direct indirect speech

Direct Indirect Speech

By Prof. KAMLESH JOSHI

Content

1.Introduction.2.Direct Speech.3.Indirect Speech.4.Statements / affirmative

sentences.5.Interrogative sentences.6.Imperative sentences7.Exclamatory sentences.

1. introductionThere are two ways of reporting what somebody says;

• Direct speech • Indirect (or reported) speech.

A SPEAKER’S word can be reported in two ways:

Direct Speech- Exact words of speaker• The teacher said to Rajesh, “You have

a bright future.”

Indirect Speech- What the speaker has said without using the exact words

• The teacher told Rajesh that he had a bright future.

1. introduction

We may often be required to report what we have heard elsewhere. There are two ways of reporting what another person has said; we can quote or reproduce the actual words by the speaker.

Kamali said, “I am going to school now.” Mona said, “We shall have done our work.”

1. introduction

The reproduction of the exact

words of the speaker is called ‘ Direct Speech’

• We may also give an account of what another person has said. In other words, when the meaning of a speech is conveyed in the reporter’s words, it is called ‘indirect Speech’

11. introduction

When we use direct speech in our

writing:• The exact words spoken must be

put inside speech marks. “ ”• The first spoken word must have

a capital letter.• When a new speaker begins, we

must start a new line.

2. Direct Speech

In direct speech we use the speaker’s own words.

“In text we put speech marks around the words spoken”

“Speech marks are also called inverted commas”

2. Direct speech• Saying exactly what someone has said is called Direct Speech

(sometimes called quoted speech)• Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.• For example:• “ I am going to the cinema ", he

said.

He said, “I am playing.”

She said, “ I shall paint.”

He said, “I have finished this exercise today.”

The inspector said, “ I am glad to be with you now.”

I’ve caught three fish.

The train will leave

in ten minutes!

I know this type of angle.

I love ice

cream.

I am a clever girl.

Direct Speech

3. Indirect speech• Indirect speech or reported

speech reports what a speaker said without using the exact words.

• When we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech.

3. Indirect speech

• In reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past. • In indirect speech we report what was said.

• We sometimes need to change pronouns.

• We don’t use speech marks.

He said, “I am playing.”

He said that he was playing.

She said, “ I shall paint.”

She said that she would paint.

He said, “I have finished this exercise today.”

He said that he had finished that exercise that day.

The inspector said, “ I am glad to be with you now.”

The inspector said that he was glad to be

with me then.

• He said he’d caught three fish.

• Не shouted (that) the train would leave in ten minutes!

• She said she was a clever girl.

• He said he loved ice cream.

• She said that she knew that type of angle.

What changes did you notice?

• Omission of comma• Use of ‘that’.• Change of pronoun.• Change of tense.• Change of adverb, place or time.

Direct / Indirect Speech

I am feeling ill !

Paul said that he was feeling ill.

Direct: Paul said, “ I am feeling ill ”.

Indirect: Paul said that he was feeling ill.

What are the changes?1. No speech markers (, “ ”) in the Indirect

Speech.2. We added that (optional)3. Pronoun change (I He)4. Tense change ( am was)

4. How to change statements (affirmative / assertive)

sentences of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech ?

•There are three rules while changing from direct to indirect of statements like sentences.

Change of Tense

RULE 1

If the reporting verb in the direct speech statement is in present tense or future tense, then it

remains same in indirect speech too i.e. no change in tense.

My friend says, “He is very handsome.”My friend says that He is very handsome.

My Granny will say, “You need to eat well.”My Granny will say that you need to eat well.

If the reporting verb is in the past tense in the direct speech statement , then the verbs within the inverted commas will change in the indirect

speech statements. • Am / is was

• are were• Do / does did• Have / has had• will would• can could

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

- Mira said, “I go to school.”

- Mira said that she went to school .

Simple Past Past Perfect

- They said, “we went at work.”

- They said that they had gone at work.


Continuous Present Continuous Past

- Mira said, “I am going to school.”

- Mira said that she was going to school.

Perfect Present Perfect Past

- They said, “we have finished the work.”

- They said that they had finished the work.

Past Perfect Past Perfect

He said, “ I hadn’t gone there.”He said he hadn’t gone there.

Future Will Conditional “Would”

Keya said, “I will come on Monday.”

Keya said that she would come on Monday.


Modals Change…

Direct Speech Indirect Speech Can - She said, “ I can go to the party tonight.”

Could -She said she could go to the party that night.

May -The kids said, “we may go to school.”

Might -The kids said they might go to school.

Change of Pronouns

RULE 2

Personal Pronouns change according to

SON formula 1st person = Subject

2nd person = Object 3rd person = No change

• If subject of the quoted words is in 1st person then it will change according to the subject of the reported verb e.g. - He said to her, “I like coffee.” He told her that he liked coffee.

Personal Pronouns change according to: • If subject of the quoted words is in 2nd person then it will change according to the object of reporting verb e.g. - He said to her, “You look happy.” He told her that she looked happy.

• If the subject of the quoted words is in 3rd person then there will be no change. e.g. - He said to him, “She has already left.” He told him that she had already left.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHI He / SheMe Him / HerMy His / HerWe They Us Them Our Their

Subject= 1st Person

Subject = 1st Person• He said, “I went to consult my parents.” He said that he went to consult his parents.• Mona said, “ I went to consult my parents.” Mona said that she went to consult her parents.• Boys said, “ We went to consult our

parents.Boys said that they went to consult their

parents.

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHYou (singular.) He / SheYour (singular.) His / HerYou (singular.) Him / HerYou (plural.) They Your (plural.) Their You (plural.) Them

Object = 2nd Person

Object= 2nd Person

• Anil said to Mina , “ Your parents are waiting for you.”

Anil told Mina that her parents were waiting for her.

• Anil said to Yogi, “ Your parents are waiting for you.”

Anil told Yogi that his parents were waiting for him.

• Anil said to them, “ Your parents are waiting for you.”

Anil told them that their parents were waiting for them.

3rd person= No Change

• I said to him , “ He should be trusted.”

I told him that he should be trusted.

• She said , “ She is looking for a job.”

She said that she was looking for a job.

RULE 3

Change in Adverbs of

place & time

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHToday That dayThese ThoseNow ThenHere ThereTomorrow The following/ next

dayYesterday The previous

day/the day before

Change in Adverbs of Time and Place

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECHLast year The year beforeTonight That nightThis ThatThus So

Change in Adverbs of Time and Place

Change of Adverbs• He said, “ I shall discuss this matter next

week.”

He said that he would discuss that matter the following week.

• She said, “ We shifted to this house two weeks ago.”

She said that they had shifted to that house two weeks before.

Practice… 1. "I take English classes at Kansagara

College." He said that…2. "I am practicing how to write a formal

paragraph." He said that…3. "I have already written this paragraph four

times." He said that…4."I really wanted to drop my English class." He said that…5."I had made too many mistakes to continue." He said that…6. "I am not going to give up yet." He said that…

7. "I have to get a scholarship for college." He said that …

8. "I must support myself after college graduation."

He said that …

9. "I cannot continue to depend on my parents." He said that …

10."I might go to work full time and go to school part time."

He said that …

5. Interrogative Sentences

Where?

What?

Who?

In a direct ‘Yes/No’ question ..,,

• A question is changed into a Statement.• reporting verb is changed into ask / inquire and connective ‘ if/whether’ is used .• Remaining changes will be like statements.

Example..

She said to him, “ Are you writing a poem?” She asked him if he was writing a poem.

I said to her, “ Do you know this person?” I inquired her whether she knew that person.

• In case of question words like who, how, where, what, whose, which, why, whom etc. same words are used as a connective in the reportedspeech.

“Where do you live?”, she asked Mina. She asked Mina where she lived.

He said to Yuvi , “How do you write poems? He asked Yuvi how he wrote poems.

Example

6. Imperative Sentences

ADVICE

# In Imperative sentences, reporting verb is changed into order / advise / request / ask etc.

# No change of tense.

# The connective ‘to’ is put as infinitive.

I said to him, “ Take your seat.” I advised him to take his seat.

He said to Neena, “ Give me some food, please.” He requested Neena to give him some food.

7. Exclamatory Sentence

# In Exclamatory Sentences, reporting verb is changed into exclaimed with joy / sorrow / anger / surprise, etc. That is used.

# Sentence will be changed into statement.# Exclamatory symbols (oh, hi, alas etc.) are removed.# Connective ‘ that’ will be used.

He said, “ How beautiful a place !” > He exclaimed with joy that it was a very beautiful place.

Rohan said, “ Hurrah ! We have won the match !.” > Rohan exclaimed happily that they had won the match.

• Alas ! • exclaimed with sadness /

regret / disappointment.• Direct Speech: • The reporter said, “Alas! Many lives

have been lost due to tsunami”• Indirect Speech: • The reporter exclaimed sadly that

many lives had been lost due to tsunami.

• May you ! • blesses / wished.• Direct Speech: • The grandmother said her, “May

you meet with success wherever you go”

• Indirect Speech: • The grandmother blessed her that

she should meet with success wherever she goes.

Let’s check what you have

learnt……

Change the following into indirect speech.

• The air hostess said, “ The hijackers tried to frighten the passengers.”

• The captain said to his men, “ Stand at ease.”

• She said to the Neena, “ Do you believe in ghosts?”

• The Principal says, “Rules have to be followed at any cost.”

• The boys said, “ Hurray! Our team won.”

REPORTED SPEECH

“Let’s see how much you remember of that"

REPORTED SPEECH

“Let’s see how much you remember of that"

OK

"I'm going to say something"

REPORTED SPEECH

"I'm going to say something"

“And I'm going to say what he

said"

REPORTED SPEECH

"I live in Paris." He said ...

REPORTED SPEECH

"I live in Paris." He said thathe lived in Paris.

REPORTED SPEECH

"I am cooking dinner."

He told me...REPORTED SPEECH

"I am cooking dinner." He told me

That he was cooking dinner.

REPORTED SPEECH

"I have visited London twice."

REPORTED SPEECH

"I have visited London twice."

He told me that he had visited London twice.

REPORTED SPEECH

"I went to New York last

week."

REPORTED SPEECH

"I went to New York last

week."

Hetold me that he had gone to New York

the week before.

REPORTED SPEECH

"I had already eaten."

REPORTED SPEECH

"I had already eaten."

He told me that he had already

eaten.

REPORTED SPEECH

"Be quiet!"

REPORTED SPEECH

"Be quiet!" He ordered me to be quiet."

REPORTED SPEECH

"Why are you doing this?"

REPORTED SPEECH

"Why are you doing this?"

He asked me why I was

doing this."

REPORTED SPEECH

Change in…

affirmative

Interrog. Imper. Exclamat.

Said to

told asked ordrd, reqstd, advsd

Exclaimd, wishd, beggd,

Conne.

that if / wh. questions.

To That

Change in sent.

tense, pronoun, time place.

Interrg. to asser., change of tptp

prnountime place.

Interrg. to asser., change oftptp

summary of all changes

Good Job!!!

Thank you for your

interest!!!

direct indirect speech

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