1 Directed by: Dr. PJ Benfield and Dr. Matt Turner Mentor : Miss Doreen Forsythe
Jan 01, 2016
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Directed by: Dr. PJ Benfield and Dr. Matt Turner
Mentor : Miss Doreen Forsythe
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IntroductionSchool: Lee High SchoolTeam Name: Superstars of Modern Aeronautics
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Figuring out the questionWhat is Europa?
Research/ Study (lectures, online, flight reports)
Question would center around the ocean and magnetic field
The original question and why it changed
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The Question How does Jupiter's magnetic field and Europa’s
flexing effect Europa’s induced magnetic field?Question breakdown
What is flexing?Relationship between Jupiter’s magnetic field and
the ocean currents of Europa
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Research, what needed to be measured, what instruments were needed to answer the
question, and how they were chosen.
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Science Traceability Matrix
Goal Science Objective
Investigation
Measurement
Instrument
Explore Europa’s flexing
Characterize changing shape of Europa
Determine amplitude of Europa’s flexing caused by Jupiter’s gravity
Measure distance from Europa surface to spacecraft
Laser Altimeter
Explore Europa’s induced magnetic field
Characterize magnetic field of Europa and Jupiter
Determine level of Jupiter and Europa’s magnetic field
Measure strength and direction of Jupiter Europa’s magnetic field
Magnetometer
Find Spacecraft magnetic field
Characterize spacecraft of Jupiter
Determine spacecraft magnetic field
Measure strength and direction of spacecraft magnetic field
Magnetometer
Explore any correlation between flexing and change in magnetic field
Characterize changes in flexing corresponding to changes in magnetic field
Determine if there is a change in magnetic field that corresponds to the flexing of Europa’s surface
Evaluate changes in both distance between Europa’s surface and spacecraft and changes in strength and direction of magnetic field
Laser Altimeter and Magnetometer
Example Budget
Instrument Volume Mass Power Consumption
Data communication
Laser Altimeter
0.45cm x 0.31cm x 0.35 cm
9.6 Kg 26.2 W 10 Kbps (S- band)
MagnetometerFGM + V/SHM
8.82 kg Sleep mode 7.5Vector/vector mode 11.31 W
.004 MbpsKa-band
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Define components of the QuestionFind magnetic flux vs. conductivity relationshipEuropa travels through Jupiter’s magnetic fieldElectricity is created in the ocean - - Europan magnetic
fieldJupiter’s gravity creates flexing of Europa’s surfaceHypothesis: Europa’s flexing (caused by Jupiter’s
magnetic field) and Jupiter’s magnetic field effect the magnitude of Europa's induced magnetic field We believe that flexing will change the shape of the
ocean, therefore affecting the conductivity of Europa and its magnetic field.
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How we plan to take measurements and timeline of events: Instrument breakdown
BoomLanyard Deployed
Method: Most common method of
deployment Stowed strain energy
drive deploymentTip-mounted lanyard
controls the deployment via motor
The fiberglass boom is 10meters long.
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Dual Technique Fluxgate Magnetometer-301The Dual Technique FGM
magnetometer will placed in the middle of the boom (5 m)
It will measure the magnetic field of the spacecraft to determine if there is any contributing magnetic field from the spacecraft
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Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer
Located at the very end of the boom to provide information about Europa and Jupiter’s magnetic field.
Measure the magnetic field at Europa
sensitive enough to resolve the induction signal generated in Europa’s ocean
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Magnetic Field Two magnetometers
Vector Scalar Helium Magnetometer (VSH/M) and Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM)
Known and unknown variablesJ, S, E, (J + S + E) J = Known; intensity of Jupiter's magnetic field from past flights
(5 × 10-4 to 1 T. 10,000 gauss or 1 tesla from Voyager 1 & 2) S = known; magnetic field around spacecraft E= unknown Europa’s magnetic field (J + S + E) = measurements taken with magnetometers; combined
measurements of the spacecraft magnetic field, Europa’s induced magnetic field and Jupiter's magnetic field
Calculate (J + S + E) – J = (S + E) – S = Europa magnetic field
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Lunar Orbiter Laser AltimeterMeasures topographic
differences at cross-over points globally across Europa’s surface with at least 1 meter vertical accuracy.
Change in distance from the spacecraft to the surface will be determined
Greatest chance of error caused by error in the spacecraft orbit if orbit can be stabilized this
error should be within 1 m.
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Laser Altimeter Solid Works
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How often will points be tested? Satellite Tool Kit (STK) modelsThe team used the models to:
Measure that the spacecraft needs to be at a 94 degree angle, the altimeter needs to be at a 30 degree angle in order to gather accurate information
Negotiate for 94 degree orbit angleMeasure that at every 15 degrees, the laser altimeter will
take a picture of Europa’s surface at that specific location and send that information back to the spacecraft. We have to take measurements of the 15 degrees at least 3 times.
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Europa Orbit & Satellite 94-30 degrees
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Payload DesignLOLA will be located on the
side of the spacecraft that is pointed toward the surface of Europa consistently during the mission.
The boom with both magnetometers will be deployed into the 50-100 km orbit around Europa. It will extend away from the surface of Europa.
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How we use the measurements that we took to answer the question
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Magnetic Flux of Jupiter
Φ = B (A cos θ)
Φ=magnetic flux symbol
B = magnetic field
A cos θ = shape of the planet
θ = the area of the spacecraft in relation to Europa
Jupiter’s magnetic field
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ConductivityMore magnetic flux– more
electricity createdPosition in Jupiter’s magnetic
field depends on electricity created
Solve for conductivity with ohms lawResistance x current =
voltage to find resistance ( R ^-1 = conductivity).Current (I) is substituted for
[Δ Φ/ Δt ]Use Faradays law (assuming
Europa is one loops) to find voltage
Faradays LawVoltage Generated
(EMF) = -N (ΔBA/Δt) (-) direction of fieldN = number of loops B = magnetic fieldA = areaT = timeΦ= magnetic flux
symbol (we substituted BA for this symbol)
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Problem SimplificationOur physics scenario is simplified as if Europa was
one metal loop acting as a battery.In reality, we would need to take a computer program
and find the true 3D area of Europa .
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TimelineEnter Europa’s orbit and deploy boom immediately to start
magnetometers continuous measurements and laser altimeters first measurement of every fifteen degrees.
2 weeks later- one orbit around Europa has been completed (1 Europa day= 85 hours)
Continue this pattern for 90 Earth days (time granted for data collection)
At the end of this period, final measurements go from payload to spacecraft & the boom does not contract.
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SummaryQuestion: Is Europa’s induced magnetic field affected by
Jupiter’s magnetic field and Europa’s flexing?We believe that the answer is yes due to conductivity and
magnetic field.Our goal- discover more about the characteristics of
Europa for future reference
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