direct_indirect_speech_acts.pdf

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AN ANALYSIS ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHACTS OF GLYNIS GERTSCH’S

SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE

THESIS

Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the completion of Strata 1 Programof the English Language Department

by:ANIS KUSUMANINGRUM

CII.2003.00474

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LETTERSDIAN NUSWATORO UNIVERSITY

SEMARANG2007

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

This thesis has been approved by Board of Examiners, Strata 1 Study

Program of English Language, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian

Nuswantoro University on

Board of Examiners

Chairperson Secretary

First Adviser as 1st Examiner Second Adviser as 2nd Examiner

Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd. Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum

Approved by:

Dean ofFaculty of Languages and Letters

Mahmud, S.E., M.M.

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MOTTO

“PAY THE PRICE FOR SUCCESS ANDENJOY THE BENEFIT FOR BETTERQUALITY OF LIFE”

DONALD TRUMP

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DEDICATION

For:

God who protects me every time

My beloved father and mother

My beloved brother and sister

My beloved niece

My beloved grandfather and grand mother

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At this happiest moment, I would say thanks to Allah S.W.T who blessed

and protected me all the time and I would like to say thanks to people who helped

me until I finished this study. They are:

1. Mr. Mahmud, S.E., M.M., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Letters

of Dian Nuswantoro University, who gives permission to me to conduct

this study.

2. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., The Head of English Department of strata 1

Program, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University,

who gives permission to me to conduct this research.

3. Mr. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd., my first advisor who gives valuable

advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this study on

time.

4. Mrs. Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M. Hum. my second advisor who gives

valuable advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this

study on time.

5. All lecturers at English Department of Faculty of Languages and Letters of

Dian Nuswantoro University, for the great lesson and motivation.

6. The librarians of the central library of Dian Nuawantoro University for

their permission for me to use some valuable references in writing this

thesis.

7. My father and my mother, you are my great parents in the world.

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8. My brother and my sister Bayu and Ika, thanks for your support.

9. My sweet niece Nadia Yuka Nasywa, I love you so much.

10. For the big family H. Kastoebi, thanks for all the pray.

11. My really best friends Rini, Novi, Esty, Desy, Vya, Dita, Karina, there is

nothing special without a friendship in the world.

12. For my friends Dini Tasriva, Tina, Gita, Anie, and Fitri we must be a great

woman.

13. My friend in Semarang International School, Pysca the most beautiful girl,

thanks for accompanying me and giving guidance during the writing of

this thesis.

14. My colleague in PT. K-LINK especially for Ir. Paiman M.P, M. Reza

Fajar, Elisa Ulfah, S.S, Irma Winingsih, S.S, Mr. Supri, Mr. Tarto, Mr.

Agus, Nendi, we all have the same dreams to be successful.

Finally I do realize that due to my limited ability I welcome any

suggestions and criticisms.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF TITLE …………………………………………….. i

PAGE OF APPROVAL ……………………………………… ii

MOTTO ………………………………………………………. iii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………. . iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……………………………………... v

LIST OF TABLE …………………………………………….. vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………... viii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………….. ix

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ……………………… 1

1.1 Background of the Study …………… 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem …………… 2

1.3 Scope of the Study ………………….. 3

1.4 Objective of the Study ……………… 3

1.5 Significance of the Study …………… 4

1.6 Thesis Organization …………………. 4

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

2.1 Pragmatics……………………………. 5

2.2 Speech Act ……................................... 8

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CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD …………………. 20

3.1 Research Design ……………………... 20

3.2 Unit of Analysis ……………………... 20

3.3 Source of Data ………………………. 21

3.4 Technique of Data Collection ………. 21

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ………… 22

CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS …………………….. 23

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION … 41`

5.1 Conclusion ………………………….. 41

5.2 Suggestion …………………………... 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………….. 42

APPENDICES ………………………………………………… 43

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Direct and Indirect speech acts ……………………... 23

Table 4.2 Direct Speech function …………………………….. 26

Table 4.4 Sentence type ………………………. ……………… 35

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Glynis Gertsch’s Short Story Staring Me In The Face …….44

Appendix 2. The classification of direct and indirect speech acts……….48

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

This proposal has been approved by the first advisor and second

advisor, Strata 1 Study Program of English Language, Faculty of

Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University on, 23 April 2007.

First Advisor Second Advisor

Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum

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ABSTRACT

The thesis entitled An Analysis on Direct and Indirect Speech Act in theGLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY “Staring me in the face” by GlynishGertsch. The study helps people develop their understanding pertaining to aspeaker’s intents. Thus, it questions the realization of direct and indirect speechacts and what they mean.

The objectives are describing the realization of the act and finding themeaning of the utterances and interpreting their meanings on the basic of speechact theory offered by Searle.

After analyzing the data, the writer found that the speaker’s utterancesconsist of 88 (97.78 %) direct speech act and 2 (2.22 %) indirect speech act.Direct speech function consists of questioning act 26 (29.54 %), informing 52(59.1 %), requesting 7 (7.95 %), thanking 2 (2.27 %), and apologizing 1(1.14 %). While indirect speech function consists of 2.

It was also found that the speakers’ utterances could be categorized intodeclarative sentence 52 (59.78 %), interrogative 26 (29.88 %), and imperative 9(10.34 %).

The interpretation of the meaning could be categorized into questioning,informing, requesting, thanking, and apologizing. While questioning andrequesting could be into directives, informing could be representatives, thankingand apologizing could be in expressive.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As a means of communication, language takes an important role in our

lives. Everyday, humans are always in contact or communicate with others.

People need a good relationship with other people in their society surround

them. It means that language can be used for doing social Interaction. It is

impossible that a man lives without another.

There are three components in every communication process. 1)

Participant (at least two persons or group), 2) Topic (what is talked about), and

3) Means of communication (form of symbol, sign, etc). As one of the three

components, i.e. a means of communication, language which employs the

system of sounds, signs, or symbols could be used to convey messages, to

share ideas and feelings, or to influence people to do something, (e.g letter,

advertisement, short story, etc). Short story is one of the ways for a writer to

express ideas. It usually contains dialogues between or among its characters,

and surely these dialogues are full of speech act.

Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic field. It is the study of

meaning and function of an utterance. Knowledge of speech may be used by

interlocutors in their utterances. According to Austin in Levinson (1983:236)

there are three kinds of acts: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and

Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is speech act of saying something.

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Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting something and Illocutionary act is the

act of doing something, for instance, making statement or promise, issuing a

command or request, asking a question, etc.

According to Searle in Levinson (1995:240) there have been found

five basic kinds of Illocutionary act, these are: representative, directives,

commisive, expressive and declaration.

Illocutionary act includes direct and indirect speech, and could be in

declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and

imperative (commanding).

The above explanation indicates how important speech act is in a

language. It is based on that argument that the researcher made a further study

regarding the type of act especially direct speech and indirect speech act in the

GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The problems of this research can be stated as follows:

1. What direct and indirect illocutionary acts are found in the GLYNIS

GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?

2. What are the meanings of utterances used in illocutionary acts found in the

GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?

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1.3 Scope of the Study

In this research, the researcher made a certain limitation to what was

analyzed. The study focuses on illocutionary act especially direct speech and

indirect speech act in conversation among the main characters in GLYNIS

GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. Direct speech

act is speech act that has the same intention as the utterance. While indirect

speech act is speech act that indirectly contains the other intention. The direct

and indirect speeches are usually in of declarative (giving information),

interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). They include

informing, requesting, questioning, promising, threatening, thanking, and

apologizing.

1.4 Objective of the Study

Below are the objectives that the writer wants to achieve:

1. To identify the direct and indirect illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS

GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

2. To describe the meanings of utterances in illocutionary acts found in the

GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

The result of the study is expected to give the following benefits:

1. A contribution to the researcher, by conducting the study, it is hoped the

researcher gets more knowledge, especially about direct and indirect

speech act.

2. To give additional knowledge for the students to study about illocutionary

acts.

1.6 Thesis Organization

The discussion of the thesis is divided into five chapters. Each chapter

consists of many sub-chapters and discusses a different topic, there are:

Chapter I: Introduction consist of background of the study, statement

of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the

study, and thesis organization.

Chapter II: Review of Related Literature consists of pragmatics and

speech act.

Chapter III: Research Method describes research design, unit of

analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data

analysis.

Chapter IV: Data analysis. It analyzes speech act especially

illocutionary act which includes direct and indirect speech act.

Chapter V: In the last chapter, the writer gives the conclusions and

suggestions for the future the research.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In conducting a research, a method is useful to get a valid result. Research

method focuses on five units of discussion, they are: research design, unit of

analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data

analysis.

3.1 Research Design

The descriptive study is a study whose purpose is to describe

systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of

interest, factually and accurately (Issac and Michael, 1987:18).

In this research, the researcher used a descriptive method. Because

this research is to identify the kinds of speech especially direct and indirect

speech of the speaker’s utterances in GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT

STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

3.2 Unit of Analysis

The researcher focused on the illocutionary act in GLYNIS

GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. The unit of

analysis is direct and indirect speech act and is found in the speaker’s

utterances.

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3.3 Source of Data

The data of this research are written data. The researcher collected

the data from GLYNIS GERTSCH’S SHORT STORY STARING ME IN

THE FACE downloaded from

http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.

(April 6th 2007).

3.4 Technique of Data Collection

The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this

research is documentation method because the researcher used the short

story to collect the data. Arikunto (2002:206) says that Documentation

method is looking for the data about things or variables which are in the

form of notes, transcription, book, newspaper, magazine, leafs, etc. The data

collection technique applied the following steps:

a. Finding the short story

b. Reading short story

c. Collecting the data indicating direct and indirect speech act

d. Selecting the speaker’s utterances that consist of direct and indirect

speech act.

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3.5 Technique of Data Analysis

After the data were collected, they were analyzed by using the

following steps:

a. Categorizing the speaker’s utterance in the form of Declarative,

Interrogative, and Imperative sentence into direct and indirect speech

act.

b. Interpreting the meanings of utterances uttered by the speakers according

to the function of Direct and Indirect speech act.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic Field. It is the study of the

meaning and function of an utterance. In the investigation, the writer analyzes

direct and indirect speech act in Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The

Face. As the result the writer concludes several statements, they are:

1. The speakers in the Glynis Gertsch’s short story tend to employ direct

speech act (97.78 %) rather than indirect speech act (2.22 %).

2. The speakers produced utterances to question 26 (29.54 %), to inform 52

(59.1 %), to request 7 (7.95 %), to thank 2 (2.27 %), and to apologize 1

(1.14 %).

3. In line with conclusion no. 2 the speakers in fact produced utterances

labelled under declarative category (59.78 %), interrogative (29.88 %), and

imperative (10.34 %).

5.2 Suggestion

After analysing Glynis Gertsch’s short story Staring Me In The Face, the

writer would like to give the following suggestions for other researchers.

1. A study on illocutionary act only seems to be not enough. So it would

complete and challenging if any researcher would also analyze the other

two acts, locutionary and perlocutionary acts.

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2. A study on illocutionary act is a part of pragmatics study. That is why it

would be more lively if similar study could employ naturally occurring

data.

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REFERENCE

Arikunto, Suharsini. 2002. Prosedure penelitian Sosiolinguistik: Suatu

pendekatan praktis. Jakarta. PT. Bina Aksara.

Austin, J. L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford New York. Oxford

University Press.

Issac, Steven and William B. Michael. 1987. Handbook in Research and

Evaluation. San Diego: Ediths Publishers

Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London and New York:

Longman

Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

NN. 2002. Staring Me In The Face.

http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml.

(April 6th 2007)

Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud

Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts. New York: John Hopkins University Press.

Vanderveken, Daniel. 1990. Meaning and Speech Acts. Cambridge University

Press

Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press