Xw, k¼-¶X Ch Adn-bm-\pÅ

Xmev]cyw

Ing-¡p-\n -¶pÅ kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§-fpsSbpw aäp hne-]n-Sn -¸pÅ km[-\-§fpw

At\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

1453 Â XpÀ¡n-IÄ tIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸nÄ ]nSn-¨-S-¡n-bXv

kpc-£n-X-amb ISÂamÀ¤w Is-¯p-¶-Xn\v

Bkvt{Sm-em_v F¶ ]pXnb D]-I-I-c-W-¯nsâ D]-tbmKw

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä bqtdm-¸nÂ h³am-ä-§Ä DcpIn.

imkv{X-]p-tcm-KXn

imkv{XÚÀ kw`m-h\

Keo-entbm Zqc-ZÀin\n

sFk-Iv\yq-«³ {]n³kn-¸n-b-am-¯-am-än¡v

tIm¸À\n-¡kv kuc-bqYkn-²m´w

ImÄ eo\bkv B[p-\n-I-]-cn-ØnXn imkv{X-¯nsâ ]nXmhv

[\

-ØnX

n sa¨

-s¸

«p

_m¦

nwKv k

{¼-Zmb

w \ne

-hnÂ

h¶

p.

hym]-I-amb ]IÀ -̈hym-[n-IÄ

ASn

-a-¡

-¨-h

Sw B

cw-`

n¨p

Iq«p-Spa I¼-\n-IÄ \ne-hnÂh¶p

ImÀjn-I-hn-`-h-§-fpsS {]N-cWw

C³Im, ab

m, tSmÄsä-I

v, Ak

-säIv F

¶o

kwk

vIm-c-§

Ä \mam-h-ti

-j--amb

n

bqtdm v̧


11

Úmt\m-Zbw

Bi-b-§Ä

þ ka-Im-enImhØ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-tS-XmWv

þ bpàn-bmWv Úmt\m-Z-b-¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p¶ sXäp-]-äm¯ hgn-Im«n

þ P·-]m]w Fs¶m-¶nÃ

þ Gähpw efn-Xhpw kzm`m-hn-I-hp-amb kaq-l-amWv D¯-aw.

þ a\p-jy\v amäp-hm³ Ign-bm¯ IÀi-\-\n-b-a-§-fmÂ \nb-{ń-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp

b{´-amWv {]]©w

Úmt\m-Zb Nn -́I-·mcpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw

Nn -́I-·mÀ kw`m-h-\-IÄ

sZ¡mÀ¯v, kv]nt\mkm tlXp-hmZw

ZnZtdm F³ssk-t¢m-]o-Unb

tam´kvIyq cmjv{So-b-X-Xz-imkv{Xw

dqtÊm tkmjyÂ tIm¬{SmIvSv

tNmZy-§Ä

IqSp-XÂ tNmZy-§Ä¡pÅ D¯cw Bi-b-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Ub-{K-§-fn-ep-v.

D¯-c-§Ä hmIy-§-fmbn Fgp-X-Ww.

1. B[p-\nI ]qÀÆ-Im-e¯v km¼-¯n-I, kmwkv¡m-cnI

hn\n-abw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ {][m\ hmWn-Py-amÀK-§Ä Is-¯p-I. Score 1 x 2 = 2

2. B[p-\nI Ime-¯nsâ XpS-¡-¯nÂ {][m\ hmWn-Py-amÀK-§Ä

Cým kap-{Z-¯nÂ \n¶v amdn a[y-[-c-Wymgn tI{µo-Ir-X-ambn.

Imc-W-§Ä Is-¯p-I. Score 1 x 3 = 3

3. Cä-en-bnÂ \nc-h[n I¨-h-S-\-K-c-§Ä DbÀ¶p-h-cm-\pmb

kml-N-cy-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-I. Score 1 x 3 = 3

4. a[y-Ime cmP-hm-gvN-bnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp ̀ c-W-coXn

B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v Cämen-b³ \K-c-§-fnÂ cq]-s¸-«p.

Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. Score 1 x 4 = 4


12

5. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI.

Score 1 x 4 = 4

6. B[p-\n-I temI-¯nsâ shÅn-\-£{Xw ]Sn-ªm-dp-Zn-¨p.

hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 1 x 2 = 2

7. Cäm-en-b³ \K-c-§Ä ]mÝmXy ]uckvXy hnÚm-\-§-fpsS

kwKa`qan-bmbn amdn-b-sX-§s\ ? 3 x 1 = 3

8. dnss\Êm³kv ]p\ÀP·w \thm-t·jw

sImfmjv {i²n-¨p-h-tÃm. \thm-°m\w F¶ hm¡ns\ CXv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

CXnepw Ihnª AÀ°w \thm-°m\w F¶ hm¡n-\p-v.

Is¯n hni-Z-am-¡p-I. Score -3

9. \thm-°m\Ime khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Is-¯p-I. Score -6

10. \thm-°m\w Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw Dm-¡nb amä-§Ä DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw

hyà-am-¡p-I.

11. F, _n, kn tImf-§-fnse hnh-c-§Ä icn-bmbn {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯nsb-gp-Xp-I.

F _n kn

s]{SmÀ¡v tUm¬In-tlm« KoX-I-§Ä

kÀ tXmakv aqÀ Im³À_dn IY Cäen

sP{^n-tNm-kÀ am\-hn-IX F§p-an-Ãm-̄ nSw

cmPmhv Dt«m]y kv]m\njv

skÀhms´ amIy-shÃn Cw¥ojv \thm-°m\w Score 5

sh\okv


13

12. Ipdn¸v X¿mdm-¡p-I. Score 4

F) aX-\-ho-I-cWw

_n) {]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

13. ]Xn-\-©v, ]Xn-\mdv \qäm-pI-fnÂ ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ]cy-th-j-W-§-fn-te¡v

bqtdm-]y³ ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS {i² Xncn-bm³ Imc-W-sa´v ? Score 6

14. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä bqtdm-¸n-ep-m¡nb amä-§Ä F´v ?

15. hn«p-t]mb tImf-§Ä ]qcn-¸n-bv¡pI.

1) Keo-entbm

2) sFkIv \yq«¬

3) kuc-bpY kn²m´w

4) ImÄen-\bkv

5) enbm-\mtUm Umhn©n

16. Úmt\m-Zb Ime-L-«-¯nse {][m\ XXz-Nn-´-IÀ BscÃmw ?


14

D¯c kqNnI

Hmtcm Bi-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v sImSp-¯n-cn-bv¡p¶ Ub-{K-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n-

emWv tNmZy-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xv. D¯-c-§Ä¡v Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡p-I.

IqSp-XÂ kvtImÀ DÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯msS IqSp-XÂ hni-

Zo-I-cn-s -̈gp-Xp-I.

1. ]«p-Xp-Wn ]mX, kap-{Z-]Yw

2. hmWn-Py-¯n-sâbpw kmwkvIm-cnI hn\n-a-b-¯n-sâbpw amäw F¶ Ub{Kw ImWpI

3. tNmZyw 2 sâ D¯cw Xs¶.

4. I -̈h-S-\-K-c-§-fpsS hfÀ¨. Cä-en-bpsS ̀ qan-imkv{X {]tXy-IX

5. hyXykvX ̀ c-W-X-co-Xn-bpsS BhnÀ`mhw þ I -̈h-S-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä ̀ c-W-¯nÂ CS-s]-

Sp-¶p.

6. anem³, ]nk, ̂ vtemd³kv, t\¸nÄkv, Pt\m-h, sh\okv

7. I¨-h-S-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä `c-W-¯n-en-S-s]-«Xv þtIm¬Ìmân-t\m-¸nÄ hgn-bpÅ

IchmWnPyhpw Pn{_mÄ«-dnsâ \nb-{´Whpw Cä-en-¡m-cm-Wv \nb-{ń-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. Cä-

enbnse k¼¶ IpSpw-_-§Ä inev]n-I-sfbpw Iem-Im-c-·m-scbpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-

tcbpw Cäm-en-b³ \K-c-§-fn-te¡v £Wn-¨p-h-cp-¯n.

8. 14, 15 \qäm-p-I-fnÂ Cä-en-bnepw aäv bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fn-ep-mb Iem-ssh-Úm-

\nI cwKs¯ ]p¯³ DWÀÆv.

^yqUÂ {]`p-¡-·mcpw k`bpw hne-t¡Às¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶

s{Kt¡mþtdma³ kwkv¡m-c-¯nsâ ]p\ÀP-·w.

k` ASn-t -̈ev]n-¨n-cp¶ bpàn-c-ln-X-amb hnizm-ks¯ \ncm-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ

At\z-j-W-Xz-c-bp-sSbpw hnaÀi-\-_p-²n-bp-sSbpw ̂ ew.

9. Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n¡p-I.

10. \thm-°m\w, \thm-°m\w Cä-bnÂ Ie, kmln-Xyw, \thm-°m\w CX-c-bq-tdm-

]y³ cmPy-§-fnÂ F¶o ]«n-I-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

11. F _n kn

s]{SmÀ¡v am\-hn-IX KoX-I-§Ä

kÀ tXmakv aqÀ Dt«m]y F§p-an-Ãm-̄ nSw

sP{^n-tNm-kÀ Im³À_dn IY Cw¥ojv \thm-°m\w

cmPmhv amIy-shÃn Cäen

skÀhms´kv tUm¬In-tlm« kv]m\njv


15

12. aX-\-ho-I-cWw, \nÀÆ-N\w þ ImcWw þ ap³ssI-sb-Sp-¯-hÀþ{]Xn-\-ho-I-cWw

F¶o ̀ mK-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

13. Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[nbv¡p-I.

14. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Ip-]n-Sn-¯-§Ä bqtdm-¸nÂ F¶v.

15. Keo-entbm Zqc-ZÀin\n

sFkIv \yq«¬ {]n³kn-¸nb am¯-am-änIvkv

tIm¸À\n¡kv kuc-bpY kn²m´w

ImÄen-\bkv B[p-\nI ]cn-ØnXn imkv{X-¯nsâ ]nXmhv

enbm-\mtUm Umhn©n Nn{X-cN\

17. Úmt\m-Z-b-Im-es¯ Nn´-IÄ Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.


16

bqWnäv 2

hn¹-h-§-fpsS Imew

B[p-\nI bpK-̄ nsâ DZ-b-̄ n\v Imc-W-amb Bi-b-§-tfbpw {]Øm-\-§tfbpw \½Ä

]cn-N-b-s¸-«p. Cu Bi-b-§fpw {]Øm-\-§fpw \ne-hn-epÅ kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øbv¡v FXn-

cmb apt¶-ä-§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z\w \evIn. bqtdm-¸nÂ ]pXn-b-Xmbn DbÀ¶p-h¶ a[y-hÀKw

cmPm-[n-]-Xy-¯n\pw {]`p-Xz-hm-gvN-bv¡p-sa-Xn-cmb hn¹-h-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw sImSp-¯p. Cw¥-

nepw {^m³knepw cmPm-[n-]-Xy-̄ n-s\-Xnsc \S¶ hn¹-h-§sf¡pdn-̈ mWv \mw Cu A²ym-

b-̄ n-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

Bi-b-§Ä

1) Cw¥-nÂ cmPmhpw ]mÀe-saâpw X½nÂ ZoÀL-\mÄ ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb XÀ¡-§Ä

\ne-\n-¶p.

Imc-W-§Ä

SyqUÀ, ÌphÀ«v cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS tkzÑm-[n-]Xyw

Cw¥-nse hmWnPy ]ptcm-K-Xn

a[y-hÀ¤-¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-hw, hmWn-Py-I-¼-\n-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.

a[y-hÀK-¯n-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn ]mÀe-saâ v ]mkm-¡nb \nb-a-§Ä

cmPm-hmtWm ]mÀe-saâmtWm ]c-am-[n-Imcn F¶ {]iv\w.

2) Cw¥-ns\ ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb kwLÀj-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨psImv hnhn[

hn`m-K-§Ä Ccp-tN-cn-bn-embn \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨p.

cmPmhv ]mÀe-saâ v

^yqUÂ hÀKw a[y-hÀKw

Bw¥n-¡³ k` ]yqcn-«¬ k`

3) Cw¥-nse tkzÑm-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb hnP-b-am-Wv s]äo-j³ Hm^v ssdäv.

]n¶o-SXv Cw¥ns\ B`y-ć bp²-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨p.

Imc-W-§Ä

Cw¥-nÂ cmPm-hnsâ tkzÑm-[n-Imcw \nb-{ń-¡p¶ {]am-Ww.

1628Â NmÄkv I H¸p h¨p


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1629 Â NmÄkv I \nbaw ewLn¨v ]mÀe-saâ v ]ncn-¨p-hn-«p.

11 hÀj-¯n-\p tijw 1640 Â ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-\nÀt±i§Ä¡mbn ]mÀe-saâ vhnfn-¨p-Iq-«n.

Cu ]mÀe-saâ v 1660 hsc XpSÀ¶p.

\o ]mÀe-saâ v F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Cu Ime-b-f-hnÂ ]mÀe-saâpw cmPmhpw X½n-epÅ XÀ¡w cq£-ambn.

B`y-ć bp²-¯n-\nXv Imc-W-ambn.

4) cmPmhpw ]mÀe-saâpw X½nÂ \S¶ A[nImc XÀ¡-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ ]mÀe-saânsekm[m-cW AwK-am-bn-cp¶ Hen-hÀ t{Imw shÂ A[n-Im-c-¯n-se-¯n.

Hen-hÀ t{Imwsh-Ãnsâ `c-W-Imew (1649-þ1658) tIma¬shÂ¯v Ime-L«wF¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. þ cmPm-hn-Ãm¯ ̀ c-W-Im-ew. Hen-hÀ t{ImwshÂ Xs¶ FXnÀ¯

sa¼Àamsc ]mÀe-saânÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯m-¡n. t{Iwsh-Ãnsâ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ am{X-ap-m-bn-cp¶ Cu ]mÀe-saâns\ dw]v ]mÀe-saâ v (A-h-in-jvS-]mÀe-saâ v) F¶p hnfn-¨p.

ssk\nI tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ Ime-L-«w.

]mÀe-saân\p taÂ B[n-]Xyw Dd-¸n-¨p.

imkv{X-\n-co-£-W-§fpw ]co-£-W-§fpw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-bv¡-s¸-«p.

BtKmf hym]m-cs¯ \nb-{ń-¨p.

5) cà-c-lnX hn¹hw AYhm al-¯mb hn¹hw Cw¥-nse ̂ yqUÂ hyhØsb

ZpÀ_-e-am-¡n. cmPm-[n-cn-Imcw ]mÀe-saânsâ \nb-{´-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-bn.

NmÄkv II sâ Ime¯v cmP-hmgvN ]p\x-Øm-]n-bv¡-s¸-«p.

Pbnwkv II sâ tkzÑm-[n-]Xyw cmPmhpw ]mÀe-saâpw X½n-epÅ XÀ¡-¯n\v

hgn-sX-fn-¨p.

Pbnwkv II {^m³knÂ A`bw tXSn 1688 Â tacnbv¡pw hney-an\pw

A[n-Imc ssIamäw \S-¶p.

6) Cw¥-nÂ cmP-`-cWw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶psh-¦nepw cmPmhv ̀ cn-bv¡p-¶n-Ã.

Imc-W-§Ä

1689 se Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-¯n-eqsS Cw¥-nÂ aX-kzm-X{ýw, A`n-{]m-b-kzm-X{ýw

F¶nh A\p-h-Zn-bv¡-s¸-«p.

Bw¥n¡³ aX-hn-izm-kn-IÄ¡v am{Xta Inco-Sm-h-Im-in-bm-Im³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åq.

Cu \S-]Sn sImv P\m-[n-]-Xy-`-c-W-{Iaw \S-¸n-em-bn-Ã.

P\-§Ä¡v kzmX-{ý-hpw ]mÀe-saân\v ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw e`n-¨p.


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7 a. tkzÑm-[n-]Xy cmP-hm-gvNbv¡pw ̂ yqUÂ hyh-Ø-bv¡p-sa-Xnsc 1789 Â {^m³knÂ

\S¶ {^©p hn¹-h-¯nsâ Bi-b-§Ä kzmX{ýw, kaXzw, kmtlm-Zcyw

F¶nh-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

b. {^©v kaq-ls¯ aq¶v FtÌ-äp-I-fmbn Xncn-¨ncp-¶p.

I FtÌäv II FtÌäv III FtÌäv

]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ {]`p-¡-·mÀ I -̈h-S-¡mÀ, ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ImÀ

FÃm Ah-Im-i-§fpw Ah-Im-i-§Ä H¶p-ap-m-bncp

B\p-Iq-ey-§fpw ¶nÃ. ̂ yqUÂ \nIp-Xn-bpsS

A\p-`-hn¨p h³ ̀ mcw.

8. 18-þmw \qämnsâ cmw ]Ip-Xn-bnepw ̂ yqU-enkw {^m³knÂ \ne-\n-¶p.

kmaqly D¨-\o-N-§Äs¡-Xntc t]mcm-Sm³ aq¶mw FtÌäv X¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-¶p.

kmaqly kml-N-cy-§Ä

BgvN-bnÂ aq¶pw \mepw Znhkw Iqen-bn-ÃmsX ]Wn-sb-Sp-¸n¨p.

IÀj-I-cpsS [m\yw P·n-am-cpsS anÃnÂ s]mSn-bv¡-Ww. \nÝnX Icw sImSp-¡-Ww.

tdmUp-IÄ, ]mew þ Np¦w ]ncn-¨p.

hnf-sh-Sp-¸p-Im-e¯v IÀj-I-cnÂ \n¶pw Icw ]ncn-¨p.

`qcn-`mKw Irjn-`q-anbpw cmPmhv, {]`p-¡-·mÀ, k` ssI¡-em-¡n.

DbÀ¶ ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ [qÀ¯pw DÃm-khpw \ndª PohnXw \bn-¨p.

9. {^m³kn-ep-bÀ¶p h¶ a[y-hÀ¤w ̀ c-W-hy-hØ amän-a-dn¨v {^m³kns\

hn¹-h-¯n-te¡v \bn-¨p.

Im-c-W-§Ä

\K-c-§-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw

a[y-hÀK-¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw

{^m³knÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ D¨-\o-NXzw

a[y-hÀK-¯n\v ̀ c-W-¯nÂ AÀl-amb {]mXn\n[yw e`n-¨n-Ã.


19

10. {^m³knÂ ̂ yqUÂ hyh-Øn-Xn-bvs¡-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm³ P\-§Ä¡v

{]tNm-Z\w \ÂInb Nn´-IÀ þ thmÄ¯-bÀ, tam´-kvIyq, dqtÊm.

dqtÊm-hnsâ {KÙw þ kmaq-lnI DS-¼Sn (Social Contract)

11. {^©v ]mÀe-saânse aq¶m-as¯ FtÌ-ämb tIma¬kv tZiob Akw-»n-sb¶vkzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.

kml-N-cy-§Ä

Hmtcm FtÌ-än\pw Hmtcm thm«v F¶ \ne tIma¬knsâ Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡vhncp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.

HcmÄ¡v Hcp thm«v F¶ XXzw ]men-bv¡-W-sa-¶m-h-iy-s¸«p.

aäv cv FtÌ-äp-IÄ FXnÀ¯p.

tIma¬kv tZiob Akw-»n-sb¶v kzbw \ma-I-cWw sNbvXp.

sS¶okv tImÀ«v {]XnPvR þ {^©v hn¹-h-¯nsâ Bcw-`-am-bn.

Cu kw`-hs¯ IW-¡m-¡p-¶p.

12. {^©p hn¹-h-¯nÂ _mkvXnb tIm« XIÀ¶ Pqsse 14 C¶pw {^m³-knÂtZ-iob Zn\-ambn BN-cn-bv¡p-¶p.

Imc-W-§Ä

cmPm-[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]Xo-I-ambncp¶p tIm«.

cmPm-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ Ah-km-\-¯n\v hgn-sX-fn-¨p.

13. {^m³kn-em-I-am\w GI-cq-]-amb ̀ c-W-L-S\

tZiob Akw-»nbpsS ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä

ss{IkvX-h-k` ̀ -c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-bn.

k`-bpsS ̀ qkz¯v tZi-km-ev¡-cn¨p.

FÃm-hn`mK-§Ä¡pw Xpey-\n-IpXn.

{]`p-¡-·m-cpsS {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-§Ä \nÀ¯-em-¡n.

^yq-U-enkw \nÀ½mÀÖ\w sNbvXp.

`c-W-L-S-\m-hnt[bamb cmP-hmgvN \ne-hnÂ h¶p.

14. {^m³knÂ tZiob sFIyw Dm-¡m³ s\t¸m-fn-b\v Ign-ªp.

s\t¸m-fn-bsâ Ah-km-\-bp²w þ hm«À eq (1815)

^yqUÂ ̀ c-W-co-Xn-bnÂ {]`p-¡-·m-tcmSpw ]ptcm-ln-X-·m-

\n¶pw dn¸»n¡³ tcm-Sp-sam¸w kaq-l-¯nÂ


20

`c-W-¯n-te-¡pÅ amäw CS-s]-Sm³ a[y-hÀK-¯n\v

Ah-kcw e`n¨p.

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw s\t¸m-fn-bsâ It¯m-en-¡m-k-`sb kÀ¡mÀ

cmjv{S-̄ nsâ IS-a-bm¡n `c-W- \nb-{´-W-¯n-em¡n

]-cn-jvIm-c-§Ä

KXm-K-X-cw-K v̄ IÀj-Isc ̂ yqUÂ

]ptcm-KXn {]`p-¡-·m-cpsS ]nSn-bnÂ \n¶pw

tamNn-¸n¨v ̀ qan-bpsS DS-a-I-fm¡n

t{ImUo-I-cn-¨ \nb-a-kw-lnX cq]o-I-cn¨p

15. {^©v hn¹-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ B-i-b-§-fpsS \ntj-[-am-bn-cp¶p

hnb-¶m-k-t½-f\w.

Imc-W-§Ä

s\t¸m-fn-b³ amän-a-dn¨ cmjv{Sob ̀ q]-Ss¯ ]qÀh-Øn-Xn-bn-te¡v

sImp-h-cm³ {ian-¨p.

bqtdm-¸nsâ tZio-b-X-tbbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-t¯bpw \ncm-I-cn-¨p.

ka-Xzw, kzmX-{ýw, kmtlm-Z-cyw þ Cu Bib-§sf \ncm-I-cn-¨p.

Bkv{Sn-bÀ Nm³k-e-dm-bn-cp¶ satäÀWnIv BWv kt½-f-\-¯n\v

t\XrXzw hln- -̈Xv.

16. Cw¥-nÂ Bcw-`n¨ hyh-kmbhn¹-h¯nsâ kzm[o\w BtKm-f-hym-]-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.

hyh-kmb hn¹-h-§Ä

Dev]m-Z-\-hÀ²-\hv

^mIvSdn k{¼-Zm-b-¯nsâ B-hnÀ`mhw

_m¦p-IÄ, tPmbnâ v tÌm¡v I¼-\n-IÄ F¶nh BhnÀ`-hn-¨p.

hyh-kmb cwK¯v h³tXm-XnÂ aqe-[\ \nt£-]w.

apXem-fn-þ-sXm-gn-emfn _Ô-¯n-ep-mb amäw.

sXmgn-emfnhÀ¤ {]Øm\¯nsâ BhnÀ`m-hw.

17. 1832 Â Cw¥ojv ]mÀe-saâ v ]cn-jv¡-cW \nbaw ]mÊm-¡n.


21

ê-§Ä

Cw¥-nse ap-X-em-fn-amÀ¡v thm«-h-Imiw e`n-¨p.

Cw¥nse Hmtcm {]tZ-i¯pw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ IpSpw-_-hmgvN Ah-km-\n¨p.

{]`p-k-`-bpsS taÂ km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS k` hnPbw t\Sn.

18. sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡v thm«-h-Imiw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn Cw¥-nÂ \ne-hnÂ h¶

{]Øm\amWv NmÀ«nÌv {]Øm-\w.

19. ap-X-em-fn-am-cpsS Xmev]-cy-§Ä kwc-£n¡phm-\mbn hyh-km-b-§-fnÂ kÀ¡mÀ

CS-s]-Sm-Xn-cn-¡pI F¶ setk-þ-s^-bÀ kn-²m´w {_n«ojv Kh¬saâ v

kzoI-cn-¨p.

ê-§Ä

apX-em-fn¯ Nqj-W-§Äs¡Xnsc sXmgn-em-fn-I-fnÂ sFIy-t_m-[-ap-m-bn.

sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§Ä cq]w-sIm-p.

sXmgnÂ \nb-a-§Ä cq]w sImp.

^mIvSdn \nb-a-§-fpsS BhnÀ`m-hw.

20. ^mIvS-dn \nb-a-§Ä At\Iw amä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-bn.

amä-§Ä ^mIvSdn kµÀin-bv¡m\pw ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡m\pw

DtZym-K-Øsc \nb-an-¨p.

9 hbÊnÂ Xmsg-bpÅ Ip«n-Isf

]Wn-sb-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-¨p.

kv{XoI-fpsS {]hÀ¯n kabw

]¯v aWn-¡q-dmbn Ipd-¨p.


22

21. hymh-km-bnI hn¹-hm-\-ćw hyh-km-bn-IÄ¡-\p-Iq-e-ambn Nne km¼-¯nI

kn²m-´-§Ä cq]w sImp.

kzX{´ km¼-¯nI {]tbm-P-\-hmZw

kn²m´w

BUw-kvan¯v, tXmakv amÂ¯qkv sPd-ssa s_³Xmw

dn¡mÀtUm

hyàn-I-fpsS km¼-¯nI cmPy-¯nsâ Xmev]cy¯n\p]cn-bmbn

{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Kh¬saâ v hyàn]camb t\«-§Ä¡mWv {]m[m\yw

CS-s]-S-cp-Xv.

apX-em-fn¯ k{¼-Zm-b-¯n\v _Z-embn DbÀ¶ph¶ Bi-b-amWv tkmjy-en-kw.

tkmjy-enÌv Bi-b-§-fpsS BZy-Ime hàm-¡Ä

tdm_À«v Hmh³ Dt«m-]y³ tkmjy-enkw Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw Ah-c-h-cpsS

NmÄkv ̂ qdn-bÀ tPmen sN¿pI

sk³dv sska¬ Iq«p-ev]m-Z\w ]¦n-s«-Sp-¡p-I

{]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw imkv{Xob

ImgvN-¸mSpw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p.

eqbn »m¦v tÌäv tkmjy-enkw Dev]m-Z-\hpw hnX-c-Whpw

(Iq-«p-Sam k{¼-Zm-bw) Kh¬saânsâ \nb-{´W

¯nÂ. sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡v Xpey

thX\hpw em`-¯nsâ

Hcp ]¦pw

{]qt[m³ kn³Un-bv¡-enkw ^mIvS-dn-Isf \nb{ń¡p-¶-Xn\v

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-àm

¡fp-sSbpw kwbpà I½nän

cq]o-I-cnbv¡Ww.

_ÀWmUvjm ^m_n-b³ tkmjy-enkw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-amb amÀK-§Ä

D]-tbm-Kn v̈ Hcp tkmjy-enÌv

kaqlw sI«n-¸-Sp-¡-Ww.


23

ImdÂ amÀIvkv imkv{Xob tkmjy-enkw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯nse kmaq-lnI

FwKÂkv hpw cmjv{So-b-hpw, _p²n-]-chp

amb FÃm {]{In-b-I-tfbpw

\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶Xv kaq-l-¯nÂ

\ne-\n-ev¡p¶ Dev]m-Z\

coXn-bm-Wv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xbpw

imkv{Xob ImgvN-¸mSpw

Dm-bn-cp-¶p.

22. Cw¥-nÂ cq]w sIm hyh-kmbþImÀjn-I hn¹-h-§Ä Cýsb {_n«sâ

tImf-\n-bm¡n amän.

ImcW-§Ä

ImÀjnI hymh-km-bnI cwK¯pmb ]ptcm-KXn Dev]mZ\w hÀ²n-¸n¨p.

an¨ Dev]-¶-§Ä hnä-gn-bv¡m³ It¼m-f-§Ä Bh-iy-ambn h¶p.

IqSp-XÂ Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡Ä Bh-iyambn h¶p.

Ch tXSnbpÅ At\z-jWw tImf-\o-I-c-W-t¯bpw

km{am-Py-hn-I-k-\-t¯bpw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯n.


24

tNmZy-§Ä

Bi-b-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Ub-{K-§Ä D¯-c-¯n-tebv¡v \bn-¡p-¶-h-bm-Wv. Ah]cn-tim-[n¨v D¯cw Fgp-Xp-I. DbÀ¶ kvtImdpÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-t¼mÄ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-bv¡p-I.

Q.No. 1. Cw¥-nÂ cmPmhpw ]mÀe-saâpw X½nÂ ZoÀL-\mÄ\ne-\n¶ ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb XÀ¡-§Ä¡v Imc-W-sa-s´¶vhni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. Score 4

2. Cw¥ns\ ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb kwLÀj-¯n-te¡v\bn-¨psImv Ccp-tN-cn-bn-embn \n¶ hnhn[hn`m-K-§Ä GsXÃmw ? Score 2

3. Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡pI þ s]än-j³ Hm^v ssdäv Score 2

4. Cw¥-nse tkzÑm-[n-]-Xy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ hnP-b-amWvs]än-j³ Hm^v ssdäv. ]n¶o-SnXv Cw¥-ns\ B`y-´-c-bp-²-¯n-te¡v \bn¨p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯pI. Score 3

5. Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I þ cà-c-lnX hn¹hw Score 2

6. Cw¥-nÂ cmP-`-cWw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p-sh-¦n-epwcmPmhv ̀ cn-bv¡p-¶nÃ. Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. Score 2

7. F) {^©v hn¹-h-¯nsâ aq¶v {][m\ Bi-b-§Ä GsXÃmw? Score 3

_n) {^m³knse aq¶v FtÌ-äp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v hnh-cn-¡p-I. Score 3

8. {^©v kaq-l-¯nse H¶pw cpw FtÌ-äp-IÄs¡Xnsct]mcmSphm³ aq¶mw FtÌ-äns\ t{]cn-¸n¨kmaq-ly-km-l-Ncyw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. Score 4

9. {^m³knÂ DbÀ¶p-h¶ a[y-hÀKw {^m³knsâ`c-W-hy-h-Øsb amän-a-dn¨ hn¹-h-¯n-te¡p \bn-¨p.hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. Score 4

10. {^m³knÂ ̂ yqUÂ hyhØbvs¡Xnsc t]mcm-Sm³P\-§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z\w \evInb Nn´-IÀ BscÃmw?Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. Score 3

11. {^©v ]mÀe-saânsâ aq¶m-as¯ FtÌ-ämb tIma¬kvtZiob Akw-»n-bmbn amdm-\pÅ kml-Ncywhni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. Score 4

12. _mkvXnb tIm«-bpsS ]X-\-Zn-hkw {^m³knÂtZio-b-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-¡p-¶p-þ-hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I. Score 2


25

13. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

tZiob {^m³kn-em-I-am\wAkw-»n-bpsS GI-cq-]-amb]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä `c-W-L-S\

Score 5

14. s\t¸m-fn-bsâ GsX-¦nepw A©v ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. Score 5

s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkw cmjv{S-¯nsâ IS-a-bm¡n.

s\t¸m-fn-bsâ ̀ c-W-]-cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä

15. {^©v hn¹-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§-fpsS \ntj-[-am-bn-cp-¶p

hnb-¶m-k-t½-f\w þ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. Score 4

16. Cw¥-nÂ Bcw-`n¨ hyh-km-b-hn-¹-h-¯nsâ kzm[o\w

BtKmfhym]-I-ambncp¶p-sh¶ Bi-b-t¯mSv \n§Ä

tbmPn-bv¡p-¶ptm ? hni-Z-am-¡p-I. Score 5

17. 1832 Cw¥ojv ]mÀe-saâ v \S-¸m-¡nb ]cn-jv¡-cW \nb-a-¯nsâ

ê-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿pI. Score 2

18. NmÀ«nÌv {]Øm-\-sa-¶m-se´v ? Score 2

19. F) sesk-þ-s^-bÀ kn²m-´-sa´v ? Score 2

_n) A\-´-c-^-e-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. Score 4

20. Cw¥-nÂ \S-¸n-em-¡nb ̂ mIvSdn \nb-a-¯nse {][m\

\nÀt±-i-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿p-I. Score 3

21. hymh-km-bnI hn¹-hm-\-ćw hyh-km-bn-IÄ¡v A\p-Iq-e-ambn

DbÀ¶p-h¶ {][m-\-s¸« km¼-¯nI kn²m-´-§Ä hnh-cn-¡p-I. Score 6

22. BZyIme tkmjy-enÌv hàm-¡-fnÂ {][m-\n-I-fmcv ?

Hmtcm {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw \b-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-I. Score 5

23. Dt«m¸nb³ tkmjy-en-khpw imkv{Xob tkmjy-en-khpw

X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-sa´v ? Score 2


26

24. Cw¥-nÂ cq]w-sIm hyh-kmb ImÀjn-I-hn-¹h§Ä

Cýsb {_n«sâ tImf-\n-bm-¡n-¯oÀ¯p.

Cu {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. Score 4

25. Ipdn-s¸-gp-XpI (1) \o ]mÀe-saâ v (2) Ah-injvS ]mÀe-saâ v)

D¯-c-kq-NnI

Hmtcm Bi-b-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Ub-{K-¯nÂ D¯-c-kqNnI sImSp-¯n-«p-v.

Ub{Kw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. H¸w ]mT-`m-K-hpw.

IqSp-XÂ kvtImÀ DÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nsâ IqSn klm-b-t¯msS

D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I.


27

bqWnäv þ 2

hn¹-h-§-fpsS Imew

1628

1640-60

1649-58

1688

1689

1789

1792

1799

1806

1815

ka-b-tcJ

s]äo-j³ Hm^v ssdävkv

\o ]mÀe-saâ v

tIma¬ shÂ¯v Ime-L«w

cà-c-lnX hn¹hw (a-l-¯mb hn¹-hw)

Ah-Im-i-\n-baw

{^©v hn¹hw

{^m³knÂ tZiob Iu¬knÂ cq]o-I-cWw

s\t¸m-fn-b³ A[n-Im-c-ta-sä-Sp¯p

tImn-s\-âÂ hyhØ

hnb¶ kt½-f\w

ka-b-tcJ

bqWnäv þ 3

km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ hfÀ¨

1757

1764

1774

1776

1783

1804

1822

1830

1868

1870

1871

¹mkn bp²w

_IvkmÀ bp²w

H¶mw tImn-s\âÂ tIm¬{Kkv

cmw tImn-s\âÂ tIm¬{Kkv

]mcnkv DS-¼Sn

slbv¯n kzmX{ýw {]m]n¨p

{_koÂ, saIvknt¡m kzmX{ýw {]m]n¨p

\mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³ t^mÀ s{]m«-£³ Hm v̂ te_À

tjmK¬ `cWw Ah-km-\n¨p

Cäen GIo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p

PÀ½-\n-I-fpsS GIo-I-cWw


28

bqWnäv þ 3

km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ hfÀ¨

hyh-km-b-hn-¹-hs¯ XpSÀ¶v bqtdm-̧ nÂ hfÀ¶p-h¶ apX-em-fn-̄ -¯nsâ hnI-knX

cq]-amWv km{am-Py-Xzw. Bt{^m-þ-G-jy³, Ata-cn-¡³ h³I-c-I-fnse cmPy§-fnse km{am-

Py-Xz-hn-cp² sNdp-¯p-\nÂ¸v {]Øm-\-§Ä, ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ ka-kybpw _mÄ¡³

{]Xn-k-Ônbpw sXmgn-em-fn-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS BhnÀ`m-hw, bqtdm-¸nse tZio-b-X, Cä-en,

PÀ½\n F¶o cmPy-§-fpsS GIo-I-c-W-¯n\v tZiobX hln¨ ]¦v F¶nhbpsS Hcp

sNdnb hnh-c-W-amWv Cu bqWn-änÂ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cu bqWn-äns\ F, _n, kn, Un, C F¶o 5 D]-bq-Wn-äp-Ifmbn Xncn¨v hni-I-e\w

sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶p.

F) km{am-PyXzw

hyh-km-bhn¹-h-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v bqtdm-¸nÂ hfÀ¶p-h¶ apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ

hnI-kn-X- cq-]-amWv km{am-Py-Xzw.

km{am-Py-Xz-hn-]p-eo-I-cWtamlw tImf\n Øm]-\-¯n-te¡v hgn-sX-fn-¨p.

Bt{^m-þ-G-jy³þA-ta-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fnÂ tImf-\n-IÄ Øm]n-¡m³ km{am-Py-Xz-

cm-Py-§sf \nc-h[n LS-I-§Ä t{]cn-¸n-¨p.

km{am-Py-Xzhym]-\-¯n\pw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-§Ä \ne-\nÀ¯m-\pw apX-em-fn-¯-cm-

Py-§Ä ]e X{´-§fpw {]tbm-Kn-¨p.

LS-I-§Ä

tImf\nIfnse Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡-fpsS e`y-X.

an¨ Dev]-¶-§Ä tImf\nIfnÂ hnä-gn-¡mw.

A[nI Dev]m-Z\w.

ISp¯ hym]mc aÕcw.

hnhn[ X{´-§Ä

ssk\n-I-iàn D]-tbm-Kn v̈ ASn- -̈aÀ¯Â

`c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw \nb-a-hy-h-Øbpw D]-tbm-Kn-¨pÅ \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv.

Xt±-io-b-cpsS kmlnXyw, Ie, hnZym-`ymkw F¶n-hsb XIÀ¡Â

]mÝmXy hnZym-`ym-kw.


29

1. km{am-PyXzw Cý-bnÂ

hnhn[ bqtdm-]y³ iàn-I-fmb t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ, U¨p-ImÀ, Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ,

{^©p-ImÀ F¶n-hÀ I¨-h-S-¯n-\mbn Cý-bnÂ F¯n.

Cý-bnse cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-§Ä {_n«ojv A[n-\n-th-i-¯n\v

kml-N-cy-sam-cp-¡n.

IÀ®m-«nIv bp²-§Ä, ¹mkn bp²w (1757) _IvkmÀ bp²w (1764) F¶nh Cw¥ojv

B[n-]Xy¯n\v B¡w Iq«n.

Cý-bnse kml-Ncyw

ZpÀ_-e-amb apKÄ ̀ c-W-IqSw

At\ym\yw Ie-ln-¨n-cp¶ \m«p-cm-Py-§Ä

km¼-¯n-I-km-aqly PoÀ®X

Ac£nXm-hØ

2. km{am-PyXzw ssN\-bnÂ

16-þmw \qämp apXÂ ssN\-bnÂ hym]m-c-_Ôw Øm]n-¡m³ bqtdm-]y³amÀ

{ian-¨p.

ssN\okv ̀ c-W-IÀ¯m-¡Ä Ahsc AI-än-\nÀ¯n.

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ ssN\-bpsS taÂ \nb-{´Ww t\Sm³ Nne hfª hgn-IÄ

kzoI-cn-¨p.

Idp¸v IÅ-¡-S-¯n-eqsS ssN\sb [mÀ½n-I-ambpw ̀ uXn-I-ambpw

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ XfÀ¯n.

Idp v̧ bp²-§Ä (1839-þ1842), ssN\-þ-P-̧ m³ bp²w (1894-þ95) F¶o bp²-§Ä ssN\sb

hntZ-io-b-cpsS \nb-{´-W-¯n-em-¡n.

Idp¸v bp²w

hÀjw ]s¦-Sp-¯-hÀ ê-§Ä

1839þ42 ssN\, Cw¥v ssN\ tlmMvtKm§pw

]cm-P-b-s¸«p 5 XpdapJ-§fpw

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ¡v hn«p-sIm-Sp¯p

3. km{am-PyXzw Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ

aX-]o-U-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v c£-t\-Sm\pw km¼-¯n-I-`-{ZX BÀÖn-¡m-\p-ambn

bqtdm-¸nÂ \n¶v \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-§Ä Ata-cn-¡³ h³I-c-bn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dn.


30

Cw¥o-jp-ImÀ hSt¡ Ata-cn-¡bnÂ 13 tImf-\n-IÄ Øm]n-¨p.

{_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ v Ata-cn-¡³ tImf-\n-IÄ¡v taÂ \nc-h[n ]pXnb \nIp-Xn-IÄ

Npa-¯n.

""{]mXn-\n-[y-an -ÃmsX \nIpXn ]ncn-¡m³ ]mSnÃ'' F¶ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-hp-ambn

Ata-cn-¡³ tImf-\n-IÄ {_n«ojpImÀs¡-Xnsc Iem-]-ap-bÀ¯n.

1781 Â tIm¬hm-en-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ {_n«ojv ]«mfs¯

tPmÀPv hmjnw-KvS-Wnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ Ata-cn-¡³ ssk\yw

]cm-P-b-s -̧Sp-¯n.

1782 se ]mcokv DS-¼Sn {]Imcw {_n«³ Ata-cn-¡bv¡v kzmX{ýw \ÂIn.

4. km{am-PyXzw sXt¡ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ

kzÀWhpw shÅnbpw tXSn ChnsSsb¯nb {][m\ bqtdm-]y³ iàn-IÄþ

kvs]bn³, t]mÀ¨p-KÂ, {^m³kv, Cw¥-v.

bqtdm-]yÀ sXt¡ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ hnhm-l-_-Ô-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«-Xnsâ ̂ e-ambn

Dmb ]pXnb k¦chÀK-amWv saÌn-tkm-kv.

bqtdm-]y³ km{am-Py-Xz-¯ns\Xnsc ià-amb {]t£m-`-§Ä hnhn[ cmPy-§-fnÂ

Bcw-`n-¨p.

sska¬ s_mfn-hÀ, tPmsk- Un -km³amÀ«n³ F¶n-hÀ hnhn[ cmPy-§-fnse

t]mcm-«-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn.

1825 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw Cu taJ-e-bnse apgp-h³ cmPy-§fpw kzmX{ýw t\Sn.

5. km{am-PyXzw B{^n-¡-bnÂ

B{^n-¡-bnÂ km{am-PyXz Øm-]\ aÂk-c-¯nÂ GÀs¸« {][m\ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

iàn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p {_n«³, {^m³kv, PÀ½-\n, Cä-en, t]mÀ¨p-KÂ, kvs]bn³

CXn-\mbn AhÀ X½nÂ aÕ-cn-¡p-Ibpw B{^n-¡sb \nc-h[n Ij-W-§-fmbn hn`-

Pn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

bp²w IqSmsX AXn-th-K-¯n-emWv CXv km[n- -̈Xv.

AhÀ X½n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ kwLÀj-§Ä NÀ¨-I-fn-eq-sSbpw kÔn-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

]d-ªp-XoÀ¯p.

1914 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw an¡ B{^n-¡³ cmPy-§fpw bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fpsS

tImf-\n-I-fm-bn.


31

_n) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm-\-§Ä

19-þmw \qäm-nsâ Aý-̄ nepw 20-þmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-̀ -¯nepw Cý, ssN\, P¸m³

XpS-§nb Gjy³ cmPy-§-fnÂ {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImÅp-Ibpw AXv tImf-\n-hn-

cp-²-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-hm³ Imc-W-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm\w þ Cý-bnÂ

tImf\n hncp² {]Øm\w Cý-bnÂ cq]w-sIm-Åm-\pÅ kml-N-cy-§Ä

{_n«ojv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS ̀ c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Ifpw \b-ssh-I-ey-§fpw.

Cý-bpsS km¼-¯nI kmwkv¡m-cnI cmjv{Sob hnI-k-\s¯ apc-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ \bw.

Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-eq-sS-bpÅ kmwkv¡m-cnI ASn-a-Xzw.

2) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm\w þ ssN\-bnÂ

km{am-PyXz Nqj-W-¯n-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImÅp-¶p.

hnhn[ hn¹-h-kw-L-S-\-IÄ cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

tUm. k¬bmXvsk³ hnhn[ hntam-N-\-kw-L-S-\-Isf tbmPn-¸n¨v kacw

apt¶m«v \bn-¨p.

tZiob {]Øm-\-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§Ä þ tZio-b-X, P\m-[n-]-Xyw,

tkmjy-enkw F¶n-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

3) km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm\w P¸m-\nÂ

19-þ-mw \qäm-nÂ Ata-cn-¡bpw hnhn[ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ iàn-Ifpw ChnsS

\nb-{´Ww Øm]n-¨p.

{]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX cq]w sImp.

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ iàn-I-Äs¡Xn-scbpw tjmK¬ ̀ c-W-¯n-s\-Xn-scbpw kwL-SnX

t]mcm«w Bcw-`n-¨p.

1868Â tjmK¬ ̀ cWw Ah-km-\n-¸n¨v sabvPn cmP-hwiw ̀ cWw Bcw-`n-¨p.

Cu ̀ c-W-¯n³Io-gnÂ P¸m³ ]qÀh-tZ-is¯ {][m\ iàn-bm-bn.

djy-þ-P-¸m³ bp²-¯nÂ P¸msâ hnPbw aäv cmPy-§-fnse km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp²

ka-c-§Ä¡v ]pXnb B-th-i-am-bn.


32

kn) ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ kaky (Eastern Question) bpw_mÄ¡³ {]Xn-k-Ônbpw

XpÀ¡n-bpsS ZpÀ_emhØ apX-se-Sp¯v ]Ýna bqtdm-]y³ iàn-IÄ XpÀ¡n-bpsS

`q`m-K-§Ä I¿-S-¡m³ \S-¯nb {ia-§-fmWv ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ kaky.

XpÀ¡n km{am-Py-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cp¶ Émhv P\-§Ä A[n-h-kn¡p¶ _mÄ¡³

{]tZ-i-§Ä ssI¿-S-¡m³ djy {ian-¨p. CXns\ aäv bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§Ä ]cm-P-b-

s -̧Sp-¯n.

]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ ka-ky-bn-te¡pw _mÄ¡³ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn-te¡pw

\bn¨ kml-N-cy-§Ä

XpÀ¡n km{am-Py-¯nsâ XIÀ¨

_mÄ¡³ {]tZ-i-§Ä ssI¿-S-¡m-\pÅ djy-bpsS {iaw.

Un) sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤ apt¶äw

apX-em-fn¯NqjWw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS AhØ Zpcn-X-]qÀW-am¡n.

\nc-h[n sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-IÄ cq]w sImp.

1830Â tPm¬ tZmlmÀ¯n \mj-WÂ Atkm-kn-tb-j³kv t^mÀ s{]m«-£³ Hm^v

te_À F¶ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS tZiob t^md-¯n\v cq]w sImSp-¯p.

sXmgn-em-fn-k-a-c-¯nsâ `mK-ambn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS {]hr¯nka-bw, thX-\w,

Pohn-X-km-l-Ncyw F¶n-h-bnÂ amä-ap-m-bn.

C) tZiobX

tZiw F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw IÀ½-]-cn-]m-Snbpw

tNÀ¶-XmWv tZio-b-X.

18-þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS bqtdm-̧ nse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ tZiob t_m[w

hfÀ¶p-h-¶p.

1848 se hn¹-h-§Ä bqtdm-¸nÂ tZio-bX IqSp-XÂ iàn-s¸-Sp¯n.

B{Im-aI tZio-bX, {]Xn-tcm-[-tZ-io-b-X C§s\ tZio-bX ]e Xc-¯nÂ Dv.

B{Im-aI tZio-b-X AXn-cp-I-hn-ª-Xpw, h³tXm-Xn-epÅ Bbp-[o-I-c-W-̄ n-tebv¡pw

tZio -b -XIÄ X½n -epÅ sshcy -¯n -tebv¡pw B{I-a -W-¯n -te¡pw

\bn-¡p-¶p.

{]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX km¼-¯nIhpw cmjv{So-bhpw kmwkv¡m-cn -Ihpamb

ASn-a-¯s¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.


33

1) Cä-en-bpsS GIo-I-c-Ww

ImÀs_m-Wm-cn, b§v Cäen tPmk^v ako\n, Kmcn-_mÄUn,

F¶n-h-bpsS ]¦v hnIvSÀ C½m-\p-thÂ II IhqÀ

F¶n-h-cpsS ]¦v

2) PÀ½n-\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

tkmÄshdn³ F¶ _nkvamÀ¡v, Um\njv bp²w

hym]m-c-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]¦v {Û-dnIv hneyw IV Bkvt{Sm-þ-{]-jy³ bp²w

F¶n-h-cpsS ]¦v {^mt¦mþ{]jy³ bp²w

tNmZy-§Ä

Cu bqWn-änse {][m\ tNmZy-§Ä NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-bpsS D -̄c-§Ä

sSIvÌv-_p-¡nsâ klm-b-¯mÂ Is-¯m³ {ian-¡p-I. D¯c kqNnI asämcp t]PnÂ

\ÂIn-bn-«p-v.

1. A{Im-a-I-tZ-io-b-X, {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-bX Chsb Xmc-Xayw sN¿pI 3 score

2. bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§sf Bt{^m-þ-G-jy³-þ-A-ta-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fnÂ

tImf-\n-IÄ Øm]n-bv¡m³ t{]cn-¸n¨ LS-I-§Ä GsX-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p? 2 score

3. apX-em-fn¯ cmjv{S-§Ä km{am-Py-Xz-hym-]-\-¯n\pw Ah-cpsS

A[n-Imc§Ä \ne-\nÀ¯m\pw tImf-\n-I-fnÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨

X{´-§Ä Gh ? 2 score

4. 19-þ-mw \qäm-nsâ Aý-¯nepw 20-þmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`-¯nepw

Cý, ssN\, P¸m³ XpS§nb cmPy-§-fnÂ {]Xn-tcm[ tZio-b-X

iàn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw km{am-PyXz hncp² {]Øm\w Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

aq¶v cmPy-§-fnepw DS-seSp¯ km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm-\-§fpsS

hnh-cWw X¿m-dm-¡pI? 6 score

5. A tImf-¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh tImf-§-fnÂ \n¶v FSp-s¯-gp-Xp-I.

A B C

Cäen saÌn-tkmkv tIma-tUmÀ s]dn

PÀ½\n a©p cmP-hwiw sska¬ s_mfn-hÀ

ssN\ bMv Cäen k¬bmXvsk³

P¸m³ tkmÄsh-dn³ _nkvamÀ¡v

sXt¡ Ata-cn¡ tjmK¬ ̀ cWw tPmk^v ako\n


34

6. km{am-PyXz hn]p-eo-I-cW taml-¯n-sâbpw cmPy-§Ä tImf-\n-I-fm-¡m-\pÅ

bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fpsS AXymÀ¯nbptSbpw Gähpw \Ã DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv

B{^n-¡bpsS hoXw-h-bv]vþB-{^n-¡bpsS hoXw hbv¸nsâ kz`mhw hyà-am¡n

Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡pI? 4 score

7. bqtdm-]y³ iàn-IÄ X½n-epÅ aÕ-c-§Ä shdpw AXnÀ¯n-¯À¡-§Ä am{X

ambncp¶nsÃ¶v ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ kaky sXfn-bn-¨p. F´mWv ]uckvXy

bqtdm-]y³ kaky? CXn-te¡v \bn¨ kml-N-cy-§Ä Fs´Ãmw? 4 score

8. H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯n\v ap¼v cq]w-sIm ssk\nI kJy-§-fnÂs¸« cmPy-§-fpsS

t]cv NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsb ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I? ssk\n-I-k-Jy-§fpsS

cq]-hÂ¡cWw cmPy-§sf F§s\ _m[n¨p ? 5 score

(djy, Cä-en, Bkv{Sn-b-þ-lw-K-dn, {_n«¬, PÀ½\n, {^m³kv)

9. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kw`-h-§sf Ah \S¶ apdbv¡v {Iao-I-cn-¡pI.

F) ¹mkn-bp²w, _n) Cä-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

kn) Ata-cn¡ kzX-{´-am-Ip-¶p. Un) PÀ½-\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

C) _IvkÀ bp²w

10. bqtdm-¸nÂ tZio-bX iàn-s¸-«Xnsâ ̂ e-ambn GIo-I-cnbv¡s¸« PÀ½\nbpsSbpw

Cä-en-bp-sSbpw GIo-I-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Nne kw`-h-§Ä \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

aäp-Åh ]qÀ¯n--bm-¡pI.

Cä-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw PÀ½\n-bpsS GIo-I-cWw

ImÀs_m-Wmcn ako\n tkmÄsh-dn³

s{Û-dnIv

hneyw

ImhqÀ {^mt¦m

{]jy³ bp²w


35

11. ""tImf\oI-c-Ws¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ km{am-PyXzw kzoI-cn¨

X{´§fnÂ H¶mWv ]mÝm-Xy-hn-Zym-`ymkw'' kaÀ°n-¡p-I. 4 score

12. tImf\n iàn-Isf ASn-a-¡-¨-h-S-¯n\pw IcmÀ sXmgn-en\pw

t{]cn-¸n¨ kml-N-cy-§Ä Gh ? 2 score

13. Cý, ssN\ F¶o cmPy-§fnÂ km{am-PyXzw

Øm]n-X-ambsX§-s\-sb¶v kaÀ°n-¡pI ? 6 score

14. sa¡msf {]`p-hnsâ hnZym-`ymk e£yw?

15. Idp¸v bp²-§Ä


36

D -̄c-kq-NnI

B{Im-aI tZio-bX {]Xn-tcm-[ tZio-bX

1. AXncp Ihnª tZio-bX X§-fpsS taÂ ASn-t¨Â¸n¨

km¼-¯n-Ihpw cmjv{So-bhpw

kmwkv¡m-cn-Ihpamb A-Sn-a-¯s¯

{]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p¶ tZio-bX

h³tXm-Xn-epÅ Bbp-[o-I-c-W- `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS ZpÀ\-b-§Äs¡Xn

¯n-te¡pw tZio-b-X-IÄ X½n-epÅ scbpÅ {]Xn-I-c-Ww.

sshcy-̄ n-tebv¡pw

B{I-a-W-¯n-te¡pw \bn¨p. km{am-PyXz e£y-§sf Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶p

anI-hp-Ifpw ]mc-¼-cy-§fpw

DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-¶p.

2. km{am-PyXzw F¶ k_v bqWn-änse LS-I-§Ä F¶v tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶

]«nI ImWp-I.

3. km{am-PyXzw F¶ k_v bqWn-änse hnhn[ X{´-§Ä F¶ ]«nI ImWp-I.

4. km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp² {]Øm-\-§Ä F¶ k_vbqWn-änse km{am-Py-Xz-hn-cp²

{]Øm\w Cý-bnÂ (1), ssN\bnÂ (2), P¸m-\nÂ (3) F¶o `mK-§Ä ImWp-I.

5. Cäen bMv Cäen tPmk^v ako\n

PÀ½\n tkmÄsh-dn³ _nkvamÀ¡v

ssN\ a©p-cm-P-hwiw k¬bmXvsk³

P¸m³ tjmK¬ ̀ cWw tIma-tUmÀshdn

sXt¡ Ata-cn¡ saÌntkmkv sska¬ s_mfn-hÀ

6. km{am-PyXzw F¶ k_v bqWn-änse km{am-PyXzw B{^n-¡-bnÂ F¶ ̀ mKw

ImWp-I.

7. ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ ka-kybpw _mÄ¡³ {]Xn-k-Ônbpw F¶ k_v bqWnäv

ImWp-I.

8. {Xncmjv{S kJyw {Xncmjv{S [mcW

PÀ½\n djy

Bkv{Snbþlw-Kdn {_n«¬

Cäen {^m³kv


37

F) cmjv{S-§Ä X½n-epÅ kwi-b-§Ä hÀ²n-¨p. _n) Bbp-[-ti-J-cWw.

kn) ssk\y-_-ehpw \mhn-I-tk-\-bpsS iànbpw hÀ²n-¸n-¨p.

Un)- hn-hn[ clky Icm-dp-IÄ Dm-¡m³ Imc-W-am-bn.

9. ¹mkn-bp²w þ _IvkmÀ bp²w þ Ata-cn¡ kzX-{´-am-Ip-¶p-þ-C-ä-en-bpsS

GIo-I-cWwþPÀ½-\n-bpsS GIo-I-c-Ww.

10. tZio-bX F¶ k_v bqWn-änse Cä-en-bpsS GIo-I-cWw, PÀ½-\nbpsS

GIoI-cWw F¶o ̀ mK-§Ä ImWp-I.

11. tImf-\n-hmgvNbv¡v \ne-\nÂ¡m³ Ign-b-W-sa¦nÂ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ cmPy-¯nsâ

taÂ cmjv{So-bhpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb \nb-{´Ww Dd-¸m-t¡--Xp-v. Cu e£y

{]m]vXn¡v hnZym-`ym-ks¯ D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]mÝmXykwkv¡m-c-t¯mSv hn-t[-b-Xz-apÅ

Hcp Xe-ap-dsb krjvSn-s¨Sp¡-em-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS e£yw þ C¯cw t]mbnâp-IÄ

FgpXn kaÀ°n-¡-Ww.

12. tImf-\n-I-fnse tXm«w-Ir-jnbpw J\n-hy-h-km-bhpw h³tXm-XnÂ Ipdª Iqen-bpÅ

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Bh-iy-IX krjvSn¨p. CXns\ adn-I-S-¡m-\mbn Zi-e-£-¡-W

¡n\v a\p-jysc ASn-a-I-fmbpw IcmÀ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmbpw tXm«w taJ-e-bnÂ

D]-tbm-K-s -̧Sp-¯n.

13. km{am-PyXzw F¶ k_vbqWn-änse km{am-PyXzw Cý-bnÂ, km{am-PyXzw ssN\

bnÂ F¶o ̀ mK-§Ä ImWpI.

14. P·w sImpw \ndw sImpw Xt±-io-bcpw A`n-cp-Nn, thj-hn-[m\w F¶nh sImv

]mÝmXycpamb Hcp P\-Xsb krjvSn-¡pI

15. Cw¥ojv CuÌným I¼\n ssN\-bn-te¡v h³tXm-XnÂ Idp¸v IÅ-¡-S¯v XpS-§n.

ssN\okv ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ Idp¸v hym]mcw \ntcm-[n-¨p. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ ssN\-s¡-

Xnsc bp²w \S-¯n. bp²-¯nÂ ssN\ ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p.


38

bqWnäv 4

temI bp²hpw XpSÀ¨bpw

Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-Z-i-I-§-fnÂ temI v̄ Ac-t§-dnb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§-fnÂ

{][m--\-s¸«hbmWv H¶mw-temI bp²w (1914-þ1918), djy³ hn¹hw (1917), temI-km¼-¯nI-

am-µyw, ̂ m-jn-k-¯n-sâbpw \mkn-k-¯n-sâbpw DbÀ¨. Ch-sb¡pdn-¨pÅ Hcp sN-dphn-h-

c-W-amWv Cu bqWn-änÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Cu bq-Wn-äns\ A, B, C, D F¶o \mev D]-bq-Wn-äp-I-fmbn Xncn¨v hni-Ie\w sNbvXn-

cn¡p-¶p.

A. H¶mw temI-a-lmbp²w þ 1914-þ1918

bp²-¯nsâ Imc-W-§Ä

]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ ka-kybpw A´m-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-Ôn-Ifpw

km{amPyXza-Õ-c-§Ä

B{Im-aI tZio-bX

ssk\nI kJy-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

BÀ¨v Uyq¡v {^m³knkv s^ÀUn-\mânsâ h[w or t_mkv\nb³ {]Xn-kÔn

A´m-cmjv{S {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ

_mÄ¡³ {]Xn-kÔn þ PÀ½\n-þ-djy

samtdmt¡m {]Xn-kÔn þ PÀ½-\n-þ-{^m³kv

_mKvZmZv {]Xn-k-Ôn þ PÀ½-\n, djy, {_n«³, {^m³kv

bp²-¯nsâ Bcw-`w, -KXn, Aýw

1914 Pqsse 28 \v Bkv{Snb skÀ_n-b-s¡-Xnsc bp²w {]Jym-]n-¨p.

djy, {_n«³, {^m³kv þ skÀ_nbsb klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

XpÀ¡n, PÀ½\n, _ÄtK-dnb þ Bkv{Sn-bsb klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

{_n«sâ ̀ mK-¯p-Å-hÀ kJy-I-£n-IÄ F¶pw PÀ½-\n-bpsS ̀ mK-¯p-Å-h-À

tI{µ-i-àn-IÄ F¶pw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Cäen PÀ½-\n-bpsS kJyw hn«v {_n«sâ ̀ mK¯v tNcp-¶p.

1917 se hn¹-hs¯ XpSÀ¶v djy bp²-¯nÂ \n¶v ]n³am-dn.

PÀ½³ A´Àhm-ln-\n-IÄ Ata-cn-¡³ I¸-ep-IÄ XIÀ¡p-¶p.


39

Ata-cn¡ {_n«sâ ̀ mK¯v tNcp-¶p.

Bkv{Snb, XpÀ¡n, _ÄtK-dnb, PÀ½\n F¶nh ]cm-Pbw k½-Xn¨v Iog-S-§p-¶p.

1918 Â bp²w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ

\qX\ X{´hpw kmt¦XnI-hn-Zybpw {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-«p.

Ic-bn-epw, IS-enepw, BIm-i¯pw bp²w \S-¶p.

Sm¦p-IÄ, sjÃp-IÄ, ssa\p-IÄ F¶nh D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p.

hnj-hm-X-I-§-fpsS {]tbm-Kw.

hnam-\-§Ä, ap§n-¡-¸-ep-IÄ F¶nh BZy-am-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.

kam-[m\ kÔn-IÄ

thgvkmbv kÔn þ PÀ½\n

skâ vsPÀ sabv³ kÔn þ Bkv{Sn-b-þ-lw-Kdn

skhvtd kÔn þ XpÀ¡n

kÀh-cm-jv{Sk

-Jy-̄nsâ

cq]o-I-cW

w

]«n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{ZyhpwAta-cn¡ h³ iàn-bm-Ip-¶p.

KXm-KX hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab

kwhn-[m-\-§

-fpsS XIÀ¨

]mc

n-Øn-X

nI {]

iv\

-§Ä

P\m-[

n-]Xy {]{I

n-b¡

v

B¡

w Iq«n

BÄ

\mi

w

ImÀj

nI h

yh-k

mb X

IÀ¨

Gjy-b

nepw

B{^

n-¡-bn-e

pw k

zmX-{´

y-{]-

Øm-\

-§-fpsS

Bcw

-`w.

bqtdm-¸nse ]e

cmP-hw-i-§fpw XIÀ¶

p.


40

B. djy³ hn¹-hhpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ cq]o-I-c-Whpw

kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯namcpsS GIm-[n-]Xy ̀ c-Ww.

IÀj-I-cptSbpw km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-tSbpw Zb-\o-bm-h-Ø.

1898 Â tkmjyÂ sUtam-{Im-änIv te_À ]mÀ«n-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.

sa³sj-hn¡p-IÄ þ t_mÄsjhn-¡p-IÄ þ cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

se\n³ t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-I-fp-tSbpw Ae-Ivkm-À sId³kvIn sa³sj-hn-¡p-I-

fptSbpw t\Xm-¡Ä BIp-¶p.

t_mÄsj-hn¡p-IÄ hn¹-h-¯n\pw ]Wn-ap-S-¡n\pw Blzm\w sNbvX-t¸mÄ

]cn-jvI-c-Whpw sXc-sª-Sp¸pw aXn-sb¶v sa³sj-hn-¡p-IÄ hmZn-¨p.

1905 Â P¸m\pambn \S¶ bp²-¯nÂ djy ]cm-P-b-s¸-«-Xns\ XpSÀ¶v kmÀ N{I-

hÀ¯n-s¡-Xnsc hn¹hw \S¶p.

XpSÀ¶v Zqa F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp ]mÀe-saâ v cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶p.

kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯ns¡Xnsc kacw \S-¯m³ t_mÄsj-hn-¡p-IÄ "tkmhn-bäv' F¶

t]cnÂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-tSbpw IÀj-I-cp-tSbpw kan-Xn-IÄ¡v cq]w sImSp-¯p.

1917 se s^{_p-hcn hn¹-h-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v Ae-Ivkm-À sId³kvIn A[n-Im-c¯nÂ

hcp-¶p.

1917 se HIvtSm-_À hn¹-hs¯ XpSÀ¶v se\n³ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p.

XIÀ¶p-t]mb djy³ k¼Zvhyh-Øsb sa¨-s¸ -Sp -¯m³ bp²-Ime

I½yq-Wn-kw, ]p¯³ km¼-¯n-I-\-bw, ]©-h-Õ-c-] -²-Xn -IÄ F¶nh

\S-¸n-em-¡p-¶p.

C. temI km¼-¯n-I-am-µyhpw \yqUoepw

temI km¼-¯nI amµyw

1929Â Bcw-`n-¨p. 1933 Â Xo{hX Ipd-ªp.

Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Bcw-`n-¨p.

Hml-cn-I-t¼m-f-§Ä XIÀ¶p.

_m¦p-IÄ XIÀ¶p.

]«nWn

IÀj-IÀ¡v ̀ qan \jvSw.

sXmgn-en-Ãmbva


41

\yq UoÂ

Ata-cn-¡sb km¼-¯n-I-am-µy-¯nÂ \n¶pw c£n-¡m³ {]Jym-]n-¨ ]cn-jv¡-cW ]cn-

]m-Sn.

{]kn-Uâ v {^m¦vfn³ Un dqkv shÂämWv inev]n.

Bizm -kw, ]p\x -Øm-]n -¡Â, ]cn -j vI -cWw F¶o aq¶v LS -I -§Ä

CXnÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶p.

Cu ]²-Xn e£-¡-W-¡n\v Bfp-IÄ¡v sXmgnÂ \ÂIn.

{ItaW Cu ]²Xn ]cm-P-b-am-bn.

\yqUoÂ ]²-Xn¡v ASn-Øm\ km¼-¯n-I{]-iv\-§Ä ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã.

^m-jn-khpw \mkn-khpw

1) ^mjnkw Cä-en-bnÂ

^mjn-k-¯nsâ t\Xmhv s_\ntäm apk-eo\n.

hocm-cm-[-\, hwio-b-X, ̀ qX-Im-e-a-l-Xz-hÂ¡-c-Ww, bp²-sh-dn-, ]uc-kzm-X-{ýw

\ntj-[n-¡Â, I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-tfbpw sUtam-{Im-äp-I-tfbpw FXnÀ¡p-I,

aäp kwL-S -\ -Isf \ntcm -[n -¡Â, hmÀ¯m-am -[y -a -§Ä¡v \nb - {´-Ww

F¶n-h-bmWv ̂ mjn-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§Ä.

Idp¯ Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp ̂ mjnÌv {Kq¸n\v cq]w \ÂIn.

1924 Â A[n-Imcw ̂ mjn-Ìp-IÄ¡v e`n-¡p-¶p.

bp²-t¯m-SpÅ apk-eo-\n-bpsS sImXn Cä-en-sb cmw-tem-I-bp²¯n-te¡v \bn-¡p¶p.

1945 Â Cäen kJy-I-£n-IÄ¡v Iog-S-§n-b-tXmsS apk-eo-\nsb \m«p-ImÀ

h[n-¨p. AtXmsS Cä-en-bnÂ ̂ mjn-k-¯nsâ Aýw Ipdn-¨p.

\mknkw PÀ½-\n-bnÂ

\mknk¯nsâ t\Xmhv AtUmÄ^v lnäveÀ

^mjn-k-¯nsâ AtX ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§Ä Xs¶ ]n´p-SÀ¶p.

Xhn«v Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ F¶ t]cnÂ Hcp \mkn {Kq¸n\v cq]w \ÂIn.

Nm³k-eÀ Øm\-t¯¡v \nb-an -X -\mb lnä veÀ 1934 Â {]kn -Uâ v

ln³U³ _ÀKv acn-¨-t¸mÄ B Øm\w ssIb-S-¡n.

bp²-t¯m-SpÅ lnäve-dpsS sImXn PÀ½-\n-sb cmw temI-bp-²-¯n-te¡p \bn-¨p.

cmw temI-bp-²-¯nÂ PÀ½\nbpsS ]cm-Pbw Dd-¸mb lnäveÀ Bß-lXy sNbvXp.


42

^mjnkw kvs]bn-\nÂ

êm-RvPnkw F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-«p. t\Xmhv {^mt¦m.

1931 Â cmP-hmgvN Ah-km-\n¨ kvs]bn³ Hcp dn¸-»n-¡m-bn.

dn¸-»n-¡³þI-½yq-WnÌv Bi-b-§-fpÅ ]mÀ«n-I-fpsS Ass\Iyw {Ia-k-am-[m-\-\ne

XIÀ¯p.

1936 Â \S¶ sXcsª-Sp-¸nÂ CS-Xp-þ-h-eXp ]£-§Ä Xpey koäp-IÄ t\Sn.

Hcp ̂ mknÌv ]mÀe-saâwKw h[n-¡-s¸-«-Xnsâ t]cnÂ Iem]w Bcw-`n-¨p.

Iem-]-¯nÂ {^mt¦mbpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ DÅ ^mjn-Ìp-IÄ hnP-bn-¡p-Ibpw

A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

^mjnkw P¸m-\nÂ

P¸msâ {][m-\-a-{ń-bmb _mc³X-\m¡ km{am-Py-Xzs¯bpw B{I-a-W- \-b-s¯bpw

A\p-Iq-en-¨p.

temIw Iog-S -¡m³ ssN\, a©q-dnb, sImdnb F¶nh Iog-S -¡-W-sa¶v

{]Jym-]n¨p þ CXmWv X\m-¡m-]-²-Xn.

X\m-¡sb XpSÀ¶v {][m-\-a-{ń-bmb tSmtPm-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

P¸m-\nÂ ̂ mjnÌv ̀ cWw Øm]n-X-am-bn.

1936 Â PÀ½\nbpambn tNÀ¶v I½yq-WnÌv hncp² kJy-ap-m¡nbXn-eqsS

^mjnÌv hym-]-\-¯nÂ ]¦m-fn-bmbn.


43

tNmZy-§Ä

Cu bqWn-änse {][m\ tNmZy-§Ä NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-bpsS D¯-c-

§Ä sSIvk-äv_p-¡nsâ klm-b-t¯msS Is-¯m³ {ian-¡p-I. D¯-c-kq-NnI asämcp

t]PnÂ \ÂIn-bn-«p-v.

1. H¶mw temI bp²-¯n-te¡v \bn¨ hnhn[ kml-N-cy-§fpw

bp²-¯nsâ ̂ e-§fpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 6 Score

2. H¶mw-temI bp²-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ Nne cmjv{-S-§-fpsS t]cp-IÄ NphsS

sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. Chsb kJy-i-àn-IÄ, tI{µ-i-àn-IÄ F¶n-§s\

]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

djy, XpÀ¡n, {^m³kv, _ÄtK-dn-b, PÀ½-\n,

skÀ_nb, {_n«³, Bkv{Snb 4 Score

3. H¶mw-temI bp²m-\-ćw X¿m-dm-¡nb kam-[m\ DS-¼-Sn-IÄ

\oXn-]qÀh-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. thgvkm-bv, skhvtd kÔn-I-fpsS

ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 5 Score

4. cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ bp²-§Ä ap¼pw \S¶n«p-s-¦nepw

H¶mw-tem-Ibp²w AXp-h-sc-bp-mb bp²-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ̀ oI-c-amb

H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. H¶mw-temI bp²-¯nsâ \mi-\-jvS-§Ä, {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä

Ch-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Cu {]kvXm-h\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. 4 Score

5. A tImf-¯n\v tbmPn-¨h B, C tImf-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Is¯n

tbmPn-¸n-¡pI 4 Score

A B C

{^mt¦m \mknkw Cäen

aptÊmfn\n tkmjy-enkw djy

lnäveÀ ^mknkw kvs]bn³

se\n³ êm-RvPnkw PÀ½\n

6. djy³ hn¹-h-¯n\v tijw AhnsS \S-¸n-em-¡nb bp²-Ime

I½yq-Wn-k-¯nÂ \n¶pw "]p¯³ km¼-¯n-I-\bw' F§s\

hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. 4 Score

7. ^mkn-k-¯nsâ PÀ½³ cq]-amWv \mkn-kw. ̂ mkn-k-¯n-sâbpw

\mkn-k-¯n-sâbpw kz`m-hhpw coXn-Ifpw hne-bn-cp¯n Cu

{]kvXm-h\bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. 4 Score


44

8. 1929 se km¼-¯n-I-¯-IÀ¨-bnÂ \n¶v c£-s]-Sm-\mWv Ata-cn¡

"\yqUoÂ' ]cn-jvI-cW ]cn-]mSn Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨Xv. F´mWv \yqUoÂ?

CXv F{Xam{Xw ̂ e-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-¶p? 4 Score

9. kvs]bn-\nÂ P\-dÂ {^mt¦m \S-¯nb B`y-´-c-I-em-]-¯nsâ

]Ým-¯-ehpw AXnsâ ̂ ehpw hni-Z-am-¡pI. 4 Score

10. NphsS sImSp-¯n-«pÅ kw`-h-§sf Ah \S¶ ap-dbv¡v {Iao-I-cn-¡pI

H¶mw temI-bp²w temI-km-¼-¯n-I-amµyw

djy³ hn¹hw kvs]bn³ Hcp dn¸-»n-¡m-bn. 4 Score

11. Ata-cn-¡ ap³ssI-sb-Sp¯v cq]o-I-cn¨ kÀh-cm-Py-k-Jy-¯nÂ AhÀ

AwK-amImXn-cp-¶-Xnsâ ]n¶nse X{´w F´m-bn-cp¶p ? 3 Score

12. ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ kaky, _mÄ¡³ {]Xn-k-Ôn, _mKvZmZv sdbnÂth

F¶nh F§s\ H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯n\v F§s\ Imc-W-ambn ? 6 Score

13. A tImf-¯nÂ sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-hbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-ambh B, C

tImf§fnÂ \n¶pw Is¯n tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

A B C

Cäen P\-dÂ {^mt¦m t_mÄsj-hnIv

PÀ½\n apk-eo\n Xhn«v Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ

djy lnäveÀ Idp¯ Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ

kvs]bn³ se\n³ êmRvPnkw


45

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. H¶mw temI-bp²w F¶ k_v bqWn-änse bp²-¯nsâ Imc-W-§Ä, ̂ e-§Ä

F¶n-h-bpsS klm-b-t¯msS D¯cw X-¿m-dm-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

2. kJyI£nIÄ þ {_n«³, {^m³kv, djy, skÀ_nb

tI{µ-i-àn-IÄ þ PÀ½-\n, Bkv{Sn-b, XpÀ¡n, _ÄtK-dnb

3. thgvkmbv kÔn PÀ½n-\n-bp-ambn H¸p h¨p

hyh-Ø-IÄ

1) bp² Ipäw, 2) \ncm-bp-[o-I-cWw, 3) \jvS-]-cn-lmcw

4) PÀ½\n Iog-S-¡nb {]tZ-i-§Ä Xncn¨v \ÂIÂ.

skhvtdkÔn XpÀ¡nbpambn H¸p-h-¨p.

hyhØ-IÄ

XpÀ¡n¡v B{^n-¡-bnepw ]Ýn-ta-jy-bn-epapÅ kzm[o\w \jvS-s¸-«p.

4. H¶mw temI bp²w F¶ k_v bqWn-änse H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯nsâ

{]tXyI-X-IÄ F¶ ̀ mKw ImWp-I.

5. {^mt¦m êm-RvPnkw kvs]bn³

aptÊmfn\n ^mknkw Cäen

lnäveÀ \mknkw PÀ½\n

se\n³ tkmjy-enkw djy

6. bp²-Ime I½yq-Wnkw ]p¯³ km¼-¯n-I-\bw

Irjn-`qan, FtÌ-äp-IÄ F¶nh kzImcy hmWn-Pyhpw Irjnbpw

IÀj-IÀ¡v hnX-cWw sNbvXp. A\p-h-Zn-¡-s¸-«p.

Dev]-¶-§-fn-e-[n-IapÅh Dev]-¶-§Ä s]mXp-I-t¼m-f-§-fnÂ

kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp¯v P\-§Ä¡v hnÂ¡p-hm\pw hm§p-hm\papÅ

hnX-cWw sNbvXp. kzmX{ýw \ÂIn.

thX-\-¯n\p ]I-c-ambn thX\w ]W-ambn \ÂIn

DXv]-¶-§Ä hnX-cWw sNbvXp.

7. ^mkn-khpw \mkn-khpw F¶ k_vbqWn-änse ̂ mknkw Cä-en-bnÂ

F¶ ̀ mKs¯ ̂ mkn-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§Ä F¶ ̀ mKw ImWp-I.


46

8. temI km¼-¯n-I-am-µyhpw \yqUoepw F¶ k_vbqWn-änse

\yqUoÂ F¶ `mKw ImWp-I.

9. ^mjn-khpw \mkn-khpw F¶ k_v bqWn-änse

^mjnkw kvs]bn-\nÂ F¶ ̀ mKw ImWp-I.

10. H¶mw temI-bp²w þ d-jy³hn-¹hw þ temI-km-¼-¯n-I-am-µywþ

kvs]bn³ Hcp dn¸-»n-¡m-bn.

11. temI¯-nsâ hnhn[ ̀ mK-§-fnÂ km¼-¯n-I-kzm-[o\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³.

Bbp-[-§Ä hnä-gn¨v km¼-¯n-I-t\«w hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³.

temI-ta-[m-hnXzw t\Sm³.

12. ]uckvXy bqtdm-]y³ kaky : Hm-t«m-a³ km{am-Py-¯nsâ A[o\X-bn-em-bn

cp¶ Ing-¡³ bqtdm-¸nse {]tZ-i-§Ä I¿-S-¡p-¶-Xn\p thn ]Ýna bqtdm-]y³

iàn-IÄ X½nÂ \S¶ kwLÀj-§Ä.

_mÄ¡³ {]Xn-kÔn : _mÄ¡³ {]tZ-i-¯n\p thn-bpÅ Bkv{Sn-b³

Ah-Im-i-hm-Zs¯ PÀ½\n ]n´p-W-¨p. hwio-b-X-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ skÀ-_nb

Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ap-¶--bn-̈ -t¸mÄ djy AXns\ ]n´p-W-¨p. _mÄ¡³ {]tZ-is¯ sNmÃn

A§s\ djybpw PÀ½-\nbpw X½nÂ kwLÀjw Bcw-`n-¨p.

samtdmt¡m {]Xn-kÔn : samtdm-t¡m-bv¡v ta-epÅ {^m³knsâ Ah-Im-i-hm-Zs¯

PÀ½\n FXnÀ¯p. AXns\ XpSÀ¶pÅ kwLÀ-jw.

_mKvZmZv sdbnÂ : _Àen-s\bpw _mKvZm-Zn-s\bpw X½nÂ _Ôn-¸n-¡p¶ sdbnÂth

\nÀ½mWw PÀ½\n Bcw-`n-¨Xv djy, {_n«³, {^m³kv F¶n-hsc ̀ b-s¸-Sp-¯n.

13. Cäen apk-eo\n Idp¯ Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ

PÀ½\n lnäveÀ Xhn«p Ip¸m-b-¡mÀ

djy se\n³ t_mÄsj-hnIv

kvs]bn³ P\-dÂ {^mt¦m êm-RvPnkw


47

bqWnäv þ 4

temI-bp-²hpw XpSÀ¨bpw

1914

1917

1918

1919

1919

1919

1920

1920

1921

1921

1924

1924

1929

1931

1931

1933

ka-b-tcJ

H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w Bcw-`n¨p

djy³ hn¹hw

H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp²w Ah-km-\n¨p

]mcokv kam-[m-\-k-t½-f\w

thgvkmbv skâ v PÀsabv³ kÔn-IÄ

^mkntIm UntImw-_m-än-sa³täm

skhvdv kÔn

kÀÆ-cmPy kJyw cq]o-I-cn¨p

se\nsâ ]p¯³ km¼-¯nI \bw

\mj-WÂ ^mknÌv ]mÀ«n cq]o-I-cn¨p

bp Fkv Fkv BÀ cq]o-I-cWw

apk-eo\n A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ

djy-bnÂ ]©-h-Õ-c-]-²Xn Bcw-`n¨p

kvs]bn³ dn¸-»n-¡mbn

P¸msâ a©q-dnb B{I-aWw

lnäveÀ PÀ½³ Nm³kn-e-dmbn \nb-an-¡-s¸«p


48

bqWnäv þ 5

cmw temI-bp-²hpw km{am-Py-¯nsâ XIÀ¨bpw

1921

1924

1934

1937

1938

1939

1939

1941

1941

1942

1945

1945

1947

1948

1949

1950

1954

1954

1961

1976

1991

ka-b-tcJ

ssN\okv Iayq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ«n cq]o-I-cWw

ssN\-bnÂ tZiob hn¹-h-tk\ cq]o-I-cn¨p

temwMv amÀ¨v

tdmw s_Àen³ tSmtIym kJy-cq-]o-I-cWw

ayqWnIv DS-¼Sn

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ PÀ½\n A\m-{I-aW kÔn

PÀ½-\n-bpsS t]mf-m-{I-aWw

PÀ½\n tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ B{I-an¨p

t]Ä lmÀ_À kw`hw

Ìmen³ {KmUv t]mcm«w

cmw temI-a-lm-bp²w Ah-km-\n¨p

tlmNn-an³ A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ

Cý kzX-{´-ambn

_À½, {ioe¦ kzX-{´-ambn

ssN\okv dn¸-»nIv Øm]n-X-ambn

sImdn-b³ bp²w

Zo³ _o³ ^p t]mcm«w

hnbäv\mw hn`-P\w

tNcn-tN-cm{]Øm-\w \ne-hnÂ h¶p

hnbäv\mw GIo-I-cn-¡-s¸«p

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ inYn-e-ambn


49

bqWnäv 5

cmw temI--bp-²hpw km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ XIÀ¨bpw

temI-Ncn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-Xs¶ amän-a-dn¨ cmw temI-bp-²-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-s¯-

¡p-dn¨pw bp²-¯nsâ KXn-hnKXnI-sf¡pdn¨pw, bp²m-\-ć temI-s¯¡pdn¨pw {]Xn-]m-

Zn-¡p¶ bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w bp-²m-\-ćw Gjy-bnepw B{^n¡bnepw sXt¡

Ata-cn-¡-bnepw Icp-¯mÀPn¨ tImf-\n-hn-cp² ka-c-§Ä, ioX-k-acw, aq¶mw temIhpw

tNcn-tN-cm-{]-Øm-\hpw ]pXnb km{am-PyXzhpw ]nÂ¡me apX-em-fn-̄ hpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-

bsâ XIÀ¨ XpS-§nb hnj-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw Cu bqWn-änÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn¡p¶p-v.

Bi-b-§Ä

cmw temI-a-lm-bp²w

GI-]-£o-bhpw A\ym-b-hp-amb thgvkmbn DS-¼-Sn-bnse

A]-am-\-I-c-amb hyh-Ø-IÄ

PÀ½-\n-bnse \mkn-k-¯n-sâbpw Cä-en-bnse ̂ mkn-k-¯n-sâbpw hfÀ¨

]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§Ä¡v PÀ½-\n-tbm-SpÅ {]oW-\-\-bw.

1939 se A\m-{I-a-W-kÔn (PÀ½-\n-þ-tkm-hn-bäv bqWn-b³)

ssk\nI kJy-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww. (A-¨p-Xv iàn-IÄ, kJy-I-£n-IÄ)

kÀÆ-cm-jv{S-k-Jy-¯nsâ ]cm-P-bw.

PÀ½-\n-bpsS t]mf-m-{I-a-Ww. (1939 sk]vXw-_À 1)

bp²-¯nsâ KXnbpw Aýhpw

{_n-«¬, {^m³kv F¶o cmPy-§Ä PÀ½-\n-s¡-Xnsc bp²-{]-Jym-]\w \S-¯n.

I]-S-bp-²-Im-e-L«w

Cä-en-bp-sSbpw PÀ½-\n-bp-sSbpw kwbpà ssk\yw {^m³kv Iog-S-¡p-¶p.

PÀ½\n {_n«s\ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ "koe-b¬' F¶ cl-ky-]-²-Xn¡v

cq]w sImSp-¯p.

{_n«-\n-se bp²w

P¸m³ Ata-cn-¡-bp-sS \mhn-I-Xm-h-f-amb t]Ä lmÀ_À B{I-an-¡p-¶p.

PÀ½-\n tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ B{I-an-¡p-¶p.

Ata-cn¡ bp²-¯nÂ {]th-in-¡p¶p.

Ìmen³ {KmUv t]mcm«w


50

^mjnÌv iàn-IÄ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sm³ XpS-§p-¶p.

Ata-cn¡ P¸m-\nÂ Bäw-t_mw_v hÀjn¡p-¶p.

1945Â cmw temI-bp²w Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p.

bp²-¯nsâ ̂ e-§Ä

hne-¡-bäw,

\mW-b-s¸-cp¸w,

Zmcn{Zyw

bp²-¯nsâ

ê-§Ä

UNO bpsS

cq]o-I-cWw

ioX-k-acw

h³tXm-Xn-epÅ

BÄ\miw

USA bpw USSR Dw

h³ iàn-I-fm-Ip¶p

tkmjy-en-k¯nsâ

hym]\w

Gjy-bnepw B{^n-¡-bnepw

kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-§Ä

iàn-s¸«p

hyh-km-b-im-e-IÄ

Irjn-bn-S-§Ä F¶n-h-

bpsS \miw

A]-tIm-f-\o-I-

cWwKXm-KX

hmÀ¯m-hn-\nab

_Ô-§-fpsS XIÀ¨

hnbäv\mw kacw

hnbäv\mw {^©v \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ

cmw-tem-I-bp² ka-b¯v P¸msâ \nb{´-W-¯nÂ

kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯n-\v tlmNn-ansâ t\Xr-Xzw.

tlmNn-an³ {]-kn-Uâm-Ip¶p. (1945 sUtam-{Im-änIv dn¸-»nIv Hm^v hnb-äv\mw)

B[n-]XyØm-]-\-¯n\v {^©v ssk\yw {ian-¡p-¶p. (1946)

1954 se P\oh kt½-f\w D¯-c, Z£nW hnbäv\mapIÄ¡v cq]w sImSp¯p.

D¯c hnb-äv\m-anÂ I½yq-WnÌv ]n´pW-bpÅ Kh¬saâpw Z£nW

hnb-äv\m-anÂ Ata-cn-¡³ ]n´p-W-bpÅ Kh¬saâpw \ne-hnÂ h¶p.

Ata-cn¡ D¯c hnbäv\mw B{I-an-¡p-¶p.

1975 Â A´m-cmjv{S k½À±-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v ]n·m-dp¶p.

1976 hnbäv\mw GIo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.


51

sImdn-b³ k-acw

sImdnb P¸msâ \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ

cmw temI-bp-²-¯n\p tijw sImdn-b³ hn`-P\w

D¯c sImdnb USSR sâbpw Z£nW sImdnb USA bpsSbpw \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ

sImdn-b³ bp²w (1950-þ53)

sImdnb C¶pw GIo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-«n-Ã.

Z£n-Wm-{^n-¡-bnse kacw

Z£n-Wm-{^n¡ {_n«ojv \nb{´W-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p.

A¸mÀ¯oUv (hÀW-hn-th-N-\w) \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p.

B{^n-¡³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{Kkv cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

kzmX-{ýk-a-c-¯n\v s\Âk¬ at-e-bpsS t\Xr-Xzw.

1994 Â Z£n-Wm-{^n¡ kzmX{ýw t\Sn.

ssN\-bnse hn¹hw

Nnbm§v ssIjIv t\XrXzw sImSp¯ Ipan-µm§v Kh¬saânsâ Zpjv̀ -c-Ww.

ausk tZm§nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Nph¸v tk\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-Ww.

Ncn-{X-{]-kn-²-amb temMvamÀ¨v. (1934 HIvtSm-_À 16 \v Bcw-`n-¨p.)

1949 G{]nÂ 23 \v Ipan-´m§v `cWw Ah-km-\n-¨p.

1949 HIvtSm-_À 1\v auk-tZm§v sNbÀam-\pw, jq F³embv

{][m-\-a-{ń-bp-ambn ssN\ P\-Iob dn¸-»n-¡m-bn.

ioX-k-acw

cmw-temI bp²-¯n\p tijw sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ I½yqWnÌv tNcnbpw USA

bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ apX-em-fn¯ tNcnbpw cq]w-sIm-p.

ioX-k-acw Bi-b-]-c-amb t]mcm-«-am-Wv. AsÃ-¦nÂ CXv \b-X-{´-bp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.

sâbpw USA bpsSbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ssk\nI DS-¼-Sn-IÄ cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

1991 se tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ XIÀ -̈tbmsS ioX-k-acw Ah-km-\n-¨p.

tNcn-tN-cm-{]-Øm\w

1955 Â _mµp§nse Bt{^m þ Gjy³ cmPy-§-fpsS kt½-f\w tNcn-tNcm {]Øm-

\-¯n\v cq]w \ÂIn.

1956 se {_ntbm¬ kt½f\w cq]-tcJ X¿m-dm-¡n.


52

1961 se s_Ât{KUv kt½-f-\-t¯msS Cu {]Øm\w \ne-hnÂ h¶p.

s\lvdp (C -ý), Sntäm (bq -tKm -tÉm-hn -b), \mkÀ (Cu-Pn -] vä v ) ,

kpImÀtWm (C-t´m-t\-jy) F¶n-h-cmWv CXnsâ inev]n-IÄ.

A´m-cmjv{S {]iv\-§-fnÂ ]£-]m-X-an-Ã#msX kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-SpI F¶-XmWv

tNcn-tN-cm-bva-bpsS e£yw.

\h km{am-Py-Xzhpw ]nÂ¡me apX-em-fn-¯hpw

aäp cmPy-§-fpsS km¼¯nI kmwkv¡m-cnI taJ-e-I-fnÂ apX-em-fn¯ cmPy-§Ä

CS-s]-Sp-¶p.

_lp-cm-jv{S-Ip-¯I I¼-\n-I-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw

BtKm-f-h-ev¡-cWw

BtKmf hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-s\-Xnsc temI tkmjyÂ t^mdw cq]w sImp.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. F´p-sIm-mWv {_n«\pw {^m³kpw PÀ½-\n-tbmSv

{]oW-\-\bw kzoI-cn¨Xv ? (3)

2. "tKmÀ_-t¨-hnsâ ]cn-jvIm-c-§-fmWv tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ

]X-\-¯n\v B¡w Iq«n-bXv' -þ{]-kvXmh\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.

3. Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§sf Ime-K-Wm-{I-a-¯n-em-¡p-I.

F) \mknþtkmhn-bäv A\m-{I-a-W-kÔn.

_n) P¸msâ t]ÄlmÀ_À B{I-a-Ww.

kn) ayqWn¡v DS-¼Sn.

Un) apkeo-\n-bpsS A_n-ko-\nb B{I-aWw (4)

4. hn³Ì¬ NÀ¨nÂ Ata-cn-¡-bnse ̂ pÄ«WnÂ \S-¯nb

""Ccp-¼p-ad {]kwKw'' asämcp bp²-¯n\v Xncn-sIm-fp-¯n.

1) bp²w GXv ?

2) aäv bp²-§-fnÂ \n¶v CXv F§s\ hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p?

3) temI cmjv{Sob {Ia-¯nÂ AXv hcp-¯nb {it²-b-amb

Hcp amäw Fgp-Xp-I.

5. AWp-t_mw_v {]tbm-Kn-¡msX Xs¶ P¸ms\ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³

kJy-I-£n-IÄ¡v Ign-bp-am-bn-cpt¶m ? hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)

6. tNcn-IÄ CÃm-Xm-sb-¦nepw tNcn-tNcm {]Øm-\-¯n\v C¶pw


53

{]k-àn-bp-v.

1) tNcn-tNcm {]Øm-\-¯nsâ DÛ-h-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡nb kml-Ncy§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

2) AXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-hÀ BscÃmw ?

3) tNcn-tN-cmbva F´mWv Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ? (5)

7. cmw temI-bp-²-¯nÂ "I]-S-bp²w' F¶-dn-b-s¸-«Xv F´mWv ?

Cu t]cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sm³ Imc-W-sa´v ? (2)

8. "F' tImf-¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh "_n' tImf-¯nÂ \ns¶-Sp-s¯-gp-Xp-I.

F _n

\mtäm tamkvt¡m

knbmtäm A¦md

sktâm {_Ì³kv

hmgvkm DS-¼Sn _mt¦mwKv

9. tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ PÀ½-\n-bp-ambn A\m-{I-a-W-kÔn H¸p h¨-Xn\v ]n¶nse

Dt±iyw hyà-am-¡p-I. (2)

10. amdnb temI-km-lNcy-¯nÂ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-Isf

Ipdn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m#m-¡p-I.

11. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ Dev¸-¶-§Ä km¼-¯nI Ak-aXzw

Ipdª hnebv¡v e`n-¡p-¶p. hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶p

_lp-cmjv{S I¼-\nIÄ It¼m-fhpw hÀ²n¨ Ib-äp-aXn

Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡fpw km²y-X-bv¡n-S-bm-¡p¶p

NqjWw sN¿p-¶p.

apI-fnÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ Cu hmÀ¯-IÄ GXp hnj-b-hp-ambn

_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv? AXnsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI? (5)

12. ""cmw temI alm-bp-²-¯nsâ KXn amän-a-dn-¨Xv PÀ½-\n,

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ B{I-an-¨-XmWv.'' Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w

sNbvXv Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡q. (3)

13. ""bp²-§Ä am\-h-cm-in¡v t\«-§Ä H¶pw-Xs¶ kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-«nÃ.''

cmw temI-bp-²¯nsâ ̂ e-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Cu {]kvXm-h\

hne-bn-cp-¯p-I.


54

14. 17-þmw A£mw-i-tcJ Hcp cmjv{S-¯nsâ hn`-P\ tcJ-bm-bn-cp¶p.

GXv cmPy-s¯-bmWv C§s\ hn`-Pn-¨-Xv. Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯

A´m-cmjv{S kt½-f\w GXv ? (2)

15. "ioX-k-acw' F¶-Xp-sImv AÀ°am¡p-¶-sX´v ?

tImf\n hncp² ka-c-§-fnÂ ioX-k-a-c-¯nsâ ̀ mK-amb cmPy-§-fpsS

\ne-]mSv F´m-bn-cp¶p ? (2)


55

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-̄ n-\p-tijw lnäve-tdmSpw aäv ̂ mjnÌv cmPy-§-tfmSpw {_n«³,

{^m³kv XpS-§nb ]mÝmXy cmPy-§Ä kzoI-cn¨ arZp-k-ao-]-\-amWv {]oW-\-\bw

H¶mw temIbp²-¯n\p tij-apÅ {_n« -sâbpw {^m³kn -sâbpw

XIÀ¶ km¼-¯nI ØnXn.

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-t\m-SpÅ i{XpXbpw lnäve-dpsS I-½yq-WnÌv hncp² \ne-]m-Sp-

Ifpw {_n«-\n-tebpw {^m³kn-tebpw P\-§-fpsS bp²-hn-cp² at\m-`m-hw.

thgvkmbn kÔn PÀ½-\n-tbmSv sNbvXXv A\ym-b-am-sW¶ tXm¶Â.

bp²-¯n\p th ap³I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-Sp-¡p-hm³ th kmh-Imiw e`n-¡p-hm³.

2. tkmjy-en-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ {]am-W-§-fnÂ \n¶v hyXn-N-en-¨p.

BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ ̂ e-am-bp-mb _mly CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ

tKmÀ_-t -̈hnsâ ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä apX-em-fn-¯-¯n-te-¡-Sp-¸n-¨p.

B`y-´-c {]iv\-§Ä.

`c-W-cw-Ks¯ Agn-a-Xn-IÄ.

3. apkeo\n-bpsS A_o-ko-\nb B{I-a-Ww. þ 1935

ayqWn¡v DS-¼-Sn. þ 1938

\mkn-þ-tkm-hn-bäv A\m-{I-aW kÔn. þ1939

P¸msâ t]ÄlmÀ_À B{I-a-Ww. þ 1941

4. ioX-bp²w

Bbp-[-§Ä¡v ]Icw Bi-b-§Ä, hm¡p-IÄ.

temIw cv tNcn-I-fn-embn (C-cp-{[ph temIw) þ apX-em-fn¯ tNcn-bpw,

tkmjy-enÌv tNcnbpw

5. Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kJy-i-àn-IÄ PÀ½-\n-tbbpw Cä-en -tbbpw Iog-S -¡n-bXpt]mse Xs¶

P¸m-t\-bpw Iog-S-¡m-am-bn-cp-¶p.

bp²-¯n-\p-tijw temI¯v Ata-cn-¡³ ta[m-hn¯w Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-thn

tkmhn-bäv ssk\yw {Sm³kv ssk_o-cnbm hgn P¸m³ Iog-S-¡m-s\-¯p-I-

bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXmWv t_mw_n-Sm³ Ata-cn-¡sb t{]cn-¸n- -̈Xv.


56

6. temIw cv tNcn-I-fn -embn ]ncn -ª-t¸mÄ \h-kz-X{´ cmjv{S-§Ä Hcp

tNcn-bnepw tNcmsX kzX-{´-ambn \nÂ¡m³ B{K-ln-¨p. Hmtcm {]iv\-¯n-tâbpw

icn-sX-äp-IÄ¡-\p-k-cn¨mWv tNcn-tN-cm-{]-Øm\w \ne-]m-sS-Sp-̄ -Xv. temI-k-am-[m-\w,

\ncm-bp-[o-I-c-Ww, hÀ¤-hÀW-hn-th-N-\-§Ä CÃm-Xm-¡pI XpS-§n-b-h. CXnsâ aäv

e£y-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

7. {_n«\pw {^m³kpw PÀ½-\n-s¡-Xnsc bp²-{]-Jym-]\w \S-¯n-sb-¦nepw t\cn«v

Htc-äp-ap-«-en\v X¿m-dm-ImsX t]mf-n\v klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-§Ä \ÂIn hn«p-\n-¶p.

1939 sk]vXw-_À þ1940 G{]nÂ hsc-bpÅ Cu Imew I]-S-bp²w F¶ t]cnÂ Adn-

b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

8. \mtäm þ {_ÊÂkv þ 1949

knbmtäm þ _mt¦mwKv þ 1954

sktâm þ A¦md þ 1955

hmgvk DS-¼Sn þ tamkvtIm þ 1955

9. ^mjnkw I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-¶p.

tkmhn-bäv bqWnb\nÂ \n¶pÅ FXnÀ¸v H-gn-hm-¡p-¶Xn\v lnäveÀ¡v Ign-ªp.

GXv ka-bhpw lnäv-edpsS B{I-aWw {]-Xo-£n¨ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b\v

Bh-iy-amb {]Xn-tcm[ kwhn-[m-\-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pÅ kabw e`n¨p.

10. h³ iàn-I-fpsS CS-s]-SÂ

hotäm A[n-Imcw

GI-{[ph temIw

aq¶mw temI cmjv{S-§-tfm-SpÅ Ah-K-W\

Ata-cn-¡³ aqe-[\ Xmev]-cyw.

11. F) BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw

_n) khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

aÕ-c-¯n-eq-¶nb It¼mfw

]p¯³ kmt¦XnI kma-{Kn-Ifpw AXn-cp-I-fpsS Aýhpw.

aqe-[-\-¯nsâ BtKm-fo-I-c-Ww.

hne-¡p-d-hn-Ãm¯ hym]mcw.

_-lp-cmjv{S Ip¯-I-IÄ.

kn) BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cW¯ns\Xnsc cq]w-sIm {]Øm-\wþ

temI tkmjyÂt^mdw (a-sämcp temIw km[y-am-Wv)


57

12. A\m-{I-a-W-kÔn Ah-K-Wn¨v 1941 PqWnÂ PÀ½\n tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ B{I-

an¨p. þ djy-bnse AXn-ssiXyw PÀ½³ ssk\y¯n\v {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn Ìmen³ {KmUv

t]mcm-«-¯nÂ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b³ PÀ½-\n-sb ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n.

13. bp²-¯nsâ ̂ e-§Ä F¶ Bibw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

14. hnbäv\mw

P\ohm kt½-f\w (1954)

15. Bi-b-]-c-am-bpÅ hyXym-k-§-fmÂ temIw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ t\Xr-Xz-̄ nepÅ

tkmjy-enÌv tNcn-bmbpw Ata-cn-¡-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-̄ n-epÅ apX-em-fn¯ tNcnbmbpw

amän-b-Xv.

]c-kv]cw i{XpX {]I-Sn-¸n-¨p-sh-¦nepw Xpd¶ bp²-§-fpsS cq]w ssIh-¶n-Ã.

tImf\n hncp² ka-c-§-fnÂ Ccp tNcnIfpw Hmtcm ]£-¯m-bn-cp-¶p.

þ tkmjy-enÌv tNcn km{am-Py-Xz-t -̄bpw, tImf\n hmgvN-tbbpw ià-ambn FXnÀ¯p.


58

bqWnäv 6

]s¯m-¼Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qäm-p-I-fnsess[jWnI {]h-W-X-IÄ

hyh-kmb hn¹-h-¯nsâ A\-´-c-^-e-ambn cq]w sIm ss[jvWnI Nn´-I-fmb

Imev]-\n-I-X, Bi-b-hm-Zw, DZm-cXmhmZw, bYmXY {]Øm-\w, PÀ½³ Bi-b-hmZw, {]Xy-

£m-\p-`-h-hm-Zw, ̀ uXn-I-hm-Zw F¶nh kaq-ls¯ _lp-Zqcw apt¶m«v \bn-¨p. a\p-jysâ

_u²n-I-Nn-´-I-fpsS apt¶äw, kmln-Xyw, Ie, imkv{X kmt¦-XnI hnZy F¶o

aWvU-e-§-fnÂ henb kzm[o-\-ap-m-¡n. XXz-Nn-´-bnepw kmlnXy hnaÀi-\-¯nepw 20-

þmw \qäm-nÂ DS-se-Sp¯ cv {]Øm-\-§-fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw

Bi-b-§Ä

1. ss[jWnI Nn´-IÄ

Imev]-\nI {]Øm\w : Romanticism

Úmt\mZb kn²m-´-§-tfm-SpÅ A{]nbw

Ie-bnepw, kmln-Xy-¯nepw Dm-bn-cp¶ ¢mkn-¡Â {]h-W-Xtbm-SpÅ Iem-]w.

GXn\pw {]Ir-Xn-bpsS kuµ-cys¯ {]Wm-a-ambn FSp-¡-Ww. {]]-©-ku-µ-cyw, t{]aw,

Nn´m-kzm-X{ýw F¶nh Imev]-\n-I-X-bpsS ASn-Øm\ {]ta-b-§-fm-Wv.

NmÄkv Un¡³kv

thÀUvkv hÀ¯v hàm-¡Ä hntàmÀ bqtKm

t_tYm-h³

Bß\njvTX

ss\kÀ¤n-IX khn-ti-j-X-IÄ `mh\

sshIm-cn-IX


59

DZm-cXm hmZw Liberalism

tZio-b-Xbpambn ASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯nb ZÀi-\w.

\nb-a-hm-gvN, a\p-jym-h-Imi \nb-a-§Ä, {]mb-]qÀ¯n-thm-«-h-Imiw F¶o Bi-b-

§Ä¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIn.

a[y-hÀK-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob k¦-ev]-§-fpsS {]I-S-\w.

hàmhv : tPm¬ tem¡v

bYmXY {]Øm\w Realism

BÂ-{Ûv temUv sS¶n-k³ hkvXp-¡-tfbpw hkvXp-X-I-sfbpw

amXyp BÀt\mÄUv X-\Xp {Ia-¯nÂ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡pI

tdm_À«v {_uWnwKv `mh-\bv¡p Øm\-an-Ã.

hàm-¡Ä khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

PÀ½³ Bi-b-hmZw C½m\pthÂ Imâ v Bi-b-¯n\v {][m\w, Bib

slKÂ ¯n\v kmaq-lnI Pohn-Xs¯

amän adn-¡m³ Ignbpw

ùXnI ]ZmÀ°§Ä¡v

ZznXob Øm\w

{]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-hmZw AKtÌ tImMvXv ùXnI kml-N-cy-§-fmWv

Bi-bs¯ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv

Bßo-bXbv¡v {]m[m-\y-anÃ

ùXn-I-hmZw ImdÂamÀIvkv ùXnI iànIfmWv

) amä-¯n\v ASn-Øm-\w.

kIe {]Xn-`m-k-§fpw

amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p.


60

2. 19-þmw \qäm-nÂ imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI cwK-§-fnÂ Dmb ]ptcm-KXn

Poh-imkv{Xw

]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m´w

1. a\p-jysâ ho£-Ws¯ amän-a-dn-¨p.

2. FÃm Pohn-Ifpw amä-¯n\v hnt[-b-am-Wv.

3. eLp-hmb ]qÀh-cq-]-§-fnÂ \n¶v ]cn-W-an-¨p-m-b-XmWv Hmtcm Pohnbpw

4. NmÄkv UmÀhn³ BWv Cu kn²m´w Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨-Xv.

tkmjyÂ kmaqly imkv{X-hnj-b-§-fn-te-¡pÅ

UmÀhn\nkw ]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m´{]tbm-K-amWv

tkmjyÂ UmÀhn-\nkw

D¯-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hn¡q F¶ Bibw

Bt{^m Gjy³ cmPy-§-fnse A[n-\n-th-is¯

\ymbo-I-cn-¡m³ ]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§Ä

Cu kn²m´s¯ D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.

ù-Xn-I-imkv{Xw

Izmw _e-X{´w Bt]-£n-I-kn-²m´w

amIvkv ¹m¦v BÂ_À«v sF³Ìo³


61

3. kmlnXy¯nepw hnaÀi-\-¯nepw XXz-Nn-´-bnepw Dmb ]pXnb {]h-W-X-I

fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpw.

B[p-\n-IX hyh-kmb hn¹-h-¯nsâ ̂ e-ambn \K-c-Po-hnXw

Zpcn-X-am-b-t¸mÄ Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯nepw Dmb

ss[j-WnI amäw. AaqÀ¯-§-fmb coXn-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw

Bhn-jv¡-cn¨p

D -̄cm-[p-\n-IX 1960 IÄ apXÂ Ie-bnepw kmln-Xy-¯n-ep-ap-mb

]pXnb {]h-WX

Ie-tbbpw kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-I-tf-bpw A\p-hm-N-Isâ

at\m-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn[ ho£-W-tIm-Wp-I-fn-eqsS ImWpI

antjÂ ̂ qt¡m, sZdo-Z, t\mwtNmwkvIn F¶n-hÀ {]ap-JÀ.


62

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ""DZm-c-Xm-hmZw {_n«-\nse a[y-hÀK-¯nsâ k¦-ev]-§-fpsS

{]I-S-\-am-bn-cp¶p þ kaÀ°n¡p-I. (2)

2. ""20-þmw \qäm-nse imkv{Xw kaq-l-¯nÂ {]Xn-^-e\w krjvSn-¨p.''

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbm-SpÅ \n§-fpsS A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. (5)

3. Imev]-\nI- {]Øm\w, bYm-XY {]Øm\w Ch Xmc-Xayw sN¿pI?

4. A tImf¯n\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-bh B tImf-¯nÂ \ns¶-Sp¯v

{Ia-s¸-Sp-̄ n-sb-gp-XpI.

A B

PÀ½³ Bi-b-hmZw ImdÂ amÀIvkv

{]Xy£m\p-`-h-hmZw C½m-\p-thÂ Im´v

ùXnI hmZw amIvkv ¹m¦v

Izmw kn²m´w AKtÌ tImMvXvv (4)

5. AWp-hns\ hn`-Pn-¡m-sa¶pw AXnsâ kwtbm-P\w sImv DuÀÖw

DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡m-sa¶pw DÅ Adnhv D]-Im-chpw im]-hp-ambsX§s\ ? (2)

6. ""km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sSbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw aäpw Nn´-Ifpw

hnIm-c-§fpamWv Imev]-\nI kmlnXyw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv''.

DZm-l-c-W-¯n-eqsS {]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯pI? (2)

7. hyh-kmb hn¹-h-¯nsâ Zpc-´-^-e-§-fpsS kzm[o-\-¯mÂ

XXz-Nn´bnepw kmln-Xy-hn-aÀi-\-¯nepw 20þmw \qäm-nÂ DS-se-Sp¯p

cv {]Øm-\-§-fmWv B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

8. B[p-\nI imkv{X-bp-K-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb imkv{X-Im-c-·msc

"F' tImf-¯nÂ \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. A\p-tbm-Py-ambh _n, kn tImf-§-fnÂ

\n¶v sXc-sª-Sp-s¯-gp-Xp-I. (4)

A B C

amIvkv ¹m¦v ]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m´w AWp-t_mw_v

NmÄkv UmÀhn³ AWp-hn-`-P\w Bkv-{Sn-b³ ]ptcm-ln-X³

GWÌv dXÀt^mUv P\n-X-I-imkv{Xw ùXn-I-imkv{Xw

dh. {KntKmÀ saâÂ Izmw _e-X{´w Cw¥ojv {]IrXn imkv{X-Ú³


63

9. ]s¯m-¼Xpw Ccp-]Xpw \qäm-p-I-fnÂ Dmb {][m\ ss[jWnI

{]h-W-X-IÄ GsX-Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p ? Chbpw Úmt\m-Z-bhpw X½n-epÅ

_Ô-sa´v ? (3)

10. Imev]-\nI ZÀi-\-§Ä kmln-Xy-¯n-ep-m-¡nb amä-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ? (2)

11. ""D¯-a-am-btX AXn-Po-hn¡q'' (Survival of the fittest) F¶ UmÀhn-\nÌv kn²m´w

tImf-\n-I-fnse ]mÝmXy A[n-\n-th-is¯ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p¶Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv

F§s\ ? (2)

12. F) hneyw thÀUvkv hÀ¯v þ Sntâ¬ B_n

_n) hnIvSÀ bqtKm þ ..........................


64

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. ]mÀe-saâdn hyh-Ø-tbm-SpÅ XmÂ]cyw hÀ²n-¨p.

\nb-a-hm-gvN, a\p-jym-h-Im-iw, {]mb-]qÀ¯n thm«-h-Imiw F¶o

Bhiy§Ä apt¶m«p h¨p.

2. hyàn-bnepw kaq-l-¯nepw imkv{Xw hfsc IqSp-XÂ kzm[o\w sNep-¯n.

imkv{X-¯n\v krjvSn-]-c-amb Ign-hp-I-tfm-sSm¸w kwlm-c-]-c-amb

Ign-hp-I-fp-ap-v.

ùXn-I-im-kv{X-¯nse amIvkvv¹m¦nsâ Izmw _e-X-{´hpw,

BÂ_À«v sF³Ìosâ Bt]-£n-I-kn-²m-´hpw kaq-l-¯nÂ amä-ap-m-¡n.

imkv{Xw, sshZy-im-kv{Xw, _ln-cm-Im-iw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j³,

hnhc kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy, "CâÀs\äv, ̀ t£ymÂ¸m-Z\w, KXm-K-Xw, hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-abw

XpS-§nb FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw henb amä-§-fp-m-¡n.

3. Imev]-\nI {]Øm-\w, bYm-XY {]Øm-\w F¶nh hnh-cn-¡p¶ ]«nI ]cn-tim-[n¨v

D¯cw Is-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

4. PÀ½³ Bi-b-hmZw C½m-\p-hÂ Im´v

{]Xy-£m-\p-`-h-hmZw BKsÌ tImMvXv

ùXn-I-hmZw ImdÂ amÀIvkv

Izmw kn²m´w amIvkv ¹m¦v

5. BW-thmÀÖ-¯nsâ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb D]tbmKw. (DuÀÖ Dev]m-Z-\w)

hn\m-i-I-c-amb D]-tbmKw (B-bp-[-§-fpsS \nÀ½mWw

6. NmÄkv Un¡³knsâ t\mhÂ km[-c-W-¡m-cp-sSbpw J\n-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

Zpcn-X-]qÀWamb Pohn-X-amWv hc-¨p-Im-«p-¶-Xv.

7. hyh-kmb hn¹-h-¯nsâ ê-ambn \K-c -Po -hnXw Zpcn -X-am -b -t¸mÄ Ie,

kmlnXyw F¶n-h-bn-ep-mb ss[j-WnI apt¶-ä-amWv B[p-\n-I-X.

¢mkn -¡Â {]h-W-Xbv¡v hncp -²-ambn Ie-bn -epw , kmln -Xy -¯nepw

AaqÀ¯-amb ssien Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p.


65

D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX

Ie-tbbpw kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn -I-tfbpw A\p-hm-N-Isâ at\m-`m-h-a-\p-k-cn¨v

hnhn[ ho£W tImWp-I-fn-eqsS ImWm³ D¯-cm-[p-\nIXbv¡v Ign-bp-¶p.

þ Hcp ]pXnb coXn-bnÂ temI-¯nsâ AÀ°-sa-s´¶v At\z-jn-¡m-\pÅ {iaw.

þ 1960 IfnÂ Bcw-`n-¨p.

8. _n kn

Izmw _e-X{´w ùXn-I-imkv{Xw

]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m´w Cw¥ojv {]IrXn imkv{X-Ú³

AWp-hn-`-P\w AWp-t_mw_v

P\n-X-I-imkv{Xw Bkv{Sn-b³ ]p-tcm-ln-X³

9. ImÂ-¸-\n-I-{]-Øm\w, DZm-c-Xm-hm-Zw, PÀ½³ Bi-b-hm-Zw, {]Xy-£m-\p-`hhmZw,

ùXn-I-hm-Zw.

tZio-b-X, imkv{X-ho-£-Ww, bpàn-Nn-´, am\-hn-IX F¶o Bi-b-§Ä imkv{X

Nn-́ sb ]cn-t]m-jn-̧ n-̈ p. CXv ss[j-Wn-I-ambpw imkv{Xo-b-ambpw ]p¯³ DWÀhn\v

hgn-sbm-cp-¡n.

10. ImÂ¸\nIXbnÂ Bß-\n-jvTbv¡pw, `mhp-I-Xz-¯n\pw, sshIm-cn-I-Xbv¡pw

ss\kÀKn-I-Xbv¡pw ap³K-W\ \ÂInb kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-IÄ cNn-¡-s¸-«p. t\mhÂ

kmlnXyw {]Nmcw t\Sn.

{]]-©-ku-µcyw, t{]aw, Nn´m-kzm-X{ýw F¶n-hsb {]ta-b-§-fm-¡n.

11. ]cn-Wm-a-kn-²m-´-¯nsâ cmjv{Sob {]tbm-K-s¯-bmWv tkmjyÂ UmÀhn-\nkw

F¶p hnfn-¡p-¶-Xv.

km{am-Py-Xzi-àn-IÄ X§-fpsS A[n-\n-th-is¯ \ymbo-I-cn-¡m³ Cu kn²m-´w

{]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¯n. CtX Dt±-iy-t¯msS PÀ½-\n-bnÂ \mkn-I-fpw Cu Bibw

{]tbm-P-\-s -̧Sp-̄ n.

112. hnIvSÀ bqtKm þ ]mh-§Ä


66

bqWnäv 7

C¶s¯ Cý

kzmX-{ý-e-_v[n-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn v̈ \½psS cmPyw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¨ hnhn[ {]iv\-§fpw

Ahsb t\cn«sX-§-s\-sb¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶ Hcp bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv. kzmX-{ým-\-

ćw Irjn, hyh-km-bw, imkv{Xw, hnZym-`ymkw F¶o taJ-e-I-fn-ep-mb ]ptcm-K-

Xnsb hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. IqSmsX \½psS cmPy-¯nsâ B`y-ć, km¼-¯nI, hntZ-i-

\b ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw Ah-bn-ep-m-bn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ amä-§fpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

Bi-b-§Ä/hkvXp-X-IÄ

1. Iym_n-\äv anj³ ]²Xn

Xmev¡m-enI a{ń-k` þ 1946 sk]vXw-_À 2

`c-W-L-S\m \nÀ½mW k` þ 1946 Unkw-_À 9

A[n-Imc ssIamäw þ 1947 BK-kväv 15 (3)

2. hn -̀P\w

e-\nse {]kn² A`n-`m-j-I-\m-bn-cp¶ kndnÂ dmUv¢n^v hn`-P-\-¯nsâ hni-Z-

amb ̀ q]Sw X¿m-dm-¡n.

kzmX-{ý-t¯msS Cý-sb¶pw ]mIn-Øm³ F¶pw cmPyw cmbn hn`-Pn-¡-s¸«p

1947 se auv _mä¬ ]²Xn {]Im-c-amWv Cý³ kzmX-{ý-\n-baw \ne-hnÂ

h¶Xv.

1947 Â {_n«o-jv ]mÀe-saâ v ]mkm-¡nb Cý³ kzmX-{ý-\n-ba {]Im-c-amWv

Cýbv¡v kzmX{ýw e`n-¡p-¶Xpw Cý hn`-Pn-¡-s¸-«-Xpw.

3. \m«p-cmPy kwtbm-P\w þ kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-IÄ

tÌävkv Un¸mÀ«p-saânsâ cq]o-I-cWw

henb \m«p-cm-Py-§sf kwØm-\-§-fmbn AwKo-I-cn-¡Â

eb-\-I-cmÀ

\m«pcmPy-§sf Cý³ bqWn-b-\nÂ ebn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ P\-Iob ka-c-§Ä.

ssk\nI \S-]-Sn-IÄ.


67

4. kzmX{ým\-ćw {^m³kv, t]mÀ¨p-KÂ F¶n-h-bpsS

A[o-\-X-bn-em-bn-cp¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä

{^©v A[o-\-X-bn-ep-Åh t]mÀ«p-Kokv A[o-\-X-bn-ep-Åh

t]mn-t¨-cn, amln, tKmh, Zm{Zm, \mKÀ lthen.

5. Cý³ dn -̧»nIv

1950 P\p-hcn 26-þmw XobXn Cý dn¸-»n-¡m-bn.

sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp¶ cmjv{S-¯-e-h\pw ]c-am-[n-Im-c-hpw, ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bp-apÅ

cmPy-amWv dn¸-»n-Iv.

1952 Â Cý-bnÂ BZy s]mXp sXc-sª-Sp-¸v.

6. kwØm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\

`mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kwØm-\-§sf ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨p.

1956 Â kwØm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S-\m-\n-baw \ne-hnÂ h¶p. A¶v 14 kwØm-\-§fpw

6 tI-{µ-`-c-W-{]-tZ-i-§-fp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p.

7. k¼ZvLS\

apX-em-fn-¯-¯n-sâbpw tkmjy-en-k-¯n-sâbpw ka-\z-b-amb an{i k¼Zvhyh-Ø

bmWv Cý-bnÂ \ne-hn-ep-Å-Xv.

1951 emWv Cý-bnÂ ]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡p¶-Xv.

8. Cý³ s]mXp-ta-Jem hyh-km-b-§Ä

J\ hyh-kmbw

[mXp-J-\\w

F® J\\w

dbnÂ-þ-thyma KXm-KXw

ssk\nIt¡m¸p-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-Ww.

9. `t£ymÂ¸m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n¡m³ kzoI-cn¨ \S-]-Sn-IÄ

]©-h-Õc ]²-Xn-bnÂ Irjn¡v ap³K-W\.

Irjn-`qan IÀj-I\v e`y-am-¡Â

Ir{Xna hf \nÀam-Ww.

ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bpsS b{ -́hÂ¡-c-Ww.


68

AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bpÅ k¦-c-bn\w hn¯p-IÄ.

cmk-h-f-§Ä, IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ F¶n-hbpsS Dev]m-Z-\w.

10. Cý-bpsS imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡mbn Øm]n¨ hnhn[ Øm]-\-§fpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw

Smäm C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ̂ -saâÂ dnkÀ¨v. þ 1945 t_mws_

imkv{Xþhymh-km-bnI Kth-jW kan-Xn. þ 1942

\mj-WÂ ̂ nkn-¡Â et_m-d-«dn þ 1947

Atäm-anIv F\ÀPn I½o-j³ þ 1948

_ln-cm-Imi Kth-jW kanXn þ 1962

tdm¡äv hnt£-]-W-tI{µw þ 1963

Cý³ kvt]kv dnkÀ¨v HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ þ 1969

11. kzmX{ý {]m]vXn¡p tijw hnZym-`ymk cwKs¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn

\ntbm-Kn-¡-s¸« I½o-j-\p-IÄ

cm[m-Ir-jvW³ I½o-j³ (D-¶X hnZym-`ymk- I½o-j³) þ 1948

e£vaW kzman apX-en-bmÀ I½o-j³ (sk-¡âdn hnZym-`ymk I½o-j³) þ 1952

tIm¯mcn I½o-j³ þ 1964

12. hntZi \bw

tNcn-tN-cm-\bw F¶ XXzw CýbpsS hntZ-i-\-b-ambn kzoI-cn-bv¡-s¸«p.

]©-ioe XXz-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv Cý-bpsS hntZ-i-\bw

cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.

Cý-bpw AbÂcm-Py-§fpambn \Ã _Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ {ian-bv¡p-¶p.

13. P\m-[n-]Xyw shÃp-hnfn t\cn-«-t¸mÄ

cmjv{Sobambn ]e shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw kzX{´ Cý t\cn-tS-n-h-¶p.

1975 Pq¬ 26 \v cmjv{S-]Xn B`y-ć ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ {]Jym-]n¨p.

14. 1991 \p tijw \ne-hnÂ h¶ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

tNcn-tN-cm-{]-Øm\w ZpÀ_-e-ambn km{am-PyXz tNcn-I-tfm-SpÅ kl-I-cWw

iàn-s¸-«p. kzIm-cy-h-Â¡-cWw

DZm-c-hÂ¡-cWw

BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw


69

tNmZy-§Ä

1. Im_n-\äv anj³ ]²-Xn-bnse hyh-Ø-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ? (3)

2. hn`-P\ka-bs¯ Ing-¡³ ]mIn-Øm³ Ct¸mÄ

F´p t]cn-e-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p (1)

3. Cýbv¡v kzmX{ýw e`n-¨Xv GXv \nb-a{]Imc-amWv? (1)

4. kzX{´ Cý \m«pcmPy kwtbm-P-\-¯n-\mbn kzoI-cn¨

\S-]-Sn-IÄ Fs´Ãmw ? (4)

5. kzX{´ Cý-bnse ]uc-·mÀ¡v sImtfm-Wn-bÂ ̀ c-W-¯nÂ

\n¶pw thdn«v A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bm³ Ignª hkvXp-X-IÄ

]«n-I-s¸Sp¯p-I? (3)

kqN-\-IÄ ]c-am-[n-Imcw

thm«-h-Imiw

hntZ-i-\bw

6. ¢mknÂ \S¶ NÀ¨-bnÂ 1947 BKÌv 15 \v Cý ]qÀW-ambpw kzX-{´-am-¡-s¸-

«nÃ F¶v \nJnÂ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. \n§Ä CXn-t\mSv tbmPn-¡p-¶ptm?

7. kwØm-\-§-fpsS ]p\x-kw-L-S\ ̀ mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ \nÀ®-bn-¡-s¸-Sm-\pÅ

kml-Ncyw hyà-am-¡p-I.

8. Cý-bnÂ s]mXp taJ-em-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶

hyh-km-b-§Ä GsXÃmw ? (3)

9. Xmsg-¯-¶n-cn-¡p¶ ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I. (4)

kzX{´ Cý

`t£ym-ev]m-Z\w

hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³ kzoI-cn¨

\S-]-Sn-IÄ

Ir{Xna hf

\nÀ½mWw


70

10. ImÀjn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶-XnÂ lcn-X-hn-¹hw klm-b-I-c-ambn F§s\? (3)

A[n-I-tNmZyw

1. Xmsg-X-¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwØm-\-§sf 1956 Â cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-h, 1956 \p tijw cq]o-Ir-

X-am-bh F¶n§s\ Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

t_mws_, B{Ôm-{]-tZ-iv, ]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\, tIc-fw, KpP-dm-¯v,

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1956 \p ap¼v 1956 \ptijw

t_mws_, tIcfw, B{Ôm-{]-tZiv KpP-dm-¯v, lcn-bm\

11. Cý-bpsS imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bv¡mbn Øm]n¨ GsX-¦nepw

4 Øm]-\-§fpw kwL-S-\-Ifpw Is-¯p-I. (4)

12. kzX{´ Cý-bpsS hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-¯pI ? (3)

13. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw auen-Im-h-Im-i-§-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ

DÄs¸Sp¯m-\pÅ ImcWw F´m-bn-cn¡mw? (2)

14. XmjvsIâ v IcmÀ GsXms¡ cmPy-§Ä X½n-em-bn-cp¶p? (1)

15. AbÂ cmPy-§-fmb Cýbpw ]mIn-Øm\pw X½n-epÅ

\b-X{´_Ôw hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (5)

16. Xmsg¸-d-bp¶ kw`-h-§sf Ime-K-W-\m-{Ia¯nÂ ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

knwe IcmÀ

kwØm\ ]p\x-kw-L-S\m \nbaw

CS-¡me a{ń-k`

dbnÂth sXmgn-emfn kacw

Cým ssN\ bp²w

B`y-ć ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ (6)

17. A, B, C tImf-§Ä A\p-tbm-Py-ambn {Iao-I-cn-¡p-I.

A B C

Cým-hn-`-P\w hn.-]n.tat\m³ ]²Xn Irjn

\m«p-cm-Py-§fpsS 1951 kndnÂ dmUv ¢n^v

kwtbm-P\w

]©-h-Õc ]²Xn t]m«n {io cmaep PÌnkv ̂ kÂ Aen

`mjm kwØm\ auv _mä³ ]²Xn eb\ IcmÀ (4)

cq]o-I-cWw


71

18. 1991 \p tijw Cý³ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnÂ h¶ amä-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ?

19. Xmsg X¶n-cn-bv¡p¶ Øe-§sf {^©v, t]mÀ¨p-Kokv

A[o-\-X-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

tKmh, amln, bm\w, Zma³, t]mn-t¨-cn, Znbp (3)

20. 1975 Pq¬ 26 \v cmjv{S-]Xn Cý-bnÂ B`y-ć ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ

{]Jym-]n-¨p. AXn-te¡v \bn¨ kml-N-cy-§Ä Fs´Ãmw? (3)


72

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. D¯cw Bibw 1 Â \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. (3)

2. _w¥m-tZiv (1)

3. Cý³ kzmX{ý \nbaw þ 1947 Pqsse (1)

4. D¯cw Bibw 3 Â \ÂIn-bn«pv. (4)

5. kqN-\-IÄ¡\p-k-cn v̈ kzX{´ Cýbpw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ ̀ c-W-Im-ehpw

Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v (3)

6. CÃ F¶p Is¯p-¶p.

t]mn-t¨cn, amln F¶o {]tZi§Ä {^m³kpw tKmh, Zm{Z,

\mKÀlthen F¶o {]tZ-i-§Ä t]mÀ¨pKepw A[o-\-X-bnÂ

h¨n-cp-¶p. (5)

7. aXm-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-epÅ \nÀW-b-co-Xn¡v FXn-tcbpÅ hmZw.

Bi-b-hn-\n-ab kuIcyw, kwkv¡mc cq]oI-cWw F¶n-h-bnÂ ̀ mj-bpsS

{]m[m\yw t]m«n {iocm-a-ep-hnsâ cà-km-£n-Xzw.

kwØm\ ]p\xkwL\m I½ojsâ cq]o-I-cWw

kwkvImc cq]o-I-cWw

1956 \hw-_À 1 \v {]m_-ey-¯nÂ h¶p.


9. Bibw 9 Â \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. (GsX-¦nepw 4 t]mbnâp-IÄ) (4)

10. Pe-tk-N-\w, b{´-hÂ¡-cWw, AXyp-ev]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bpÅ hn¯n-\-§Ä,

IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ, cmk-h-f-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eqsS ImÀjn-tIm-ev]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¸n-¨p (2)

(GsX-¦nepw 3 t]mbnâp-IÄ)

11. D¯cw Bibw 10 Â \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. (GsX-¦nepw 4 t]mbnâp-IÄ) (4)

12. hnhn[ I½o-j-\p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä aqe-apÅ ]ptcm-KXn

(B-ibw 11) (3)

Fkv.-F-kv.-F., BÀ.-Fw. Fkv.-F. Ch-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw

13. FÃm kwØm-\-§-fnepw FÃm-hÀ¡pw {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymkw \ÂIm³

km[n-¨n-«n-Ã. (2)


73

14. Cý, ]mIn-Øm³ (1)

15. Cým-hn-`-P\w

1948, 1965, 1971, 1998 se bp²-§fpw Icm-dp-Ifpw.

ImivaoÀ {]iv\w.

16. CS-¡me a{ń-k` þ 1946 (6)

kwØm\ ]p\x-kw-LS-\m\n-baw þ 1956

Cým ssN\m bp²w þ 1962

knwe IcmÀ þ 1972

sdbnÂth sXmgn-emfn kacw þ 1974

B`y-ć ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ þ 1975

17. A, B, C tImf-§Ä A\p-tbm-Py-ambn {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v (4)

auv _mä³ ]²Xn þ kndnÂ dmUv ¢n^v

hn.-]n.-ta-t\m³ ]²Xn þ eb\ IcmÀ

1951 þ Irjn

t]m«n-{io-cm-apep þ PÌnkv ̂ kÂ Aen

18. D¯cw Bibw 14 Â \Â-In-bn-«p-v. (3)

19. A\p-tbm-Py-ambn Xcw-Xn-cn-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v. (3)

t]mÀ¨p-KÂ-þ-tKm-h, Zma³, Znbp

{^m³kv þ amln, bm\w, t]mn-t¨cn

20. hne-¡-b-ä-t¯bpw ̀ £y-£m-a-s¯bpw XpSÀ¶p-mb ]Wn-ap-S¡pIfpw

sXm-gnÂ ka-c-§fpw

Pb-{]-Imiv \mcm-b-Wsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ k¼qÀW hn¹hw

Ae-l-_mZv sslt¡m-SXn hn[n-tbm-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v {][m-\-a{ń

cmPn-hbv¡-Wsa¶v Bh-iy-s¸«v {]Xn]£¯nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ

\S¶ ka-c-§Ä. (3)

21. tKmh : .......................


74

1940

1945

1945

1947

1947

1948

1948

1950

1952

1953

1954

1961

1961

1962

1964

1965

1969

1969

1971

1972

1975

ka-b-tcJ

t_mws_ ]²Xn

Smäm C³Ìn-äyq«v Hm^v ^-saâÂ dnkÀ¨v

kmÀPsâ hnZym-`ymk I½o-j³

auv _mä³ {]`p

Cý-kzm-X{ý \nbaw

skao-µmcn k{¼-Zmbw \nÀ¯-em¡n

cm[m-Ir-jvW³ I½o-j³

Cý dn¸-»n-¡mbn

e£va-W-kzman apX-en-bmÀ I½oj³

kwØm\ ]pxkw-L-S-\m-I-½o-j³ (^-kÂ I½o-j³)

{^©p-ImÀ Cý-hn«p

tKmh kz-X-{´-ambn

alm-cm-jv{S, KpP-dm-¯vkw-Øm-\-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

Cým ssN\ bp²w

tIm¯mcn I½o-j³

Cým ]mIv bp²w

]©m-_v, lcn-bm\ kwØm-\-§-fpsS cq]o-I-cWw

_m¦v tZikmÂ¡c-Whpw {]nhn ]gvkv \nÀ¯-em-¡Â

Cým-]m¡v bp²w

knwe IcmÀ

B`y-ć ASn-b-ń-cm-hØ

bqWnäv þ 7

C¶s¯ Cý


75

1809

1812

1888

1921

1921

1924

1928

1930

1931

1936

1937

1941

1946

1949

1956

1957

ka-b-tcJ

Ipd hnfw-_cw

Ipdn-Ny-I-em]w

hkqcn hmIvkn³ \nÀ½m-W-Ie

Hä-¸mew AJn-e-tI-cf tIm¬{Kkv kt½-f\w

tIc-f-{]-tZiv tIm¬{Kkv I½nän cq]o-I-cWw

ssh¡w kXym{Kw

]¿-¶qÀ kt½-f\w

D¸p kXym{Kw

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw

t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀÆ-I-em-ime

I¿qÀk-acw

]p¶{] hb-emÀ kacw

Xncp-þ-sIm¨n kwØm\ cq]o-I-cWw

tIcf kwØm\ cq]o-I-cWw

I½yq-WnÌv a{ń-k` A[n-Im-c¯-¯nÂ

bqWnäv þ 8

tIc-f-¸p-Xpa


76

bqWnäv 8

tIc-f-¸p-Xpa

\mSp-hm-gn-Ifpw cmPm-¡-·mcpw A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fn-bn-cp¶ tIc-f-¯nse hnhn[

{]tZ-i-§Ä {_n«ojv B[n]-Xy-̄ n-embsX§-s\-sb¶pw sImtfm-Wn-bÂ B[n-]-Xy-̄ nsâ

Ah-km-\hpw sshtZ-inI ̀ c-W-¯n³Io-gnÂ C¶m-«p-Im-c-\p-`-hn¨ Zpcn-X-§fpw sFIy-tI-

cfw F¶ Bi-bhpw hne-bn-cp-¯p¶ bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw, BtcmKyw F¶n§s\

FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw tIcfw ssIh-cn¨ ]ptcm-KXn, A`n-am-\mÀl-amb Cu ]ptcm-KXn \ne-

\nÀt¯--Xnsâ Bh-iy-IX F¶n-hbpw hni-Zo-I-cn¡p¶p.

Bi-b-§Ä / hkvXp-X-IÄ

1. tIcfw {_n«ojv A[o-\-Xbn-emb kÔn-IÄ

ae-_mÀ 1792 ({io-cw-K-]-«-Ww kÔn, Sn¸p-kpÂ¯m\pw

Cw¥ojv CuÌným I¼-\nbpw X½nÂ

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ 1805 (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw Cw¥ojv CuÌv Cým-I-¼-\nbpw

X½nÂ)

sIm¨n 1809 (sIm-̈ nbpw

2. {_n«ojp-ImÀs¡Xn-sc-bpÅ tIc-f-¯nse BZy-Ime Iem-]-§Ä

ae-_mÀ tIc-f-hÀ½ ]g-Èn-cmP

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ thep-¯¼n Zfh

sIm¨n ]men-b-̄ -̈ ³

hb-\mSv Ipdn-NyÀ

3. ae-_m-dnse IÀjI Iem]w

{_n«ojpImcpw ae-_m-dnse P·n-amcpw X½n-epÅ Iq«p-sI-«nsâ Zpjv{]-hr-¯n-IÄs¡

Xntc ae-_m-dnse am¸nf IÀj-IÀ Iem]w \S-¯n.

4. ]m-c-¸m« hnfw-_cw, P·n IpSn-bm³ hnfw-_cw.

kÀ¡mÀ hI `qan ssIhiw h¨-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v DS-a-Øm-h-Im-ihpw ]n´p-SÀ¨m

hIm-ihpw ssIam-äm-h-Im-ihpw \ÂIp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdnse ]m-c-¸m«

hnfw-_-cw. (1865)


77

P·n-am-cpsS hI `qan ]m«-ambn A\p-`-hn-¨p-sIm-n-cp¶ IpSn-bm³amÀ¡v `qan-bnÂ

Øncm-h-Imiw e`n-¨-XmWv P·n-þ-Ip-Sn-bm³ hnfw-_-cw. (1867)

5. tIc-f-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨ anj-\dn kwL-§Ä

e³ anj-³ skmsskän (Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ)

NÀ v̈ anj³ skmsskän (sIm-¨n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ)

_mkÂ Chm-©-en¡Â anj³ (a-e-_mÀ)

6. tIc-f¯nse ]g-b-Ime hnZym-`ymk Øm]\-§Ä

F-gp-¯p-]-Ån-IÄ

imeI-Ä

Kpcp-Ip-e-§Ä

7. Btcm-Ky-{]-hÀ -̄\-§Ä

{]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v kuIcyw \ÂIÂ, imkv{Xo-b-amb Btcm-Ky-\b

cq]o-I-cWw, hnZym-`ymkkuI-cy§-fpsS hÀ²-\hv, BXp-cm-e-b-§-fpsS Øm]\w

saUn-¡Â hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\p \ÂInb t{]mÕm-l\w F¶nh Xncp--hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ sa -̈

s¸« s]mXp-P-\m-tcmKy kwhn-[m\w cq]-s¸-Sm³ CS-bm-bn.

8. tIc-f-¯nÂ kmaqly \thm-°m-\-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-hÀ

sshIpWvT kzman

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp

N«¼n kzman-IÄ

A¿-¦mfn

h¡w A_vZpÂ JmZÀ auehn

Ipamc Kpcp-tZ-h³

9. t£{X-{]-th-i-\-¯n\v klm-bn¨ ]ucm-h-Imi apt¶-ä-§Ä

ssh¡w kXym-{Klw þ 1924

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw þ 1931

10. tZiob {]Øm\w tIc-f-¯nÂ, sFIy-tI-cfw

ae-_mÀ, sIm¨n, Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ {]tZ-i-§Ä Hcp-an¨p tNÀ¶ kt½-f-\-am-bn-cp¶p

1921 G{]nÂ amks¯ Hä-¸m-e¯v h¨v \S¶ AJne tIcf tIm¬{Kkv kt½-f-\w.


78

1949 Pqsse 1\v Xncp -þ -sIm¨n kwØm\hpw XpSÀ¶v 1956 \hw-_À 1\v

tIcf kwØm-\hpw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn.

11. a{ń-k-̀ -IÄ

1957 Â s]mXp sXc-sª-Sp-¸ns\ XpSÀ¶v Cw.-Fw.-i-¦-c³ \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ

t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n a{ń-k` cq]o-I-cn-¨p.

Cu a{ń -k -`sb hntam -N -\ -k -a -c -¯nsâ t]cnÂ 1959 Â cmjv{S -]Xn

]ncn-¨p-hn-«p.

1960 Â ]«w XmWp-]nÅ apJy-a{ńbmbn. Iq«pI£n -a-{ń-k` A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ h¶p.

12. tIc-f- hnI-k\ amXrI þ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

t£a s]³j-\p-IÄ

htbm-P\ ]²-Xn-IÄ

DbÀ¶ BbpÀssZÀLyw

ià-amb s]mXp-hn-X-cW irwJe

DbÀ¶ kv{Xo]p-cpj A\p-]mXw

k¼qÀW km£-cX

Ipdª Btfm-lcn hcp-am-\w

DbÀ¶ kmaq-ly-hn-I-k\ kqNnI


79

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ae-_m-dnÂ CuÌv Cým I¼\n t\cn«p ̀ cWw XpS-§n-bXv

GXv DS-¼Sn {]Im-c-amWv ? (1)

2. {_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc tIc-f-¯nÂ \-S¶ BZy-Ime Iem-]-§sf

Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-I. (4)

3. {_n«ojv ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s\-Xnsc \S¶ P\-Iob apt¶-ä-amb IpdnNy

Iem-]-¯n-te¡v \bn¨ Imc-W-§Ä Is¯n Ipdn-¸p X¿m-dm-¡pI. (3)

4. "`qhp-S-a-Ø-X-bnÂ h¶ amäw ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp¶p'.

\n§-fpsS A`n-{]mbw hne-bn-cp¯pI. (4)

5. tIc-f-¯n-se ]-g-b-Ime hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä GsXÃmw ? (3)

6. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tamUÂ hfsc {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.

F´mWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tamUÂ? (3)

7. anj-\dnamcpsS hchv {_n«o-jv ̀ c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v Gsd klm-b-I-c-am-bn.

hyà-am-¡p-I. (2)

8. \thm-°m\ \mb-I-cpsS {]hÀ¯\w tIc-f-¯nse kmaq-ly-am-ä-§Ä¡v

CS-bm-b-sX-§-s\-sb¶v hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)

9. tIcf cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\p ap¼v tIc-f-¯nÂ kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n-\mbn \S¶

cv {]t£m-`-§-fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI? Ch tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-cw-K¯v

sNep-¯nb kzm[o\w hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)

10. "sFIy tIcf' {]Øm\w iàn-s¸-Sm-\pÅ kml-N-cy-§Ä

hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (4)

11. sshIpWvT kzman-bpsS {]hÀ¯\ ̂ e-ambn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqdnÂ Dmb

Ncn-{X-]-c-amb amäw F´mWv ? (3)

12. tIcf cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\p ap¼v tIc-f-¯nÂ kmaqly \thm-°m-\-¯n\v

t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-hÀ BscÃmw ? (3)

13. {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hnsâ ktµ-i-§Ä¡v ka-Im-eo\ tIc-fob

kaq-l-¯n-epÅ {]kàn F´mWv ? (3)

14. "tIcf hnI-k\ amXrI' C¶v Gsd {i²n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. F´mWv CXnsâ

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ? (3)

15. 1957 se tIcfm\n-b-a-k` ]mkm-¡nb \nb-a-§Ä GsXÃmw ? (3)


80

16. CýbnÂ P\m-[n-]-Xyco-Xn-bnÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¸n-eqsS

A[n-Im-c-¯n-se-¯nb Hcp Kh¬saâns\ ]pd-¯m-¡nb BZy

A\p-`hw GXv ? CXn-te¡v \bn¨ kacw GXmWv ? (2)

17. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kw`-h-§sf Ime-K-W-\m-{I-a-¯n-em-¡p-I. (6)

ae-_mÀ elf

]p¶{]þ-h-b-emÀ kacw

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw

Ipd hnfw-_cw

sFIy-tI-cfw

t£{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw


81

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. {iocw-K-]-«Ww DS-¼Sn þ 1972 (1)

2. \m«p-cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Iem-]-§Ä, \mSp-hm-gn-I-fpsS Iem-]-§Ä, Znhm-·m-cpsS Iem-]-

§Ä, BZn-hmkn Iem-]-§Ä, IÀj-I-I-em-]-§Ä F¶-h-bm-bn-cp¶p {_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-

Xn-cmbn BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ tIcf¯nÂ \S¶ Iem-]-§Ä. ̀ q\n-IpXn hÀ²-\, B`y-

ć ̀ c-W-Im-cy-§-fnse CSs]-S-ep-IÄ, \nIpXn ]W-ambn ]ncn-¡p¶ k{¼-Zm-bw, XpS-

§n-bh Cu Iem-]-§-epsS Imc-W-§-fm-Wv. P\-]-¦m-fn-¯w, kmbp-[-k-acw F¶nh

FÃm Iem-]-§-fnepw s]mXpsh ImW-s¸-«p.

3 \nIpXn ]Wambn am{Xta kzoI-cn¡q F¶ {_n«ojv \ne-]m-Sv.

þ \nIpXn IpSn-inI hcp-¯p-¶-h-cpsS kz¯v ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I, IpSn-ep-IÄ

B{I-an-¡pI, IpSn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡pI XpS-§nb {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS \S-]-Sn-IÄ. (3)

4. A\p -Iqew þ ImÀjn -I-ta -J-e-bnse ]ptcm-K -Xn, sXmgnÂ Ah-k-c -§Ä

hÀ²n -¡p -¶p. hnkvXr -X -amb tXm« -§Ä, Ipcp -a p -f -I v , Gew, tXbne,

Im¸n XpS-§nb ImÀjn-tIm-ev]-¶-§-fpsS Dev]m-Z\ hÀ²-\-hv.

{]Xn-Iqew þ bYmÀ° IÀj-I\v ̀ qan e`n-¨n-Ã, ̀ £yhn-f-I-fpsS Dev]m-Z\w Ipd-ªp.

IpSn-tbäw hym]-I-am-bn. IÀjIÀ IqSp-XÂ Nqj-W-¯n\v hnt[-b-cmbn. (4)

5. Fgp¯p -]ÅnIÄ, ime-IÄ, Kpcp -Ip -e -§Ä, k`m -a -T -§Ä, If -cn -IÄ,

Ch-bnÂ GsX-¦nepw 3. (3)

6. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmP-`-c-W-Im-e¯v \S-¸n-em-¡nb BtcmKy c£m-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ

GsX-¦nepw 3 F®w. (3)

hkq-cn-s¡-Xn-cmb {]Xn-tcm[ {]hÀ¯\w.

BXp-cm-e-b-§Ä Øm]n-¨p.

Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw P\-dÂ Bkv]{Xn Øm]n-¨p.

kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ip«n-IÄ¡p-ambn Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v Bip-]{Xn.

1888 Â hkqcn hmIvkn³ \nÀamWime Bcw-`n-¨p.

saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v t{]mÕm-l\w \ÂIn.

t]hn-j-_m-[, ssSt^m-bnUv F¶n-h-bvs¡-Xn-cmb hmIvkn³ e`y-am-¡n.

imkv{Xo-b-amb Btcm-Ky-\bw Bhn-jv¡-cn-¨p.


82

7. Cw¥ojv Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS hym]\w

\m«-dn-hp-Isf Xmgv¯n-s¡«n ]mÝmXy hnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ ta· {]N-cn-¸n¨p

anj-\dn hnZym-e-b-§Ä {_n«ojv ̀ c-W-Iq-S-¯n\v A\p-Iqe{]N-cWw \S¯n

hnZym-`ym-ks¯ _u²nI B[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ amÀ¤-ambn Ip. (2)

8. kmaq-ly-am-ä-¯n\v {]mtbm-KnI cq]w- \ÂIn.

]nÂ¡me kmaqly {]hÀ¯-IÀ¡n-S-bn-ep-mb kzm[o-\w.

AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n\pw PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡psaXnsc \S-¯nb {]hÀ¯\-§Ä

kmaq-ly-am-ä-§Ä¡n-S-bm-¡n.

tZio-b-{]-Øm\-¯nsâ iàn hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. (3)

9. ssh¡w kXym-{K-lhpw Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{K-lhpw

lnµp-¡fnse FÃm P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw Bcm-[\m kzmX{ýw e`y-am-bn.

PmXn-hy-h-Ø-I-fpsS ImTn\yw Ipd-¨p.

10. \mKv]qÀ kt½-f\ Xocp-am\w þ ̀ mjm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ tIm¬{KÊv I½n-än-IÄ

þ 1921 tIcf {]tZiv tIm¬{KÊv I½nän

þ 1928 ]¿-¶qÀ tIm¬{KÊv kt½-f\w

þ ssh¡w, Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{K-l-§-fnse P\-]-¦m-fn¯w

þ 1947 Xriq-cnse sFIy-tI-cf I¬sh³j³

þ 1949 Pqsse 1 Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n kwtbm-P\w

þ C Fw Fkv \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ Ht¶-ImÂ tImSn ae-bm-fn-IÄ

þ 1956 \hw-_À 1 tIcf kwØm\ cq]o-I-cWw (G-sX-¦nepw 4 t]mbnâp-IÄ)

11. Nm¶mÀ Iem]w hni-Zo-I-cn¡p¶Xn\v (1822 þ 1859) (3)

12. 6 t]cpsS t]À Fgp-Xp-¶-Xn\v (B-ibw 8) (3)

13. kmaq-lnI Ak-aXzw ]cn-l-cn¡pI F¶ Bi-b-¯nsâ {]m[m-\yw.

kwL-Sn¨v ià-cm-hp-I, hnZy sImv {]_p-²-cm-IpI F¶

Blzm-\-¯nsâ {]kàn

kmaqly, kmwkv¡m-cnI, kmln-Xy, cmjv{Sob

taJ-eIfnse hÀ¯-am-\-Ime {]kàn (3)


83


15. IpSn Hgn-¸n-¡Â \ntcm-[\ \nbaw

ImÀjnI _Ô_nÃv

hnZym-`ymk _nÃv (3)

16. tIcf a{ń-k`sb 1959 Â ]ncn-¨p-hn« kw`-hw.

hntam-N\ kacw (2)

17. Ipd hnfw-_cw þ 1809 (P-\p-hcn 11)

ae-_mÀ elf þ 1921

Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw þ 1931

t£{X {]th-i\ hnfw-_cw þ 1936 (\-hw_À 12)

]p¶{] hb-emÀ kacw þ 1946

sFIy tIcfw


84

bqWnäv 9

tZio-tbmZv{KY\w

BapJw

""a\p-jy³ kmaqly Pohn-bm-Wv. a\p-jy³ IpSpw-_¯nepw {Kma-¯nepw ]«-W-§-fnepw

Pohn¡p-¶p. Hä-s¸-«-h-\-Ã.'' Acn-tÌm«n-ensâ Cu hm¡p-IÄ¡v A¶pw C¶pw hfsc {]k-

àn-bp-v. hnhn-[-Xcw Iq«m-bva-I-sf-¡p-dn v̈ Hcp ]T-\-amWv Cu A[ym-bw.

Bi-b-§Ä

IpSpw_w þ ka-{]m-b-¡mÀ þ kaqlw þ kap-Zmbw Ch hnhn[ Iq«m-bva-I-fm-Wv.

IpSpw-_-amWv {]mY-an-I-hpw Gähpw sNdp-Xp-amb Iq«m-bva.

kaqlw : IpSpw-_-amWv kmaq-ly-h-ev¡-c-W-̄ n\p klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ kaq-l-

¯n\v \nÝnX AXnÀ¯n \nÀW-bn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã.

kap-Zmbw : CXv aX-]-c-amb \nÀh-N-\-a-Ã.

Hcp \nÝnX {]tZ-i¯v ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Pohn-¡p¶ P\-§Ä. AXnÀ¯n Ds-

¶p-Å-XmWv kap-Zm-bs¯ kaq-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

DZm : {Kma-k-ap-Zm-bw, \K-c-k-ap-Zm-bw.

cmjv{Sw : Hcp {]tZ-is¯ P\X sFIy-t_m-[-t¯msS cmjv{Sob cq]w krjvSn¨v

X§-fpsS ̀ mK-t[bw \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶p.

\nÝnX AXnÀ¯n, AwKXzw þ \nb-am-hen, ]ucXzw XpS-§n-bh CXnsâ khn-ti-j-

X-I-fm-Wv.

Cý Hcp _lp-kzc kaq-l-am-Wv. \nc-h[n ̀ mj-IÄ, aX-§Ä, hwi-§Ä, PmXn-IÄ,

BNm-c-§Ä XpS§n FÃm Imcy-§-fnepw sshhn-[y-apÅ kaq-lw.

Cu sshhn-[y-§Ä¡Xo-X-amb tbmPn¸v "\m\m-Xz-¯nÂ GIXzw' F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Cý³ tZio-b-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-Xbpw \m\m-Xz-¯nÂ GIXzw BWv.

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w þ apJy-[À½w.

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w þ ASn-Øm\ LS-I-§Ä

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w hfÀ¯p-hm-\pÅ amÀK-§Ä

{Xn`mjm ]²Xn

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ Zn\w

Cý³ tZio-b-X t\cn-Sp¶ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ.


85

tNmZy§Ä

1. hnhn[ Iq«m-bva-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp¯n hn«p-t]m-b-`mKw ]qcn-¸n-¡pI 4 Score

IpSpw-_w, ................., ................., tZiw, .............., .......................

2. "AâmÀ«n¡sb Hcp cmjv{S-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶nÃ'

F¦nÂ Hcp cmjv{S-¯nsâ LS-I-§Ä GsXm¡bmWv ? 4 Score

3. Xmsg ]d-bp¶ Cý³ ̀ mj-Isf hÀKo-I-cn¨v X¶n-cn-¡p¶ NmÀ«nÂ

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 3 Score

kwkvIr-Xw, ae-bm-fw, k´m-fn, Xan-gv, lnµn, O¯okv KVv, Bkm-aokv, tUm{Kn

C³tUm Bcy³ {ZmhnU `mj apm `mj

4. "Cý Hcp hwi-ayq-kn-b-am-Wv.' F¶mÂ Hcp hwi-¯n\pw hwi-ip²n

Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 3 Score

5. tZiobXbv¡v \nc-h[n ASn-Øm\ LS-I-§Ä Dv.

GsX-¦nepw 3 DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. 3 Score

6. AXn-cp-I-S¶ tZiobX {]iv\-§Ä krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

cv DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-I. 2 Score

7. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-¯nsâ LS-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

Xmsg ImWp¶ ]Z kqcy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I. 2 Score

tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\w

Bib]c-amb Hcpa

8. AXnÀ¯n IS¶ Xo{h-hmZnsb Imthcn {]iv\w

ssk\yw shSn-h-¨p-sIm¶p IÀWm-S-I-¯nÂ C¶v _µv

apÃ-s¸-cn-bmÀ {]iv\w O¯okv KVnÂ Ipgn-t_mw_v s]m«n

tIc-f-¯n-te-¡pÅ Nc¡p 10 Phm-·mÀ sImÃ-s¸-«p.

temdn-IÄ XSªp


86

taÂ hnh-cn¨ ]{XhmÀ¯-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Cý³ tZio-bX t\cn-Sp¶

shÃp-hnfnIsf-¡p-dn v̈ Hcp skan-\mÀ t]¸À X¿m-dm-¡p-I. 6 Score

9. F´mWv {Xn`mjm ]²Xn? CXnsâ {][m\ e£yw F´m-bn-cp¶p? 3 Score

10. Cý tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y\ Zn\-ambn BN-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv ?

Cu Znh-k-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw F´mWv ? 2 Score

11. tZio-bX {]I-S-am-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Ah-k-c-§Ä GsX-Ãm-sa¶v hyà-am-¡pI

3 Score

12. \m\m-Xz-¯nÂ GIXzw F¶ XXzw Cý³ kaq-l-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-X-bmWv

hyà-am-¡p-I. 2 Score


87

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. kplr-¯p-¡Ä kaqlw

kl-]m-Tn-IÄ kap-Zmbw

{Kmaw

\Kcw

2. \nÝnX AXnÀ¯n

P\-§Ä

`c-W-IqSw

\nb-am-hen

]ucXzw

3. C³tUm Bcy³ {ZmhnU ̀ mj apm `mj

kwkvIrXw, lnµn Xangv, ae-bmfw, I¶S O¯okv KUv

Bkm-aokv k´mfn, tUm{Kn

4. s\{Kn-täm, awK-tfm-bnUv, saUnä-td-\n-b³ XpS-§nb hwi-PÀ Cý-bnÂ

Xma-kn-¨n-cp-¶p.

Cý-bnse BZn-hm-kn-I-fm-b Ccp-fÀ, ImSÀ, ae-]-m-c-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hÀ

t{]mt«m Bkv{S-tem-boUv hwi-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.

hnhn[ tZi-§-fnÂ \n¶pw Cý-bnÂ IpSntb-dn-¸mÀ¯ aäp [mcmfw

hn`m-K-§-fp-apv.

Ch-scÃmw ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Pohn¨v C¶v thÀXn-cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bm-¯-h-cmbn

amdn.

5. {]tXyI cmjv{S-¯n-epÅ AwK-Xzhpw AXns\ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xpw.

hÀKw, ̀ mj, aXw, kwkv¡mcw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-epÅ tbmPn-¸v.

s]mXp-hmb Nne kmcq-]y-§Ä (Identify)

6. aäp cmPy-§-tfmSpw P\-§-tfm-Sp-apÅ shdp-¸v, bp²-§Ä.

DZm: Cä-enbpw PÀ½-\nbw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ tZio-bX

7. LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw.


88

8. {]mtZ-in-I hmZw

PmXo-bX

`mjm-hmZw

hÀKo-bX

òI-c-hmZw þ F¶nh hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

9. tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-t¯bpw A´À kwØm\ hn\n-abt¯bpw

t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v

lnµn kwkm-cn-¡p¶ kwØm-\-§-fnÂ Cw¥ojpw lnµnbpw Hcp amXr-`mjbpw

Alnµn kwØm-\-§-fnÂ Cw¥ojpw lnµnbpw amXr-`m-jbpw kvIqÄ

]mTy-]-²-Xn-bnÂ DÄs¸Sp-¯n.

10. \hw-_À 19, ap³ {][m-\-a{ń {ioaXn Cµn-cm-KmÔnbpsS P·-Zn-\w.

òI-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-s\-Xnsc \S-]SnsbSp-¯-Xn\v 1984 HIvtSm-_À 31 \v

Jmen-Øm³ Xo{h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS shSn-tbäv acn-¨p.

11. tZio-b-{]m-[m-\y-apÅ Zn\-§Ä BN-cn-¡pI

kzX-{ý-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-I-fp-sSbpw \mSn-\mbn cà-km-£nXzw hcn¨ [oc-\vam-cp-sSbpw

HmÀ½ ]pXp-¡p-I.

tZio-b-Nn-Ów, tZio-b-]-Xm-I, tZio-b-Km\w XpS-§n-b-hsb BZ-cn-¡p-I.

12. kaq-l¯nse thjw, ̀ mj, BNm-c-§Ä, A\p-jvTm-\-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä

XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS BsI XpI-bmWv kwkv¡m-cw.

Cý-bnse kwkv¡mcw sshhn-[y-]qÀW-am-Wv.

kwkv¡m-cnI sshhn[yw Xs¶-bmWv Cýsb H¶n-¸n¨v \nÀ¯p¶ {][m\

LS-I-hpw. CXmWv \m\m-Xz-¯nÂ GI-Xzw.


89

bqWnäv þ10

P\m-[n-]Xyw

temI-̄ nse Gähpw henb P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{S-amWv Cý. B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v _lp-

`q-cn]£w cmPy-§-fnepw \ne-hn-en-cn¡p¶Xv P\m-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-Iq-S-§-fm-Wv. P\§Ä¡v

G-ähpw {]nb-s¸« ̀ c-W-cq-]-amb P\m-[n-]Xy¯n\v H-t«-sd khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-v. 121 tImSn

P-\-§Ä A[n-h-kn¡pIbpw \nc-h[n sshhn-[y-§Ä¡nS-bnepw GIXzw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶ \½psS cmPy¯v P\m-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-coXn F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶v Xncn-¨-

dn-bm³ klm-bn-¡p¶ Hcp bqWn-äm-Wn-Xv.

Cu bqWn-äp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {][m\ Bi-b-§Ä Xmsg sImSp-¡p-¶p. Ah ]cn-N-b-

s¸«-Xn\v tijw tNmZy-§-fn-te¡v IS-¡p-I.

Bi-b-§Ä

1. P\m-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-¯nÂ ]c-am-[n-Imcw P\-§Ä¡m-Wv.

Utamkv (P-\-§Ä)

Utam-{Ikn

{Imt¯mkv (A-[n-Im-cw)

2. P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v cv hI-t`-Z-§-fp-v þ

{]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw

{]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw

P\m-[n-]Xyw

]tcm£ P\m-[n-]Xyw

3. P\m-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-kw-hn-[m-\-¯n\v ta·-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.

s]mXp-sX-c-sª-Sp¸v

kmaq-lnI ØncX `cW kpXm-cyX

ta·-IÄ

Iq«m-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Xocp-am-\-§Ä

hyàn kzmX{ýw

`cW kzmX-{ýw

cmPy-kvt\lw

kaXzw

\nb-a-hmgvN


90

t]mcmbvaIÄ

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ

kaÀ°-c-Ãm-XmImw

Znim-t_m-[-an-Ãm¯

I£n-cm-jv{Sobw

\nc-ćw ̀ c-W-amäw

`qcn-]-£m-`n-{]mbw

ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡Â

F®-̄ n\v

{]m[m\yw

thms«-Sp-¸nÂ \n¶v AIep¶ P\-§Ä

P\m-[n-]Xyw iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Nne aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä Bh-iy-am-Wv.

hnZym-`ymkw

sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ

cmjv{Sob kzmX{ýw

km¼-¯nI kzmX{ýw

aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä ]mÀ-«n-Ifpw t\Xm-¡-·mcpw

kmaq-lnI kpc-£n-XXz ]²-Xn-IÄ

A-[n-Imc hntI{µoI-cWw

kzX{´ am[y-a-§Ä

cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m[w

5. P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v hyXykvX Xe-§-fp-v.

cmjv{SobXew

Xe-§Ä kmaq-ly-Xew

km¼-̄ nIXew


91

6. B[p-\nI Ime¯v {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw \S-¸n-em-¡m³ klm-b-I-amb

4 amÀK-§Ä \ne-hn-ep-v.

P\-lnX ]cn-tim-[\

{]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xy amÀK-§Ä lnX-]-cn-tim-[\

Xncn¨phnfn-¡Â

A`n-{Iaw

7. P-\m-[n-]-Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-coXn IqSn-bmWv.

P\m-[n-]-Xys¯ PohnX aäp-Å-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw am\n-¡pI

coXn-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v FÃm-h-cp-tSbpw kzmX{ýs¯

AwKo-I-cn¡pI.

B{Kl\nhÀ¯n-¡mbn icn-bmb

amÀ¤-§Ä am{Xw kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

\nb-a-hmgvN AwKo-I-cn¡pI.

aäpÅh-cpsS hnizm-k-§-tfmSpw

BNmc§tfmSpw kln-jvWpX

]peÀ¯p-I.

8. `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-¡p¶ P\m-[n-]Xyw Cý-bnse P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v

Icp-t¯-Ip-¶p.

dn¸-»nIv


92

9. Cý³ P\m-[n-]Xyw ]e shÃp-hn-fnIfpw t\cn-Sp-¶p.

\nc-£-cX

PmXo-bX

{]mtZ-inI

Ak-aXzw

shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ

P\-s¸-cp¸w

hnL-S-\-hmZw

`mjm-hmZw

Ak-aXzw

hÀ¤o-bX

Xo{hhmZw

tNmZy-§Ä

1. P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-§Ä GsXÃmw ?

Ah Xmc-Xayw sN¿pI.

2. P\m-[n-]Xy ̀ c-W-{I-a-¯nsâ ta·-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw kqNn-¸n-¡p¶

Hcp ]«nI X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

3. P\m-[n-]-Xys¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb aps¶m-cp-¡-§Ä GsXÃmw ?

Hmtcm¶pw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

4. P\m-[n-]Xyw kwc-£n-¡p-hm\pw \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm\pw cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«nIÄ

A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

5. P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ hyXykvX Xe-§-sf-¸än Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.

6. {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-amÀK-§Ä GsXÃmw ? Hmtcm¶pw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

7. P\m-[n-]Xyw Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-I-W-sa-¦nÂ P\-§-fnÂ Dm-tI LS-I-§Ä

Fs´Ãmw ? hyà-am-¡p-I.

8. Cý³ P\m-[n-]Xyw \nc-h[n shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ t\cn-Sp-¶p-v. Ah-bnÂ Gähpw

{][m-\-sa¶v \n§Ä¡v tXm¶p-¶h GsXÃmw ? Hmtcm¶pw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

9. {]Xy-£-P-\m-[n-]Xyw ]tcm£ P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-te¡v hgn-am-dm-\n-S-bmb Imc-W-§Ä

Fs´Ãmw?

10. P\m-[n-]-Xy-B-i-b-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Cý³ ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ kzoI-cn-¨n-

«pÅ hyhØIÄ Fs´Ãmw?


93

D -̄c-kq-NnI

]qÀWamb D¯-c-§Ä ChnsS \ÂIn-bn-«n-Ã. DbÀ¶ amÀ¡n-\pÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v

D¯cw hni-Z-ambn Fgp-X-Ww.

1. P\m-[n-]Xyw cv Xc-¯n-ep-v þ {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw ]tcm£ P\m[n]-Xyhpw.

]pcm-X\ {KoknÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ `c-W-co-Xn-bmWv {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw. AXnsâ

{][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ þ ̀ c-W-Im-cy-§-fnÂ FÃm ]uc-·mcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. \oXnbpw

\nb-ahpw P\-§Ä t\cn«v \S-¸n-em-¡p-¶p, \oXn-]oT kwhn-[m-\-an-Ã, hfsc sNdnb

Ime-b-f-hn-te¡v ̀ c-W-IÀ¯m-¡sf Is-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.

C¶v temI¯v _lp-`q-cn-]£w cmPy-§-fnepw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv ]tcm£ P\m-[n

-]-Xy-am-Wv. CXnsâ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ þ P\-§Ä Ah-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Isf

sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-Ibpw B {]Xn-\n[nIÄ P\-§Ä¡v thn `cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

\nb-a-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xpw AXv \S-¸m-¡p-¶Xpw Cu {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Wv. \oXn-]oT

kwhn-[m\w \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

2. ta·-IÄ t]mcm-bva-IÄ

1, IqSp-XÂ Imcy-£-a-X-bpÅ ̀ cWw 1. Ign-hn-t\-¡mÄ F®-¯n\v {]m[m\yw

2. hyàn-kzm-X{ýw Dd-¸m-¡p¶p 2. ]e-t¸mgpw {]K-Û-cpsS tkh\w

cmjv{S-¯n\v \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶p.

3. kaXzw, kzmX-{ýw, kmtlm-Z-cyw, 3. XpSÀ -̈bmb sXc-sª-Sp¸pw ̀ cW

Ah-k-c-Xp-eyX F¶n-h. amähpw cmjv{Sob A\n-Ýn-XXzw

krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

4. P\-§-fpsS Ign-hp-IÄ 4. `qcn-]-£m-`n-{]mbw

]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡s¸Sp-¶p.

5. \nb-a-hmgvN \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. 5. P\-§Ä Nne-t¸m-sg-¦nepw

hnap-JX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p. hnap-JX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

6. `cWw IqSp-XÂ kpXm-cy-amWv. 6. Znim-t_m-[-an-Ãm¯ I£n-cm-jv{Sobw

B] v̄

7. kwL-t_m-[hpw kpc-£n-X-Xz 7. hf-sc-b-[nIw ]W-s¨-e-hpÅ

t_m[-hpw hfÀ¯p-¶p. kwhn-[m-\w.


94

3. cmjv{-So-b-kzm-X{ýw, cmjv{Sob Ah-t_m-[w, km¼-¯nI kzmX-{ýw, kmaq-lnI

kpc-£n-XXz ]²-Xn-IÄ, hnZym-`ym-kw, kzX{´ am[y-a-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv

P\m-[n-]Xys¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Bh-iy-amb ap-s¶m-cp-¡-§Ä.

4. P\-]-¦m-fn-¯-amWv P\m-[n-]Xy¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X. cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«n-I-fmWv Cu

P\-]-¦m-fn¯w Dd-¸ph-cp-¯p¶Xv. P\-§sf kw-LSn-¸n-¡p-I-, P\m-[n-]Xyw kzbw

A\p-jvTn-¡p-I, P\-§Ä¡v cmjv{Sob hnZym-`ymkw \ÂIp-I, P\-§-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ

A`n-{]m-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S¯pI XpS§nb Imcy-§-sfms¡ \nÀh-ln¡p¶Xv cmjv{Sob

]mÀ«n-I-fm-Wv.

5. cmjv{So-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb Xe-§-fnÂ P-\m-[n-]Xy-¯nsâ

A´-k¯ ssIh-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw ]qÀW-am-Ip-¶-Xv. cmjv{Sob-Xew,

kzmX{ýw, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Z-cyw F¶n-h-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-Wv. aXw, PmXn, enwKw,

{]tZ-iw, hÀKw, hÀWw F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ hnth-N-\-an-Ãm¯ Ah-Øm

hn-ti-jamWv kmaq-lnI Xew. kaq-l-¯nÂ k¼-¯nsâ hn\n-tbm-Kw, \nb-{´-Ww,

Dev]m-Z-\w F¶n-hsb kw_-Ôn-¡p-¶-XmWv km¼-¯n-I-X-ew.

6. {]Xy£ P\m-[n-]Xyw Im¯p-kq-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Nne amÀK-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p

Ah-bmWv 1) lnX-]-cn-tim-[-\, 2) Xncn-¨p-hn-fn-¡Â, 3) P\-ln-X-]-cn-tim-[\,

4) A`n-{Iaw F¶n-h.

7. aäp-Å-h-cpsS hnizm-k-§-tfmSv kln-jvWpX ]peÀ¯p-I, e£y-{]m-]vXn-¡mbn

P\m-[n-]Xy amÀK§Ä am{Xw kzoI-cn-¡p-I, Gh-tcmSpw _lp-am\w ]peÀ¯p-I,

hnaÀi-\-t¯mSv kln-jvWpX Im«p-I, \nb-a-hmgvN AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I, FÃm-h-scbpw

Xpey-cmbn ImWpI F¶n-h-bmWv P\m-[n-]Xyw Pohn-X-co-Xn-bm-Im³ Dm-tI

LS-I-§Ä.

8. \½psS P\m-[n-]-Xy-hy-hØ \nc-h[n shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ t\cn-Sp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ {][m-\

s¸-«h 1) kmaq-lyhpw km¼-¯n-I-hp-amb Ak-aXzw (2) \nc-£-cX, (3) {]mtZ-inI

hmZw, 4) `mjm-hm-Zw, 5) hÀ¤o-b-X, 6) PmXo-b-X, 7) AgnaXn, 8) Xo{h-hm-Zw,

9) sXmgn-en-Ãmbva, 10) Zmcn{Zyw XpS§nbh-bm-Wv.

9. AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb tZi-cm-jv{S-§-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw

{]mb-]qÀ¯n-thm-«-h-Im-i-¯n\p e`n¨ AwKo-Imcw

B[p\nI cmjv{S-§-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-mb hÀ²-\hv

ka-Xzw,- Xp-ey-]-¦m-fn¯w XpS-§nb Bi-b-§-fpsS hfÀ¨

10. Bibw 8 se hni-Zo-I-cWw t\m¡p-I.


95

bqWnäv þ11

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä

temI-¯nse an¡ cmPy-§-fpw `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c -ambn Xs¶ a\p-jy-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-§Ä Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-¶p-v. Cu Xe-¯n-te¡v F¯p-¶-Xn\v ]n¶nse Nme-I-

i-àn-bmbn {]hÀ¯n¨ A´ÀtZiob a\p-jym-h-Im-i {]Jym-]-\-§-sf-¸-änbpw Ah-bpsS

{]m[m-\y-s¯-¸-änbpw Cu A[ym-b-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä s]mXp-

hmbpw Ip«n-I-fp-sSbpw kv{XoI-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâbpw Ah-Im-i-§Ä {]tXy-In¨pw

ChnsS ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. Cý³ kml-N-cy-̄ nÂ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä F§s\ {]mhÀ¯n-

I-am-Ip-¶p-sh¶pw Ah-Im-i-§Ä F§s\ ewLn-¡-s¸-Sp¶psh¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm-\pÅ

k-µÀ`§Ä CXn-ep-v. Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-hm-\pÅ hnhn[ kwhn-[m-\-§-sf-¸-

änbpw Ip«n-IÄ¡v [mc-W-bp-m-Ip-¶-Xn\v Cu bqWnäv Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv.

Bi-b-§Ä

1. Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡pw Ah-c-h-cpsS hyànXz hnI-k-\-¯n\pw hfÀ¨bv¡pw e`n-¡p¶

Ah-k-c-§-fmbn Ah-Im-i-§sf IW-¡m-¡mw.

2. Hmtcm hyàn¡pw A´-Êpä PohnXw \bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ auen-Ihpw A\ÀLhpw

Bcmepw A\ym-[o-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Im-¯-Xp-amb P·-kn-²-amb Ah-Im-i-§-fmWv

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä.

3. kzmX-{ý-t_m-[s¯ \ntj-[n-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-§sf FXnÀ¯p-tXm-ev]n-¨p-

sIm-mWv a\p-jy³ Ah-Im-i-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¯-Xv. (DZm : Ata-cn-¡³ kzmX{ý

ka-cw, {^©p-hn-¹-hw, djy³ hn¹-hw)

4. kzmX-{ý-¯n\p ap¼pÅ Cý-bnÂ cq]-s¸« tZiob {]Øm-\-§Ä ]ucm-h-Im-i

§-fnÂ {]tXyIw {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. kzmX-{ým-\-ćw Cý-bnÂ \nÀan-¡-s¸« `cW

LS-\-bnÂ ]ucm-hImi§Ä {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶p.

5. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS ssk²m-ńI ASn-¯-d-bmWv kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi

{]Jym-]-\w.

6. kv{XoIfpw hr²cpw kaq-l-¯nÂ Ah-KWn¡-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\mbn Ahsc {]tXyI

Ah-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIn kwc-£n-¡p-¶p.

7. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§fpw, auen-Im-h-Im-i-§fpw hyXykvX-amWv. F¦nepw Ah X½nÂ

_Ô-ap-v.

8. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kml-N-cy-§Ä kaq-l-¯nÂ ImWm³

Ignbpw.


96

9. a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbn A´ÀtZ-iob Xe-¯nÂ kwL-S-\-IÄ

\ne-hn-ep-v.

10. a\p-jym-h-Imi kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbn Cý-bnÂ tZiob Xe-¯nepw kwØm-\-

X-e-¯nepw a\p-jym-h-Imi I½o-j-\p-IÄ \ne-hn-ep-v.

11. Ah-Im-i-§-tfm-sSm¸w {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶hbmWv IS-a-IÄ.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. Unkw-_À 10 a\p-jym-h-Im-i-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-´p-sImv ? (3)

2. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä F¶-Xp-sImv F´mWv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv? (2)

3. Pohn-¡phm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw FÃm Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsSbpw {]Ir-Xn-Z-¯-

Ah-Im-i-ambn IW-¡m-¡m-sa-¦nÂ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-¯n\v

CXnÂ \n¶pÅ hyXym-k-sa´v ? (2)

4. ""GsX-¦nepw Hcp {]Jym-]\w sImtm ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS D¯-c-hn-eq-sStbm

kwPm-X-am-b-h-bÃ temIs¯ a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä''. {^©v hn¹-hw, Ata-cn-¡³

kzmX{ý ka-cw, aäv temI kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

Cu {]kvXm-h-\bv¡v \n§Ä¡v F´v sXfn-hp-I-fmWv \ÂIm³ Ign-bpI? (4)

5. kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v {]tNm-Z-\-ambn amdnb

kmlNcy-§Ä hne-bn-cp-¯pI. (3)

6. kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-Jym-]-\-¯nÂ {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶

AhImi-§-fnÂ Gähpw {]k-à-sa¶v \n§Ä¡v tXm¶p¶

GsX-¦nepw aqs¶®w Fgp-Xp-I. (3)

7. ""bm{X-¡n-S-bnÂ _knÂ h v̈ kv{Xo B{I-a-W-¯n-\n-c-bmbn''.

kv{XoIfpsS Ah-Im-i-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v Cu hmÀ¯sb hni-I-e\w

sN¿p-I. C¯cw kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ kv{XoI-fpsS GsXms¡

Ah-Imi§fmWv \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv? (3)

8. kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS

ssk²m-ńI ASn-¯-d-bm-Wv. kaÀ°n-¡pI? (3)

9. kaq-l-¯nsâbpw IpSpw-_-¯n-sâ-bpw Nne ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-fnÂ kv{XoI-fpsS

Ah-Im-i-§sf l\n-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-aptm ? ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (3)

10. Ip«n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-¯n-\mbn Cý Bhn-jv¡-cn¨

\nba§Ä GsXms¡ ? (2)


97

11. hmÀ²-Iy-Im-es¯ kwc-£Ww F´p-sImmWv {]mb-am-b-h-cpsS

Ah-Im-i-ambn IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv ? {]mb-am-b-h-cpsS Ah-Imi kwc-£W

¯n\mbn kÀ¡m-cp-Itfm kaq-ltam ssIs¡m GsX-¦nepw cp

\S-]-Sn-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I. (2)

12. ""kvXoþ-]p-cpj XpeyX'' þ kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ambn sFIy-cm-jv{S-k`

{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶p. C¶v \½psS kaq-l-¯nÂ FÃm cwK¯pw kv{XoIÄ¡pw

]pcp-j-·mÀ¡pw Htc-t]mse Ah-Im-i-§Ä Dtm ? GsXÃmw cwK-¯mWv

XpeyX CÃm-¯Xv ? kv{Xoþ]p-cpj Xpey-X-bpsS A`mhw kaql ]ptcm-K-Xn¡v

XS-Ê-am-Ip-¶pthm ? (3)

13. Cý³ ̀ c-W-L-S-\ Dd¸v \ÂIp¶ auenI Ah-Im-i-§Ä GsXms¡ ?

\mse®w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (4)

14. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-sfÃmw auen-Im-h-Im-i-§-fmtWm ? hni-Z-am-¡p-I. (2)

15. hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw C¶v auen-Im-h-Im-i-ambncn¡p-¶p. CXn-eqsS

kwc-£n-¡p¶ {][m\ Ah-Im-i-sa-gp-Xp-I. hÀ¯-am\ Ime¯v Cu

\nb-a-¯n-\pÅ {]kàn F´mWv ? (2)

16. B[p-\n-I-tem-I¯v D]-t`m-àm-hnsâ Ah-Im-i-§Ä F§s\

kwc-£n¡s¸«n-cn-¡p-¶p? hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)

17. tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi I½o-j\pw kwØm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi I½o-j\pw

F§s\ hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p? (2)


98

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. 1948 Unkw-_À 10-þmw Xob-Xn-bmWv sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\ a\p-jym-h-Imi

{]Jym-]\w AwKo-I-cn-¨Xv. AXp-sImv FÃm hÀjhpw Unkw-_À 10

a\p-jymhImi Zn\-ambn BN-cn-¡p-¶p.

2. Hmtcm hyàn¡pw kaq-l-¯nse AwK-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ Xsâ Poh³, kzmX{ýw,

A´-Êv, F¶nh kw_-Ôn¨v `c-W-L-S\ Dd-¸p-\ÂIp¶ Ah-Im-i-§-fmWv

a\p -jym-h-Im-i-§Ä. hyànXz hnI-k-\-¯n\pw hfÀ¨bv¡pw e`n -¡p¶

Ah-k-c-§-fm-Wn-h. Ch auen-Ihpw A\ÀLhpw Bcmepw A\ym-[o\s¸Sp-¯m-\m

Im-¯-Xp-amb P·-kn-²-amb Ah-Im-i-§-fm-Wv.

3. kz´w kml-N-cy-¯nÂ A´-Êpä PohnXw \bn-¡m³. AXv XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯m³

BÀ¡pw A[n-Im-c-anÃ.

DZm: A`n-{]mb {]I-S-\-¯n-\pÅ kzmX-{ýw, ip²-hm-bp, ip²-Pew F¶nh

e`n-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw

4. {^©v hn¹hw þ ka-Xzw, kzmX-{ýw, kmtlm-Zcyw, a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]\w.

Ata-cn-¡-³ kzmXý kacw þ tImf-\n-I-fpsS kzmX{ý {]Jym-]-\w.

Nn´-I-·m-cpsS kzm[o-\w þ thmÄ«-bÀ, dqtÊm, sam´kvIyq, tXmakv tlm_vkv,

tPm¬tem-¡v, ]ucm-h-Imiw, aäv kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-§Ä, ̀ c-W-L-S\m Ah-Imiw

Dd-¸m-¡n-bXv XpS-§n-b-h.

5. temI-bp² Ime-L-«-¯nse sImSnb {Iqc-X-Ifpw a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-§fpw

Cä-en-bnse ̂ mjn-Ìv, PÀ½-\n-bnse \mkn ̀ c-W-Iq-S-§-fpsS {]mIrX \c-l-Xy-IÄ

bp.-F³. cq]o-I-cWw þ e£yw Xs¶ kam-[m-\-]-c-amb a\p-jy-Po-hnX kml-Ncyw

Hcp-¡pI XpS-§nb GsX-¦nepw 3 F®w hni-Z-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.

kmÀÆ-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\w.

6. kzmX-{ý-t¯msS Pohn-¡p-hm\pw hyàn kpc-£n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-¡p-hm-\p-apÅ

Ah-Im-iw.

ASn-a-¯-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ tamN-\w.

\nb-a-¯n\v ap¶nÂ Xpey-Xbpw Xpey \nba ]cn-c-£bpw.

cmPy-s¯-hn-sSbpw k©-cn-¡m\pw ]mÀ¡m-\p-apÅ Ah-Imiw.

tkzÑm-]-c-amb Ad-Ìnt\m XS-¦-ent\m \mSp-I-S-¯-ent\m Bscbpw

hnt[-b-cm-¡-cpXv (G-sX-¦nepw 3 F®w)


99

7. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä hf-sc-b-[nIw kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e¯pw

[mcmfw t]À a\p-jym-h-Imi ewL-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-Ip-¶p-sh¶v ]{X-am-[y-a-§Ä]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ hyà-am-Ipw. kv{XoI-fpsS t\tc \S-¡p¶ B{I-a-W-§Ä C¶vIqSn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. hyàn-kp-c-£n-XXzw A\p-`-hn-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw cmPy-¯n-se-hn-sSbpw k©-cn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw. \nb-a-¯nsâ ap¶nÂ Xpey-Xbpw Xpey-\n-b-a-]-cn-c-£bpw XpS-§nb Ah-Im-i-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.

8. bmsXmcp Xc¯nep-Å hnth-N-\hpw IqSmsX PohnXw \bn-¡p-hm-\pÅ AÀlXFÃm a\p-jyÀ¡pap-v F¶pw, AXn-\p-th-n-bpÅ \S-]-Sn-IÄ FÃm cmPy-§fpwssIs¡m-Å-W-sa-¶p-apÅ sFIy-cm-jv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS \nÀt±iw DÄs¡m-Åp-¶XmWv 1948 Unkw-_À 10 se kmÀh-tZ-iob a\p-jym-h-Imi {]Jym-]-\w. AXp-sImvXs¶ CXv a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-fpsS ssk²m-ńI ASn-¯-d-bmbn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

9. kv{XoIÄ¡v kz-X{ámbn k©-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶nÃ F¶ hkvXpX ka-Im-enIhmÀ¯-I-fnÂ \n¶v t_m²y-am-Ip-¶p. Ahsc Nne sXm-gn-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶pw AIän\nÀ¯p-¶Xpw CjvS-apÅ thjw [cn¡p¶-XnÂ \n¶pw hne-¡p-¶Xpw \mw C¶pwImWp-¶p. A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-¯n\v Ahsc ]e-t¸m-gpw A\p-h-Zn-¡m-dn-Ã. C§-s\bpÅ ]eXpw kv{XoI-fpsS Ah-Im-i§sf l\n-¡p¶ Xc-¯nÂ ImWm-dpv.

10. Cý-bnÂ Ip«n-I-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn \nÀ½n¨ \nb-a§-fmWv hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i \nb-ahpw _me-the \ntcm-[\ \nb-ahpw.

11. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§fmb A´-Êpä Pohn-Xhpw kpc-£bpw {]mb-am-b-hÀ¡pw Ah-Imis¸«-Xm-Wv.

{]mb-am-b-hÀ IqSp-XÂ klm-bhpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw AÀln-¡p-¶p.

Ah-cpsS buÆ-\w, A²zm-\w, F¶nh kaq-l-¯n-\mbn sNe-h-gn-¨p.

hmÀ²-Iy-Ime s]³j³, htbm-P\ tI{µw (G-sX-¦nepw 2 F®w)

12. kv{Xoþ]p-cpj Xpey-X-bpsS A`mhw Ct¸mgpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p. IW-¡p-IÄ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ tZio-b-þ-A-´ÀtZ-iob Xe-§-fnÂ Gähpw IqSp-XÂ Ah-Im-i-ew-L-\-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-am-Ip-¶Xv kv{XoI-fm-Wv. hoSp-I-fnÂ `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, aävPohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä F¶nh e`n-¡p-¶-XnÂ hnth-N-\w, tPmen-Ø-e-§-fnÂhnth-N\w, bm{X-bv¡n-S-bnepw s]mXp-Ø-e-§-fnepw A\p-`-hn-t¡n hcp¶D]-{Z-h-§Ä, Xpey-tPm-en¡v Xpey thX\anÃmbva F¶n-h-bm-Wn-Xv. CXv kmaqly]ptcm-K-Xnsb XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

13. F) ka-Xz-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw.

_n) kzmX-{ý-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw.

kn) Nqj-W-¯n-s\-Xn-tc-bpÅ Ah-Im-iw.

Un) aX kzmX-{ý-¯n\pÅ Ah-Im-iw.

C) kmwkv¡m-cn-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-k-]-c-hp-amb Ah-Im-iw.

F^v) ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-cn-lm-c-§Ä¡pÅ Ah-Im-iw. (G-sX-¦nepw \mse-®w)

14. a\pjymh-Im-i-§-sfÃmw auen-Im-h-Im-i-§-f-Ã. F¶mÂ auen-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä FÃmw

a\pjym -h -Im -i -§-fm -Wv . thm« -h -Imiw a\p -jym -h -Im -i -am -Wv . F¶mÂ

AXv Hcp au-en-Im-h-Im-i-a-Ã. a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§Ä¡v auen-Im-h-Imi§sf-¡mÄ

hym]vXn-bp-v. DZm-l-cWw : ip²-P-e-e-`y-X, ip²-hm-bp, aen-\-am-Im¯ Npäp-]mSv


100

15. Ip«n-I-fpsS hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Im-iw.

6\pw 14\pw CS-bnÂ {]mb-apÅ Ip«n-IÄ¡v \nÀ_-ÔnXhpw kuP-\y-hp-amb

hnZym -`ymkw \ÂIpI c£n-Xm -hnsâ IS -a -bm -Wv . CXn -eqsS IqSp -XÂ

t]À¡v hnZym-`ymkw e`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ah-kcw e`n-¡p-¶p.

16. C¶v an¡-hmdpw FÃm cmPy -§-fnepw icnbmb D]-t`màr kwc -£W

\nb-a -§Ä \ne-hn -ep -v. D]-t`m-àmhv ]e-X-c -¯nepÅ Nqj-W-§Ä¡v

hnt[ -b -am -Ip -¶p. CXn\v ]cn -lmcw ImWp -¶-Xn\ v ]e D]-t`màr

kwc£W \nb-a -§fpw C¶v Kh¬saâ v \S -¸n -em¡p¶p. CýbnÂ

PnÃm, kwØm\, tZiob Xe-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ D]-t`m -àr -XÀ¡

]cn -lmc I½o -j-\p -Ifpw t^md -§fpw CXn -\mbn Imcy -£-a -ambn

{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p.

17. tZiob a\p-jym-h-Imi kwØm\ a\p-jym-h-Imi

I½o-j³ I½o-j³

tZio-b-X-e-̄ nÂ kwØm-\-X-e-¯nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p

{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p

Hc-²y-£\pw \mev AwK-§fpw Hcp A²y-£\pw 2 Aw-K-§fpw

hnc-an¨ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn hnc-an¨ sslt¡m-SXn

No^v PÌnkv A²y-£³ No^v PÌnkv A²y-£³

18. A´ÀtZ-iob kwL-S-\-IÄ tZio-b-kw-L-S-\-IÄ

lyqa³ ssdävkv hm¨v ]o¸nÄkv bqWn-b³ t^mÀ knhnÂ en_À«okv

Bw\-ÌC CâÀ\m-j-WÂ ]o¸nÂkv bqWn-b³ t^mÀ Uta-{Im-änIv ssdävkv

t¥m_Âhm v̈ knän-k¬ t^mÀ Utam-{Ikn

Ata-cn¡ hm¨v ]o¸nÄkv Iu¬knÂ t^mÀ tkmjyÂ PÌnkv

B{^n¡ hm¨v


101

bqWnäv 12

kam-[m-\hpw kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw A´ÀtZ-iob kwL-S-\-I-fn-eqsS

BapJw

temI-kw-kv¡mcw Bcw-`n-¨Xp apXÂ a\p-jy-cpsS kpc-£n-X-amb Pohn-X-¯n\v

hnhn-[-Xcw `wK-§-fp-m-bn-«pv. bp²-§Ä, Zmcn-{Zyw, aen-\o-I-c-Ww, òI-c-{]-hÀ¯-\w,

a\p-jym-h-Imi \ntj-[-§Ä, ]IÀ¨-hym-[n-IÄ Ch C¡q-«-¯nÂs¸Sp-¶p.

C¯cw shÃp-hn-fn-I-sf a\p-jy³ t\cn-«Xv Iq«mb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv. cmPy-

§-fpsS Iq«m-bva-IÄ, A¯cw Iq«m-bva-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s¸-Sp¶ HutZym-Kn-I-kw-L-S-\-IÄ, aäv

Kh¬saân-Xc kwL-S-\-IÄ, Ah-bpsS tZio-b, A´ÀtZ-iob thZn-IÄ þ Ch-sbÃmw

kam-[m-\-¯n\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-¯n-\pam-bpÅ thZn-I-fm-Wv. Cu Iq«m-bva-bmWv a\p-jy-

kw-kv¡mcs¯ apt¶m«v \bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Bi-b-§Ä

{]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-¯n-\mbn cq]w sImn-«pÅ kwL-S-\-Isf cmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

1) A´ÀtZ-iob A´À Kh¬saâ v kwL-S-\-IÄ.

2) A´ÀtZ-iob Kh¬sa-tâ-X-c kwL-S-\-IÄ.

CâÀ Kh¬saâ v ]m\Â

Hm¬ ss¢aäv tN©v

kmÀ¡v kÀh-cm-jv{S-kJyw (\n-e-hnÂ CÃ)

Bkn-bm³ Ad_n eoKv

OAS A´ÀtZ-iob

A´À Kh¬saâ v sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S\

OAU kwLS\IÄ

bqWn-th-gvkÂ tNcn-tNcm {]Øm\w

t]mÌ¬ bqWn-b³

OPEC CâÀ\m-j-WÂ sSe-{Km^v

bqWn-b³

temI hym]mc kwL-S\


102

CâÀ\m-j-WÂ {Ko³]okv tem_-bm³

{In¡äv Iu¬knÂ

(ICC) A´Àt±-iob {Ko³ s_Âäv {]Øm\w

Kh¬saân-Xc

FIFAkwL-S-\-IÄ Bw\Ìn CâÀ\m-j-WÂ

Nn]vtIm temI tkmjyÂ t^mdw

{]Øm\w

HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \nehnÂ h¶ BZys¯ A´m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bmWv hnb¶ tIm¬{Kkv

(1815).

19-þmw \qäm-nÂ cq]w sIm aäp cv kwL-S-\-I-fm-bn-cp¶p bqWn-th-gvkÂ t]mÌÂ

bqWn-b\pw CâÀ\m-j-WÂ sSe-{Km^v bqWn-b-\pw.

bp²w Hgn-hm-¡m³ cq]w sIm kwL-S-\-bmWv kÀh-cm-jv{S-k-Jyw. H¶mw-temI bp²

tijw cq]o-I-cn-¡s¸-«p. F¶mÂ cmw-tem-I-bp-²-¯n\v Hcp ImcWw kÀh-cm-jv{S-

k-Jy-¯nsâ ]cm-P-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.

temIcmPy-§Ä ]qÀW-ambn DÄs¸-« kwL-S-\-bmWv sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\. Bdv D]-hn-

`m-K-§Ä CXn-\pv. IqSmsX aäp [mcmfw GP³kn-Ifpw Dv.

s]mXp k`

sk{I-«-dn-tbäv kpc£m kanXn

{SÌn-jn¸v Iu¬knÂ

A´Àt±-iob

\oXn-\ymb tImS-Xn km¼-¯nI kmaqly Iu¬knÂ

bp²w Hgn-hm-¡p-I.

FÃm cmPy-§-fp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-§Ä kwc-£n-¡p-I.

A´ÀtZ-iob Icm-dp-Ifpw \nb-a-§fpw FÃm-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I.

cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ kam-[m\]c-amb _Ôw hfÀ¯p-I.

sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS hnhn[ LS-I-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\w.

sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS {]tXyI GP³kn-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w.

temI-k-am-[m\w \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ CS-s]« {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.


103

sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS {]tXyI GP³kn-IÄ \S-¯p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Imem-h-Ø-þ-hm-Wn-Pyw-þ-]-cn-Øn-Xn-þ-B-tcmKywþhn-Zym-`ymkw XpS-§nb taJ-e-bnse

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.

sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw temIw t\cn-Sp¶ aäp shÃp-

hn-fn-Ifpw.

tNcn-tNcm {]Øm-\w-þ-e-£y-§Ä-þ-\n-e-hn-epÅ {]iv\-§Ä.

A´m-cmjv{S A´ÀK-h¬saâ v kwL-S-\-IÄ.

Kh¬sa-tâ-Xc kwL-S-\-IÄ.

A´ÀtZiob kt½-f-\-§fpw D -̈tIm-Sn-Ifpw

tNmZy-§Ä

1. 19-þmw \qäm-nÂ cq]w-sIm cv A´Àt±-iob kwL-S-\-IÄ¡v

DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xp-I. 2 Score

2. kÀh-cmjv{S kJy-¯nsâ ]cm-Pbw cmw-tem-I-bp-²-¯nsâ

Hcp Imc-W-ambn cmjv{SobNn-´-IÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. \n§-fpsS

A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 4 Score

3. sFIy-cm-jv{S-kw-L-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-cW e£y-§fnÂ

GsX-¦nepw \mev F®w Fgp-Xp-I. 4 Score

4. Xmsg ]d-bp¶ ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀW-am-¡p-I.

{SÌnjn¸v UNO s]mXp-k`

Iu¬knÂ

sk{It«-dn-bäv 3 Score

5. UNO bpsS {]tXyI GP³kn-I-fnÂ Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶hbpsS BØm-\hpw

{]hÀ¯-\taJ-ebpw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

`£y ImÀjn-I-kw-L-S\

temIm-tcmKy kwL-S\

hnZym-`ymk imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI kwL-S\

A´m-cmjv{S BWh DuÀP kwL-S\ 6 Score

6. kam-[m\w F¶Xv bp²-an-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø am{X-a-Ã. a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS

kzØ-Xbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw IqSn-bm-Wv. UNO bpsS aäp taJ-e-I-fnse

{]hÀ¯\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 3 Score


104

7. ]cn-ØnXn kw-c-£-W-¯n\pw ¹mÌn-¡nsâ D]-tbmKw \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

UNO Fs´Ãmw \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ssIs¡m-n-«p-Å-Xv? 2 Score

8. ""BtKmf s]mXp-kz¯v'' þ

Chbv¡v 4 DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p-I. 2 Score

9. UNOc£m-k-anXnbnÂ Øncmw-K-§Ä¡v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ hne¡v

A[n-Imcw UNO bpsS Gähpw henb t]mcm-bva-bmbn cmjv{So-b-\n-co-£-IÀ

A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-s¯ ap³\nÀ¯n UNO bpsS

]cn-an-Xn-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 6 Score

10. \ne-hnÂ {]hÀ¯\w CÃm¯ bpsS LSIw þ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 1 Score

11. UNO bpsS cq]o-I-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« {][m\ kt½-f-\-§Ä

Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ch {Ia-s¸-Sp¯n Fgp-Xp-I.

1941 BKÌv 14 hmjnw-KvS¬ kt½-f\w

1942 P\p-hcn 1 sXlvdm³ tIm¬ -̂d³kv

1943 HIvtSm-_À 30 Uw_À«¬ HmIvkv kt½-f\w

1943 Unkw-_À 1 AävemânIv NmÀ«À H¸v h¨p

1944 sk]väw-_À 21 tamkvt¡m tIm¬^-d³kv

1945 G{]nÂ 11 UN HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \ne-hnÂ h¶p.

1945 Pq¬ 25 bmÄ« kt½-f\w

1945 HIvtSm-_À 24 km³{^m³knkvtIm kt½-f\w 4 Score

12. tNcn-tN-cm-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ Øm]nX e£y-§-fnÂ

3 F®w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 3 Score

13. "tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]X\w tNcn-tNcm {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {]kàn

\jvS-s¸-Sp¯n' Cu A`n-{]m-b-t¯mSv \n§Ä tbmPn-¡p-¶ptm ?

hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. 3 Score

14. ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£W¯n\p am{X-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ \nc-h[n

A´ÀtZ-iob kwL-S-\-I-fp-v. GsX-¦nepw \mev F®w sXc-sª-Sp¯v

Ah-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-ta-JeIÄ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 6 Score

15. temI tkmjyÂ t^mdw cq]o-I-cn¨Xv Fhn-sS-bmWv?

Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS 2 {][m-\- e£y-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.


105

16. Xmsg X¶n-cn-¡p¶ kwL-S-\-IfpsS ]qÀW-cq]w Fgp-Xp-I.

Cý CXnÂ GXv kwL-S-\-bn-emWv DÄs¸-«n-«p-ÅXv? 4 Score

OAS OPEC OALI ASEAN

SAARC NAFTA EU

17. Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ D¨-tIm-Sn-IÄ, Ah \S¶ hÀjw, Øew

Ch tcJ-s¸-Sp¯n tImf-§Ä IrXy-am-¡p-I.

hÀjw thZn

ùa D -̈tImSn

tIzmt«m DS-¼Sn

kpØnc hnI-k\

¯n\m-bpÅ D -̈tImSn

tIm¸³tl-K³ DS-¼Sn 4 Score

18. tIm¸³tlm-K³ DS-¼-Sn-bpsS {][m\ e£yw F´m-bn-cp¶p ? 4 Score


106

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. bqWn-th-gvkÂ t]mÌÂ bqWn-b³

CâÀ\m-j-WÂ sSe-{Km^v bqWn-b³

2. sNdp-InS cmPy-§fpsS kzmX{ýw kwc-£n-¡p-hm³ Ign-ªn-Ã.

kz´-ambn ssk\y-§-fn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.

Ata-cn¡ Cu kwL-S-\-bnÂ AwK-ambncp-¶nÃ.

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bs\ Hgn-hm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.

cmjv{S-§-fpsS kzbw \nÀW-bm-h-Imiw \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ Ign-ªn-Ã.

lnäve-dptSbpw apÊ-eo-\n-bp-sSbpw B{I-a-W-§sf {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-hm³

Ign-ªn-Ã.

3. `mhn Xe-ap-dsb bp²-ò-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw kwc-£n-¡p-I.

temI-k-am-[m\¯n\pw kpc-£n-X-Xz-¯n-\p-ambn Hcp-an-¡p-I.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§fpw cmPy-§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§fpw Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I.

A´ÀtZ-iob Icm-dp-I-tfbpw A´ÀtZ-iob \nb-a-§-tfbpw _lp-am-\n-¡p-I.

AbÂcm-Py-§Ä X½nÂ kln-jvWp-X-bnepw kam-[m-\-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-Xamb

_Ôw hfÀ¯p-I.

a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h³ ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn A´Àt±-iob kwhn-[m-\-§sf

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.

4. c£m-k-anXn, km¼-¯n-I- kmaq-ly-k-an-Xn, A´ÀtZ-iob \oXn-\ymb tImSXn.

5. tdmw þ ImÀjnItaJ-e-bpsS ka-{K-]p-tcm-KXn

P\oh þ Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn

]mcokv þ hnZym-`ym-k-þimkv{X-þ-kmw-kv¡mcnI taJ-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn

hnb¶ þ BWh DuÀÖ Dev]m-Z\w, D]-tbmKw, hnI-k\w

F¶n-h-bpsS GtIm-]-\w.

6. UNO bpsS {]tXyI GP³kn-IÄ ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ \S-¯p¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.

AwK-cm-Py-§-fpsS km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨, ]ptcm-KXn

Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bnse hnhn[ IÀ½-]-²-Xn-IÄ

sFIy-cm-jv{S-hn-I-k-\-]²Xn

sFIy-cmjv{S ]cn-ØnXn ]²Xn


107

sFIy-cmjv{S inip-\n[n XpS-§nbhbpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.

7. 1988Â Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v Kh¬saâp-I-fpsS

A´ÀtZ-io-b-thZn cq]o-I-cn-¨p.

1987 Â \nb-an¨ ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n\pw hnI-k-\-¯n\pambpÅ

temI I½o-jsâ (Brundtland Commission) {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä.

8. A´m-cmjv{S kap{Z taJe

kap{ZX«v

A´-co-£-¯nsâ D]-cn-a-WvUew

AâmÀ«n¡

9. c£m-k-an-Xn¡v tbmPn¨v AÃmsX Hcp Xocp-am-\hpw FSp-¡p-hm³ Ign-bn-Ã.

P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nse ̀ qcn-]£ A`n-{]mbw A{]-k-à-am-Ip-¶p.

hÀ¤o-b, hwiob Iem-]-§Ä

òI-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Imem-h-Øm-hy-Xn-bm\w þ Chbvs¡Xnsc ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn

{]hÀ¯n-bv¡phm³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã.

Imcy-£-a-X-bpÅ DtZym-K-Ø-hr-µ-¯nsâ A`mhw

Bh-iy-amb km¼-¯nI e`y-X-¡p-d-hv.

sNe-th-dnb DtZym-KØ ̀ c-W-co-Xn.

AwK-cm-Py-§-fpsS km¼-¯nIhnlnXw IrXy-ambn e`n-¡m-¯-Xv.

hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-§-fpsS Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn v̈ {]hÀ¯n-t¡-n-h-cp-¶p.

(G-sX-¦nepw 6 F®w-)

10. {SÌnjn¸v Iu¬knÂ þ 1994 \hw-_À 1\v tijw {]hÀ¯-\-an-Ã.

11. 1941 BKÌv 14 þ AävemânIv NmÀ«À H¸p-h¨p.

1942 P\p-hcn 1 þ hmjnw-KvS¬ kt½-f\w

1943 HIvtSm-_À 30 þ tamkvtIm tIm¬^-d³kv

1943 Unkw-_À 1 þ sXlvdm³ tIm¬ -̂d³kv

1944 sk]väw-_À 21 þ Uw_À«¬ HmIvkv kt½-f\w

1945 G{]nÂ 11 þ bmÄ« kt½-f\w

1945 Pq¬ 25 þ km³{^m³knkvtIm kt½-f\w

1945 HIvtSm-_À 24 þ UN HutZym-KnIambn \ne-hnÂ h¶p


108

12. A´ÀtZ-io-b-_-Ô-§-fnÂ kzX-{´ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-¡p-I.

kam-[m-\-¯nepw kl-hÀ¯n-Xz-¯nepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb hntZ-i-\bw

cq]o-I-cn-¡p-I.

FÃm-¯c¯nep-apÅ hÀW, hwi hnth-N-\-§-sf FXnÀ¡p-I.

13. tbmPn-¡p-¶p.

apX-em-fn¯ tNcn-tbbpw tkmjy-enÌv tNcn-tbbpw Hgn-hm-¡m-\mWv tNcn-tN-cm-

{]-Øm\w Dm-b-Xv.

tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]X-\-t¯msS ioX-ka-cw CÃm-Xm-bn.

òI-c-{]-hÀ¯\wþhw-io-b-I-em-]-§Ä-þ-km-¼-¯n-I-amµyw XpS-§nb ]pXnb

shÃphn-fn-IÄ {]Øm-\s¯ A{]-k-à-am-¡n.

14 {Ko³]okv : Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bpsS kwc-£-Ww, FÃm taJ-e-bn-ep-apÅ

aen-\o-I-cWw XS-bp-I.

tem_bm³ : hr£-§-tfbpw Xcp-e-Xm-Zn-I-tfbpw kwc-£n-¡p-I.

Cý-bnÂ {]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¨p. bqtdm-¸n-te¡pw

hym]n-¨p.

Nn]vtIm {]Øm\w : lnam-e-b³ {]tZ-i-§-fnse hr£-§sf kwc-£n-¡p-I.

kpµÀemÂ _lp-KpW Bcw-`n-¨p.

{Ko³_Âäv : `qan-bp-tSbpw hr£-§-fp-tSbpw kwc-£Ww

{]Øm\w sI\n-bbnÂ Bcw-`n-¨p. kv{Xoim-ào-I-cW¯neqsS

80 e£w hr£-ss¯-IÄ \«p.

15. 2001Â {_ko-enÂ cq]w-sIm-p.

hwi, hÀW, enwK hnth-N-\-§Ä¡-Xo-X-amb Hcp \h-temIw krjvSn-¡p-I.

km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb Xpey-X Dd-¸m¡n P\m-[n-]-Xys¯

]p\À\nÀ½n-¡p-I.

16. : Ata-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fpsS kwL-S\

: s]t{Sm-fnbw Ib-äpaXn sN¿p¶ cmPy-§-fpsS kwL-S\

: B{^n-¡³ sFIy-kw-L-S\

: sX¡pIn-g¡v Gjy³ cmPy-§-fpsS kwL-S\

: sXt¡ Gjy³ cmPy-§-fpsS kwL-S\

: hSt¡ Ata-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fpsS kzX{´ hym]mc DS-¼Sn

: bqtdm-]y³ bqWn-b³

Cý AwK-amb kwL-S\ þ


109

17. ùa D -̈tImSn 1992 {_koÂ

tIzmt«m DS-¼Sn 1997 P¸m³

kpØn-c-hn-I-k\¯n\m-bpÅ 2002 Z£n-Wm--{^n¡

D -̈tImSn

tIm¸³tl-K³ DS-¼Sn 2009 sU³amÀ¡v

18. A´-co£ Dujvam-hnsâ hÀ²-\hv Ipd¨v BtKm-f-Xm-]-\s¯ XS-bp-I.

lcnX Krl-hm-XI _lnÀK-a\w Ipd-bv¡p-I.


110

kmaqlyimkv{Xw þ 2


111

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw þ 2

`qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-es¯ s]mXn-ªn-cn-¡p¶ hmbp aWvU-e-amWv A´-co-

£w. Hcp ]pX-̧ p-t]mse ̀ qansb s]mXn-ªp-kq-£n-¡p¶ A -́co-£w kap-{Z-\n-c-̧ nÂ \n¶v

At\-Im-bncw Intem-ao-äÀ Db-c-¯nÂ hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. A´-co-£-Øn-Xnbpw Imem-h-

Øbpw ̀ qan-bnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw FÃm-bvt¸mgpw Hcp-t]mse AÃ A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A´-

co-£-Xm-]w, aÀ±w, BÀ{ZX F¶nh A´-co-£-Øn-Xn-bnepw Imem-h-Ø-bnepw KWy-amb

amä-ap-m-¡p¶ ASn-Øm-\-L-S-I-§-fm-Wv. Cu LS-I-§-fpsS kzm[o-\w, AXnsâ ̂ e-am-

bpÅ amä-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-änÂ \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-t¡--Xv.


ùtam-]-cn-Xew BKn-cWw sN¿p¶ kutcmÀÖhpw ̀ utam]-cn-Xew kzX-{´-am-Ip¶

Xm]hpw X½n-epÅ k´p-e-\-amWv loäv _P-äv.

A´-co-£-aÀ±w F¶Xv A´-co-£-hmbp `qan-bpsS D]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ sNep-¯p¶

`mc-am-Wv.

A´-co-£-aÀ±w FÃm-bn-S¯pw Hcp-t]m-se-bÃ A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

Xm]w, Db-cw, BÀ{ZX F¶o LS-I-§Ä A´-co-£-aÀ±-¯nÂ kzm[o\w

sNep-̄ p-¶p.

A -́co-£-Xm-]-̄ n-ep-m-Ip¶ hyXym-kw, ̀ qan-bpsS {àWw F¶nh BtKm-f-aÀ± taJ-

e-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p.

BtKmf aÀ±-ta-J-e-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ hoip¶ hmWn-Py-hm-Xw, ]Ýn-a-hmXw, {[pho-b-hmXw

F¶n-hsb s]mXp-hmbn Ønc-hm-X-§Ä F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

kqcysâ Ab-\-am-ä-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v BtKm-f-aÀ± taJ-e-IÄ¡v Øm\-amäw kw`-hn-

¡p-¶p.

EXp-t`-Z-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn v̈ hoip¶ Imäp-I-fmWv a¬kq¬ Imäp-IÄ.

Icbpw ISepw Ak-´p-en-X-ambn NqSp-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw XWp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv {]mtZ-

in-I-X-e-¯nÂ Ic-¡m-än\pw ISÂ¡m-än\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p.

hyXykvX kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb AØn-c-hm-X-§-fmWv N{I-hm-X-§fpw {]Xn-

N-{I-hm-X-§-fpw.

Pew _mjv]o-I-cn¨v \ocm-hn-bmbn A´-co-£-¯n-se-¯p-¶p. \ocmhn L\o-`-hn¨v

taL-§-fm-Ip-¶p. taL-§-fnÂ Pew IWn-I-I-fpsS hen¸w IqSp-t¼mÄ hÀjWw

Dm-Ip-¶p.

L\o-I-c-W-¯n\pw hÀj-W-¯n\pw hnhn[ cq]-§-fp-v.


112

tNmZy-§Ä

Cu bqWn-äp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v apI-fnÂ \evIn-bn-«pÅ Bi-b-§Ä ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-Xn-\p-

tijw am{Xw tNmZy-§-fn-te¡v IS-¡p-I. D¯-c-§Ä hni-Z-ambn \ÂIn-bn-«n-Ã.

1. Zn\m-´-co-£-Øn-Xnbpw Imem-h-Øbpw Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-I.

2. ùtam-]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw A´-co-£-aÀ±w Hcp-t]m-se-b-Ã A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-

Xv. CXn\v Imc-W-am-Ip¶ LS-I-§Ä FsXÃmw? Hmtcm¶pw hyà-am-¡p-I.

3. BtKmf aÀ±-ta-J-e-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n NphsS \evIn-bn-«pÅ ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

aÀ±-ta-Je A£mwihym]vXn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ aÀ±w

A. a[y-tc-Jm-\yq\ `qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS

aÀ± taJe Ccp-h-i-§-fnÂGI-tZiw 5w apXÂ 10w hsc

B. Dt]mjvW DäÀ± D -̈aÀ±w

taJe

C. D¯-cmÀ² tKmf-¯nepw

Z£n-WmÀ²-tKm-f-¯nepw60wþ70w hsc A£mwiw \yq\-aÀ±w

D. {[phob D -̈aÀ±-ta-Je D¯-c-{[p-h-s -̄bpwZ£n-W-{[p-h-s¯bpwtI{µo-I-cn-̈ v.

4. Imäp-I-fpsS thK-X-tbbpw Zni-tbbpw kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§-fmWv (1) aÀ± Ncn-hp-

am\ _ew (2) tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw (3) LÀjWw F¶n-h. Cu LS-I-§Ä Hmtcm¶pw

GXv hn[-amWv ImäpIsf kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX¶v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.

5. Imäp-IÄ¡v t]cv \evIp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp am\-ZWvUw Fhn-sS \n¶pw hoip¶p F¶-

XmWv C¯-c-¯nÂ t]cv e`n-¨n-«pÅ GsX-¦nepw cv ImäpIfpsS t]sc-gpXpI.

6. Cý F¶ ̀ q`m-Ks¯ \nÀWm-b-I-ambn kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-h-bmWv a¬kq¬ Imäp-IÄ.

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kmwKXyw ]cn-tim-[n v̈ sX¡v ]Sn-ªmd³ a¬kq¬, hS-¡p-In-

g¡v a¬kq¬ F¶n-hsb Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-I.

7. ankv{SÂ, eq F¶o {]mtZ-in-I -hm-X-§sf¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

8. hnhn[ L\o-I-cW cq]-§-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv NphsS tImfw A bnÂ \ÂIn-bn-

cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ahbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb t]cp-IÄ B tImf-¯nÂ Fgp-XpI.

8 F) Xm]hpw aÀ±hpw hn]-co-XA\p]m-X-¯n-emWv Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I.


113

{]`m-X-§-fnÂ ]pÂs¡m-Sn-I-fnÂImW-s¸-Sp¶ Pe-IWw

]ÀÆ-X-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ \ocmhnL\o-`-hn¨v cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

Pem-i-b-§Ä¡v apI-fnÂ \ocmhnL\o-`-hn¨v cq]w-sIm-Åp-¶p.

shÅ-\n-d-¯nÂ XqhÂs¡-«p-IÄt]mse ImW-s¸-Sp¶ taL-§Ä

Nmc-\n-d-¯nÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ag-ta-L-§Ä

9. BÀ{Z-Xsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä GsXÃmw?. BÀ{Z-Xbpw Bt]-£nI

BÀ{Z-Xbpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-sa´v?

10. L\o-I-cW {]{In-b-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v ]cn-N-b-s¸« cv ]Z-§-fm-WtÃm lnam-¦w,

]qcn-Xm¦w F¶n-h. Ch Hmtcm¶pw Fs´¶v hni-Zo-I-cn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.

11. taL-§Ä F§s\ cq]-s¸-Sp¶p?. BIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ taL-§sf F{X-

bmbn Xcw-Xn-cn¡mw? GsXÃmw? hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

12. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ̂ vtfmNmÀ«nÂ Nne hnh-c-§Ä {Iaw sXän-¨mWv \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-

¶-Xv. Ah icn-bmb hn[w {Iao-I-cn-s¨-gp-Xp-I.

ag

kwh-l-\-hrãn ssie-hrãn N{I-hmX hrãn

DjvW-hm-bphpw CSn-an-¶Â Imän\v

ioX-hmbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambIq«n-ap-«p¶p `mKw

Imän\v ag \ngÂ D¨-enX hrãn A`n-ap-J-amb {]tZiw

Ncn-hnÂ ag

]ÀÆ-X-N-cn-hnÂ DjvW-hmbp D¨bv¡vapI-fn-te¡v tij-apÅ ags]m§p¶p


114

13. -Cý³ kap-{Z-¯nepw Cý³ D]-`q-J-WvU-¯nepw aÀ±-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ amä-ap-m-¡p¶

LS-I-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.

14. ag \ngÂ {]tZiw F¶-Xp-sImv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv F´v?

15. N{I-hm-X-§fpw {]Xn-N-{I-hm-X-§fpw Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-I.

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. Hcp {]tZ-i¯v Npcp-§nb Ime-t¯¡v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ A´-co-£-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-

bmWv Zn\m-´-co-£-Øn-Xn. F¶mÂ Hcp {]tZ-is¯ ZoÀL-Im-e-b-f-hnse Zn\m-´-co-

£-Øn-Xn-bpsS icm-i-cn-bmWv B {]tZ-is¯ Imem-h-Ø.

2. A -́co£ aÀ±-̄ n-ep-m-Ip¶ hyXym-k-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-Ip¶ LS-I-§-fmWv Xm]w,

{]tZ-i-¯nsâ Db-cw, BÀ{ZX F¶n-h.

3. (F) \yq\-aÀ±w, (_n) 300 hS¡v 300 sX¡v A£mw-i-§-fnÂ (kn) D]-{[p-hob \nav\-

aÀ±-ta-Je (Un) D¨-aÀ±w

4. F. aÀ±-N-cn-hp-am-\-_ew þ Imänsâ iànsb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

_n. tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`mhw þ Imänsâ Znisb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

kn. LÀjWw þ Imänsâ thKXsb kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p.

5. hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬ Imäv

sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Imäv

Ic-¡mäpw ISÂ¡mäpw

6. EXp-¡Ä F¶À°w hcp¶ "auknw' F¶ Ad-_v -hm-¡nÂ \n¶mWv a¬kq¬ F¶

]Z-ap-m-b-Xv. sX¡p ]Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬Im-ew, hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬Im-ew

F¶n-§s\ cp-X-c-¯nÂ a¬kq¬Im-äpIÄ Cý-bnÂ hoip-¶p. Cý-bpsS Ncn-

{X-s¯bpw Imem-h-Ø-sbbpw Cu Imäp-IÄ hf-sc-b-[nIw kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-v.

7. A´-co-£-¯nÂ {]mtZ-in-I-am-bp-m-Ip¶ hyXn-bm-\-§-fpsS ̂ e-am-bmWv {]mtZ-in-I-

hm-X-§-fp-m-Ip-¶-Xv. Ch {]mtZ-in-I-ambn am{Xw hoip-¶-h-bm-Wv.

ankv{SÂ : bq-tdm-¸nse BÂ]vkv ]ÀÆ-X-¯nsâ sX¡³ Ncn-hnÂ hoip¶

ioX-¡mäv.

eq : Cý-bnse D¯-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-̄ nÂ sabv, Pq¬ amk-§-fnÂ D -̈Xn-cnªv

hoip¶ hc DjvW-¡mäv.

8. (F) Xpjm-cw, (_n) t\À¯ aqSÂaªv, (kn) aqSÂa-ªv, (Un) kndkv taL-§Ä

(C) \nw_kv taL-§Ä.

8 F) kqcy-{]-Im-iw, IqSp-XÂ e`n-¡p¶ Øe-§-fnÂ NqSp-]n-Sn¨v km{µX Ipdª

hmbp apI-fn-te¡v Db-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ aÀ±w Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. XWp-¡p-t¼mÄ hmbp-hn\v

km{µX IqSn Xmtgbv¡v ASn-bp-¶-Xn-\mÂ aÀ±w IqSp-Xepw Bbn-cn-¡pw.


115

9. Pe-e-`y-X, Xm]w, hmbp-hnsâ kz`mhw F¶n-h-bmWv BÀ{Z-Xsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-

I-§Ä

A´-co-£-hm-bp-hnÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶ \ocm-hn-bpsS AfhmWv BÀ{Z-X. Hcp

\nÝnX Dujvam-hnÂ A -́co-£-hm-bp-hn\v DÄs¡m-Åm³ Ign-bp¶ \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw

B ka-b¯v A´-co-£-hm-bp-hn-epÅ \ocm-hn-bpsS Afhpw X½n-epÅ A\p-]m-X-

amWv Bt]-£nI BÀ{Z-X.

10. GXv \nÝnX A´-co-£-Xm-]-¯n-emWv Hcp {]tZ-is¯ A´-co-£-hmbp \ocm-hn-]q-cn-

X-am-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv B Xm]-\n-e-sb-bmWv ]qcn-Xm¦w F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

GXv \nÝnX Dujvam-hn-emWv L\o-I-c-W-¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn-bv¡p-¶Xv B

\nÝnX Dujvam-hn-s\-bmWv lnam¦w F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

A´-co-£-hmbp \ocm-hn-]q-cn-X-am-bmÂ am{Xta lnam-¦-¯n-se-¯p-I-bp-Åq.

lnam-¦-¯n-se-¯n-bmÂ am{Xta L\o-I-cWw \S-¡p-I-bp-Åq.

11. NqSp-]n-Sn v̈ DbÀ¶p-s]m-§p¶ \ocm-hn-]q-cn-X-amb hmbp {ItaW XWp v̄ lnam-¦-̄ n\v

Xmsg-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ L\o-`-hn¨v taL-§-fmbn amdp-¶p.

BIr-Xn-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ taL-§sf \membn Xcw-Xn-cn¡mw

(1) knd-kv, (2) kv{Smä-kv, (3) Iypap-ekv, (4) \nw_kv

12. (F) kwh-l-\-hrjvSn þ D -̈en-X-hrjvSn

CSn-an-¶Â

D -̈bv¡p-ti-j-apÅ ag

(_n) ssiehrjvSn þ ]ÀÆ-X-N-cn-hnÂ

Imän\v A`n-ap-J-N-cn-hnÂ ag

Imän\v {]Xn-apJ Ncn-hnÂ ag-\n-gÂ{]-tZiw

(kn) N{I-hm-X-hrjvSn þ DjvW-þ-io-X-hmbp Iq«n-ap-«p-¶p.

þ DjvW-hmbp apI-fn-te¡v DbÀ¶p-s]m-§p-¶p.

13. kqcysâ Ab-\-am-ähpw aÀ±-ta-J-e-I-fpsS Øm\-am-ähpw.

th\Â¡m-e¯v Cý³ D]-`q-J-WvU-¯nÂ þ \yq\-aÀ±w

ssiXy-Im-e¯v þ D -̈aÀ±w

th\Â¡m-e¯v Cý³ alm-k-ap{Zw þ D¨-aÀ±w

ssiXy-Im-e¯v Cý³ alm-k-ap{Zw þ \yq\-aÀ±w

14. \ocm-hn-c-ln-X-amb Imäv ]ÀÆ-X-¯nsâ ap-I-fn-eqsS adp-`m-K¯v F¯p-t¼mÄ AhnsS

ag e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Cu {]tZ-is¯ ag-\n-gÂ {]tZiw F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

15. A´-co-£-¯nÂ, a²y-`m-K¯v \yq\-aÀ±hpw AXn\v Npäpw D¨-aÀ±-hpw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-

t¼mÄ \yq\-aÀ±-tI-{µ-̄ n-te¡v D -̈aÀ± {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ \n¶v AXn-i-à-ambn Imäphoip-

¶p. CXmWv N{I-hm-X-§Ä.

A´-co-£-¯nÂ a²y-`m-K¯v D¨-aÀ±hpw AXn\v Npäpw \yq\-aÀ±hpw A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-

t¼mÄ.For more study materials visit BIO-VISION VIDEO BLOG

116

bqWnäv þ 2

`qan-im-kv{X-¯nse \qX-\-k-t¦-X-§Ä

`qan-sb¸än a\-Ên-em-¡p¶Xn\v \mw ]e ]c-¼-cm-KX amÀ¤-§fpw kzoI-cn-

¨n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ \-ap¡v `qan-sb-¸än IqSp-XÂ hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ahsb

hni-Ie\w sN¿p-Ibpw thWw. C¶v \mw ]e \qX\ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw CXn-\mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. CXp-ambn _Ô-s¸« \qX\ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fmb hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w,

`qhn-h-c-hy-h-Ø, Pn.-]n.-Fkv XpS-§nb kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-sf-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ Hcp

bqWn-äm-Wv.


kv]Ài-_Ôw IqSmsX ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-§Ä, {]Xn-`m-k-§Ä F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-

¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä Hcp kwth-Z\ D]-I-cWw hgn tiJ-cn-¡p¶ kmt¦-Xn-hn-Zy-bmWv

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w.

`qXeOmbm-{K-l-Ww, BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w, D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w F¶nh

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-¯nsâ hnhn[ coXn-I-fm-Wv.

BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X-§Ä HmhÀem-t¸m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv FSp-¡p-¶-Xv.

HmhÀem-t¸m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X-§Ä Ìocn-tbm-kvtIm-̧ n-eqsS ho£n-̈ mÂ

{Xnam-\-Zriyw e`n-¡p-¶p.

BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\¯nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ adn-I-S-¡m³ D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-

kw-th-Z\¯n\v Ign-bpw.

D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\¯n\v klm-b-I-amb kuc-hn-In-c-W-amWv sshZyp-X-Im-ń-I-

hn-In-c-Ww.

ùtam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-¡Ä sshZyp-X-Im-ń-I- hn-In-c-Ws¯ {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶Xv

hyXykvX Af-hn-em-Wv.

hnhn[ amÀ¤-§-fn-eqsS tiJ-cn-¡p¶ ̀ utam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-§sf I¼yq-«À kmt¦-Xn-I-

hnZy D]-tbm-Kn¨v hni-I-e\w sN¿m³ Ign-bpw.

HmhÀte hni-I-e-\w, irwJ-em-hn-i-I-e-\w, Bhr-¯n-hn-i-I-e\w F¶nh `qhn-h-c-

hy-h-Ø-bpsS hnhn-[-Xcw hni-I-e\ km[y-X-I-fm-Wv.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. NphsSX¶n-«p-Å-h-bnÂ GXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-emWv hnhn[ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-§Ä Xcw-

Xn-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

sk³k-dp-IÄ, ¹mävt^m-ap-IÄ, D]-tbm-Kw, e`n-¡p¶ Nn{X¯nsâ hen¸w (1)

2. BIm-iob Ombm-Nn-{X-§-fnse HmhÀem-¸nsâ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-I. (2)


117

3. XpSÀ¨-bmbn FSp¯ BIm-iob Nn{X-§-fpsS {Ia-\-¼-cp-I-fmWv NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-

¡p-¶-Xv.

(F) CXnÂ 62-þ-m-a-t¯bpw 66-þ-m-a-t¯bpw Nn{X-§sf tNÀ¯v Ìocn-tbm-s]-bÀ F¶n

hnfn-¡m-\m-Iptam? F´p-sImv ?

(_n) Nn{Xw 64 sâ s]b-dp-IÄ GsX-Ãm-amWv ? (3)

4. BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-¯nsâ GsX-¦nepw aq¶v ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw B ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ

XcWw sN¿m³ Ah-ew-_n-¨n-«pÅ \qX\ kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw hyà-am-¡p-I. (4)

5. Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kqN-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ `qØn-c-þ-ku-c-Ønc D]-{K-l-

§sf Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.

* Dbcw

* {àWw

* D]-tbmKw (4)

6. Hcp {]tZ-is¯ ImÀjn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS hfÀ¨bpw IoS-_m-[bpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v GXv

`qanimkv{Xkm-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv?

Cu kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-ZybpsS aäv aq¶v D]-tbm-K-§Ä IqSn Fgp-Xp-I. (4)

7. icn-bmb hnh-c-§Ä DÄ¸-Sp¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI

kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy v̂fmävt^mw kwth-ZIw {]tXy-IX

`qX-e-Om-bm-{K-lWw hfsc sNdnb

{]tZ-i-§-fpsS Zriyw

BIm-io-b-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w

D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w

(4)

8. kuc-Ønc D]-{K-ls¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n X¿m-dm-¡nb ]Z-kq-cy-\mWv Xmsg. CXns\

amXr-I-bm-¡n, ̀ qØnc D]-{K-ls¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bpÅ ]Z-kq-cy³ X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

(4){[ph-§sf Npän k©-cn-¡p¶p

800 apXÂ 950 In.-ao. Db-c-¯nÂIRSkuc-ØncD]-{Klw


118

9. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-«p-Å-h-bnÂ kwth-ZIw AÃm-¯Xv GXv?

(F). kvIm\À, (_n). sk³kÀ, (kn). Ìocn-tbm-kvtIm-¸v, (Un). Iymad (1)

10. D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z-\-̄ nsâ km[y-X-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v NmÀ«nÂ Hgn-ªp-In-S-¡p¶

If-§Ä ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

(3)

11. F. tImf-¯n-\-\p-tbm-Py-ambh _n, kn tImf-§-fnse hnh-c-§Ä {Iao-I-cn-¡p-I.

F _n kn

kvs]Iv{SÂ kntá-¨À {[ph-§sf Npäp¶p sk³kÀ

kvt]jyÂ sdk-eyq-j³ `qan-tbm-sSm-¸-apÅ {àWw C³kmäv

kuc-Ønc D]-{K-l-§Ä Gähpw sNdnb hkvXp-hnsâ hkvXp-¡-fpsShen¸w Xncn-¨-dn-bp¶p ùXn-I-kz-`mhw

`qØnc D]-{K-l-§Ä sshZyp-X-Im-ńIhnI-c-W-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w

(4)

12. NphsS sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Nne D]-{K-l-sk³k-dp-I-fpsS kvt]jyÂ sdk-eyq-j-\p-

I-fm-Wv. Ch-bnÂ Gähpw DbÀ¶ kvs]jyÂ sdk-eyq-j³ GXmWv? F´p-sImv?

F) 50 x 50 aoäÀ_n) 5 x .5 aoäÀkn) 5 x 5 aoäÀ (2)

13. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-I.

(4)

14. `qhn-hc hyh-Ø-bpsS Hcp km[yX NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. aäv aq¶p km[y-X-IÄ

IqSn Fgp-Xp-I.

* hnj-bm[njvTnX ]T\w

* .....................................................

* .....................................................

* ..................................................... (3)

C B

A

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZyD]-tbm-K-s -̧

Sp¯p¶tIc-f-¯nseØm]-\-§Ä

KSREC


119

15. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ̀ qhn-h-c-§sf Øm\o-b-hn-h-c-§Ä, hnti-j-W-§Ä F¶n-§s\

Xcw-Xn-cn-s -̈gp-Xp-I.

* sskeâ vhmen

* tIcfw

* P\-kwJy

* kky-Pm-e-§Ä

* e£-Zzo]v (3)

* `qhn-kvXrXn

16. kvIqfnÂ \n¶v Hcp ]T-\-bm{X kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. ̀ qhn-h-c-

hy-h-Ø-bnse irwJ-em-hn-i-I-e\w CXn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s¸Sp¯p-hm³ Ign-bptam? \n§-

fpsS Fs´Ãmw Bh-iy-§Ä ]T-\-bm-{X-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n Cu hni-I-e-km-²y-X-

bn-eqsS ]cn-l-cn-¡m-\mIpw? GsX-¦nepw aqs¶®w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (3)

17. `qhn-h-c-hy-h-Ø-bpsS km[y-X-IÄ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. \K-cm-kq-{X-W-¯nÂ `qhn-h-c-hy-h-

Ø-bpsS km[y-X-IÄ F§s\ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Ip-sa¶v kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (4)

18. Pe-kw-̀ -c-Wn-bnÂ Pe-\n-c v̧ {Iam-Xo-X-ambn DbÀ¶p. Umansâ j«À Xpd¶v Pew \Zn-bn-

te¡v Hgp-¡m³ A[n-Im-cn-IÄ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. \Zn Ic-I-hnªv F{X {]tZ-i¯v shÅ-

s¸m¡w krjvSn-¡m³ km[y-X-bpv F¶-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v:

(F). ̀ qhn-h-c-hy-h-Ø-bpsS GXv hni-I-e\km[y-X-bmWv

{]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xv?.

(_n). Cu hni-I-e-\km-[y-Xbv¡v asämcp DZm-l-cWw \nÀt±-in-¡p-I. (3)

19. ae-a-S-¡nÂ A]-I-S-̄ nÂs¸« hnam-\-̄ nsâ Øm\w Is-̄ p-hm³ ̀ qan-im-kv{X-̄ nse

GsX-¦nepw \qX\ kt¦Xw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Ip-tam? hni-Zo-I-cn¡pI?

20. `q]-S-\nÀ½m-W-¯nÂ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\w, `qhn-h-c-hy-hØ F¶n-h-bpsS ]¦v hne-bn-cp-

¯p-I. (3)

21. "Hmtcm [cm-X-eob `q]-Shpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶Xv \nc-h[n ]mfn-IÄ kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨mWv'.

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS km[pX ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I. (3)

22. Ic-hm-fqÀ ]©m-b-¯nÂ Hcp Pe-kw-`-cWn \nÀ½n-¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. A\p-

tbm-Py-amb Hcp Øew Is¯Ww. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ]mfn-IÄ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-

Sp¯ns¡mv Cu Bhiyw ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hptam? `qhn-h-c-hy-h-Ø-bpsS GXp-Xcw

hni-I-e-km-[yX CXn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯mw. F§s\?

* `q{]-IrXn

* \Zn-IÄ

* ]mÀ¸n-S-§-fpsS hnX-cWw

* `qhn-\n-tbmKw (3)


120

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. ^vfmäv t^mw.

2. Bh-iy-ap-Å-t¸mÄ Hcp {]tZ-i-̄ nsâ Nn{Xw FSp-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-¶p. Ombm-Nn-{X-am-b-

Xp-sImv GsXm-cmÄ¡pw `qhn-hcw GsX¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-\m-hpw. {Xnam-\-Zriyw

e`y-am-Wv.

3. (F). 62-þ-m-a-s¯bpw 66-þ-m-a-s¯bpw Nn{X-§Ä Ìocn-tbm-s]-bÀ BIn-Ã. HmhÀem-t¸m-Sp-

Iq-Sn-bXpw ASp-¯-Sp¯v DÅ-Xp-amb Nn{X-§-fmWv Ìocntbms]bÀ.

(_n). 63, 65

4. hnam\w ]d-¶p-b-cp-¶-Xn\pw Cd-§p-¶-Xn\pw Xpd-Êmb Øew Bh-iy-am-Wv.

hnam-\-¯n-\p-m-Ip¶ Ipep¡w Nn{X-§-fpsS ta·sb _m[n-¡p-¶p.

CÔ\w \nd-bv¡m-\mbn hnam\w CS-bv¡nsS \ne-¯n-d-§p-¶Xv sNe-th-dnb

H¶m-Wv.

AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb ̀ q{]-tZ-i-§-fpsS Nn{X-sa-Sp-¡p-¶Xv {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-Ã.

D]-{Kl-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w

5. Dbcw þ `qØncw þ 36000 In.-ao.

kuc-Øncw þ 800 þ 950 In.-ao.

{àWw þ `qØncw þ `qan-bpsS {à-W-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨v

kuc-Øncw þ {[ph-§sf Npän

D]-tbmKw þ `qØncw þ Imem-h-Øm-]-T\w

hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-abw

kuc-Øncw þ ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

DZm : `qØncw þ INSAT, kuc-Øncw þ IRS

6. D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w

1. Im«p-Xo-bpsS hym]\w

2. {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-§Ä Xncn- -̈dn-bÂ

3. `qhn-\n-tbmKw

4. hn`h e`yX (G-sX-¦nepw aqs¶-®-¯n-\v)

7. `qan-bpsS D]-cn-Xew þ Iymad

hnam\w / _eq¬ þ Iymad þ hnkvXr-X-amb {]tZiw ]IÀ¯p-¶p.

D]-{Klw þ kvIm\À þ hfsc hnkvXr-X-amb {]tZ-i-§-fpsS hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

8.

`qan-tbm-sSm¸w {àWw sN¿p¶p

36000 In.-ao. Db-c-¯nÂØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

C³kmäv`qØncD]-{Klw


121

9. Ìocn-tbm-kvtIm¸v

10. F. kap-{Z-]-cy-th-£Ww

_n. h\-]-cn-]m-e\w

kn. `qkÀtÆ

(A-\p-tbm-Py-amb aäp t]mbnâp-Ifpw Fgp-Xmw)

11. kvs]Iv{S-Â kntá-¨À þ sshZyp-X-Im-ńI hnIn-c-W-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e\w þ hkvXp-¡-

fpsS ̀ uXn-I-kz-`m-hw.

kvt]jyÂ sdk-eyq-j³ þ Gähpw sNdnb hkvXp-hnsâ hep¸w Xncn-¨-dn-bp¶p

sk³kÀ

kuc-Ønc D]-{K-l-§Ä þ {[ph-§sf Npäp¶p þ IRS

`qØnc D]-{K-l-§Ä þ ̀ qan-tbm-sSm-¸-apÅ {àWw þ INSAT

12. _n) aoäÀ. \evIn-bn-«pÅ Hm]vj-\p-I-fnÂ GXmWv Gähpw sNdnb Afhv F¶v

a\-Ên-em-¡p-I. AXmWv DbÀ¶ kvt]jyÂ sdk-eyq-j³.

13. ùa-im-kv{X-]-T-\-tI{µw (CESS), tIcf h\-K-th-jW Øm]\w (KFRI), tIcf kwØm\

`qhn-\n-tbmK t_mÀUv (KSLUB), skâÀ t^mÀ hm«À dntkmgvkv sUh-e-¸vsaâ v Bâ v

amt\-Pvsaâ v (CWRDM).

14. hnh-c-§-fpsS Øm\o-b-_Ôw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-¶p.

`qhn-h-c-§sf Øm\o-b-ambn {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶p.

{ZpX-K-Xn-bnepw Imem-\p-kr-X-hpw, sNe-hp-Ip-d-ª-Xp-amb coXn-bnÂ hnh-c-§sf

\ho-I-cn-¡p-¶p. (A-\p-tbm-Py-amb aäv t]mbnâp-IÄ ]cn-K-Wn-¡mw)

15. Øm\o-b-hn-h-c-§Ä :þ sskeâ vhmen, tIc-fw, e£-Zzo]v

hnti-j-W-§Ä :þ P\-kw-Jy, kky-Pm-e-§Ä, ̀ qhn-kvXrXn

16. A\p-tbm-Py-amb Øe-§Ä Is-¯p-¶-Xn-\v.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn \nÝnX ̀ q]-cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ \-Zn-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« ]c-am-h[n ImgvN-

IÄ Bkz-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn\v. Gähpw Ipd-ª-k-abw sImv e£y-¯n-se-¯m³ A\p-tbm-

Py-amb hgn Is-¯p-¶-Xn-\v. Gähpw ASp-¯p-ÅXpw Xnc¡v Ipd-ª-Xp-amb hgn-h-I-

fneqsS bm{X sNbvXv ]c-am-h[n sskäp-IÄ Is¯p-¶-Xn\v. A]-I-S-\n-c¡v Ipdª

tdmUp-IÄ Is¯p-¶-Xn-\v.

17. Hmô-kp-IÄ, ]mÀ¸n-S-§Ä, kvIqÄ, tlmkv]n-äÂ, amÀ¡äv F¶n-h-bpsS Øm\w

\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.

KXm-K-X-¡p-cp¡v CÃm-¯hn[w KXm-KX kwhn-[m-\-§Ä cq]-s¸Sp¯p-¶-Xn-\v.

IpSn-shÅw Dd-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.

aen-\Pew, aen-\-h-kvXp-¡Ä F¶nh imkv{Xo-b-ambn Hgn-hm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.


122

18. F. Bhr-¯n-hn-i-I-e\w

_n. GsX-¦nepw Bhr-¯n-hn-i-I-e\ DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xn hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v

(tdm-Uv \nÀ½m-Ww, sdbnÂ \nÀ½m-Ww)

19. t¥m_Â s]mkn-j-\nwKv knÌw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯mw.

GsXmcp Øe-¯n-sâ-bpw A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, kap-{Z-\n-c-¸nÂ \n\¶pÅ

Db-cw, kabw F¶nh a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp-¶p.

20. D]-{K-l-hn-Zq-c-kw-th-Z\w : hnh-c-ti-J-cWw

`qhn-h-c-hy-hØ : Øm\ob hnh-c-§-fp-tSbpw hnti-j-W-§-fp-tSbpw k¦-e-\w, Iq«n-

t¨À¡Â, Hgn-hm-¡Â, ]mfn-I-fm-¡Â

21. `q]-S-¯nÂ \oÀ¨m-ep-IÄ, tdmUp-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hsb {]tXy-I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶-Xns\ ]mfn-IÄ F¶p-hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡mw. ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Isf C§s\

]mfn-I-fm-¡n-bmÂ Ah X½n-epÅ Øm\o-b-_Ôw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\v Ffp- -̧¯nÂ

km[n-¡p-¶p. C§s\ \nc-h[n ]mfn-IÄ kwtbm-Pn-¸n-¨mWv Hmtcm [cm-X-eo-b-`q-]-

Shpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv.

22. HmhÀte hni-I-e\w

Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ hnhn-[-§-fmb ̀ utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_-Ô-

s¯-¡p-cn¨pw Ah-bn-ep-m-Ip¶ amä-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv HmhÀte

hni-I-e\w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.


123

bqWnäv þ3

h³I-c-IÄ

Gjy, bqtdm-¸v, B{^n-¡, AâmÀ«n¡ F¶o h³I-c-I-fmWv Cu bqWn-änÂ DÄs¸Sp-

¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Hmtcm h³I-c-bp-tSbpw Øm\w, `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-§Ä, P\-kwJym hnX-

cWw F-¶n-h-bmWv Cu bqWnänÂ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

Gjy

temIs¯ BsI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bnÂ aq¶nÂ Hcp ̀ mKw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ h³I-c-bm-Wn-Xv.

10011' sX¡v A£mwiw apXÂ 81012' hS¡v A£mwiw hscbpw 2602' Ing¡v tcJmwiw

ap-XÂ 169040 ]-Snªmdv tcJmwiw hscbpw hym]n-¨p-In-S¡p¶p.

Gjysb Xmsg ]d-bp¶ ̀ q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

hS-¡³ Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i-§Ä

a[y-]ÀhX t{iWn-IÄ

sX¡³ {]mNo\ ]oT-`qan

bpdmÂ ae-\n-c-IÄ hS-¡³ Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i-§-fpsS ]Sn-ªmdv ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

Cu ae-\n-c-IÄ bqtdm-¸nÂ \n¶v Gjysb thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶p.

hS-¡³ Xmgv\ne {]tZ-i-§Ä¡v sX¡mbn ØnXn sN¿p¶ ̀ qhn-`m-K-amWv a[y-]Àh-

X-t{i-Wn-IÄ.

]maoÀ ]Àh-X-s¡-«nÂ \n¶mWv Gjy-bpsS CXc `mK-§-fnte¡v ]ÀhX \nc-IÄ

hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

{][m\ ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ

lnµp-¡pjv kpsse-am³

lnam-e-b³ ]ÀhX\nc-IÄ

Iq³eq¬

AÄ¯n³

Ac-¡³ tbma

[mcmfw sImSp-ap-Sn-IÄ ChnsS ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

temIs¯ Gähpw Dbcw IqSnb Fh-dÌv sImSpap-Sn- Chn-sS-bm-Wv.


124

sX¡³ {]mNo\ ]oT-`qan ̀ qhn-`m-K-¯nÂ aq¶p {][m\ ]oT-`q-an-IÄ DÄs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.

Atd-_y³

U¡m³

C³tUm ssN\

F«p \Zo-X-S-§Ä tNÀ¶ ̀ qhn-`m-K-amWnXv

slmbmMvtlm XSw

bmMvko XSw ssS{Kokv

bq{ -̂«okv

sa¡m-MvXSw knÔp \Zo-XSw

sFcm-h-Xn-XSw KwK {_Ò-]p{X \Zo-X-S-§Ä

ta\mw XSw

bqtdm¸v

Cu h³Ic ]qÀW-ambpw D¯cmÀ² tKmf-¯nÂ ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

{Ko\n-¨v tcJmw-i-tc-Jbv¡v (00) Ing¡pw ]Sn-ªm-dp-ambn«mWv Cu h³I-c-bpsS

Øm\w.

A£mwiw hS¡v 35051 Dw 81047 tcJmwiw 23033 ]Sn-ªmdpw 69003 Ing-¡p-am-bn-

«mWv Cu ̀ qJ-WvU-¯nsâ Øm\w.

h³I-cbpsS BsI hnkvXrXn 10498000 N : aoä-dm-Wv.

bqtdm-¸ns\ \mev {]IrXn hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

a[y D¶-X X-S-§Ä hS-¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ ]ÀhX taJe

BÂss]³ knÌw D¯c bqtdm-]y³ ka-Xew

hS-¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ ]Àh-X-ta-Je

^n³emâ v apXÂ kzoU³, t\mÀsh {_n«Wpw sFÀeâpw tNÀ¶ {_n«ojv

sFÂkv, sFkvemâ v hsc DÄs¸Sp¶ taJ-e-bm-WnXv.

bqtdm-¸nse Gä-hpw ]g¡w sN¶ ]Àh-X-§Ä Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

Cu taJe [mXp-¡-fmÂ k¼p-jvS-am-Wv.


125

D¯c bqtdm-]y³ ka-X-e-§Ä

]Sn-ªmdv AävemânIv Xocw apXÂ Ing¡v bpdmÂ ]Àh-X-§Ä hsc

hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶p.

\Zn-IÄ hln-¨p-sIm-p-h-cp¶ Ah-km-Z-§-fmÂ \nÀ½n-X-amWv Cu taJe

tlmfv, s_ÂPnbw U³amÀ¡v, ]Sn-ªm-d³ PÀ½-\n-, {^m³kv,

hS-¡³ PÀ½\n, t]mf-v F¶n-h-bmWv hS-¡³ bqtdm-]y³ ka-X-e-§-fnse

{][m\ cmPy-§Ä.

a[y D¶X XS-§Ä

D¯c bqtdm-]y³ ka-X-e-§Ä¡pw BÂ]vkv ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ¡p-an-S-bnÂ

]Àh-X-§Ä, Ip¶p-IÄ, ka-X-e-§Ä F¶nh DÄs¸« ̀ q{]-IrXn hn`m-Kw.

bpdmÂ ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ, PÀ½-\n-bnse »m¡v t^mdÌv F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp-¶-XmWv

a[y ̀ mKs¯ DbÀ¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä.

BÂs¸³ knÌw

]Snªmdv AävemânIv kap{Zw apXÂ Ing¡v

Imkv]n-b³ kap{Zw hsc hym]n¨p InS-¡p¶ ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp¶

`qhn-`m-K-amWv BÂs¸³ knÌw.

B{^n¡

cv AÀ²-tKm-f-§-fn-ep-ambn hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p¶ ̀ qJ-WvU-amWv B{^n-¡.

A£mwiw 340 52 sX¡p-ap-XÂ 37031 hS-¡p-h-scbpw tcJmw-iw 25011' ]Sn-ªmdp

apXÂ 51024 Ing-¡p-h-sc-bp-amWv B{^n-¡-bpsS Øm\w.

`qa-[y-tcJ Cu ̀ qJ-WvUs¯ cv Xpey-`m-K-§-fmbn ̀ mKn-¡p-¶p.

B{^n-¡-bpsS `q{]-IrXn Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ {]Imcw Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

]oT-`q-an-IÄ

]Àh-X-§Ä

acp-`q-an-IÄ

{`wi Xmgvhc-IÄ

]oT-`q-an-IÄ

icm-icn Dbcw kap-{Z-\n-c-¸nÂ \n¶pw 600 aoä-dn\p apI-fnÂ

sX¡p-\n¶p hS-t¡m«v t]mIpw-tXmdpw ]oT-`q-anIfpsS Dbcw Ipd-bp-¶p.


126

]Àh-X-§Ä

B{^n-¡³ ̀ qJ-WvU-§-fnÂ ]Àh-X-§Ä Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hm-Wv.

]oT-`q-an-I-fnepw acp-`q-an-I-fnepambn Nne {][m\ ]Àh-X-§Ä ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Aäve-kv, sI\n-b, dqhÂtkm-cn XpS-§nbhbmWv {][m\ ]Àh-X-\n-c-I-Ä.

auv Infn-a³Pm-tcm-bmWv

B{^n-¡-bnse Gähpw henb sImSp-apSn

acp-`q-anI-Ä

B{^n-¡-bpsS hS¡pw sX¡pw ̀ mK-§-fnÂ acp-`q-an-I-fm-Wv.

B{^n-¡-bpsS aq¶nÂ Hcp ̀ mKhpw acp-`q-an-I-fmÂ aqS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.

{`wi Xmgvhc-IÄ

alm {`wi Xmgvhc-bmWv B{^n-¡-bnse

Gähpw {][m-\-s¸« Hcp {`wi Xmgvhc

B{^n-¡-bnse {][m\

\Zn-I-fmWv ss\epw tImwtKmbpw

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I. Score 3

Gjy-bnse {][m\

[mXp-¡Ä

2. Gjy-bnse ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ hyXykvX ̀ mK-§-fn-te¡v hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv

]maoÀ sI«nÂ \n¶p-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bnse ]Àh-X-\n-c-I-fpsS hn\ymkw

hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

3. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ kqN-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ bqtdm¸nse

`q{]-Ir-Xn hn`m-K-§Ä GsX¶v Is-¯p-I.

F) bqtdm-¸nse Gähpw ]g¡w sN¶ ]Àh-X-§Ä Cu taJ-e-bn-emWv.

3 F) Gjy-bpsS Imem-h-Øsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ {][m\ LS-I-§Ä Gh?

_n) \Zn-IÄ hln-¨p-sIm-p-h-cp¶ Ah-km-Z-§-fmÂ \nÀan-X-amWv Cu taJe.


127

kn) Cu {]tZ-i¯v ImW-s¸-Sp¶ ]Àh-X-§Ä kap-{Z-\n-c-¸nÂ \n¶v

1600 aoäÀ hsc Db-c-ap-Å-hbm-Wv.

Un) kam-´-c-amb aS-¡p-]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ Cu ̀ qhn-`m-K-¯nsâ {]tXyI-XbmWv.

4. Gjybnse P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-W-¯nÂ ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]¦v F{X-t¯mfw?

hniI-e\w sNbvXp Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. Score 4

5. A tImf-¯n\p tbmPn-¨h B, C tImf-§-fnÂ \ns¶-gp-Xp-I. Score 4

A B C

AâmÀ«n¡ auv Infn-a³ Pmth lnµp-¡pjv

B{^n¡ hn³k¬ amÊn^v alm-{`wi Xmgvhc

Gjy »m¡v t^mdÌv ssa{Xn

bqtdm v̧ ]maoÀsI«v bqdmÄ ]Àh-X-\nc

6. Nne {][m\ ]ÀhX \nc-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn¡p¶-Xv.

Chsb Gjy-bnÂ ImW-s¸-Sp-¶h, B{^n-¡-bnÂ ImW-s¸-Sp¶h

F¶n-§s\ Xcw-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

dqhÂtkm-cn, Iq³eq¬, sI\n-b, Aäve-kv, AÄXn³, Ac-¡³tbma

Gjy B{^n¡

7. Gjy, bqtdm-¸v, B{^n-¡ F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse Imem-h-Øsb

kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä H¶p Xs¶-bmtWm ? \n§-fpsS

\nK-a\w tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. Score 2

8. ""aÕy-_-Ô-\-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nc-h[n kmlNcy-§Ä

\n-e-\nÂ¡p¶ h³I-c-bmWv bqtdm¸v'. Cu A`n-{]m-bs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡m³

\n§Ä¡v \nc-¯m-\pÅ hkvXp-X-I-sf-gp-Xp-I. Score 3

9. hf-sc-tbsd km¼-¯nI {]m[m-\y-apÅ h³I-c-bmbn AâmÀ«n-¡sb

temI-cm-jv{S-§Ä ImWp-¶p. F´p-sImv ? Score 3

10. AâmÀ«n-¡-bnse Cý-bpsS ]cy-th-j-W-§-sf-¸än Hcp eLp-Ip-dn¸v

X¿m-dm-¡pI. Score 3


128

11. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ]Àh-X-§Ä GtXXv h³I-c-I-fnÂ

DÄs¸-Sp¶p ?

F) Aäve-kv, _n) bpdmÄ, kn) »m¡v t^md-Ìv, Un) Imc-t¡mdw

12. ""sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ ̀ qan-imkv{X khn-ti-j-X-IfmÂ {i-t²-b-amb

Hcp ̀ qJ-WvU-amWv Gjy''

{]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn¡m-\pÅ hmZ-KXnIÄ \mse®w

tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯pI. Score 4

13. tImf-§-fnÂ \Â-In-bn-«pÅ hnh-c-§sf icn-bmb hn[w

{Ias¸Sp-¯n-sb-gp-Xp-I.

F _n kn

BÂss]³ knÌw klmd temI-̄ nsâ taÂ¡qc

a[y-]ÀhX t{iWn aS-¡p-]Àh-X-§Ä Henhv

acp-`qan sX¡³ {^m³kv bqtdm v̧

saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ Imem-hØ ]maoÀsI«v B{^n¡

14. Gjy-bnse Imem-hØmta-J-e-I-fpsS khn-tjX-IfmWv Xmsg

\ÂInbn«pÅXv. A-Xn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb Imem-hØmta-J-eI-Ä

Is¯n Fgp-Xp-I. Score 4

F) anX-amb XWp-¸p-ÅXpw kmam\yw ag-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-amb

ssiXyImew

_n) NqSpw agbpw CS-hn«v A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶ th\Â¡mew.

kn) hÀjw apgp-h³ DbÀ¶ Xm]hpw CSn-an-¶-tem-Sp-Iq-Snb agbpw

Un) DbÀ¶ tXmXnÂ XWp¸pw hÀjw apgp-h³ aªv aqSn-b-Xp-am-Wv.

15. Gjy-bpsS ̀ mKamb GsX-¦nepw cv Zzo]p-I-fpsS t]sc-gp-Xp-I. Score 1

16. NphsS \ÂIn-bn«pÅ kqN-\-IÄ {]tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¯n

`qJ-WvUw GsX¶v Fgp-Xp-I. Score 3

F) shfp¯ ̀ qJWvUw

_n) hnkvXr-Xn-bnÂ temI ̀ qJ-WvU-§fnÂ cmw Øm\w.

kn) ]qÀW-ambpw D¯-cmÀ² tKmf-¯nÂ ØnXn sN¿p¶ h³Ic


129

Un) temI Ic-hn-kvXr-Xn-bnÂ aq¶nÂ Hcp ̀ mKw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ h³Ic

17. `qa-[y-tc-J, D¯-cm-b\ tcJ, Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ F-¶nh IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶

h³I-c-IÄ GsXms¡ ? ]«n-I-bnse If-§-fnÂ Sn¡v sN¿pI. Score 3

h³I-c-IÄ `qa-²y-tcJ D -̄cm-b--\-tcJ Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ

Gjy

bqtdm v̧

B{^n¡


130

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. IÂ¡-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, amwK-\okv, t_mIvssk-äv, Ccp-¼-bncv, shÅn

2. temI-¯nse Gähpw DbÀ¶ ]oT-`q-an-bmWv ]maoÀ ]oT-`q-an.

]maoÀ ]oT-`q-an-bpsS ̀ mK-amb ]maoÀsI-«nÂ \n¶pw hnhn[ Zni-I-fn-te¡v

]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶p.

lnamebw, Imdt¡mdw, kpsse-am³, lnµp-Ip-jv, Ip³ep³, Snbm³j,

AÄ¯mbv F¶n-h-bmWv Cu taJ-e-bnse ]Àh-X-§Ä.

3. F) hSI-¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ ]À-h-X-ta-Je

_n) D¯c bqtdm-]y³ ka-X-e-§Ä

kn) a[y D¶X XS-§Ä

Un) BÂss¸³ knÌw

4. Gähpw IqSp-XÂ P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ h³Ic

\Zo-X-S-§-fnÂ P\-km-{µX IqSp-XÂ (Kw-K, bmMvkn-þ-kn-¡n-bm-Mv)

Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ P\-km-{µX IqSp-XÂ (sX¡v Ing-¡³ Gjy, XpÀ¡n)

a[y Gjy³ acp-`q-an, sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Gjy, hS-¡³ Gjy

F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ P\-hmkw Xosc Ipd-hv.

5. AâmÀ«n¡ hn³k¬ amÊn^v ssa{Xn

B{^n¡ auv Infn-a³ Pmtcm alm-{`wi Xmgvhc

bqtdm v̧ {_m¡v t^mdÌv bqtdm³ ]Àh-X-\nc

Gjy ]maoÀs¡«v lnµp-¡pjv

6. Gjy B{^n¡

Iq³eq¬ Aävekv

AÄXn³ sI\nb

Ac-¡³tbma dphÂtkmdn

7. `q{]-IrXn, kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, BtKm-f-hm-X-§Ä, Pe-{]-hm-l-§Ä, A£mwi

Øm\w F¶nh aq¶p h³I-c-I-fn-tebpw Imem-hØsb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶

LS-I-§Ä.

3 F) ̀ qJ-WvU-¯nsâ Øm\w, hnkvXr-Xn, kap-{Z-\n-c-¸nÂ \n¶pÅ Db-cw,

kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, ]ÀÆ-X-§-fp-sS-Øm\w a¬kq-Wnsâ KXn.


131

8. [mcmfw DÄ¡-S-epIÄ, kap-{Z-P-e-{]-hm-l-§-fpsS IqSn-t¨-cÂ, ¹mh-I-§-fpsS

km¶n²yw F¶nh bqtdm-¸nÂ aÕy_-Ô-\-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncyw

Hcp-¡p-¶p.

9. hne-tb-dnb kap-{Z-Po-h-Pm-e-§Ä (koÂ, XpIÂ, Xnanw-K-ew, F®)

[mXp-hn-`-h-§Ä þ Ccp-¼-bn-cv, t{Iman-bw, sN¼v, kzÀWw, \n¡Â, aWÂ

10. Z-£nW KwtKm-{Xn, ssa{Xn Cý-bpsS cv Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-§Ä

1988 Â BZys¯ X]mÂ Hmôkv AâmÀ«n¡-bnÂ Xpd¶p{]hÀ¯n¨p.

`qan-imkv{Xw, Poh-im-kv{Xw, Imem-h-Øm-im-kv{Xw XpS-§nb \nc-h[n

taJ-eI-sf tI{µo-I-cn¨v Cý Kth-j-W-tI-{µ-§Ä \S-¯p-¶p.

11. F) Aävekv þ B{^n¡

_n) sI\nb þ B{^n¡

kn) »m¡v t^mdÌv þ bqtdm v̧

Un) Imd-t¡mdw þ Gjy

12. tem-I-¯nse Gähpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSp-apSn

temI-¯nse Gähpw Dbcw IqSnb {]tZ-i-¯pÅ XSmIw

kap-{Z-\n-c-¸n-t\-¡mÄ Xmgv¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä

temI¯v Gähpw IqSp-XÂ ag e-`n-¡p¶ {]-tZ-iw

13. BÂss]³ knÌw aS-¡p-]Àh-X-§Ä bqtdm v̧

a[y-]ÀhX t{iWn ]maoÀs¡-«v temI-̄ nsâ taÂ¡qc

acp-`qan klmd B{^n¡

saUn-ätd\n-b³ Imem-hØ sX¡³ {^m³kv Henhv

14. F) saUn-ä-td-\n-b³ Imem-hØ

_n) a¬kq¬ Imem-hØ

kn) ̀ qa-[y-tcJm Imem-hØ

Un) Xp{µ amXrI Imem-hØ


132

15. e£-Zzo-]v, Bâ-am³ \nt¡m-_mÀ, P¸m³, Xmbvhm³, ̂ nen-ss¸³kv

(G-sX-¦nepw 2 F®w)

16. AâmÀ«n¡

B{^n¡

bqtdm v̧

Gjy

17. h³I-c-IÄ `qa-[y-tcJ D -̄cm-b-\-tcJ Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ

Gjy

bq-tdm v̧

B{^n¡


133

bqWnäv þ4

Cý-þ-ù-XnI ̀ qan-imkv{Xw

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn hf-sc-tbsd khn-ti-j-X-IÄ DÅ Hcp cmPy-amWv Cý. sshhn-

[y-§-fpsS \mSv F¶mWv Cý Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cý-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-§-fnse P\-

Po-hnXw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Cý-bnse {]mtZ-inI P\-Po-hn-X-̄ nepw kwkv¡m-c-¯n-ep-apÅ

sshhn-[y-§Ä¡v ImcWw B {]tZi¯nsâ Øm\w, `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-Ø, \Zn-IÄ,

a®n-\-§Ä, ss\kÀKn-I kky-Pm-e-§Ä F¶n-h-bm-Wv. Ch-sb-¸än hyà-amb [mcW

e`n-¡p¶Xn\pÅ hnh-c-§Ä Cu A²ym-b-¯nÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v.

Bi-b-§Ä

Cý A£mwi Øm\w 804 N apXÂ 370 6 N hsc-bpw tcJmwi Øm\w 6807 E apXÂ

97025 Ing¡v E hscbpw hym]n-¨p-In-S-¡p-¶p. hnkvXoÀWw 3287782 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-

ä-dm-Wv.

ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Cýsb \mev `q{]-IrXn

hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

D¯-c-]Àh-X-ta-Je, D¯c alm-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-an, Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§fpw

Zzo]pIfpw.

D¯c ]ÀhX taJe

D¯c ]ÀhX taJ-esb B taJ-e-bnÂ ØnXn sN¿p¶ ]ÀhX\nc-I-fpsS

ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

lnam-e-b³ \nc-IÄ

{Sm³kv lname-b³ \nc-IÄ

Ing-¡³ ae-\n-c-IÄ / ]qÀhm-NÂ

lnam-e-b³ \nc-IÄ {Sm³kv lnam-e-b³ \nc-IÄ

lnam{Zn lnam-NÂ knhm-enIv Imc-t¡mdw eUmIv kkv¡À

\wK]ÀÆXv Im©³PwK auv K 2 (tKmUvhn³ BÌn³)

(C-ý-bnse Gähpw henb sImSp-ap-Sn)


134

Ing-¡³ ae-\n-c-IÄ

Jmkn Kmtcm Pb-ńb \mKm-, ]SvssI_w

D -̄c-a-lm-k-a-Xew

knÔp, KwKm, {_Ò-]p{X F¶o \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw lnam-e-b-¯nÂ

\n¶pw hln-¨p-sIm-p-h-cp¶ Ah-km-Z-§Ä \nt£-]n-¨p-mb ̂ e-]p-jvSn-bpÅ ka-

X-e-{]-tZ-iamWv D -̄c-a-lm-k-a-Xew

]©m-_v, lcn-bm-\ ka-X-ew, acp-Øen _wKmÄ ka-X-ew, KwKmka-X-ew, {_Ò-]p{Xm

Xmgvhc F¶n-§s\ D -̄c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-̄ nsâ D]-hn-̀ m-K-§sf \membn Xncn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p.

D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

hf-sc-b-[nIw ]g-¡-apÅ ̀ qhn-`mKw.

[mXp-¡-fpsS \nt£-]-§Ä [mcm-f-ambn ImWp¶p.

hne-tb-dnb h\-hn-`-h-§Ä e`y-am-Ip-¶p.

]Ýn-a-L« \nc-I-fnse B\-apSn Cu taJ-e-bnse Db-c-ta-dnb sImSp-ap-Sn.

temI-¯nse Gähpw henb ]oT-`q-an-I-fn-sem-¶mb U¡m³ ]oT-`qan

Cu taJ-e-bn-em-Wv.

D]-Zzo-]nb ]oT-`q-an-bnÂ 9 {][m\ ̀ qhn-`m-K-§Ä Dv. ]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 69

Nn{Xw. 4.7.

Imem-hØ

Cý-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ hyXy-kvX-§-fmb A´-co-£m-h-Ø-bmWv \ne-\nÂ¡p-

¶-Xv. A£mw-i-Øm-\w, lnam-e-b-]ÀÆ-X-\nc kap-{Z-km-ao-]yw, Imäp-IÄ, kap-{Z-¯nÂ

\n¶pÅ Dbcw ̀ q{]-IrXn F¶n-h-bmWv Imem-h-Ø-bn-ep-Å Cu hyXym-k-§Ä¡p Imc-

W-am-Ip¶ LS-I-§Ä.


135

Xoc{]-tZ-ihpw Zzo]p-Ifpw

KpP-dm-¯nse dm³ Hm^v I¨v apXÂ KwKm-þ-{_-Ò-]p{X sUÂäm {]tZiw

(kp-µÀs_³ sUÂä) hsc hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶ ̀ q{]-IrXn hen-`m-K-amWv

Cý-bpsS Xoc-{]-tZ-iw.

Cý³ Xoc-{]-tZ-is¯ Ing-¡³ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-sa¶pw ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-

sa¶pw cmbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nse t]Pv 72 se ]«nI 4.4 hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ing-¡³

Xoc ka-X-e-¯nsâbpw ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-k-a-X-e-¯n-sâbpw khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

Is-̄ p-I.

Cý-bnse hnhn[ ̀ q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-§-fnse a®n-\-§fpw ImÀjn-I-hn-f-Ifpw

Imem-hØ

Cý-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-§fnÂ hyXy-kvX-§-fmb A´-co-£m-h-Ø-bm-Wv

\ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

A£mwi Øm\w, lnam -e -b -]ÀhX \nc, kap - {Z -km -ao]yw,

Imäp-IÄ, kap-{Z-̄ nÂ \n¶pÅ Db-cw, ̀ q{]-IrXn F¶n-h-bmWv Imem-h-Ø-bn-epÅ

Cu hyXym-k-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-Ip¶ LS-I-§Ä.

A´-co£ Xm]-\n-e-bp-tSbpw ag-bp-tSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Cý-bnse EXp-¡sf

D¯-c-]ÀÆ-X-ta-Je

D -̄c-a-lm-k-a-Xew

D]-Zzo-]o-b³ ]oT-`qan

Xoc-{]-tZiw

`q{]-IrXn

hn`m-K-§Äa-®n-\-§Ä Irjn

]ÀÆ-X-a-®v,

Nph-¶a®v, emä-ssdäv

_mÀen, tKmX-¼v, tNmfw, tXbn-e,

B¸nÄ, Im¸n, kpK-Ô-{Z-hy-§Ä

F¡Âa-®v,

acp-`qan a®v

s\Ãv, Icn-¼v, tKmX-¼v, ]pI-bn-e,

F®-¡p-cp-¡Ä

Idp-¯-a-®v, ]cp¯n

a®v/ dnKÀ

s\Ãv, dmKn, ]pI-bn-e, ]¨-¡-dn-

IÄ, \ne-¡-S-e, Dcp-f-¡n-g§v

-sN¦Âa-®v, emä-ssd-äv,

F¡Âa-®v, Nph¶

a®v

-tXbn-e, Im¸n, dºÀ, tX§,

Iap-Iv, Iip-amhv


136

\membn Xcw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. ssiXy-Imew, DjvW-Im-ew, sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³

(a¬kq¬ Imew, hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬ Imew, a¬kq-Wnsâ ]n³hm-§Â

Imew.)

]-cn-ØnXn¡\p-tbm-Pyambn Hcp {]tZ-i¯v BhnÀ`-hn¨ kky-Pm-e-§-fmWv B

{]tZ-is¯ ss\kÀKnI kky-Pm-e-§Ä. ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hØ, ag-bpsS Af-hv,

a®v F¶n-h-bmWv ss\kÀKnI kky-Pm-e-§-fpsS hnX-c-Ws¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶

LS-I-§Ä.

]mT-]p-kvXIw t]Pv 82 `q]Sw ss\kÀKnI kky-Pm-e-§Ä \nco-£n¨v {][m\

kky C\-§Ä Is-¯p-I. ag-bpsS Afhv ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

Cý- þ \Zn-IÄ

\Zn-I-fpsS DÛ-h-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ cmbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. D¯c ]Àh-X-

ta -J -e -bnÂ \n¶v DÛ-hn -¡p¶ \Zn -Isf lnam -e -b³ \Zn -I -sf¶pw

D]-Zzo-]o-b³ ]oT-`q-an-bnÂ \n¶p-Û-hn-¡p¶ \Zn-Isf D]-Zzo-]o-b³ \Zn-I-sf¶pw

hnfn-¡p-¶p.

lnam-e-b³ \Zn-IÄ D]-Zzo-]n-b³ \Zn-IÄ

knÔp, KwK, {_Ò-]p{X alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW

Imth-cn, \Àa-Z, Xm]vXn

lnam-e-b³ \Zn-IÄ

knÔv KwK {_Ò-]p{X

DÛhw Sn_änse (am-\k KwtKm{Xn, ssIemk

ktcm-hÀ XSm-I Af-Im-]pcnlnam\n ]Àh-X-\n-c-I-fnse

¯n\p kao]w sNa-bpMvZpMv F¶

ssIemk lna-\n-bnÂ \n¶pw

]ÀhXw

\ofw 2880 In.-ao. 2525 In.-ao. 2990 In.-ao.

(Cý-bnÂ (Cý-bnÂ

709 In.-ao.) 725 In.-ao.)

{][m\ Qew, Nn\m_v bap-\, tkm¬, SnkvX, am\kv,

t]mjI chn, _nbmkv tImkn, Lm{Km, eplnXv

\Zn-IÄ kXvePv tKma-Xn, tkm¬,sI³ kphm³kncn

_Xz, Nw_Â

]X-\-Øew Ad-_n-¡-SÂ _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ


137

D]Zzo]ob³ \Zn-IÄ

alm-\Zn tKmZm-hcn IrjvW Imthcn \ÀaZ Xm]vXn

DÛhw ssa¡e ]Ýn-a-L«w ]Ýna ]Ýn-aL«w ssa¡me- apÄ¯mbv

\nc-IÄ (\m-kn-Iv) L«w ({_Ò-Kncn \nc-IÄ ]oT-`qan

(a--lm- Ip¶p-IÄ)

_-te-izÀ

\ofw 587 In.-ao. 1465 In.-ao. 140 In.-ao. 800 In.-ao. 1312 In.-ao. 724 In.-ao.

{]-[m\ C_v C{µ-hXn òa I_\n lnc¬ BKÀ

t]mjI sSÂ i_cn XpwK-`{Z AacmhXn kÂP³ KnÀ\

\Zn-IÄ

]X-\- _wKmÄ _wKmÄ _wKmÄ _wKmÄ Ad_n Ad_n

Øew DÄ¡-SÂ DÄ¡-SÂ DÄ¡-SÂ DÄ¡-SÂ ¡-SÂ ¡-SÂ


138

tNmZy-§Ä

1. knÔp, {_Ò-]p{X F¶o \Zn-Isf kqN-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ Xmc-Xayw

sNbvXp kmay-hy-Xymk§Ä Fgp-Xp-I.

kqN-I-§Ä

DÛ-h-Øm\w

t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ

F¯n-t¨-cp¶ kap-{Z-`mKw (4)

2. D¯-c-]ÀhX taJ-e-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ ̂ vtfmNmÀ«nÂ

a, b, c, d, e, f F¶n-h Is-¯n Fgp-Xp-I. Score 3

D¯c ]ÀhX taJe

lnam-e-b³ \nc-IÄ {Sm³kv lnam-e-b³ Ing-¡³ ae-\n-c-IÄ

\nc-IÄ

a lnam-NÂ b Imd-t¡mdw c d e f Kmtcm

3. sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Ime¯v ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nsâ ]Sn-ªmdv ̀ mK-§-fnÂ

I\¯ ag e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ Ing-¡³ Ncn-hp-I-fnÂ ag Xosc Ipd-bp-hm-\pÅ

ImcWw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. Score 2

4. CýbnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw ag-bpsS Afhv Hcp-t]m-se-b-Ã. ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-¯nse

Ak-´p-en-Xm-hØbv¡pÅ Imc-W-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-I. Score 2

5. Cý-bnse {][m\ ss\kÀKnI kky-hn-`m-K-§-fnÂ H¶m-Wv DjvW-ta-Jem

ag-¡m-Sp-IÄ. aäv ss\kÀKnI kky-hn-`m-K-§Ä Is-¯p-I. Score 4


139

6. D¯c ]ÀhX taJ-e-bnse {][m\ a®n\ta-sX¶v Is¯n Cu a®v GsXÃmw

hnf-IÄ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-am-sW-s¶-gp-Xp-I. (2)

7. D¯c alm-k-a-X-e-¯nsâ ̀ qcn-`mKw {]tZ-i¯pw F¡Âa®v

ImW-s¸-Sp-hm-\pÅ Im-c-W-§Ä Fs´Ãmw ? (2)

8. sX¡p-]Snªmd³ Zni-bnÂ ho-ip¶ a¬kq¬ Imäns\ Cý³

D]-Zzo]v GsXÃmw imJ-I-fmbn thÀXn-cn¡p¶p? Ah Cý-bpsS

Imem-h-Ø-bnÂ sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w Fs´Ãmw ? (5)

9. Cý-bnse GXm\pw kwØm-\-§-fpsS t]cp-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Ahsb ASn-Øm\am¡n \Â-In-bn-«pÅ tNmZy-§Ä¡v -D¯-c-sagpXp-I.

KpP-dm¯v P½p-Im-ivaoÀ IÀ®m-SIw ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ

B{Ôm-{]-tZiv {Xn-]pc

F) D¯-cm-b\ tcJ IS-¶p-t]m-Ip¶ kwØm-\-§Ä ?

_n) Ad-_n-¡-S-ensâ Xoc¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ kwØm-\-§Ä ?

kn) _wKm-Ä DÄ¡-S-ensâ Xoc¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ kwØm-\-§Ä ?

Un) D¯c ]Àh-X-ta-J-e-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp¶ kwØm-\-§Ä ? (4)

10. "\nc-h[n ]À-ÆX-\n-c-Ifpw ]oT-`q-an-Ifpw \nd-ª-XmWv Cý-bnse

D]Zzo]nb ]oT-`q-an.' Cu {]Øm-h-\sb km[q-I-cn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (4)

11. \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kqN-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ e£-Zzo-]v, B³U-am³

\nt¡m-_mÀ Zzo]p-IÄ F¶nh Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

kqN-I-§Ä

BsI Zzo]p-I-fpsS F®w

ØnXn sN¿p¶ kap-{Z-`mKw

Cý-bpsS {][m\ Ic-bnÂ \n¶pÅ Zqcw (3)

12. a¬kq¬ Imäp-I-fpsS kzm[o\w ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-k-a-Xe¯nepw

Ing-¡³ Xoc ka-X-e-¯nepw Hcp-t]msebmtWm A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv? (2)

13. Nne D]-Zzo-]n-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

kqN-I-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ \Zn GsX¶p Is-¯p-I.

F) a[y {]tZ-inse ssa¡em \nc-I-fnÂ \n¶p-Û-hn¨v Ing-t¡m-s«m-gpIn

_wKmÄ DÄ¡-S-enÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p.


140

_n) alm-cm-jv{S-bnse alm-_-te-izÀ F¶ Øe-¯n-\Sp¯pÅ ]Ýn-a-L«

\nc-IfnÂ \n¶p-Û-hn¨v _wKmÄ DÄ¡-S-enÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p.

kn) O¯okv KVnse ssa¡em \nc-I-fnÂ \n¶p-Û-hn¨v Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ

]Xn-¡p-¶p. (3)

14. Xmsg X¶n-cn-¡p¶ \Zn-Isf lnam-e-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ,

D]-Zzo-]n-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ F¶n-§s\ ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

XnkvX C_v am\k XpwK-`{Z _nbmkv

Nn\m_v I_\n BKÀ (2)

lnam-e-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS D]-Zzo-]o-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS

t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ

15. A tImf-¯n\p tbmPn-¨h B C tImf-§-fnÂ \n¶p sXc-sª-Sp-s¯-gp-Xp-I. (3)

A B C

ssiXy-Imew amwtKm-j-hÀ HIvtSm-_À NqSv

DjvW-Imew ]Ýna Akz-ØX ]©m-_nÂ ssiXy-Ime ag

hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ ImÂ ss_imJn a¬kq-Wnsâ

a¬kq¬ Imew ]n³hm-§Â

16. Ing-¡³ Xoc-k-a-X-e-¯n-sâbpw ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-k-a-Xe¯nsâbpw

GsX-¦nepw \mev khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (4)

17. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«pÅ kqN-\-I-fnÂ \n¶pw \Zn-IÄ GsXm-s¡-bm-sW¶v

Is¯n Ah-bpsS GsX-¦nepw cv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I.

F) ssIemk ]Àh-X-\n-c-bnse "sNa-bpMvZp§v' lnam\nbnÂ \n¶v

DÛ-hn-¡p¶ \Zn

_n) ̀ Ko-cYn \Znbpw AfI\µ\Znbpw tZh-{]-bm-KnÂ h¨v kÔn¨ tijw

H¶mbn Hgp-Ip¶ \Zn. Score 3

18. Cý-bnse EXp-¡-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-¸än

Hcp hnh-cWw X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (6)


141

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. knÔp Sn_-änse am\-k-k-tcm-hÀ {_Ò-]p{X þ sNa-bp-MvZpMv F¶ lnam-\-nbnÂ

\n¶pw Qew, Nn\m-_v, chn, _nbm-kv, kXvePv F¶n-h-bmWv knÔp \Zn-bpsS

t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ.

{_Ò-]p{X In-g-t¡m-s«m-gp-Ip-¶p. _wKmÄ DÄ¡-S-enÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p.

knÔp-\Zn ]Sn-ªm-tdm-s«m-gpIn Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ ]Xn-¡p-¶p.

2. F) lnam-{Zn, _n) knhm-en-Iv, kn) eUm-Iv, C) Jmkn, F^v) Pb-ńb/]mSvssI_pw

3. sX¡p-]-Sn-ªmdv \n¶p hoip¶ a¬kq¬ Imäp-Isf ]Ýn-a-L«w XS-bp-¶-Xn-\mÂ

Cu ]Àh-X-\n-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-ªmdv ̀ mK¯v AXn-i-à-amb ag e`n-¡p-¶p.

F¶mÂ Cu \nc-I-fpsS Ing¡v `mK¯v sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Imäv F¯p-t¼mÄ

Imänsâ CuÀ¸w Ipd-bp-¶-Xn-\mÂ ]Ýn-a-L-«-¯nsâ Ing-¡p-`m-K¯v ag Xosc

Ipd-bp¶p.

4. kap{Z kmao]yw

kap-{Z-¯nÂ \n¶pÅ AIew

]Àh-X-§-fpsS Øm\w

Imänsâ Zni

5. DjvW-ta-Jem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-IÄ

apÄs¨SnIfpw Ipän-s -̈Sn-Ifpw

IÂ ImSp-IÄ

]ÀhX h\-§Ä

6. ]ÀhX a®v

tKmX-¼v, _mÀen, tNmfw, tXbn-e, Im¸n, B¸nÄ, B{]n-t¡m«v

(GsX¦nepw 2 hnf-IÄ FgpXpI.)

7. knÔp-þ-Kw-K-þ-{_-Ò-]p{X \Zn-Ifpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw lnam-eb¯nÂ \n¶pw

hln-¨p-sIm-p-h-cp¶ Ah-km-Z-§Ä ASn-ªp-IqSn F¡Âa®v cq]-s¸-Sp¶p.

8. Atd-_y³ imJ, _wKmÄ, {Xn]pc

Atd_y³ imJ, _wKmÄ DÄ¡SÂ imJ F¶n-h-bpsS KXn

hnh-cn¨v Ah Imem-h-Ø-bnÂ sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w Fgp-Xp-I.

9. F) KpP-dm¯v, ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ, {Xn]pc _n) KpP-dm-¯v, IÀWmSIw

kn) B{Ôm-{]-tZiv, ]Ýn-a-_w-KmÄ Un) P½p-Im-ivaoÀ, {Xn]pc


142

10. ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄ þ Bc-hÃn, ]Ýn-a-L-«w, ]qÀh-L«w, hnÔy, kXv]pc

]oT-`q-an-IÄ þ amÄh ]oT-`qan, U¡m¬ ]oT-`q-an, tNm«m \mKv]qÀ ]oT-`qan

11. e£-Zzo]v

36 Zzo]p-IÄ, 11 F®-¯nÂ P\-hmkw

Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

B³U-am³ \nt¡m--_mÀ Zzo]ns\ At]-£n¨v Zqc-¡p-d-hv.

B³U-am³ \nt¡m-_mÀ Zzo]p-IÄ

BsI 222 Zzo]p-IÄ

_wKmÄ DÄ¡-S-enÂ ØnXn sN¿p-¶p.

e£-Zzo-]ns\ At]-£n¨v Zqcw IqSp-XÂ.

12. ]Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-k-a-X-e-§-fnÂ sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Imäv kzm[o-\n-¡p¶p.

Cu Imänsâ kzm-[o\w ChnsS ià-amb ag \ÂIp-¶p.

Ing-¡³ Xoc-k-a-X-e-§-fnÂ hS¡p-Xn-gt¡ a¬kq¬ Imäv kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶p.

Cu kok-WnÂ ChnsS ag e`n-¡p-¶p.

13. F þ alm-\Zn

_n þ IrjvWm-\Zn

kn) þ \À½Zm \Zn

14. lnam-e-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS D]-Zzo-]n-b³ \Zn-I-fpsS

t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ t]mj-I-\-Zn-IÄ

XnkvX C_v

am\kv XpwK-`{Z

_nbmkv I_\n

Nn\m_v BKÀ


143

15. F _n kn

ssiXy-Imew ]Ýna Akz-ØX ]©m-_nÂ ssiXy-Ime ag

DjvW-Imew amwtKm-j-hÀ ImÂ ss_imJn

hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq-Wnsâ HIvtSm-_À NqSv

a¬kq¬ Imew ]n³hm-§Â

16. ]mT]pkvXIw t]Pv 72 se ]«n-I-bnse GsX-¦nepw \mse-®w.

17. F) {_Ò-]p{X, _n) KwK

KwK, {_Ò-]p{X F¶n-h-bpsS cp hoXw khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fgp-X-Ww.

18. ssiXy-Imew þ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnhcn¡p-I.

DjvW-Imew þ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I.

sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Imew þ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-I.

h-S-¡p-In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬ Imew þ hnh-cn-¡p-I.


144

bqWnäv þ 5

Cýþ km¼-¯n-I-`q-an-imkv{XwBapJw

GsXmcp cmPy-¯n-sâbpw km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨-bnÂ \nÀ®m-b-I-amb ]¦v hln-¡p-

¶Xv Ahn-Sps¯ hn`h e`y-X-bm-Wv.-ssh-hn-[y-amÀ¶ hn`-h-§-fmÂ k¼-¶-amWv Cý.

hnhn[ ImÀjn-I taJe-IÄ,-ImÀjn-I-Im-e-§Ä, ImÀjn-I-hn-f-IÄ, hyh-km-b-§Ä,

KXm-K-X-amÀ¤-§Ä F¶nh F§-s\-bmWv Cý-bpsS km¼-̄ n-I-ØnXn sa -̈s -̧Sp-̄ m³

klm-b-I-am-bXv F¶-XmWv Cu ]mT-`m-K¯v {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Bi-b-§Ä

1. Irjn :þ Cý Hcp ImÀjnIcmPy-am-Wv. sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ hnf-I-fmWv CýbnÂ Irjn-

sN-¿p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ FÃm-hn-f-Ifpw FÃm-Im-e-§-fnepw Irjn-sN-¿m³ km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã.

Jmcn-^v, dm_n, -sskZv F¶n-h-bmWv Cý-bnse {][m\ ImÀjn-I-Im-e-§Ä. `£y

hnf-IÄ, \mWy-hn-f-IÄ, tXm«-hn-f-IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv Cý-bnse {][m\ ImÀjn-Ihn-

f-IÄ. s\Ãv, tKmX-¼v, tNmfw F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ `£y-hn-f-IÄ. ]cp-¯n, NWw,

Icn¼v F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\ \mWy-hn-f-IÄ. tXbn-e,- Im¸n, dºÀ F¶n-h-bmWv {][m\

tXm«-hn-f-IÄ.

2. hyh-kmbw :þ IrjnA[n-jvTnXhyh-km-b-§Ä, [mXpA[n-jvTnXhyh-km-b-§Ä F¶n-

h-bmWv Cý-bnse {][m\ hyh-km-b-§Ä.- A-kw-kvIrX hkm-Xp-¡Ä, Pe-e-`y-X,

[mXp-¡-fpsS e`y-X, KXm-KXkuIcy-§Ä, Xpd-ap-J-km-an-]yw, Irjn-bpsS tI{µo-I-

cWw F¶n-h-bmWv Cu hyh-km-b-§Ä Nne {]tXy-I-ta-J-e-I-Ä tI{µo-I-cn-¡m³

Imc-Ww. h\-hn-`-hm-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-bw, cmk-hy-h-km-bw, XpWn-hy-h-km-bw, XpIÂ,

Ce-Ivt{Sm-Wn-Iv, I¼yq«À F¶o hyh-km-b-§fpw Cý-bnÂ hnImkw t\Sn-bn-«p-v.

3. KXm-KXw :þ tdmUv KXm-K-Xw, sdbnÂK-Xm-K-Xw, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw, thyma-K-Xm-KXw F¶n-

h-bmWv Cý-bnse {][m\ KXm-K-X-amÀ¤-§Ä. hnhn[-Xcw tdmUp-IÄþ tZio-b-]m-X-

IÄ, kwØm-\-]m-X-IÄ, PnÃm-tdm-Up-IÄ, {KmaoWtdmUp-IÄ, Cý³ sdbnÂth-bpsS

16 taJ-e-IÄ, Ah-bpsS BØm-\-§Ä {][m\ PeKXm-K-X-amÀ¤-§Ä, 12 {][m\ Xpd-

ap-J-§Äþthyma-K-Xm-KXwþA´m-cmjv{S hnam-\-¯m-h-f-§Äþ s]mXp-ta-J-e- F-bÀsse-

\p-IÄþ FbÀ-C-ý, Cý³- F-bÀsse³kv.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. NphsS sImSp-¯n-«pÅ `qan-imkv{X LS-I-§Ä GsXÃmw hnf-I-fp-tS-Xm-sW¶v

Xncn-¨-dnªv ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (3)

Xm]-\ne hÀj-]mXw

a. icm-icn Xm]-\ne 240C 50-70 cm

b. hnf-hn-d-¡p¶ ka-b¯v 100C

hnf-sh-Sp¸v ka-b¯v 150C-200C 75 cm

c. DjvW-Im-e¯v 200C-250C

ssiXy-Im-e¯v 80C-150C 150 cm


145

2. ImÀjnI {]hÀ¯-\-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n hne-bn-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ s\ÂIr-jnsb

At]-£n v̈ tKmX-¼vIr-jn-¡pÅ {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fs´-Ãm-amWv? (2)

3. NphsS sImSp-¯n-«pÅ hnf-Isf `£y-hn-f-IÄ, \mWy-hn-f-IÄ, tXm«-hn-f-IÄ

F¶n-§s\ hÀ¤o-I-cn-¡pI

tXbne -þ NWw þ s\Ãv þ tKmX¼v þ dºÀ þ Icn¼v (3)

4. -Jm-cn-^v, dm_n ImÀjn-I-Im-e-§Ä X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-amWv? (2)

5. ]cp¯n, NWw F¶o \mWy-hn-f-IÄ¡m-h-iy-amb `qan-im-kv{X-L-S-I-§Ä

Fs -́Ãm-amWv? (2)

6. tXm«-hn-f-I-fmb tXbn-e, Im¸n F¶n-h-bv¡m-h-iy-amb `qan-im-kv{X-L-S-I-§Ä

GsX-Ãm-amWv? (2)

7. ]©-kmcanÃpIÄ IqSp-Xepw Icn¼v IrjnsN¿p¶ Øe-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn¨ncn¡p-¶p.

F´m-bn-cn¡pw CXn-\pÅ ImcWw? Icn¼v Irjnbv¡v th A\p-tbm-Py-

L-S-I-§Ä Fs´-Ãm-amWv? (3)

8. Irjn A[n-jvTn-X -hy-h-km-b-§Ä ]eXpw D -̄c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn-̈ pw, [mXp

A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-§Ä D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan tI{µo-I-cn-¨p-amWv ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.

F´m-bn-cn¡pw CXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä? (4)

9. [mXp-A-[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-km-b-§-fpw, ImÀjn-Im-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-§fpw IqSm-sX Cý-

bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw 4 hyh-km-b-§-fpsS t]sc-gp-XpI. (2)

10. Cý-bnÂ tdmUvirw-Je IqSp-X-embn ImW-s -̧Sp-¶Xv GXv ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-̀ m-K-§-fn-emWv?

F´m-bn-cn¡pw CXn\v ImcWw? (2)

11. sdbnÂ, tdmUv KXmKXs¯ At]-£n¨v DÄ\m-S³ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-¯n-\pÅ ta·-IÄ

Fs -́Ãm-amWv? (3)

12. CýbnÂ 12 {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. Ah-bnÂ ]qÀÆ-Xo-c-¯p-Å-Xpw, ]Ýna

Xoc-¯p-ÅXpw GsXm-s¡-bm-sW¶v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (6)

13. `q{]-IrXn Cý-bpsS thyma-K-Xm-K-Xs¯ F{X-t¯mfw kzm[o-\n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p? Cý-

bnse B`y-ć thyma-K-Xm-K-Xs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n D¯-c-sa-gp-Xp-I. (2)

14. - tImf-¯nse hnh-c-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v -tImf-¯n-epÅ hnh-c-§Ä

{Ia-s -̧Sp-¯p-I.

A BSmäm Ccp-¼p-cp-¡vime IpÄ«n

hntiz-i-c¿ Ccp-¼p-cp-¡vime `nembv

lnµp-Øm³ ÌoÂ enan-äUv `{Zm-hXn

Cý³ Ab¬ & ÌoÂ I¼\n Pwj-Uv]qÀ (4)


146

15. Cý-bnÂ DÄ\m-S³ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-¯n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \nc-h[n km[y-X-IÄ Dv.

Ah GsXm-s¡-bmWv? (4)

16. Cý-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bnÂ NphsS sImSp-¯n-«pÅ Øe-§Ä tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. (4)

Imve Xpd-ap-Jw, dqÀt¡e Ccp-¼p-cp-¡vim-e, D¯-c-a-[y-sd-bnÂth-bpsS BØm-\w,

IrjvW \Zn

17. "Cý-bnse P\-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ KXm-K-X-amÀ¤-§Ä sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w' F¶

hnj-b-¯nÂ Hcp skan-\mÀ t]¸À X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (6)

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. s\Ãv : Xm]-\ne 240

hÀj-]mXw 150

tKmX¼v : Xm]-\ne : hnf-hn-d-¡p-t¼mÄ 100Chnf-sh-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ 150C - 200C

hÀj-]mXw : 50 - 70 cmtNmfw : Xm]-\ne : DjvW-Im-e¯v 200C - 250C

ssiXy-Im-e¯v 80C - 150ChÀj-]mXw : 75 cm (3)

2. s\ÂIr-jn-bv¡m-h-iy-amb Rmdv]dn-̈ p-\-SÂ, shÅw tXIÂ XpS-§nb {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä

Bhiy-an-Ãm-̄ -Xn-\mÂ Irjn sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS F®w Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdhv aXn. (2)

3. `£y-hn-f-IÄ : s\Ãv, tKmX¼v (3)

\mWy-hn-f-IÄ : ]cp-¯n, NWw

tXm«hnf : tXbn-e, dºÀ

4. Jmcn^v : a¬kq-Wnsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ Irjn-bn-d¡pw (2)

a¬kq-Wnsâ Ah-km-\-t¯msS hnf-sh-Sp¡pw

dm_n : ssiXy-Im-e-¯nsâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ Irjn-bn-d¡pw

th\-ensâ Bcw-`-¯nÂ hnf-sh-Sp¡pw

5. ]cp¯n : Xm]-\ne þ 200C apXÂ 300C hsc (2)

aªp-ho-gvN-bn-Ãm¯ 200 Znh-k-§Ä

NWw : Xm]-\ne þ 240C apXÂ 350C hsc (2)

hÀj-]mXw þ 150 cm Â A[nIw

6. tXbne : Xm]-\ne þ 250C apXÂ 300C hsc (2)

hÀj-]mXw þ 200 apXÂ 250 cm hsc

Im¸n : Xm]-\ne þ 150C apXÂ 250C hsc (2)

hÀj-]mXw þ 150 cm Â A[nIw

7. Icn-¼n³Xv hnf-sh-Sp-¯mÂ Npcp-§nb ka-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ AXnsâ \osc-Sp-t¡--

Xp-v. AsÃ-¦nÂ \ocnsâ Af-hpw, \ocnse kpt{Im-knsâ Afhpw Ipd-bpw.


147

NqSpÅ BÀ{Z-Im-em-h-Ø. Xm]-\ne 200C apXÂ 300C hsc. hmÀjnI hÀj-]mXw 100

apXÂ 150 cm hsc (3)

8. Irjn A[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-km-b-§Ä D -̄tc-ý³ ka-X-e-§Ä tI{µo-I-cn-¡m³ ImcWw

þþ Akw-kv-Ir-X-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS e`y-X, \Zo-km-ao-]yw, ̂ e-]p-jvSn-bpÅ a®v, A\p-Iq-

e-amb Imem-h-Ø. [mXpA[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-km-b-§Ä D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan tI{µo-I-cn-

¡m³ ImcWw þþ [mXp-k-¼-¯v, Akwkv-Ir-X-h-kvXp-¡Ä, Pe-e-`y-X. (4)

9. h\-hn-`-hm-[n-jvTn-X-hy-h-kmbw, cmk-hy-kmbw, XpWn-hy-h-kmbw, XpIÂhy-h-kmbw,

I¼yq-«Àhy-h-kmbw, Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv hyh-kmbw (C-h-bnÂ GsX-¦nepw 4 F®w) (2)

10. D¯-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-§Ä, Xoc-k-a-X-e-§Ä, D]-Zzo-]o-b-]o-T-`qan F¶n-hn-S-§-fn-emWv

tdmUvirw-Je IqSp-XÂ. C¯cw ̀ q-{]-tZ-i-§Ä tdmUv\nÀ½m-W-̄ n-\pw, hnI-k-\-̄ n\pw

A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv. (2)

11. Pe-]m-X-I-fpsS \nÀ½m-W-þ-]p-\-cp-²m-c-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v sNehv Ipd-hm-Wv. hmbp

aen-\o-I-c-Ww, i_vZ-a-en-\o-I-cWw F¶nh Ipd-hm-Wv. h³tXm-XnÂ Nc-¡v\o-¡-¯n\v

klm-b-Iw. (3)

12. ]Ýn-a-Xocw ]qÀÆ-Xocw (6)

Ive Xq¯p-¡pSn

apwss_ sNss¶

aÀ½-tKmh Ft¶mÀ

awK-em-]pcw hnim-J-]-«Ww

sIm¨n ]mc-Zzo-]v, lmÂUn-b, sImÂ¡¯

13. tdmUv-þ-sd-bnÂth \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v {]bm-k-ta-dnb D¯-c-þ-]qÀÆ-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ km[y-

amb KXm-K-X-amÀ¤w thyma-K-Xm-K-X-am-Wv. (2)

14. A BSmäm Ccp-¼p-cp-¡vime Pwj-Uv]qÀ

hntiz-i-c¿ Ccp-¼p-cp-¡vime `{Zm-hXn

lnµp-Øm³ ÌoÂ enan-äUv `nembv

Cý³ Ab¬ & ÌoÂ I¼\n IpÄ«n (4)

15. \Zn-IÄþ KwK,- {_-Ò-]p-{X, alm-\-Zn, tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvW, Imthcn Ch-bpsS t]mj-I-

\-Zn-IÄ, tIc-f-¯nse Imb-ep-IÄ, B{Ôm-{]-tZ-iv, Xan-gv\mSv F¶n-hn-S-§-fnse

_¡nwKvlmw I\m-ep-IÄ. (3)

16. icn-bmb coXn-bnÂ NphsS sImSp-¯n-«pÅ hkvXp-X-IÄ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v (4)

(a) Imve, (b) dqÀt¡-e, (c) Ae-l-_m-Zv, (d) IrjvW

17. Cý-bnse {][m\ KXm-K-X-amÀ¤-§Ä þ tdmUp-IÄ, sdbnÂth, Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw,

thyma-K-Xm-KXw Ch Hmtcm¶pw hni-Zo-I-cn¨v Ah P\-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kzm[o-\n-¡p-

¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶v kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (6)


148

bqWnäv þ 6

Cýþ am\-hnI-`q-an-imkv{XwBapJw

Cý-bnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw P\kwJymhnX-cWw Hcp-t]m-se-bÃ. CXn\v \nc-h[n Imc-

W-§-fp-v, a\p-jysâ Ønc-Xm-akw hmkØe-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v Imc-W-am-bn.

hmk-Ø-e-§-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-¯n\v Nne `qan-im-kv{XLSI§Ä kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xmbn

ImWmw. Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\-bnÂ amäw hcp-¯p-¶-XnÂ IpSn-tb-ä-¡mÀ¡v

]¦p-v, IpSn-tb-ä-§-fnÂ ImWp¶ sshhn-[yw, Ah Dm-¡p¶ KpW-tZm-j-§Ä F¶nh

hni-I-e-hn-t[-b-am¡n [mc-W-IÄ cq]-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶n-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-än-eqsS {]Xn-]m-

Zn-¡p-¶-Xv.

Bi-b-§Ä

1. cmPy¯v \nÝn-X-Imew Xma-kn-¡p¶ P\-§-fpsS F®-amWv P\-kw-Jy.

2. P\-kwJy Hcp am\-h-hn-`-h-am-Wv.

3. P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-W-¯nÂ Ak-´p-en-Xm-hØ \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

4. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§sf hnI-kn-¸n¨v cmjv{S-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡v D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯m³ am\-h-hn-

`hw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

5. Hcp cmPys¯ P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\sb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-amWv IpSn-tb-äw.

6. IpSn-tbäw \nc-h[n KpW-^-e-§-fpw, tZmj-^-e-§fpw krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

7. hmk-Ø-e-§sf {Kmao-W-hm-k-Ø-e-§Ä, \K-c-hm-k-Ø-e-§Ä F¶n-§s\ Xncn-¡m-

hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

8. BIrXn, hep¸w F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-Øm-ńepw hmk-Ø-e-§sf Xncn-¡m-hp-¶-

Xm-Wv.

P\-kwJym \nLp

P\-kwJy : Hcp cmPy v̄ \nÝn-X-Im-e v̄ Xma-kn-¡p¶ P\-§-fpsS BsI F®-amWv

P-\-kwJy.

P\-km-{µX : P\-kw-Jy-bpw, Øe-hn-kvXr-Xnbpw X½n-epÅ A\p-]mX-amWv P\-km-

{µ-X. AXm-bXv Hcp NXp-c{i Intem-ao-äÀ Npä-f-hnÂ A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ P\-§-fpsS F®-

s¯-bmWv P\-km-{µX F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

P\-kw-Jym-h-fÀ¨ : Hcp {]tXyI Øes¯ P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ \nÝn-X-Im-e-b-f-hn-\n-S-

bnÂ Dm-Ip¶ hÀ²-\-hn-s\-bmWv P\-kw-Jym-h-fÀ¨ F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ 1000 ]pcp-j³amÀ¡v F{X kv{XoIÄ

F¶-XmWv kv{Xo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-Xw.

{]mb-L-S\ : \h-Pm-X-in-ip-¡Ä apXÂ hr²³amÀ hsc AS-§p¶ hnhn[ {]mb-¡msc

{Kq¸p-I-fmbn Xncn¨v BsI P\-kw-Jy-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶-XmWv {]mb-L-S\

F¶-Xp-sIm-p-t±-in-¡p-¶-Xv.


149

]¦mfn-¯-\n-c¡ v : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ sXmgn-se-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpsS hnln-X-amWv

]¦m-fn-¯-\n-c-¡v.

B{i-b-Xz-\n-c¡v : BsI P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ sXmgnÂ sN¿p-¶-hsc B{i-bn v̈ Pohn-¡p-

¶-h-cpsS A\p-]m-X-am-Wn-Xv.

km£-c-Xm-\n-c¡v : AÀ°w a\-Ên-em¡n Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-¡m-\p-apÅ Ign-hn-s\-

bmWv km£-c-X F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv. BsI P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ km£-c-cm-b-h-cpsS

A\p-]m-X-amWv km£-c-Xm-\n-c-¡v.

BbqÀssZÀLyw : Hcp cmPys¯ P\-§Ä F{X-h-b-Êp-hsc Pohn-¡p-¶p-sh¶

icm-icn IW-¡n-s\-bmWv BbqÀssZÀLyw F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-Xv.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. P\-kwJym hni-I-e\w Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn¡v AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. F´mWv P\-

kw-Jym-hn-i-I-e-\-¯nsâ Bh-iy-IX ? (3)

2. D¯-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-§-fnÂ P\-km-{µX IqSp-X-em-Wv. F-´m-bn-cn¡pw CXnsâ Imc-W-

§Ä ? (2)

3. P\-kw-Jym-hÀ²-\hv Hcp cmPy¯v Fs´Ãmw kmaq-ly-{]-iv\-§Ä krjvSn-¡m-dpv?.

(2)

4. ""IpSn-tbäw Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I, kmwkv¡m-cnI, km¼-¯n-I-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ amä-

§Ä hcp-¯p¶p''. \n§-fpsS A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. (3)

5. {Kma-§-fnÂ \n¶v \K-c-§-fn-te-¡pÅ IpSn-tb-ä-amWv \½psS cmPy¯v hym]-I-ambn

ImWp-¶-Xv. atä-sXm-s¡-¯cw IpSn-tb-ä-§-fmWv cmPy¯v \S-¡p-¶Xv? (3)

6. IpSn-tbäw Hcp {]tZ-i-¯nsâ P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\sb amäw hcp-¯m-dp-tm. \n§-fpsS

A`n-{]mbw km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. (3)

7. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-«p-Åh IpSn-tb-ä-§Ä¡v Imc-W-am-Ip¶ Nne LS-I-§-fm-Wv. Ahsb

Xcw-Xn-cn v̈ X¶n-«pÅ ]«n-I-bn-se-gp-Xp-I.

Zmcn-{Zyw, hnhm-lw, bp²w, sa¨-s¸« sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä, sa¨-s¸« Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-

§Ä, sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva.

\nÀ_-Ôn-X-L-S-I-§Ä BIÀjn-X-L-S-I-§Ä

(3)

8. FÃm {]tZ-i-§-fnepw hmk-Ø-e-§Ä cq]-s¸-Sm-dn-Ã. F´p-sImv? (2)

9. Hcp DbÀ¶ {]tZ-i-¯p-\n¶v hmk-Ø-e-§-fpsS Iq«s¯ ho£n-¨mÂ Nne cq]-am-Xr-I-

IÄ ImWm³ Ign-bn-tÃ? \n§Ä¡-dn-bm-hp¶ A¯-c-¯n-epÅ GsX-¦nepw aq¶v amXr-

I-IÄ Is¯n hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I. (3)


150

10. tkh-\-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶ \K-c-§sf

]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

Aar-X-kÀ, aptÊm-dn, ̀ nem-bv, {io\-KÀ, a[p-c, Du«n, UÂln, PwjvUv]qÀ. (4)

11. {Kma-§-fnÂ \n¶v \K-c-§-fn-te-¡pÅ IpSn-tbäw \K-c-§sf P\-kw-Jym-hn-kvt^m-S-\-

¯n-te-¡mWv \bn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch Fs´Ãmw {]iv\-§-fmWv krjvSn-¡p-¶Xv? (3)

12. C-ý-bnÂ \K-c-§sf hÀ¤o-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv Nne am\-Z-WvU-§sf ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-

bm-Wv. Ah Fs´-Ãm-amWv? (4)

13. {Kmao-W-hm-k-Ø-e-§fpw \K-c-hm-k-Ø-e-§fpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-sa-s´m

-s¡-bm-Wv ? (4)

14. NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ ̂ vtfmNmÀ«v ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-I.

]«Ww

(3)

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. Dev]m-Z-\-¯n\v Bh-iy-amb am\-h-ti-jn-bpsS e`yX Adn-bm³. (3)

ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä, Dev]-¶-§Ä, tkh-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bpsS Bhiyw Xn«-s¸-Sp-

¯m-³. cmPy-¯nsâ P\-kwJym{]-iv\-§Ä Xncn- -̈dn-bm-\pw, ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§Ä Bkq-

{XWw sN¿p-hm-\pw.

2. ê-]pjvSnbpÅ a®v, Pe-e-`y-X. (2)

3. ]«n-Wn, Zmcn-{Zyw, sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, A´-co-£-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww. (2)

4. Hcp Øes¯ P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-co-Xnb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ kmaqly Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ,

kmwkv¡m-cnI hn\n-a-bw, km¼-¯nI ]ptcm-K-Xn, amen-\y-{]iv\w, Øe-]-cn-anXn

(G-sX-¦nepw 3 F®w) (3)

5. {Kma-§-fnÂ \n¶v {Kma-§-fn-te-¡v, \K-c-§-fnÂ \n¶v \K-c-§-fn-te-¡v, \K-c-§-fnÂ

\n¶v {Kma-§-fn-te-¡v. (3)

6. IpSn-tb-ä-̄ nsâ ̂ e-ambn cp-Ø-e-§-fn-tebpw P\-kwJy ]p\Àhn-X-c-W-̄ n\v hnt[-

b-am-Ip-¶p. Bfp-IÄ GXv taJe-bnÂ \n¶v t]mIp-¶pthm AhnsS P\-kwJy Ipd-bp-

¶p. Bfp-IÄ h¶p-tN-cp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ P\-kwJy IqSp-¶p.


151

7. \nÀ_-Ôn-X-L-S-I-§Ä : Zmcn-{Zyw, bp²w, sXmgn-en-Ãmbva (3)

BIÀjILS-I-§Ä : hnhm-lw, sa¨-s¸« sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä,

sa -̈s¸« Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§Ä.

8. hmk-Ø-e-§-fpsS cq]-s -̧S-en\v Nne A\p-Iq-e-L-S-I-§Ä Bh-iy-am-Wv. ̀ q{]-Ir-Xn, Pe-

e-`y-X, a®nsâ ̂ e-]p-jvSn, KXm-K-X-ku-I-cy-§Ä, Imem-h-Ø. (2)

9. tcJo-b-am-XrI : tdmUp-IÄt¡m, \Zn-IÄt¡m kam-´-c-ambn (3)

sI«n-S-§Ä cq]w-sIm-Å-p-t¼mÄ.

hr¯m-Im-c-am-XrI : Hcp Pem-i-b-¯n-t\m, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-¯nt\m Npäpw

sI«n-S-§Ä cq]w-sIm-Åp-t¼mÄ.

{XntIm-W-am-XrI : tdmUp-IÄ, sdbn-ep-IÄ, \Zn-IÄ Ch ]c-kv]cw

JWvUn-¡p¶ Øe-¯v.

10. `c-W-\-Kcw : UÂln, {io\-KÀ

hyh-km-b-\-Kcw : `nem-bv, Pwj-Uv]qÀ

kmwkv¡m-cn-I-\-Kcw : a[p-c, Aar-XvkÀ

kpJ-hm-k-\-Kcw : Du«n, aÊqdn

11. {Sm^nIv XS-Ê-§Ä, tNcn-IÄ, ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-c-Ww,

`h-\-c-ln-X-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä, Pe-£m-aw, ]IÀ -̈hym-[n-IÄ. (3)

12. 1. 5000-þÂ A[n-Iw-t]À Xma-kn-¡p¶ \K-c-§Ä (4)

2. 75%þÂ A[n-Iw-t]À ImÀjn-tI-X-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p¶ {]tZ-i-§Ä

3. NXp-c{i Iotem-ao-ä-dnÂ 400-þÂ A[nIw P\-km-{µ-X-bpÅ {]tZ-i-§Ä

4. ap\n-kn-¸m-en-än-IÄ, tImÀ¸-td-j³, Itâm¬saâp-IÄ.

13. {Kmao-W-hm-k-Ø-e-§Ä : Irjnbpw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fp-amWv {Kmao-W-cpsS (4)

{][m\ sXmgnÂta-J-e. P\-§-fnÂ ̀ qcn-`m-Khpw

Irjnsb B{i-bn¨v Pohn-¡p-¶p.

\K-c-hm-k-Ø-e-§Ä : ]mÀ¸n-S-§Ä ASp-¯Sp¯mbn ]Wn-bpI-bpw, P\-§Ä

ImÀjn-tI-Xc sXmgnÂta-J-e-I-fnÂ {i²-sN-ep-¯p-

Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hmWn-Py-hy-h-km-b-§-fpw, hyXy-kvX-

§-fmb tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fp-amWv \K-c-§fpsS apJ-ap-{Z.

14. ]«Ww

\Kcw (3)

sat{Sm-t]m-fn-ä³ \Kcw

saKm-tem-t]m-fnkv


152

bqWnäv þ 7

-`q-an-imkv{Xw þ Hscm-ä-`qanBapJw

hfsc A-]qÀÆ-X-I-fpÅ {Kl-amWv \mw A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ ̀ qan. ̀ qan-bnÂ am{Xta ssPh-

a-WvUew ImW-s¸Sp¶p-Åq. hnhn-[-Xcw kky-P-´p-Pm-e-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¶ ssPh-kq-a-lhpw

Ah-bpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-\m-h-iy-amb ssPh AssP-h-L-S-I-§fpw IqSn-t¨À¶-XmWv ssPh

-a-WvU-ew. inem-aWvU-ew, Pe-a-WvU-ew, hmbp-a-WvUew F¶nh DÄs¸Sp¶ AssPh Ah-

Ø-bn-epÅ ̀ qan-bmWv ̀ u-a-a-WvU-ew. ̀ qan-bnse hnhn[ aWvU-e-§Ä, Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-

X-IÄ, Ah {]-Ir-Xn-bnÂ sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Cu A²ym-b-¯nÂ ]T-

\-hn-j-b-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.


* ssPh-a-WvUew :þ ̀ qan-bnse Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-IÄ tNÀ¶XmWv ssPh-

a-WvU-ew.

* _tbm-ap-IÄ :þ ssPh-a-WvU-e-̄ nse Hmtcm Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-bnepw _tbm-ap-I-fm-Wv.

* {][m\ _tbm-ap-IÄ :þ h\-§Ä, acp-̀ q-an-IÄ, ]pÂta-Sp-IÄ, Pem-i-b-§Ä, D¶-X -

X-S-§Ä

* ùa-a-WvUew :þ AssPh Ah-Ø-bn-epÅ ̀ qansb ̀ ua-aWvUew F¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

* LS-I-§Ä

* Pe-a-WvUew :þ ̀ utam-]-cn-X-e-̄ nse kap-{Z-§Ä, XSm-I-§Ä, \Zn-IÄ, lnam-\n-IÄ F¶n-

§-s\-bpÅ Pe-t{km-X-Êp-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.

* hmbpa-WvUew :þ ̀ qansb Bh-cWw sNbvXn-cn-¡p¶ hmX-I-]n-WvU-amWv hmbp-a-WvUew

AYhm A´-co-£w.

* inem-a-WvUew :þ ̀ qhev¡w apXÂ amânÂ hsc-bpÅ ̀ mK-amWv inem-a-WvU-ew.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. NphsS \evIn-bn-«p-ÅXv Nne _tbm-ap-I-fpsS D]-{Kq-¸p-I-fm-Wv. Ah Hmtcm¶pw GtXXp

_tbm-apIfnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p-sh¶v Is¯n Fgp-Xp-I.

* DjvW-ta-Jem kma´ * kap-{Z-§Ä * Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-IÄ * ssiXy-a-cp-`q-an-IÄ

(4)

2. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡pI.

(4)


153

3. ]hn-g-̧ p-äp-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ka-Im-en-I-]-T\w Ah-bpsS \mi-¯ns\¡p-dn v̈ hfsc ̀ bm-

\-I-amb hkvXp-X-I-fmWv shfn-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-Xv. A -́co-£-̄ nse ImÀ_¬ Utbm-Ivssk-

Unsâ Af-hn-ep-m-Ip¶ hÀ²-\hv AXn\v hgn-sX-fn-¡p-¶ptm?. \n§-fpsS A`n-

{]m-bs¯ km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. (3)

4. hymh-km-bn-I-]p-tcm-KXn ssIh-cn¨ ssN\-bnse jmMvlmbv \K-c-¯nÂ hml-\-K-Xm-

KXw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-hm³ kwhn-[m\w GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-v. C¯-c-samcp Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

¡m³ Ahsc t{]cn-¸n¨ hkvXp-X-IÄ hni-Zo-I-cn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I. (3)

5. ""¹mÌn-¡nsâ Aan-tXm-]-tbmKw krjvSn-¡p¶ ]cn-Øn-Xn-{]-iv\-§Ä'' F¶ skan-\m-

dnÂ \n§Ä¡v DÄs¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-bp¶ \mev hkvXp-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I. (4)

6. "BtKm-f-Xm-]-\w-aqew kap-{Z-Pe Dujvamhv hÀ²n-¡p¶p'. kap-{Z-Pe Dujvamhv

hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn v̈ Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I. (3)

7. hy-Xymkw Ipdn-¡p-I.

_tbm-ap-IÄ ssPh-a-WvUew (2)

8. ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v {]Xym-Lm-X-§-fp-m-¡p¶ a\p-jysâ {]hr-¯nIÄ¡pZm-l-c-W-amWv

Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS \nÀ½mWw þ {]kvXm-h-\sb km[q-I-cn¨v Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I. (5)

9. ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n\pw kwXp-en-Xm-h-Øbv¡pw hnLm-S-IÀ (kq-£va-Po-hn-IÄ)

hln-¡p¶ ]¦v Fs´¶v hyà-am-¡p-I. (2)

10. cmk-hy-h-km-b-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]cn-Øn-Xn-{]-hÀ¯-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-

¯nÂ P\-tcmjw DbÀ¶ kµÀ`-§-fp-v. F´m-bn-cn¡mw CXn\p ImcWw? (4)

11. A¾-ag Dm-Ip-¶-sX-§s\? A¾-ag Dm-¡p¶ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä Fs´Ãmw? (4)

12. a\p-jyÀ \S-¯p¶ hnI-k-\-{]-hÀ¯-\§Ä Bhm-k-hy-h-Øbv¡v tZmj-ambn

`hn-¡m-dp-v. cv kµÀ`-sa-gpXn \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-I. (3)

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. DjvW-ta-J-em-km-h¶ þ ]pÂta-Sp-IÄ

kap-{Z-§Ä þ Pem-i-b-§Ä

Ce-s]m-gn-bpw-Im-Sp-IÄ þ h\-§Ä

ssiXy-a-cp-`q-an-IÄ þ acp-`q-an-IÄ

2. acp-`q-an-IÄ l ]pÂta-Sp-IÄ l Pem-i-b-§Ä l D¶-X-X-S-§Ä

3. ImÀ_¬ ssU HmIvsskUv ag-sh-Å-hp-ambn tNÀ¶v ImÀt_m-WnIv A¾-ambn

amdp-¶p.

CXv kap-{Z-¯nsâ A¾X hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

]hn-g-̧ p-äp-IÄ »o¨nw-Kn-\p-hn-t[-b-ambn PoÀ®n-¡p-Ibpw ZpÀ_-e-s -̧Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.


154

4. hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw hml-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw ]pd-¯p-h-cp¶ ]pI-bnÂ AS-

§n-bn-cn-¡p¶ hmX-I-§Ä kqcy-{]-Im-i-¯mÂ cmk-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ GÀs¸-Sp-¶p.

]pI-]-Sew aqe-ap-m-Ip¶ aqSÂa-ªmb kvtamKv cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p.

\K-c-̄ nse hml-\-k-©m-c-̄ n\pw P\-Po-hn-X-̄ n\pw {]Xn-_-Ô-§Ä krjvSn-¡p¶

kvtamKv amc-I-amb izmk-tcm-K-§Ä¡pw CS-bm-¡p-¶p.

5. arX-tIm-i-§-fpsS hnL-S-\-¯n\p XS-Êw.

a®nsâ LS-\-bnse amä-¯n\p Imc-Ww.

\oscm-gp¡p XS-bp-¶p. l ̀ qKÀ`-P-e-¯nsâ \nc¡v Ipd-bp-¶p.

6. kap-{Z-Pe {]hm-l-§-fpsS kz`m-hw, Hgp¡v F¶n-hbv¡v amä-ap-m-Ip-¶p.

BÀ«n-Iv, AâmÀ«n-Ivta-J-e-bnse aªv Dcp-Ip-¶p.

kap-{Z-P-e-\n-c-¸p-bÀ¶v Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnse Bhm-k-hy-hØ XI-cp-¶p.

7. Hcp {]tXyI kml-N-cy-¯nÂ \ne-sIm-Åp¶ Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-

bmWv _tbmw.

\nc-h[n _tbm-ap-IÄ tNÀ¶-XmWv ssPh-a-WvU-ew.

8. kzm`m-hnI \oscm-gp-¡n\v XSÊw þþ-þ-þþ> F¡Âa®v UmanÂ ASn-bp¶p þþ-þ-þþ> Pe-kw-

`-c-W-tijn Ip-d-bp-¶p.

Irjnsb _m[n-¡p¶p þþ-þ-þþ> cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw þþ-þ-þþ> BtKm-f-Xm-]\w þþ-þ-þþ> A¾-

ag þþ-þ-þþ> AXnsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä.

9. \in-¨p-t]m-Ip¶ Poh-Pm-e-§sf kq£va-Po-hn-IÄ hnL-Sn-̧ n v̈ a®nsâ ̀ mK-am-¡p¶p.

`qh-ev¡-¯nse aqe-I-§Ä sImp \nÀ½n-¡-s¸« Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS tImi-§Ä

hopw AssP-h-tem-I¯nsâ ̀ mK-ambn amdp-¶p.

ssPh-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ km¶n²ywaqew ]pXnb hkvXp-¡tfm ̀ mc-¡q-Sp-Xtem Dm-

Ip-¶n-Ã.

10. hyh-km-b-im-e-bpsS tZmj-h-i-§Ä :þ ImÀ_¬ ssUtbm-IvsskUv A¾-hÂ¡-

cWw kvtamKv (hn-i-Zo-I-c-Ww).

{]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä :-þ t]mfn-]vknsâ \miw l ]hn-g-¸p-äp-I-fpsS PoÀ®-X..

11. hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fnÂ \nt¶m, Aán-]ÀÆ-X-kvt^m-S-\-§-fnÂ \nt¶m A -́co-£-¯n-

se-¯p¶p ImÀ_¬ssU-tbm-IvsskUv, kÄ^À ssUtbm-IvsskUv F¶nh ag-sh-

Å-¯nÂ ebn-¡p-¶p. ag-shÅw A¾-am-Ip-¶p. l Cu A¾w ag-bmbn s]¿p-t¼mÄ

A¾-ag Dm-Ip-¶p. l ]hn-g-¸p-äp-IÄ¡pw t]mfn-]vkp-IÄ¡pw \miw l kap-{Z-a-en-\o-I-

c-Ww.

12. l Pe-kw-`-c-Wn-I-fpsS \nÀ½mWw þ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä

l hyh-km-b-im-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw kÄ^À ssUtbm-IvsskUv þ A¾-ag

l ImÀ_¬ ssUtbm-Ivssk-Unsâ Af-hnÂ hÀ²-\-hv.


155

bqWnäv þ 8

-hnI-k-\hpw kaq-lhpwBapJw

km¼-¯n-I-im-kv{X-¯nse ASn-Øm\ Bi-b-§-fmb km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨, km¼-

¯n-I-hn-I-k-\w, kpØn-c-hn-I-k\w XpS-§n-b-h-sb-¡p-dn v̈ ka-{K-amb [mcW t\Sp-¶-Xn\v

DX-Ipw-hn-[-amWv Cu ]mT-`mKw X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Cu Bi-b-§-tfbpw Ah-bpsS ]c-

kv]-c-_-Ô-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah C¶s¯ kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-§-fp-

ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n A\p-`-h-§-fm¡n amäp-¶-Xn\pw Cu A²ymbw ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS

\n§Ä¡v Ign-b-Ww.


Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ hcp-am-\-¯nÂ ap³hÀjs¯ At]-£n-¨p-m-Ip¶ hÀ²-\-hmWv

km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨.

P\-§-fpsS hcp-am-\-̄ nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-̄ nepw Dm-Ip¶ DbÀ -̈bmWv km¼-

¯n-I-hn-I-k-\w.

hnI-k\w e£yhpw hfÀ¨ AXn-te-¡pÅ amÀ¤-hp-am-Wv.

km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨ + Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-¯nse DbÀ¨ = km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w

hnI-k-\s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n temI-cm-jv{S-§sf hnI-kn-X-cm-jv{S-§Ä, hnI-kz-c-cm-

jv{S-§Ä, Aev]-hn-I-kn-X-cm-jv{S-§Ä F¶n-§s\ aq¶mbn Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

cmjv{S-§Ä

hnI-kn-X- hnI-kz-c- Aev]-hn-I-kn-X-

cm-jv{S-§Ä cm-jv{S-§Ä cm-jv{S-§Ä

hnI-k\s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p¶-Xn-\pÅ am\-Z-WvU-§-fmWv hnI-k\ kqNn-I-IÄ

`mhn-X-e-ap-d-bpsS Bh-iy-§Ä \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-w-hn[w {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§-fpsS

D]-tbm-K-¯nÂ \nb-{´Ww hcp-¯-W-sa¶ ImgvN-¸m-SmWv kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\w.

AÔ-amb {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-Nq-j-Ww, Aan-X-amb hf-{]-tbm-Kw, Aim-kv{Xo-b-amb IoS-\m-

in\n {]tbmKw apX-em-b-h-bmWv kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\-¯n\v XSÊw \nÂ¡p-¶-Xv.

kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\-sa-¶Xv km¼-¯n-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hpw, ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-hp-amb e£y-

§-fpÅ hnim-e-amb ImgvN-¸m-Sm-Wv.

> >


156

km¼-¯n-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v tIm«w hcp-¯p-¶-h-bm-Wv. CXn-\pÅ

t]mwh-gn km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \nÀ¯n-h-bv¡-e-Ã. adn-¨v, Ah-bpsS ]mcn-Øn-

XnI BLmXw ]c-am-h[n Ipd-bv¡p-I-bm-Wv.

]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-¯n\v kaqly CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Bh-iy-am-Wv.

tNmZy-§Ä

1. "km¼-¯n-I -hn-Ik-\-sa-¶Xv km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨-bnÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-amWv'þ

kaÀ°n-¡p-I. (4)

2. NphsS sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ {]kvXm-h-\-IÄ Xcw-Xn-cn v̈ X¶n-cn-¡p¶ ]«n-I-bnÂ tcJ-s¸-

Sp-̄ p-I.

1. hymh-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-bnse Dev]m-Z\w Ign-ª-hÀj-t¯-¡mfpw hÀ²n-¨p.

2. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bnse {]mY-an-Im-tcm-Ky-tI-{µ-§-fpsS F®w hÀ²n-¨p.

3. ip²-amb IpSn-sh-Å-¯nsâ e`yX IqSp-XÂ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ hym]n-¸n-¨p.

4. {]Xn-ioÀj-h-cp-am\w hÀ²n-¨p.

5. {]Xn-ioÀj BbpÀssZÀLyw IqSn.

6. tKmX-¼nsâ Dev]m-Z\w Ign-ª-hÀj-t¯-¡mÄ IqSn.

km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨

3. {]Xn-ioÀj-h-cp-am\w am\-h-In-h-k-\-kq-NnI F¶n-h-bnÂ GXmWv cmPy-§sf

Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-¶-XnÂ IqSp-XÂ ̂ e-{]-Z-amb kqNnI? hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)


157

4. kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ p-¶-Xn-\mbn kÀ¡mÀ \S-̧ n-em-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw cv t£a-

{]-hÀ -̄\-§-sf-gp-XpI? P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw DbÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ Cu {]hÀ¯\w

F{X-t¯mfw {]tbm-P-\-{]-Z-amWv F¶v hni-Z-am-¡pI? (4)

5. Xmsg-]-d-bp¶ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fnÂ icn-bm-bh sXc-sª-Sp-s¯-gp-Xp-I.

1. kmaqly-\oXn Dd-¸m-¡n-bmWv km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w km²y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

2. P\-§-fpsS hcp-am-\-¯nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-¯nepw Dm-Ip¶ DbÀ¨-bmWv

km¼-¯nIhnI-k-\w.

3. hnI-k\w km¼-¯n-I-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv.

4. cmPy-¯nsâ Dev]m-Z-\-¯nÂ ap³hÀjs¯ At]-£n¨v Dm-Ip¶ hÀ²-\-hmWv

km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w. (2)

6. ImÀjn-I-cw-Ks¯ hmWn-Py-hÂ¡-cWw ]cn-Øn-Xn¡v BLmXw krjvSn¨p þ

{]kvXm-h\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (4)

7. ùXn-I-Po-hn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmc kqNnI (PQLI) IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn\v ASn-Øm-\-am-

¡n-bn-«pÅ kqNn-I-IÄ Gh?. (3)

8. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

9. ""]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä kpØn-c-hn-I-\-ks¯ klm-bn-¡p¶p''þ

Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \n§Ä tbmPn-¡p-¶ptm? F´p-sImv? (4)

10. Xmsg-¸-d-bp¶ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\s¯ F{]-Imcw XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-

sh¶v Fgp-XpI?

1. Aim-kv{Xob IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw

2. h\-\-io-I-cWw

3. amen-\y-Iq-¼mcw

11. am\-h-hn-I-k-kq-NnI X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\v ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bn-«pÅ 3 LS-I-§Ä Fgp-XpI.

(3)

12. Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xn-bnse amä-§-fpsS ê-ambn DS-se-Sp¯ GsX-¦nepw cv ]cn-ØnXn

{]iv\-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. (2)

13. "hnI-k-\w e-£yhpw, hfÀ¨ AXn-te-¡pÅ amÀ¤-hp-amWv' þ {]kvXm-h\

hne-bn-cp-¯p-I. (3)


158

14. NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ Cý-bpsS am\-h-hn-I-k-kq-Nn-I-bpsS aqeyw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯nb

]«nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-tbm-Py-amb aq¶p Is-¯-ep-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I.

(3)

15. NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p¶ kpØn-c-hn-I-k\ e£y§Ä hÀ¤o-I-cn¨v ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-

¡pI?

ØncX Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-ØnXn hfÀ¨ XpeyX ]¦m-fn¯w kmaq-ly-

k-l-hÀ¯nXzw Imcy-£-aX ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m-\m-Im¯ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§-fpsS kwc-

£Ww kaql Ne-\m-ß-IX kmwkv¡m-cnI kzXz-t_m-[w. (5)

kmaq-ly-e-£y-§Ä km¼-¯n-I-e-£y-§Ä ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-e-£y-§Ä

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. P\-§-fpsS hcp-am-\-¯nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-¯nepw Dm-Ip¶ DbÀ¨-bmWv

km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w.

hnI-k\w Htc-k-abw km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb {]{In-b-bm-Wv.

cmPy-¯nsâ Dev]m-Z-\-¯nÂ ap³hÀjs¯ At]-£n-¨pm-Ip¶ hÀ²-\-hmWv

km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨.

2. km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w km¼-¯n-I-h-fÀ¨

2, 3, 5 1, 4, 6

3. am\h hnI-k-\-kq-NnI

{]Xn-ioÀj-h-cp-am-\-sa-¶Xv icm-icn hcp-am-\-am-b-Xn-\mÂ hcp-am-\-hn-X-c-W-¯nse

Ak-aXzw Is-¯m³ Ign-bp-¶n-Ã.

{]Xn-ioÀj BbpÀssZÀLyw, km£-c-X-bpw, sam¯ kvIqÄ{]-th-i\ \nc-¡pw,

{]Xn-ioÀjh-cp-am\w F¶o kqNn-I-I-fpsS aqeyw {]tXyIw IW-¡m¡n icm-icn

Is-¯n-bmWv am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqNnI X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sImv {]Xn-ioÀj

h-cp-am-\-t¯-¡mÄ kzoIm-cy-amb kqNn-I-bmWv am\-h-hn-I-k\ kqNn-I.


159

4. tI{µ-þ-kw-Øm\ kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ \S-¸n-em-¡p¶ GsX-¦nepw cv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Is¯n Fgp-Xp-I.

DZm-l-cWw : IpSn-shÅ hnX-c-Ww, NnInÕm ]²-Xn-IÄ, s]mXp-hn-X-c-Ww, kmaq-ly-

t£-a-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ apX-em-b-h. Ch P\-§-fpsS Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hmcw sa -̈s -̧Sp-¯m³

klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-¶p.

5. kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-¸m-¡n-bmWv km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w km²y-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

P\-§-fpsS hcp-am-\-¯nepw Pohn-X-Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c-¯nepw Dm-Ip¶ DbÀ¨-bmWv

km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k-\w.

6. hmWn-Py-hn-f-IÄ¡mbn h³tXm-XnÂ h\w sh«n-s¯-fn-¨p.

Dev]m-Z-\-hÀ²-\-hn-\mbn cmk-hfw A\n-b-{ń-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¨p.

cmk-Io-S-\m-in-\n-IÄ Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¨p.

7. ASn-Øm\km£-c-X.

inip-a-c-W-\n-c¡v

{]Xo-£nX BbpÀssZÀLyw

8. A\n-b-{ń-X-amb cmk-h-f-{]-tbmKw

h\-\-io-I-cWw

hbÂ\n-I-̄ Â

A{i-²-amb sshZypXn D]-tbmKw

X®oÀ¯-S-§Ä \nI-¯Â

9. tbmPn-¡p-¶p.

þ kpØn-c-hn-I-k-\-sa-¶Xv km¼-¯n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-hp-amb e£y-

§-fpÅ hnim-e-amb ImgvN-¸m-Sm-Wv.

þ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]cn-Øn-Xn, ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m-hp¶ hn`-h-§-fpsS icn-bmb D]-tbm-

Kw, ]p\x-Øm-]n-¡m-\m-Im¯ {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§-fpsS kwc-£-Ww (Xp-S§n kpØn-c-hn-

I-k-\-e-£y-§-fpw, A\p-tbm-Py-amb aäp-Å-hbpw Is¯n Fgp-Xp-I)

10. 1. a®nsâ kzm`m-hnI ̂ e-`q-bnjvSn \in-¸n-¨p. Pem-i-b-§Ä aen-\-am-bn.

2. BtKm-f-Xm-]-\-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡p-¶p. Poh-Pm-e-§-fpsS \mi-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡p-¶p.

3. kn.-F-^v.-kn. t]mepÅ hmX-I-§Ä Dm-¡p-¶p. [mcmfw Akp-J-§Ä Dm-¡p¶p

11. {]Xo-£nX BbpÀssZÀLyw

km£-c-Xbpw sam¯ kvIqÄ {]th-i-\-\n-c-¡pw.

{]Xn-ioÀj-h-cp-am\w

12. t^mknÂ CÔ-\-§-fpsS tiJ-c-¯nÂ Ipd-hp-m-bn.

kzm`m-hnI ̂ e-^q-bn-jvSX \-jvS-am-bn.


160

13. tNmZy-\-¼À H¶nsâ D¯-c-kq-NnI t\m¡p-I.

14. l 1990-þÂ Cý Xmgv¶ am\-hn-hn-I-k\w t\Snb cmPy-am-bn-cp-¶p.

l 1990-þ95 t\¡mÄ 1995-þ2000 Â hfsc IqSp-XÂ hfÀ¨ ssIh-cn-¨p.

l 2007 hsc DbÀ¶ am\h hnI-k\w t\Snb cmPy-§-fpsS hn`m-K-¯nÂ Cý

F¯n-bn-«n-Ã. XpS-§nb GsX-¦nepw aq¶v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Is-¯-ep-IÄ¡v.

15. Bi-b-§Ä / hkvXp-X-IÄ Ch-bnse kpØnc hnI-k-\-e-£y-§Ä t\Sp-I.


161

bqWnäv þ 9

Cý³ k¼-ZvL-S-\-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-IÄ

BapJw

hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp¶ Hcp k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fm-Wv {]mY-

anI taJ-e, ZznXob taJ-e, {XnXob taJe Cu taJ-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw sam¯ B`y-ć

Dev]-¶-¯n-te¡v \ÂIp¶ kw`m-h-\, e`n-¡p¶ sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä F¶nh bqWn-

änÂ NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. IqSmsX DS-a-Ø-X-bpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ sXmgnÂ taJeI-

fpsS hn`-P\w (s]m-Xp-ta-J-e, kzIm-cy-ta-J-e, kwbp-à-ta-J-e) B\p-Iq-ey-§-fpsS

ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ sXmgn-emfnIfpsS hn`-P\w (kw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-e, Akw-L-SnX taJ-e)

Chbpw Cu bqWn-änsâ ̀ mK-am-Wv.


hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp¯n k¼Zvhyh-Øsb aq¶v taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-¡mw.

Ch {]mY-anI taJ-e, ZznXob taJ-e, XrXob taJe F¶n-h-bm-Wv.

{]m-Y-an-I-, ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b-ta-J-ebnse {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä ]c-kv]cw _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p

{]mY-anI taJ-ebpw ZznXob taJ-ebpw km[-\-§Ä Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ XrXo-b-ta-

Je tkh-\-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p.

hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Hcp-hÀjw Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ km[-\-tk-h-\-§-fpsS

aqey-amWv sam¯ B`y-ć Dev]¶w AYhm tZio-b-h-cp-am\w

km¼-̄ nI hfÀ -̈bp-m-Ip-t¼mÄ {]mY-anItaJ-e-bnÂ \n¶pw ZznXob taJ-e-bn-te¡pw

XpSÀ¶v XrXob taJ-e-bn-te¡pw {]m[m\yw amdn-h-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw.

P\-t£a{]hÀ¯-\-§Ä DÅ-Xn-\mÂ [mcm-f-ambn \ÂIm³ Ign-bp¶Xn\mÂ tkh-\-

ta-J-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp-¶p.

Cý-bnÂ {]mY-anI taJ-e-bnse sXmgnÂ e`yX ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b -ta-J-eItf¡mÄ

ap¶n-em-Wv.

DS-a-Ø-Xsb ASn-Øm-\-am¡n sXmgnÂta-J-esb aq¶mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw.

s]mXp-ta-Je ............ -----> Kh¬saâ v DS-a-ØX, \nb-{´Ww

kzIm-cy-ta-Je .......... -----> DS-a-Ø-Xbpw \nb-{´-Whpw kzIm-cy-hy-ànIÄ

kwbp-à-ta-Je ............ -----> DS-a-Ø-Xbpw \nb-{´-Whpw Kh¬saân\pw

kzIm-cy-hy-ànIÄ¡pw -----

kwL-SnX ta-Jebnse sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ

sa¨-s¸« B\p-Iq-ey-§fpwAh-Im-i-§fpw kwc-£n-¡p¶p

AkwL-SnX ta-Jebnse sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ

sa¨-s¸« B\p-Iq-ey-§fpwAh-Im-i-§fpw kwc-£n-¡s¸Sp-¶nÃ

---------->

---------->

sX

mgn-e

m-fn-I

Ä

c

p-hn[

w


162

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ¢mÊvdqw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-s\m-Sp-hnÂ hoW X¿m-dm-¡nb Ipdn¸v {i²n-¡p-I.

sXäp-s-¦nÂ Xncp-¯pI

{]mY-anIta-J-e -----> Btcm-Kyw, aÕy-_-Ô-\w, h\-kw-c-£Ww

ZznXobta-J-e -----> hyh-km-bw, KXm-K-Xw, sshZypXn

XrXobta-J-e ---------> J\-\w, \nÀ½m-Ww, hnZym-`ymkw (4)

2. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-hsb A\p-tbm-Py-amb tPmUn-I-fm-¡pI

{]mY-an-I-ta-J-e, Kh¬saâ v DS-a-ØX

ZznXo-b-ta-J-e, km[-\-tk-h-\-aqeyw

s]mXp-ta-Je, G.D.P., hyh-km-b-§Ä

XrXo-b-ta-J-e, ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e, tkh-\-ta-Je (5)

3. {]m-Y-an-I-, ZznXo-b-, XrXo-b-ta-J-eIfpsS ]c-kv]-c-_Ôw Hcp

DZm-l-c-W-̄ n-eqsS hni-Z-am-¡p-I. (2)

4. Xmc-X-ay-s¸-Sp¯n Ipdn-s¸-gp-Xp-I.

sam¯ B`y-ć Dev]¶w

sam¯ kwØm-\- D-ev]¶w (4)

5. Xmsg sImSp-̄ n-cn-¡p¶h aq¶v taJ-e-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-c-_Ôw kqNn-̧ n-¡p-¶-X-c-¯nÂ

{Ia-s -̧Sp-¯p-I.

KXm-K-Xw, dºÀ Dev]m-Z-\w, SbÀ\nÀ½mWw (1)

6. {]kvXm-h-\-I-Ä icntbm sXtäm F¶p Is-¯pI.

a)Cý-bnÂ tZio-b-h-cp-am-\-¯nÂ Ct¸mÄ ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶Xv XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bnse

kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv.

b)Cý-bnÂ sXmgnÂe`y-X-bnÂ ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶Xv {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bm-Wv. (2)

7. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cnÂ Ah-Im-i-§fpw B\p-Iq-ey-§fpw e`n-¡p¶ hn`m-K-§Ä

Gh?

IÀj-IÀ, A²ym-]-IÀ, aÂky-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ, _m¦v Poh-\-¡mÀ, ho«p-tPm-en-¡mÀ,

sdbnÂth DtZym-K-ØÀ (3)

8. s]mXp-ta-J-e, kzIm-cy-ta-Je Ch DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hni-Z-am-¡pI? (3)

9. XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bpsS hnI-k\w aäp cv taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-t¯-¡mÄ Xzcn-X-K-Xn-

bn-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ kml-N-cy-§Ä Gh? (3)

10. kÀ¡mÀ em`w t\m¡msX P-\t£aw ap³\nÀ¯n sN¿p¶ \mev t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-

§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. (4)


163

11. kwL-S-Xn-ta-J-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ kpc-£n-X-cmWv F´p-sImv? (4)

12. A\p-tbm-Py-amb aq¶v {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä IqSn DÄs¸-Sp¯n ]«nI ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

km[-\-§Ä Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p tkh-\-§Ä \ÂIp¶p

hyh-km-b-ime _m¦v

(3)

13. IÀj-IÀ Dev]m-Zn-¸n¨ tKmX¼v anÃp-Sa hm§p-¶p. ̂ mÎ-dn-bnÂ Dev]m-Zn-̧ n¨ hfw IÀj-

IÀ hm§p-¶p. Cu _Ôw Xmsg ]d-bp-¶-h-bnÂ GXmWv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv?

{]mY-anIta-J-e -----> ZznXobta-J-e -----> {]mY-anIta-J-e

{]mY-anIta-J-e ----- > ZznXobta-J-e ----- > XrXobta-J-e

{]mY-anIta-J-e ----- > XrXobta-J-e ----- > ZznXobta-J-e (1)

14. Cý-bnÂ hnhn-[-hÀj-§-fnse hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fpsS sXmgnÂe-̀ yX ImWn-¡p¶ {Km v̂

Xmsg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. {Km^v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv A\p-tbm-Py-amb \mev \nK-a-\-

§Ä Fgp-Xp-I.

{]Y-an-I-ta-Je ZznXo-b-ta-Je XrXo-b-ta-Je

15. emen-bpw, eo\bpw Iq«p-Imcm-Wv. emen-bpsS AÑ³ aÕy-_-Ô\w \S-¯p-I-bpw eo\-

bpsS AÑ³ h\-ta-J-e-bnÂ hr£w \«p-]n-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ]cn-]m-e\w sN¿p¶ sXmgn-

ep-amWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. ChÀ cpw GXv taJ-e-bnse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fmWv? (2)

16. {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§sf D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-bmWv {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ Dev]m-Z\w \S-¡p-¶-

Xv. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-«pÅ {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä Iv Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-

X-I-fpsS ASn-Øm\-¯nÂ Cu {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-¡p-I. (5)

17. kwbp-à-ta-Je F-s´¶p hyà-am-¡p-I. (1)

18. Akw-L-Sn-X-ta-J-en-bse sXmgn-em-fn-I-fnÂ 80% hpw {Kma-{]-tZ-i¯mWv sXmgnÂ sN¿p-

¶Xv Ch-cpsS aäv cv {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Is-¯p-I. (2)

iX

-am\

w

80706050403020100

1973 1983 1993 2005


164

19. ]«nI hni-I-e\w sNbvXv aq¶v Is-¯-ep-IÄ FgpXpI. (3)

20. \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ -̄\-§Ä ZznXo-b-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. kÀ¡mÀ Gsä-Sp v̄ \S-̄ p¶ \nÀ½m-

W-{]-hÀ -̄\§Ä¡v cv DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Fgp-Xp-I. C¯cw {]hÀ -̄\-§-fnÂ kÀ¡m-

cnsâ e£yw F´v?

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1.

2. {]mY-anIta-J-e þ ImÀjn-I-ta-Je

Kh¬saâ v DS-a-ØX þ s]mXp-ta-Je

ZznXobta-J-e þ hyh-km-b-§Ä

km[-\-tk-h-\-aqeyw þ G.D.P.XrXo-b-ta-Je þ tkh-\-ta-Je

3. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ Irjn-sN-¿p¶ ]cp¯n ZznXo-b-ta-Je (hy-h-km-bw) bnse Akw-

kvIr-X-h-kvXp-hm-Wv. ZznXo-b-ta-J-ebnse Dev]-¶-¯nsâ (Xp-Wn) KXm-K-Xw, hym]mcw

F¶o Xr-Xo-b-ta-J-e-bnse {]hÀ¯\w hgn P\-§-fn-se-¯p-¶p.

4. hnhn-[-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Hcp hÀjw Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ km[-\-§-fp-tSbpw tkh-\-

§-fp-tSbpw aqey-amWv sam¯ B`yć Dev]¶w.

kwØm-\¯v hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pw Hcp hÀjw DÂ¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ km[-\-§-fp-

sSbpw tkh-\-§-fp-sSbpw aqey-amWv sam¯ kwØm\w DÂ¸¶w.

5. dºÀ Dev]m-Z\w ({]m-Y-an-Iw), SbÀ\nÀ½mWw (Zzn-Xo-bw), KXm-KXw (-Xr-Xo-bw)

6. (a) icn, (b) icn

7. A²ym-]-IÀ, _m¦v Poh-\-¡mÀ, sdbnÂth DtZym-K-ØÀ

8. Dev]m-Z\bqWn-äp-I-fpsS DS-a-Ø-Xbpw \nb-{´-Whpw ]qÀ®-ambpw kÀ¡m-cn-\m-sW-

¦nÂ A¯cw Øm]-\-§-fmWv s]mXp-ta-Jem Øm]-\-§Ä.DZm : Cý³ sd-bnÂth.

(Primary sector)

(Secondary sector)

(Tertiary sector)

GDP

----->

----->

----->


165

Dev]m-Z-\-bq-Wn-äp-I-fpsS DS-a-Ø-Ø-Xbpw \nb-{´-Whpw hyàn-I-fn-tem, kzIm-cy-I-

¼-\n-I-fntem BsW-¦nÂ Ah kzIm-cy-ta-J-e.DZm : ssat{Im-tkm^vSv

9. Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-§Ä sa -̈s -̧SÂ, {]mY-an-I, ZznXo-b-ta-J-e-I-fpsS hnI-k\w, hnh-c-km-

t¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS hnI-k-\w.

10. Bip-]{Xn, hnZym-`ym-kw, tdmUv \nÀ½m-Ww, ]mÀ¸n-S-]-²-Xn-IÄ, Pe-hn-X-c-W-]-²-Xn-

IÄ (G-sX-¦nepw 4 F®w)

11. \nÝnX tPmen-k-a-bw, \nb-am-\p-kr-X-th-X-\w, A[n-I-tPm-en¡v A[n-I-th-X-\w, i¼-

f-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Snb Ah-[n, s]³j³ (G-sX-¦nepw 4 F®w)

12. km[-\-§Ä Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p tkh-\-§Ä \ÂIp¶p

hyh-km-b-ime _m¦v

Irjn Bip-]{Xn

sI«n-S-\nÀ½mWw A²ym-]\w

XSn-¸Wn sSen-t^m¬_q v̄

13. {]mY-anIta-J-e -----> ZznXobta-J-e -----> {]mY-anIta-J-e

14. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-sb-bmWv IqSp-XÂ Bfp-Ifpw sXmgn-en-\mbn B{i-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

{]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ iX-am\w Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶p.

ZznXo-b-ta-J-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ iX-am\w hÀ²n¨p-h-cp-¶p.

XrXo-b-ta-J-e-bnÂ sXmgnÂ iX-am\w hÀ²n¨p-h-cp-¶p.

15. {]mY-an-I-ta-Je (a-Õy-_-Ô-\w, h\-]-cn-]m-e-\w)

16. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnse sXmgn-ep-IÄ Irjn, h\-kw-c-£-Ww, aÕy-_-Ô-\w, J\-\w.

Cu \mep taJ-e-bnepw Dev]¶w Dev]m-Zn-¸n-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§-

sf-bm-Wv.

17. s]mXp-ta-J-e-bpw, kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw tNÀ¶v {]-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ taJ-e-bmWv

kwbp-à-ta-J-e.

18. IqSp-Xepw ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv. sNdp-In-S-hym-]m-cw, \nÀ½m-Ww, KXm-KXw F¶o

ta-d-e-I-fnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. sXmgnÂ ka-b-¯n\v ¢n]vX-X-bn-Ã. (2 F®w)

19. {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ \n¶pÅ GDP hnlnXw Ipd-ªp-h-cp-¶p.

ZznXo-b, XrXo-b-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \n¶pÅ GDP hnlnXw hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp-¶p.

1950-þ51-þÂ {]mY-an-I-ta-J-e-bpsS hnlnXw Gähpw IqSp-Xepw 2007-þ08-þÂ XrXo-b-ta-J-

e-bpsS hnlnXw Gähpw IqSp-X-epw.

20. tdmUv \nÀ½mWw

Umw \nÀ½mWw

sI«n-S-\nÀ½mWw

P\-t£aw (G-sX-¦nepw cv F®w)


166

bqWnäv þ 10

-]Whpw [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§fpwBapJw

]W-¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS \mgn-I-¡-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v

]d-bmw. ]Ww \ne-hnÂ hcp-¶-Xn\v ap¼pÅ hn\n-a-b-{]-{Inb ZpjvI-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ww

Fs´¶pw ]W-¯nsâ hnhn[ [À-½§Ä, _m¦p-I-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw, hnhn-[-Xcw _m¦p-

IÄ, _m¦nwKv taJ-e-bnse B[p-\n-I-kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä, ]p¯³ Xe-ap-d-_m-¦p-IÄ, ssat{Im-

^n-\m³kv F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn v̈ [mc-W -t\-Sp-¶-Xn\pw _m¦p-IÄ kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡pw

F{X-t¯mfw A\n-hm-cy-amWv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Cu A[ym-b-¯n-eqsS

Ign-bp-¶p.


_mÀ«À k{¼Zmb-̄ nsâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v ]W-̄ nsâ BhnÀ`m-h-t¯msS

Ign-ªp.

aqey-ti-J-cw, aqey-¯nsâ am\-Z-WvUw, Hcp hn\n-a-b-am-[yaw Ch-bmWv ]W-¯nsâ

[À½-§Ä.

]Ww Bh-iy-ap-Å-h-cpsS F®w hÀ²n-¨Xv hmbv] \ÂIp¶ Øm]\-§-fpsS Bh-

iy-IX hÀ²n-¸n-¨p. CXv _m¦v DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ [\-Imcy CS-\n-e-¡m-cpsS BhnÀ`m-h-

¯n\v CS-bm-¡n.

\nt£-]-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡Â þ hmbv] \ÂIÂ Ch-bmWv _m¦nsâ ASn-Øm-\-[À½w.

Ch IqSmsX Nne tkh-\-§Ä IqSn _m¦p-IÄ CS-]m-Sp-ImÀ¡mbn \ÂIn-h-cp-¶p.


167

{Kmao-WtaJ-e-bpsS ]ptcm-KXn e£y-am¡n {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kl-I-c-W-_m-¦p-IÄ,

AÀ_³ kl-I-c-W-_m-¦p-IÄ F¶ t]cnÂ \K-c-§Ä Bh-iy-amb km¼-¯n-I-

k-lmbw \ÂIp-¶-Xnepw {i² sNep-¯p-¶p-v.

1991-þ\v tijw kÀ¡mÀ ssek³kv \ÂIn {]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-cp¶ _m¦p-I-fmWv ]p¯³

X-e-apd _m¦p-IÄ.

]W-an-S-]m-Sp-ta-J-e-bnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw F¶mÂ _m¦v\ÂIp¶ FÃmtkh-\-§fpw

\ÂIm-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Øm]-\-§-fmWv _m¦n-Xc [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§Ä.

>

>

>

>

>

>>

>

>

> >


168

_m¦nwKv taJ-e-bnÂ D]-t`m-àm-¡sf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw

thn-bpÅ \qX-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv Ce-Iv{Sm-WnIv _m¦nw-Kpw, tImÀ _m¦nw-Kpw.

>

>> >

>


169

>

>


170

tNmZy-§Ä

1. Dev]¶ -ssI-amä hyh-Ø-bnse ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ XcWw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v ]W-̄ nsâ BhnÀ`m-

h-¯n\v Ign-ªp. Fs´m-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p Dev]¶ ssIam-ä- hy-h-Ø-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-

IÄ? (3)

2. {]mtZ-inI ]W-an-S-]mSp \S-¯p¶ hyàn-IÄ¡pw Øm]-\-§Ä¡pw \nc-h[n

]cn-an-Xn-IÄ Dv. Cu ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ adn-I-S-¡p-¶-Xn\v cq]w-sIm--XmWv _m¦p-IÄ þ

kaÀ°n-¡p-I ? (4)

3. hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-I-fp-tSbpw klI-c-W-_m-¦p-I-fp-sSbpw [À½-§Ä Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv

Ipdn-¸p-X-¿m-dm-¡p-I ?

4. _m¦v \ÂIp¶ tkh-\-§fpw _m¦nwKvcwKs¯ \qX\ {]h-W-X-Ifpw _m¦p-I-sf

IqSp-XÂ P\-Io-b-am-¡p-¶p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-¡pI? (4)

5. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¦nsâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ Fgp-XpI? (4)

6. kzX-{ -̀́ m-c-X-̄ nÂ _m¦p-I-fpsS hfÀ¨ Xzcn-X-K-Xn-bn-em-¡m³ klm-bn¨ GsX-¦nepw

\mev Imc-W-§Ä Fgp-XpI? (4)

7. km[m-c-W-¡mÀ¡pw sNdp-In-S-\n-t£-]-IÀ¡pw Hml-cn -I-t¼m-f-¯nÂ ]Ww

\nt£-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ ]cn-an-Xn-I-tfh? AXn\v ]cn-lm-c-sa´v? (3)

8. ^vtfmNmÀ«v ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I.

(4)

9. {]mtZ-inI ]W-an-S-]mSp Øm]-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v _m¦p-I-fn-te¡p h¶-t¸mÄ

km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Dmb amä-§-tfh? (4)

10. hmWnPy_m¦p-IÄ \ÂIp¶ hmbv]-I-fmWv NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ch X½n-

epÅ hyXymkw Ipdn-¡pI? (3)

]W-hmbv]

hmbv]-IÄ

HmhÀ{Um v̂äv

11. _m¦p-IÄ \ÂIp¶ tkh-\-§-fmWv NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. GsX-¦nepw

aqs¶-®-¯n-s\-¡p-dn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡pI? (6)

> >

A B> > >

C D

> > >


171

1. tem¡Àku-I-cyw, 2. aWn {Sm³kv^À, 3. F.-Sn.-Fw., 4. Cþ-t]-bvsaâ v

12. 1969 Pqsse 19 _m¦nwKv cwKs¯ Hcp {][m-\-s¸« Znh-k-am-Wv. F´mWv Cu

Znh-k-¯nsâ {]tXy-IX?

CXn-te¡v \bn¨ kml-Ncyw F´mWv? (3)

13. 1991-þ-\p- tijw kÀ¡mÀ ssek³tkm-Sp-IqSn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ ]p¯³ Xe-apd

_m-¦p-IÄ, _m¦p-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v F§-s\-sbÃmw hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-

¡p-¶p-sh¶v hni-Z-am-¡pI ? (3)

14. {Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-¡mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kl-I-c-W-_m-¦p-fpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-e-£y-§Ä hni-Z-am-¡pI? (3)

15. ""ssat{Im-^n-\m³kpw kmaq-ln-I-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw'' F¶ hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn v̈

eLp-Ip-dn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I. (4)

16. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-I.

17. _m¦nwKv ta-J-e-bnse {]hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-Ibpw \bn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p-¶Xv dnkÀÆv_m-¦m-Wv. GsXm¡ [À½-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv dnkÀÆv _m¦v CXv

km[y-am-¡p-¶Xv? (4)

18. Cý³ cq]bv¡v A´m-cm-jv{S-X-e-¯nÂ AwKo-Imcw e`n¨ hÀj-amWv 2010.

F§-s\-sb¶v hni-Z-am-¡pI? (3)

19. _m¦p-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Nne Imcy-§-fmWv Xmsg \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. GsX-¦nepw

aqs¶-®-¯n-s\-¡p-dn v̈ eLp-hn-h-cWw X¿m-dm-¡pI?

_m¦p-I-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw

ASn-Øm-\-ku-I-cy-§Ä

]p¯³X-e-apd _m¦p-IÄ

hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-I-fpsS [À½-§Ä

20. {]mtZ-inI ]W-an-S-]mSv Øm]-\-§Ä Nne am\-Z-WvU-§-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv

Bh-iy-¡mÀ¡v ]Ww \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Fs´m-s¡-bmWv am\-Z-WvU-§Ä? (2)


172

D¯-c-kq-NnI

1. km[-\-§-fpsS aqeyw IW-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-mb _p²n-ap-«v.

\ÂIp¶ km[-\-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v aqey-apÅ km[-\-§Ä e`n-¡m¯ Ah-Ø.

km[-\-§Ä tiJ-cn¨phbv¡p-hm³ Ign-bm¯ Ah-Ø.

CjvS-s¸« km[-\-§Ä e`n-¡m¯ Ah-Ø.

2. ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ :

-þ hmbv] \ÂIp-hm³ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ hyh-Ø-IÄ

þ hnizm-k-¡p-d-hv.

þ hmbv] Hcp hn`m-K-¯n-\p-am{Xw

_m¦p-I-fpsS {]m[m\yw :

þ km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kpXm-cy-am-bn.

þ ]en-i, NqjWw Ch Ipd-ªp.

þ P\-§-fnÂ k¼m-Zy-ioew hÀ²n-¨p.

3. hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-IÄ kl-I-c-W-_m-¦p-IÄ

\nt£]w kzoI-cn-¡Â {Kmao-W-P-\-§-fnÂ

þ k¼m-Zy-\n-t£-]-§Ä k¼m-Zy-ioew hfÀ¯p-I.

þ {]N-en-X-\n-t£-]-§Ä kzbw-k-lm-bhpw ]c-kv]c

þ Ønc \nt£-]-§Ä klm-bhpw hfÀ¯pI

þ BhÀ¯\ \nt£-]-§Ä kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡v

hmbv] \ÂIÂ {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-I.

þ ]W-hmbv] \nt£-]-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡pI

þ hmbv]-IÄ hmbv]-IÄ \ÂIp-I.

þ HmhÀ{Um v̂äv

4. ASn-Øm\[À½-§Ä

þ \nt£]w kzoI-cn-¡Â

þ hmbv]-IÄ \ÂIÂ

aäp tkh-\-§Ä

þ tem¡À kuIcyw

þ aWn {Sm³kv^À

þ F.-Sn.-Fw.

þ Cþ-t]-bvsaâ v

þ s{IUnäv ImÀUv

\qX\ {]h-W-X-IÄ

þ tImÀ _m¦nwKv

þ Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¦nwKv


173

_m¦nsâ C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä _m¦ns\ P\-§-fp-ambn IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸n-¡p

¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-bn.

5. CS-]m-Sp-ImÀ¡v _m¦nÂt]mImsX ho«n-en-cp¶v _nÃp-I-Ä AS-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp-¶p.

Ipdª ka-b-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ _m¦nwKv {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v Ign-bp-¶p.

hfsc sNehv Ipd-hm-Wv.

6. Bkq-{XnX hfÀ¨ aqe-apÅ ]W-¯nsâ Bh-iyw.

Fkv.-_n.-sF.-bp-sSbpw Atkm-kn-tbäv _m¦p-I-fp-tSbpw cq]o-I-c-Ww.

_m¦p-I-fpsS tZi-kmÂ¡-c-Ww.

_m¦nwKv irwJ-e-I-fpsS hym]-\w.

_m¦p-I-fpsS P\-Io-b-hÂ¡-c-Ww.

7. ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ

þ Hml-cn-I-t¼m-f-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Adn-hn-Ãmbva.

þ \jvS-km-[yX GsäSp-¡m-\pÅ {]bm-kw.

]cn-lmcw

þ ayq¨zÂ ̂ p-IÄ

8. F. hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-IÄ

_n. kl-I-c-W-_m-¦p-IÄ

kn. ayq¨zÂ^v

Un. C³jz-d³kv Øm]-\-§Ä

9. km¼-¯nI {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kpXm-cy-am-bn.

IqSp-XÂ hmbv] e`n-¨p-Xp-S-§n.

]en-ibpw Nqj-Whpw Ipd-ªp.

P\-§-fnÂ k¼m-Zy-ioew hÀ²n-¨p.

k¼ZvLS\-bpsS hfÀ¨bpw klm-b-I-am-bn.

10. BkvXn-I-fpsS Pmay-¯n³taÂ Bh-iy-¡m-cmb hyàn-IÄ¡pw Øm]-\-§Ä¡pw

_m¦v \ÂIp¶ hmbv]-bmWv ]W-hm-bv].

hyàn-I-tfm, Øm]-\-§tfm _m¦nÂ hcp-¯p¶ _m[y-X-bmWv hmbv].

_m¦p-ambn Øncw CS-]mSp\S-¯p¶ hyàn-IÄt¡m, Øm]-\-§Ät¡m Ah-cpsS

A¡u-nÂ Ah-ti-jn-¡p¶ XpI-tb-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ XpI ]n³h-en-¡p-hm-\pÅ

kuI-cyw.

11. tem¡À kuIcyw :þ _m¦v CS-]m-Sp-ImÀ¡v hne-]n-Sn-¸pÅ hkvXp-¡Ä kpc-£n-X-

ambn kq£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb kuI-cyw.

aWn-{Sm³kv̂ À :þ temI-¯nsâ GXp-`m-K-¯p-\n¶pw asämcp Øe-t¯¡v ]Ww

A-b-bv¡p¶ kuI-cy-am-Wn-Xv.

ATM D]-tbm-Kn v̈ _m¦nÂt]mImsX GXp-k-a-b¯pw ]Ww ]n³h-en-¡p¶ kwhn-[m-\w.

\nt£-]-I-cpsS C³jz-d³kv {]oan-bw, sSen-t^m¬_nÂ apX-em-bh ho«n-en-cp-¶p-

sImv AS-bv¡m-hp¶ kwhn-[m-\w.


174

12. _m¦v tZi-kmÂ¡-cWw

kml-Ncyw :þ

þ hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-I-fpsS [\-k-lmbw h³InS hyh-km-b-§-fnepw kaq-l-¯nse

k¼-¶-hn-`m-K-§fpsS I¿n-ep-ambn tI{µo-I-cn-¨-Xv.

þ km¼-¯nI {]Xn-k-Ôn-aqew sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-§fpw ImÀjn-I-ta-J-ebpw XI-

cp-hm-\m-cw-`n-¨-Xv.

þ hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-I-fpsS e£yw kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-KXn IqSn BI-W-sa¶ t_m[w.

þ ImÀjn-I-þ-{Km-aoW k¼Zvhyh-Ø-tbm-SpÅ Ah-K-W\ Hgn-hm-¡m³.

13. B[p-\nI kmt¦-Xn-I-hnZy IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

{][m-\-ambpw \K-c-tI-{µo-IrXw

an¡Xpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv.

]pXnb amt\-Pvsaâ v X{´-§-fp-]-tbm-Kn¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.

14. {Kmao-W-P-\-§-fnÂ k¼m-Zy-ioew hfÀ¯p-I.

kzbwklm-bhpw ]c-kv]cklm-bhpw hfÀ¯p-I.

kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-I.

15. kaq-l-̄ nse Xmgv¶ hcp-am-\-¡mÀ¡v km¼-̄ n-I-tk-h-\-§Ä e`y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv

ssat{Im-^n-\m³kv Fs¶-gpXn {]hÀ¯\w hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v.

e£y-§Ä :þ tNmZyw 14-þsâ D¯cw t\m¡p-I.

16. t\m«v A -̈Sn-¨n-d-¡Â

Kh¬saânsâ GPâ v, D]-tZ-jvSmhv

_m¦p-I-fpsS _m¦v

17. tNmZyw \¼À 16-þsâ D¯-c-kq-NnI t\m¡p-I.

18. ................. (cq-]) NnÓw e`n¨ hÀjw.

aäp-cm-Py-§-fpsS ]W-¯nÂ \n¶v (cq-]-bnÂ) Cý³ ]Ww Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn-\v.

Cý³ ]W-¯nsâ AS-bmfw aäp cmPy-§-fpsS ]W-¯nsâ AS-bm-f-t¯m-sSm¸w

{]i-kvX-am-bn.

19. _m¦p-I-fpsS BhnÀ`mhw

þ Bh-iy-apÅ FÃm-t]À¡pw hmbv] e`n-¡m¯ Ah-Ø.

þ ]Ww Bh-iy-ap-Å-h-cpsS F®-¯nse hÀ²-\-hv.

þ hyàn-K-X-ambn am{Xw hmbv] \ÂIm³ Ign-bm¯ Ah-Ø.

ASn-Øm\[À½-§Ä :þ tNmZyw \¼À 3þse D¯-c-kq-NnI t\m¡p-I.

]p¯³X-e-apd _m¦p-IÄ :þ tNmZyw \¼À 13-þse D¯-c-kq-NnI {i²n-¡p-Ib

hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-I-fpsS [À½-§Ä :þ tNmZyw \¼À 3þse D¯-c-kq-NnI t\m¡p-I.

20. hmbv] Xncn- -̈S-bv¡p-hm-\pÅ tijn.

hnizm-ky-X.


175

bqWnäv þ11

BtKm-f-h-ev¡-cWw

C¶v temI-¯m-I-am\w P\-{i²bmIÀjn-¡p-Ibpw NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶

{][m\ hnj-b-§-fn-sem-¶mWv BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-Ww. BtKm-f-h-ev¡-c-W-sa-¶Xv It¼m-fs¯

iàn-s -̧Sp¯ns¡mpÅ Hcp km¼-̄ n-I-hy-h-Ø-bmWv. AXnsâ {]Xn- -̂e-\-§Ä Pohn-

X-¯nsâ FÃm Xe-§-fnepw ImWp-hm³ Ign-bp-¶p.

BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw, AXns\ Xzcn-X-¸-Sp-¯p¶ LS-I-§Ä, KpW-tZm-j-§Ä, Cý-

bnÂ CXnsâ kzm[o\w F¶nhsb¡p-dn¨v [mcW cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-b-

XmWv Cu A²ym-b-¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w.

Bi-b-§Ä

1990 \v ap¼v Cý-bnse P\-§Ä A[n-Ihpw kztZi Dev]-¶-§-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-

cp-¶-Xv.

1990 \v tijw \S-¸m-¡nb ]p¯³ km¼-¯nI \b-§-fpsS ̂ e-ambn C¶v \mw D]-

tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Dev]-¶-§-f-[n-Ihpw hntZ-i-I-¼-\n-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.

ImcWw

ap¼v C³Uy³ Dev¸-¶-§Ä Cd-¡p-a-Xn Np¦w IqSp-XÂ

[mcmfw hntZi aqe-[\ \nt£-]-§Ä¡v

1990 \nb-{´Ww

tijw hntZi Dev]-¶-§Ä [mcmfw Cd-¡p-a-Xn \nb-{´Ww

Ipd-ªp. hntZi aqe-[\

\nt£]w eLp-hm-¡n.

BtKmfhev¡-cWsa¶Xv It¼m-fs¯ tI{µo-I-cn¨p sImv temI-¯msI iàn-

s¸«p sImn-cn-¡p¶ km¼-¯nI hyh-Ø-bm-Wv.

cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ hym]m-c-X-S-Ê-§Ä Hgn-hm¡n

BtKm-f-h-ev¡-cWw

km[y-am-Ip¶p hn]Wn FÃm cmPy-§Ä¡p-am-bn Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp-¯p.


176

BtKm-f-h-ev¡-c-Ws¯ Xzcn-X-s -̧Sp-̄ p¶ LS-I-§-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸«h A´m-cmjv{S kwL-

S-\-Ifpw Icm-dp-I-fp-am-Wv.

BtKm-f-h-ev¡-cWw

hnh-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-cw-Ks¯ hfÀ¨

A´m-cmjv{S Icm-dp-IÄ

_lp-cm-jv{S I¼-\n-IÄ

KXm-K-X-cw-Ks¯ hfÀ¨

hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab cwKs¯ hfÀ¨

1930, 1970, 2008 F¶o Ime-L«§fnse {]Xn-kÔn, DZm-c-h-ev¡-c-Ww, kzIm-cy-

h-ev¡-cWw F¶o X{´-§Ä IqSp-XÂ hn]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.

DZm-c-h-ev¡-cWw : Hcp k¼Zvhyh-Ø-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-epÅ kÀ¡m-cnsâ

CSs]-S-ep-Ifpw, \nb-{´-W-§fpw ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯Â.

kzIm-cyhÂ¡cWw : Hcp cmPy-¯nsâ km¼-¯n-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ s]mXp-

ta-L-e-bpsS ]¦m-fn¯w Ipd-bp-Ibpw kzImcy-ta-J-e-bpsS ]¦m-fn¯w IqSpIbpw

sN¿p-¶p.

BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-Ws¯ Xzcn-X-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶-XnÂ hntZ-i-aq-e-[-\-\n-t£]w {][m\

]¦p-h-ln-bv¡p-¶pv.

hntZi aqe-[\ \nt£]w

{]Xy£ \nt£]w t]mÀ«v t^mfntbm \nt£]w

(DÂ¸m-Z-\-]-cw) (DÂ¸m-Z-\-]-c-a-Ã)

asämcp cmPys¯ hyh-kmbw asämcp cmPy-¯nsâ _m¦nÂ

Irjn, DuÀPw F¶o \nt£-]w, Hml-cn-IÄ,

Dev]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-bnse \nt£]w t_mp-IÄ F¶nh hm§p-¶p.

_lp-cm-jv{S-I-¼\n : Hcp cmPy¯v cPn-ÌÀ sNbvXv \nc-h[n cmPy-§-fnÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp¶ I¼-\n-I-fmWv _lp-cm-jv{S-I-¼-\n-IÄ.

þ BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-cW \b-§Ä \S-¸m-¡p-¶-XnÂ {][m-\-]¦v hln-¡p¶ A´m-cmjv{S

kwL-S-\-IÄ

1) temI-_m¦v 2) A´m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n 3) temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\


177

-þ temI-hym-]mcw \nb-{ń-¡m-\mbn cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸« s]mXp-I-cmÀ

GAAT (General Agreement on Tariff and Trade)

þ Km«n\v ]Icw 1995 \ne-hnÂ h¶ kwL-S\ ?

temI-hym-]m-c-kw-L-S\ (WTO)

þ BtKm-f-h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Cý-bnÂ kzoI-cn¨ Nne \S-]-Sn-IÄ (166-þmw

t]Pnse ]mT-`mKw hni-Z-ambn hmbn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.)

- Nne amXr-Im-tNm-Zy-§Ä NphsS \evIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-k-lm-b-̄ mÂ D¯cw

Is-¯p-a-tÃm.( icn-bmtWm F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ D¯-c-kq-NnI t\m¡p-I.)

tNmZy-§Ä

1. 1990 \v tijw C³Uy³hn]-Wn-bnÂ {]I-S-ambn I amäw

Fs´¶p hyà-am-¡pI. (2)

2. 1990 ItfmsS C³Uy³ hn]-Wn-bnÂ hntZi Dev]-¶-§-fpsS e`yX

IqSp-X-em-bn. F´mWv Cu amä-¯n\p ImcWw ? (4)

3. BtKm-f-h-ev¡-c-W-¯nsâ ̀ mK-ambn Fs´Ãmw

amä-§-fm-Wp-m-bsX¶v Is-¯pI

OR (3)

It¼m-fs¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Hcp cmjv{Sob km¼-¯nI

hyh-Ø-bmWv BtKm-f-h-ev¡-cWw þ kaÀ°n-¡p-I.

4. GsXÃmw amÀK-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw (2)

km[y-am-Ip-¶Xv?

5. hym]m-c-cw-K¯v XcwKw krjvSn¨ DZm-c-hÂ¡-cWw hnZym-`ymk

Btcm-Ky-cw-K-§-fnÂ A\p-tbm-Py-a-Ã. F´p-sImv ? (3

6. BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ LS-I-§-fnÂ H¶mWv

hnh-c-km-t¦-XnI cwKs¯ hfÀ¨. aäpÅ LS-I-§Ä GsXÃmw

Fs¶-gp-Xp-I. (5)

7. t]mÀ«v t]mfntbm \nt£-]-§-tf-¡mÄ {]Xy£ \nt£-]-§-fmWv

IqSp-XÂ A`n-Im-ayw. F´p-sImv ? (2)

8. temI-hym-]mcw \nb-{ń-¡p¶Xn\mbn A´m-cm-jv{S-X-e-¯nÂ

Dm-¡n-bn-«pÅ Icm-dp-IÄ GsXÃmw? (2)


178

9. BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-Ws¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pXIp¶ Nne

\nÀt±i§Ä Km«pw, temI-hym-]mckwL-S-\bpw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn.

Ah GsX-Ãm-sa¶v Is-¯p-I. (2)

10. DZm-c-hÂ¡-cWw ]qÀWambn \S-¸n-em-¡m³ Bim-ky-a-Ãm-¯Xpw

kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ ]qÀW-ambpw \S-¸n-em-¡m³ aSn-¡p-¶-Xp-amb

aq¶p taL-e-IÄ \nÀt±-in-¡pI. (3)

11. BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-W-¯nsâ KpW-tZm-j-§-sf-¡p-dn v̈ \S-¯p¶

Un-t_-änÂ \n§Ä GXp \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-SmWv tbmPn-¡p-¶-Xv.

\n§-fpsS \ymbo-I-cWw Fgp-Xp-I. (5)

12. BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-W-¯n-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Cý-bnepw

km¼-¯nI\b-§-fnÂ amäw hcp-¯p-I-bp-m-bn. CXnsâ ̀ mK-ambn

Cý-bnÂ kzoI-cn¨ GsX-¦nepw \mev \S-]-Sn-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I.

13. BtKm-f-hÂ¡-c-W-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« Nne ]Z-§-fmWv

NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-sb-¡p-dn¨v eLp-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡pI. (4)

F) _lp-cm-jv{S-I¼\n-IÄ

_n) A´m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n[n

kn) temI-_m¦v


179

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. 1990 \p ap¼v Cý-³ hn]-Wn-bnse Dev]-¶-§-f-[n-Ihpw Cý-bnÂ Xs¶ Dev]m-Zn

¸n-¨-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ 1990 \p tijw \S-¸m-¡nb ]p¯³ km¼-¯n-I-

\-b-§-fpsS ̂ e-ambn C¶v hn]-Wn-bnÂ e`y-am-Ip¶ Dev]-¶-§-fne-[n-Ihpw hntZi

I¼-\n-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv.

2. 1990 \p tijw \S-¸m-¡n-h-¶ ]p¯³ km¼-¯n-I-\bw. CXnsâ ̂ e-ambn

Cd-¡p-aXn Np¦-¯nÂ henb Ipd-hp-h-¶p.

hntZi aqe-[\ \nt£]w \S-¯p-¶-XnÂ \nb-{´Ww Ipd-ªp.

Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvX Dev]-¶-§Ä h³tXm-XnÂ e`y-am-bn.

Ch It¼m-f-§-fnÂ hntZi Dev]-¶-§-fpsS e`y-X hÀ²n-¸n-¡m³ Imc-W-am-bn.

3. hntZi aqe-[\w hym]-I-ambn

kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS hn\n-abw kzX-{´-ambn.

km[-\-§-fpw tkh-\-§fpw cmPym-XnÀ¯n-IÄ IS¶v I¨hSw sN¿p-¶-Xn\v

\nb-{´-W-§Ä CÃm-Xm-bn.

4. cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ hym]m-c-X-S-Ê-§Ä Hgn-hm-¡n. hn]Wn FÃm

cmPy-§Ä¡p-ambn Xpd-¶p-sIm-Sp-¯p.

5. kmaq-ly-\oXn Dd-¸m-¡pI F¶Xv kÀ¡m-cnsâ e£y-am-Wv. DZm-c-hÂ¡-cWw

]qÀW-am-¡n-bmÂ Cu cwK¯v kzIm-cy-ta-Je IS-¶p-h-cn-Ibpw k¼-¶À¡v

am{Xw CXp-h-gn-bpÅ tkh\w e`n-¡p-hm³ Ah-kcw Dm-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw.

CXv cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v tbmPn- -̈X-Ã.

6. A´m-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-IÄ (A-´m-cmjv{S \mW-b-\n-[n, temI-_m-¦v)

A´m-cmjv{S Icm-dp-IÄ (Km-«v, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S-\)

_lp-cm-jv{S I¼-\n-I-Ä

hmÀ¯m-hn-\n-ab cwK-¯p-mb hfÀ¨ (Sn.-hn., samss_Â t^m¬)

KXm-KX cwK-¯p-mb hfÀ¨ (Päv hnam-\w, Is-bv\À I¸Â)

{]Xy£ \nt£]w.

7. Hcp cmPys¯ aqe-[\w asämcp cmPy-¯nse hyh-km-bw, Irjn, DuÀPw

apX-emb taJ-e-I-fnÂ \nt£-]n-¡p-¶p. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-am-Wv.


180

t^mÀ«v t^mfntbm \nt£]w

Hcp cmPys¯ aqe-[\w asäm-cp cmPys¯ _m¦v \nt£-]-§Ä, t_mp-IÄ,

Hml-cn-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bnÂ \nt£-]n-bv¡p-¶p. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-a-Ã.

8. Km«v, temI-hym-]mc kwL-S\

9. Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvX km[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-§-fp-sSbpw Xocph

L«w L«-ambn Ipdbv¡p-I.

Ib-äp-a-Xn-bpsS k_vknUn Ipd-bv¡p-I.

Irjnbv¡v \ÂIp¶ k_vknUn Ipd-bv¡p-I.

t]äâ v \nbaw ]cn-jv¡-cn-¡pI.

am[y-a-§Ä, sSentImw, _m¦nwKv XpS-§nb tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw

hntZi \nt£]w.

hntZi \nt£-]-§Ä¡v BZy-ć \nt£-]-§-fpsS ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIp-I.

10. hnZym-`ymk Btcm-Ky-tk-h\ taJ-e

kmaqly kpc£m ]²-Xn-IÄ.

s]mXp-hn-X-cW k{¼-Zmbw

11. \n§-fpsS \ne-]mSv tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. kaÀ°nbv¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn

]mT]pkvX-I-¯nse t]Pv 168 ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I.

12. hntZi kmt¦-XnI Icm-dp-IÄ DZm-c-am-¡n.

Cd-¡p-aXn Xocph L«w-L-«-ambn Ipd-¨p.

hntZi {_m³Uvs\bnw D]-tbm-Kn-bv¡m³ A\phmZw \ÂIn.

ImÀjnI k_vknUn Ipd-¨p.

13. Hmtcm Xe-s¡-«n\pw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-¯nse {][m\ ̀ mK-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¯n

A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp ]mc-{Km^v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

a) TB Page 164, b) Page 165, c) page 165


181

bqWnäv þ12

k¼Zvhyh-Øbpw kÀ¡mcpw

{][m\ k¼Zvhyh-Ø-I-fmb apX-em-fn -¯-hy-h-Ø, tkmjy-enÌv hyh-Ø,

an{i k¼Zv hyhØ F¶n-hbpw k¼Zvhyh-ØbnÂ kÀ¡m-cnsâ CS-s]-SÂ, s]mXp

-h-cp-am-\w, s]mXp sNe-hv, _UvPäv, hnhn-[-Xcw _P-äp-IÄ F¶n-h-bmWv Cu bqWn-änÂ

NÀ¨ sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.


k¼Zv hyh-Ø-IÄ aq¶p hn[w

k¼Zvhyh-Ø-IÄ

apX-em-fn¯ tkmjy-enÌv an{i k¼Zv

hyhØ hyhØ hyhØ

apX-em-fn¯ hyhØ -- -: kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebv¡v hf-sc-tbsd kzmX-{ýhpw kÀ¡m-cnsâ

CS-s]-SÂ \ma-am-{X-hp-amb k¼ZvhyhØ

tkmjy-enÌv hyhØ : s]mXp-ta-J-ebv¡v {]m[m\yw IqSp-X-epÅ k¼ZvhyhØ

aniv]-k-¼ZvhyhØ : s]mXp-ta-J-ebpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw Hcp-an¨p {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶

k¼ZvhyhØ

t£am-[n-jvTnX {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä Gsä-Sp¯p \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v kÀ¡m-cnsâ CS-s]-SÂ

A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

Ata-cn-¡³

k¼-Zvhy-hØ

ssN\okv

k¼-Zvhy-hØ

Cý³

k¼-Zvhy-hØ


182

Zmcn{Zyw, sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, Ak-aXzw F¶nh Ipd-bv¡p-I.

kmaqly kÀ¡m-cnsâ kmaqly kpc£m

tkh-\-§Ä t£am-[n-jvTnX {]hÀ -̄\-§Ä

{]hÀ -̄\-§Ä

]cn-ØnXn {Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw

kwc-£Ww {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

s]mXp-h-cp-am\w

kÀ¡m-cnsâ hc-hns\ s]mXp-h-cp-am\w F¶p ]d-bp¶p.

s]mXp-sN-ehv:

kÀ¡m-cnsâ sNe-hns\ s]mXp sNehv F¶p ]d-bp¶p

s]mXp hcp-am\w \nIpXn hcp-am\w

\nIp-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am\w

\nIp-Xn hcp-am\w

{]Xy£ \nIpXn ]tcm£ \nIpXn

s]mXp-h-cp-am\w

\nIpXnh-cp-am\w \nIp-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am\w

{]Xy£ \nIpXn ]tcm£ \nIpXn ôkv, ]ng, {Kmâ v,

]eni, em`w


183

{]Xy-£-\n-IpXn ]tcm-£-\n-IpXn

DZm :þ hyàn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn hnev]\ \nIpXn

hcp-am\ \nIpXn FIvsskkv Uyq«n

I¼\n IÌwkv Xocph

BZm-b-\n-IpXn tkh\ \nIpXn

sXmgnÂ \nIpXn aqey-hÀ²nX \nIpXn

kÀ¡m-cnsâ Hcp hÀjs¯ hc-hv-þ-sN-ehv IW-¡mWv _P-äv.

_Päv

an¨ _Päv I½n _Päv

sNehv < hcp-am\w sNehv > hcp-am\w

hnhn[Xcw

_P-äp-IÄ

k´p-enX _Päv

sNehv = hcp-am\w


184

tNmZy-§Ä

1. ap-X-em-fn¯ k¼Zv hyhØtbbpw tkmjy-enÌv k¼Zv hyh-Ø-tbbpw

Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hmtcm-¶n\pw cv khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hoXw F-gp-Xp-I. 6 Score

2. {]Xy£ \nIp-Xn¡v Hcp DZm-l-c-W-amWv sXmgnÂ \nIp-Xn.

cv DZm-lcW-§Ä IqSn Fgp-Xp-I. 2 Score

3. Cý-bnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ k¼Zv hyhØbpsS t]sc-´v ?

CXnsâ cv {]tXy-I-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-I. 3 Score

4. km[m-cW P\-§sf Gähpw IqSp-XÂ _m[n-¡p¶ \nIp-Xn- GXv ?

F§s\ ? 4 Score

5. kÀ¡m-cnsâ GsX-¦nepw \mev t£am-[n-jvTnX {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

Fgp-Xp-I. 4 Score

6. ]Z-kq-cy³ ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-I. 4 Score

IÌwkv Xocph

]tcm£

\nIpXn

7. ^vtfmNmÀ«v ]qÀ¯nbm-¡p-I.

\nIp-Xn hcp-am\w


sXmgnÂ \nIpXn F hnev]\ \nIpXn _n 2 Score

8. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡p¶hbnÂ _Päv F¶ Bibw hyà-am-¡p¶ 1 Score

hkvXp-X-tbXv ?

em`-\jvS IW-¡mWv

hchv sNehv IW-¡mWv

Dev]-¶-¯nsâ ]W aqey-amWv

CsXm¶pw AÃ


185

9. kÀ¡m-cnsâ {][m\ \nIpXnbnXc hcp-am-\-§Ä GsXÃmw 4 Score(\mev F®w)

10. hnhn[ Xcw _P-äp-Isf Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. sXäps¦nÂXncp-¯p-I.

I½n _UvPäv = sNehv < hcp-am\w

k´p-enX _Päv = sNehv = hcp-am\w

an¨ _Päv = sNehv > hcp-am\w 2 Score

11. s]mXp-h-cp-am-\-s¯-¡p-dn v̈ Hcp Ipdn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I. 4 Score

12. DbÀ¶ \nc-¡n-Â \nIpXn Npa-¯-W-sa¶v \n§Ä B{K-ln-¡p¶ cvhkvXp¡-fpsS t]sc-gpXn ImcWw hni-Z-am-¡p-I. 5 Score

13. 360 cq]- hne-bpÅ Hcp hkvXp-hn\v 25% \nIpXn Npa-¯n-bmWvhnÂ¡p-¶-sX-¦nÂ \nIpXn DÄs¸sS hkvXp-hnsâ hne F´m-bn-cn-¡pw.Cu \nIp-Xn-bpsS t]sc´v ? 2 Score

14. Xmsg-¸-d-bp-¶-h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ]«n-I-bmbn FgpXpI. 4 Score


15. ]c-kv]c_Ôw Is¯n Xcw-Xn-cn¡p-I. 3 Score

tI-{µ-kÀ¡mÀ \nIpXn, kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ \nIpXn, X-t±-i-Øm-]-\-§ÄNp-a-¯p-¶-h, sXmgnÂ \nIp-Xn, hyàn-KX hcp-am\ \n-Ip-Xn, hnev]\ \nIpXn

16. Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn¡p¶ ]Z-§-fnÂ Iq«-¯nÂ tN-cm-¯Xv GXv ? 1 Score

FIvsskkv Xocph

IÌwkv Uyq«n

_Päv

17. \nIpXn`mcw F¶XpsImv AÀ°am¡p-¶-sX´v ? 1 Score

18. s]mXp-ta-JebpsS kzm[o\w am{X-ap-ÅXv GXp Xcwk¼Zvhyh-Ø-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bmWv ? 1 Score

apX-em-fn¯ hyhØ

tkmjy-enÌv hyhØ

an{i-hy-hØ

Ch-sbm-¶p-a-Ã.

19. hyXymkw Is-¯p-I.

\nIp-Xn, \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I³ 3 Score

20. F´mWv aqey-hÀ²nX \nIpXn 2 Score


186

D -̄c-kq-NnI

1. apX-em-fn¯ k¼ZvhyhØ : Dev]m-Z\ D]m-[n-I-fpsS \nb-{´Ww kzImcy

taJ-e-bv¡v.

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ : kzX{´ It¼mf hyhØ. em`-e-£yw.

tkmjy-enÌv k¼ZvhyhØ : Dev]m-Z\ taJ-ebv¡v

khn-ti-j-X-IÄ : tI{µo-IrX Bkq-{XWw

: s]mXp P\-t£aw

2. hyàn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn

I¼\n \nIpXn

3. an{i k¼ZvhyhØ

{]tXy-IXIÄ þ 1) s]mXp-ta-J-ebpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-ebpw Iq«mbn \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

2) tI{µo-IrX Bkq-{XWw

4. hnev]\ \n-IpXn

em`w Ipd-bp-¶p.

km[-\-§-fpsS hne hÀ²n-¡p-¶p.

Pohn-X-`mcw hÀ²n-¡p-¶p.

5. kmaq-ly-tk-h\w

kmaqly kpc£m {]hÀ¯\w

]cn-ØnXn kwc-£Ww

{Ia-k-am-[m-\hpw {]Xn-tcm-[hpw

6. FIvsskkv Xocp-h, hnev]\ \nIpXn, aqey-hÀ²nX \nIpXn, tkh\ \nIpXn.

7. {]Xy£ \nIpXn

F) hyàn-KX hcp-am\ \nIpXn

F) I¼\n BZmb \nIpXn

]tcm£ \nIpXn

_n) aqey-hÀ²nX \nIpXn

_n) tkh\ \nIpXn (c-nÂ \n¶pw Hmtcm¶p hoXw)

8. hchv sNehv IW¡v


187

9. ôkv, ]ng, {Kmâ v Kn^väv, ]eni, em`w (G-sX-¦nepw 4 F®w)

10. I½n _Päv = sNehv > h-cp-am\w

an¨ _Päv = sNehv > hcp-am\w

11. kÀ¡m-cnsâ hcp-am-\s¯ s]mXp-h-cp-am\w F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.

\nIpXn hcp-am-\hpw \n-Ip-Xn-bn-Xc hcp-am-\hpw DÄs¸-«-XmWv s]mXp-h-cp-am\w.

\nIpXn hcp-am\s¯ {]Xy£ \nIp-Xn-sb¶pw ]tcm£ \n-Ip-Xn-sb¶pw cmbn

Xncn-¨n-cn¡p¶p.

{][m\ \nIpXnbn-Xc hcp-am-\-§-fmWv ̂ okv, ]n-g, {Kmâ v, Kn^väv, ]en-i, em`w.

12. aZyw, elcn]ZmÀ-°-§Ä, B-Pw-_c h-kvXp-¡Ä.

ImcWw þ kÀ¡m-cnsâ hcp-am\w hÀ²n-¡p-¶p.

D]-t`mKw Ipd-bp-¶p.

kmaq-ly-t£aw Dm-Ip-¶p.

13. hne 450 cq]-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.

km[-\-¯nsâ BZy-hne þ 360

25% \nIpXn (3.60 sâ 25%) þ 90

BsI 450

hnev¸-\-\n-IpXn

14. {]Xy£ \nIp-Xn :

\nIp-Xn`mcw GÂ¡p¶ hyànbpw \nIpXn \ÂIp¶ hyànbpw HcmÄ

Bbn-cn-¡pw.

]tcm£ \nIpXn :

\nIpXnZmb-I\v \nIp-Xn-`mcw aäp-Å-h-cn-tebv¡v ssIamäw sN¿m³ km[n-¡p-¶p.

\nIp-Xn-`mcw GÂ¡p¶ hyànbpw \nIpXn \ÂIp¶ hyànbpw HcmÄ

Bbn-cn-¡n-Ã.

15. tI{µ-kÀ¡mÀ \nIpXn þ hyàn-K-X-h-cp-am\ \nIpXn

kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ \nIpXn þ hnev]-\ \nIpXn

Xt±i Øm]\§Ä Npa-¯p¶h þ sXmgnÂ \nIpXn

16. _Päv


188

17. \nIpXn \ÂIp¶XneqsS \jvS-s¸-Sp¶ ]W-s¯-bmWv \nIp-Xn-`mcw

F¶-XpsImv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

18. tkmjy-enÌv hyhØ

19. {]Xy£ t\«w {]Xo-£n-¡msX P\-§Ä kÀ¡m-cn-te¡v \ÂIp¶ \nÀ_-ÔnX

]W-a-S-hmWv \nIpXn. \nIpXn \ÂIp¶ hyànsb \nIp-Xn-Zm-b-I³ F¶v

hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p.

20. Hcp Dev]-¶-\nÀam-W-¯nsâ / hnev]-\-bpsS Hmtcm L«-¯nepw Iq«n tNÀ¡p¶

aqey-¯n-t·Â Npa-¯p¶ \nIp-Xn-bmWv aqey-hÀ²nX \nIpXn AYhm hmäv.


189

“The future depends on what we do in the present’’ Mahatma Gandhi


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