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Volume 105,-Tuesday, November 26, 1985

By Katie SchwarzNo attainable ballistic missile

defense can remove the threat ofnuclear devastation, but an im-perfect shield may reduce thatthreat, said defense scholar Ash-ton Carter of Harvard UniversitySaturday at the morning sessionof a day-long syrmnposium on theStrategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

Carter spoke along with Alex-ander Flax of the Institute forDefense Analysis' Gerold Yonasof the SDI Office and RichardGarwin of IBM.

The speakers discussed the his-tory and future prospects of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) eechnol-ogy in the morning session of theconference, chaired byr ProvostJohn M. Deutch '61.

Approximately 500 faculty, sci-entists and students filled 10-250for the symposium, which wassponsored by the Office of theProvost and the MIT Defenseand Arms Control Studies -Pro-gram.

Carter distinguished betweentwo perceptions of SDI. "StarWars I" was the belief in the pos-sibility of an impenetrable de-fense which would remove theSoviet capability to -do.-lthAl.damage to the United States.

"Star Wars II" was the expecta-tion that the system would be im-perfect but nevertheless worth-wlhile.

"Star Wars I" has an "ignora-bly remote" chance of success,Carter said. This does not ruleoutballistic missile defense's rolein national security, he said. A"Star Wars II" system- may di-minish the 'menu" of possibleSoviet methods of attack by mak-ing some of them too expensiveor uncertain, he explained.

The ability of SDI to overcomeoffensive countermeasures mustbe measured against an "evol-

.ving" level of technology, notagainst the "static standard" ofpre-ABM treaty technology, Car-ter cautioned. A conflict of"Strategic Defense Initiative ver-sus Strategic Offense Initiative"could appear as each side escalat-ed defensive measures and offen-sive countermeasures.

The "layering principle,"which asserts that defense can bemade as nearly perfect as desiredby adding more and more stages,is incorrect, Carter said. The ef-fectiveness of each layer dependson the effectiveness of previouslayers. The-probabilities for a-missile to pass through the differ-

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ent layers are not independentand cannot be compounded, heexplained. "If layer one collapses,you're screwed in layer two."

Carter was uncomfortable withthe "visibility and religious fer-vor" accompanying SDI. Theemphasis SDI has received is"not the usual way we do busin-ess" and 'doesn't seem respon-sible," he added.

Yonas emphasized that currentSDI research is "driven" by theneed to overcome possible coun-termeasures.

Sensors, data collection anddata processing are the most im-portant research efforts because' you can't intercept them if youcan't find them," he said. The"distributed" software system -one with many independent parts- that SDI needs is widely appli-cable, he said.

Research in this area wouldtake place even without SDI, headded.

Other areas of emphasis in-clude excimer lasers, neutral par-ticle beams and adaptive optics.

SDI's goals as "crisis stability"and "arms race stability" as wellas a greater emphasis on defenserather. than pff-e -in the armns

(Please turn to page 9)

Tech photo by Kyle G, PeltonenGerold Yonas of the Strategic Defense Initiative offce ad-dresses Saturday's SDI symposium.

Educators and industrialistsdebate need for SDI system

By Jeffrey C. Gealow The willingness of the allianceFive speakers from educational to use nuclear weapons to defend

institutions and the defense in- western Europe is the basis ofdustry debated the effectiveness NATO's deterrence of Sovietof the Strategic Defense Initiative agression, Hoffman explained.(SDI) in the Saturday afternoon The Soviet Union is now "pre-session of a symposium spon- pared for conflict at every level ofsored by the Office of the Provost violence and, as a result, theand the MIT Defense and Arms NATO strategy of escalation isControl Studies Program. threadbare."

L Louis Smuffin '39, professor Of A Soviet invasion of westernElectrical Engineering and Com- Europe could involve limited useputer Science, chaired the session of nuclear forces, Hoffmanthat featured Jerome B. Wiesner, warned. 'We are going to requireformer MIT president and White a ballistic missile defense in Eu-House Science Advisor; Brent rope to protect critical militaryScowcroft, former National Se- targets."curity Advisor; Fred Hoffman of SDI does not have to be effec-R&D Associates/Panheuristics; tive against an all-out nuclear at-Jack Ruina, head of the MIT De- tack to be. useful, he said. Thefense and Arms Control Studies system could be used to stopProgram; and Hans Mark PhD srmall-scale Soviet precursor at-'54 of the University of Texas. tacks.

Hoffman argued that "SDI Ruina argued that SDI isshould go ahead," claiming that "technically absurd." Reagan'sits goal of "territorial defense" is decision to-establish SDI was notnecessary to maintain the effec- based on any consultations withtiveness of the North Atlantic the scientific community, he said.Treaty Organization (NATO). (Please turn to page 11)

Gary David RomanoGary David Romano '86 died Sunday morning at Massachu-

setts General Hospital of multiple injuries suffered in a car acci-dent. He was 21 years old.

Police saw Romano driving at "about 100 mph" in Everett,according to the Boston Herald. Everett police pursued him for4erratic operation," said Everett Police Chief Stewart, but lostsight of his car. Metropolitan Police also spotted Romano andthen lost him, the Herald said.

Romanos car was found overturned on Malden Street in Mal-den at 2:47 am, according to Malden police. It had struck sever-al parked cars and uprooted a tree. Romanlo died at the hospitalat 7:15 am.

Police do not know why Romano tried to escape them, Stew-art said. The hospital would riot release the result of a bloodalcohol test.

Romano was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraterni-ty. He played on almost all of the fraternity's intramural teams,including football, soccer, softball and octathon, according toSAE brother BengeAmbrogi.

Ambrogi described Romano as an excellent, multitalentedathlete as well as a "very friendly, very funny, very happy" per-son. Romano was also "a leadership figure" who was "a lotlooked up to" in the house," Ambrogi said.

Romano, a senior majoring in electrical engineering, was"really interested in all parts of electrical engineering,' said hisadvisor, Jeffrey H. Lang '75. Romano 'enjoyed being here at'MIT' and was "one of the more friendly and outgoing studentsI've met as an advisor," Larn added. He had worked forHughes Aircraft in California last summer.

Romano, the youngest of four children, is survived by his par-ents, Tony and Rose Romano-f Warren, -Ohio, and by hisbrother Tony and sisters Eilleen and Mary. A memorial servicewas held yesterday in the MIT Chapel, and thle funeral will takeplace tomorrow in his hometown.

Tech photo by Steven WheatmanDana Takaki '87 expresses her joy at being declared the winner of her round duringthe preliminary round of the Introduction to Design (2.70) Competition last night in

. The final round is scheduled for 8 pm tonight.

By Katie SchwarzShouts condemning the Soviet

Union were the predominant re-action of over 100 people whocrowded the Julius Adams Strat-ton '23 Student Center WestLounge Tuesday night to heartwo representatives of the Mos-CQW Institute for US/CanadianStudy call for greater efforts byAmericans to understand theirSoviet counterparts.

Soviets Sergey Zhuravlyov andNikita Bantsenkin participated itapanel discussion titled 'Obsta-

time researcher at the Institutefor US/Canadian Study.

Undergraduate AssociationPresident Bryan R. Moser '87asked the two Soviets how discus-sions among individuals could re-sult in progress toward peace.

Informal conversations are"important in terms of humancontacts between our two coun-tries," Zhuravlyov replied, be-cause they can "promote a betterunderstanding of what the otherside is like."

Americans' lack of knowledgeof the Soviet Union and gaanti-Soviet literature' disturbed Zhur-avlyov. Soviet students knowmore about the United Statesthan American students do aboutthe Soviet Union, Bantsenkinadded.

Alan E. Szarawarski '88, co-(Please turn to page 9)

cles to Peace: The Soviet View-point" along with three MIT stu-dents. ,

The two visited MIT as part ofa tour of Bight college campusesarranged by United Campuses toPrevent Nuclear War (UCAM),according to Professor AronBernstein, chairman of the Facul-ty Disarmament Study Group,who moderated the discussion.

The event's purpose was "todiscuss on as personal a level aspossible the obstacles to peace,"Bernstein said.

Zhuravlyov, age 31 and mar-ried, introduced himself as Ex-ecutive Secretary of the StudentCouncil of the USSR. The Coun-cil represents seven million Sovietstudents, he said.

Bantsenkin said he was a pro-fessor of journalism at the Uni-versity of Moscow and a part-

Antiapartheid protestsat other colleges: first ina series. Page '1 .

m --O arl dip Sans ng. a a aa

Number 52

Day-long symposium- examines SDINlorning session considers past and future _gsof anti-ballistic missile systems and SDI

MIT peace discussion hosts Soviets

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of the 23 academftic departmentsand one each for student affairs,athletics, the medical departmentand sponsored research.

"Each [visiting committee] isconstituted of a few members ofthe Corporation . . . [as well as]six persons nominated by theAlumni Association and six per-sons nominated by the Presi-dent," for a total of fifteenpeople per committee, Simonidessaid. Each committee visits theInstitute biannually to examineits particular department andreport its findings to theCorporation.

The visiting committees givethe trustees "a sense of the qual-ity and the problems and theneeds" of each department, Sax-on said. Simonides will be re-sponsible for scheduling meetingsand handling the logistics of thevisiting committees as secretary.

As vice president, Sim onides isa member of President Paul E.Gray's '54 staff. The directors ofadmissions, career services, themedical department, personnel,the MIT Press and informationservices report directly to him.

In the capacity of vice presi-dent, Simonides would like to re-cruit "a more diverse group ofpeople at MIT, particularly mi-norities, particularly blacks." Healso wants the "performanceevaluation and supervision ofpeople" improved to increaseproductivity.

of the executive committee of theCorporation for the past tenyears. The two positions - secre-tary of the Corporation and sec-retary of the executive committee- will now be consolidated into

one position. "MIT does thisconsolidation ... so that insome ways it makes the top ad-ministration a little thinner andin some ways it facilitates thework," Simonides said. "And italso gives the opportunity forsome younger people here togrow in responsibility in theirareas."

Signing of undergraduate di-plomas is one of the certificationsSimonides will execute as secre-tary of the Corporation. He willalso be responsible for the formalrecords of the Institute. The sec-retary also sets the Corporationagenda and provides a liaison be-tween the Corporation and theexecutive committee.

The secretary arranges rela-tions with the trustees. " Thetrustees are volunteers," ex-plained Saxon, "so it's necessarythat we provide them with thekind of assistance required tomake their voluntary activities onbehalf of the Institute efficient."

"I want to make sure that weprovide services for the trusteesand that we maximize their in-volvemnent in MIT," Simonidessaid.

The secretary is additionallyresponsible for the visiting comi-mittees. There are 27 visitingcommittees at MIT, one for each

By Irene SkrickiThe MIT Corporation elected

MIT Vice-President ConstantineB. Simonides secretary of theCorporation at its annual meet-ing Oct. 4. He will take up theposition of secretary whileremaining vice president of theInstitute.

Simonides replaces Vincent A.Fulmer '53, who retired June 30.Fulmer has been at MIT for 34years and has "done excellentwork in a-lot of capacities," Si-monides said.

Four officers - the president,chairman, secretary-and treasurer- head 73 active and 25 emeritustrustees of the Corporation, whocomprise MIT's board of trust-ees. Many Corporation membersare MIT alumni.

The Corporation meets quar-terly to approve appointments,determine a budget and seek newsources of capital for the Insti-tute, according to Simonides.The group also handles all legalissues of MIT and reviews andapproves "all significant policychanges at MIT" he added.

The executive committee of theCorporation recommended theappointment of Simonides to thefull governing body of the Cor-poration, which then approvedthe appointment. Chairman ofthe Corporation Dr. David S.Saxon '41 said that "in the judg-ment of the President and meand our principal advisors, hewas the best man for the job."

Simonides has been secretary

Tech photo by Kylfe G. Peltonen

Newly-elected Secretary of the Corporation Constantirne B.Simonides.

Students to studyCoopts relocation

By Edward E. WhangMIT's undergraduate and grad-

uate student governments haveJointly organized an 11-memberCoop Committee. The committeewill advise the MIT administrat-tion on possible uses for thespace that will become availablein the Julius Adams Stratton '23Student Center should the tenta-tive relocation of the Tech branchof the Harvard Cooperative Soci-ety to Kendall Square become areality. ,

Barbara M. Fienlmana, canpusactivities advisor, will aid thecommittee in evaluating propos-als for the space.

The formation of the commit-tee precedes any final announce-ment by the Coop Board of Di-rectors that the Coop willdefinitely leave the MIT campus."That the Coop will move out of.the Student Center is certain, butnot official," said Bryan R. Moser'87, UA president. "I have notheard that any contracts havebeen signed, but every indicationsays that the Coop will move."

Sarah R. Thomas '87, UA sec-retary, speculated on possibleplans for the reallocation of va-cated space in the event of themove. The second floor of theStudent Center could be convert-ed to office space for student acti-vites. But it is more likely thatstores will occupy the space be-cuase it is zoned for commercialuse, she said.

Moser agreed, stating that thespace will most probably be filledwith student activities offices,small retail shops or food estab-lishments.

The Coop Committee will re-port. to the UA Council after-itcompletes its study. All recom-mendations will be subject to theCouncil's approval, Moser said.

The committee will meet oncethis term for organizational pur-poses, Fienman said. Time con-straints imposed by Fienman'sPhD thesis work have preventedthe committee from meeting thisterm. Meetings will be held on aregular basis beginning neatterm.

The UA originally intended thecommittee to include three mem-bers from the Graduate StudentCouncil (GSC), the GSC insteadselected four students in order toincrease graduate student repre-sentation, according to GSC

President Janrine M. Nell G.

The four GSC members on theCoop Committee are: Ariel G.Ferdman G, James J. HickmanG, Jing-Song Huang G and JohnM. Lucassen G.

Seven participants on the com-mittee are members of under-graduate student government:Stephanie R. Levin '87 and Wal-ter A. Rho '87 are members ofthe UA Council and Gregory L.Greeley '86 and Robin L. Hunter89 are UA members-at-large.James S. Gotshalk '87 and RobinL. Hunter '89 represent the Stu-dent Center Committee (SCC) onthe Coop relocation board. TheAssociation of Student Activitieswill name one Coop committeemember, to be selected at a laterdate.

Union Chicana por Aztlan andthe Association of Puerto RicanStudents (APR).

Joyce Gibson, director of theOffice of Minority Education(OME), represented the adminis-tration, along with Dean for Stu-dent Affairs Shirley M. Mclcayand Assistant Dean for StudentAffairs Janice Cooper.

Gibson, the keynote speaker,emphasized that minorities' "re-

By Alison C. MorganThe third annual Unite and

Support Luncheon, held Satur-day in the Burton House DiningHall, brought diverse minoritygroups together to discuss com-mon concerns with each otherand the MIT administration.

Members of several minorityorganizations on campus attend-ed the meeting, including theBlack Students Union (BSU), La

lationship to the Institute as awhole is primary. . . because youare here to get an education."She asked members of the audi-ence what extracurricular activi-ties they were involved in thatwere not minority-oriented, reit-erating that they are "students"before they are "minorities."

Progress has been made withadmissions policies since the late1960s, when "three or four mi-norities existed per class,' shesaid. She added, however,. that"Native Americans, Mexican-Americans, black Americans andPuerto Ricans are still substan-tially underrepresented at MIT incomparison to national popula-tion percentages."

The significant drop in blackfreshman enrollment this yearcan be attributed to several out-side factors, Gibson explained,including the fact that "only twoto three'thousand black highschool students nationwide takethe PSAT [Preliminary ScholasticAptitude Test] each year." Ad-missions Office recruitment reliesin part on a list of high schoolseniors and their performance onthe PSAT, purchased from theEducational Testing Service.

Black freshman enrollment atMIT declined from 65 students inthe Class of 1989 to 40 in thisyear's entering class [lThe Tech,Oct. 29, 1985].

An open group discussion fol-lowed Gibson's speech. Duringthis time, members of variousgroups voiced their mutual con-cerns, including recruitment, ageneral lack of role models,scholarships and financial aid. Itwas also decided that similarmeetings be planned for IAP andthe spring term.

Afterwards, officers from dif-ferent organizations expressedpleasure at the outcome of theluncheon. APR President MarcosEsterman '88 remarked- that itwas good to see the OME direc-tor taking intiative. Norman L.Fortenbeny G of the Robert R.Taylor Network said it was a"good start" and that "minoritygroups showed a readiness to ex-press their views to the MIT ad-ministration.'

By Mary CondefloPoverty in the United States

has reached epidemic propor-tions, according to panelists at adiscussion of hunger and home-lessness in the United States enti-tled "Poverty at Home" held lastTuesday.

The MIT Hunger ActionGroup sponsored the talk, fea-turing panelists Melvin H. King,adjunct professor of urban stud-ies; Judy dePombriant of theHarvard School of PublicHealth; Nan Johnson of the Bos-ton Food Bank; and Susan Marshof the Coalition for the Home-less.

The federal government's pri-orities are a major cause of thecurrently large hunger problem inthis country, according to de-Pombriant, a member of thePhysicians' Task Force on Hun-ger. "There is a priority problem,not a resource problem."

The United States ranks first inthe world in military expendituresand 17th in "keeping infants a-live," dePombriant said. TheReagan Administration has cutclose to $10 billion from child aidprograms since 1980,- while themilitary budget has increased by$32 billion, she added.

dePombriant described the uni-versality of the problem, saying"Hunger touches the newly poor,the old, the young, immigrants,urban residents, [and] suburbanresidents...." The present gapbetween the rich and the poor isthe largest in US history, dePom-briant said.

Needy families often encounterdifficulties meeting eligibility re-quirements for government aid,she said. In more than half of thestates, families with both parentsat home are not eligible for finan-cial aid. This restriction hascaused fathers to leave theirhomes so their children can eat,dePombriant said.

Those households that qualifyfor aid receive little help fromsuch programs, she added. Foodstamps provide an average ofonly 50 cents per meal.

Proponents of current cuts insocial -programs claim that eco-nomic growth will benefit thepoor and hungry, she said. "Mal-nourished children can't wait foreconomic growth," dePombriantcountered.

The efforts of private individ-uals and religious organizationsin the fight against hunger willnot improve the situation, de-Pomnbriant said. "Charity won'tsolve the problems that reducedgovernment spending has cre-ated."

King also blamed the govern-tnent for the hunger problem."The advocates for the workingclass and poor have suffered asetback in the reelection of Ron-ald Reagan," he said. 'The mili-tarism of the country must beturned around.

"We're mistaken if we thinkthe programs we havie are doingthe job. The solution has to comefrom the people who are most af-fected by it," King concluded.

Johnson spoke about the

hungry in the Boston area. Over35 percent of the residents inBoston are near or below thepoverty level, she said.

She showed a brief slide pre-sentation that depicted a sampleof the hungry and homeless inthe city. The slides also highlight-ed some of the food pantries andshelters in the city.

The problem is more seriousthan it appears, Johnson said."Statistics don't count those tooafraid, too depressed or too dis-couiaged to get help," Johnsonsaid. Supermarkets and compan-ies waste close to 137 million tonsof food each year. That has onlycompounded the problem, sheadded.

Marsh discussed'causes ofhomelessness in the area. "Thestatewide housing market isreaching new highs in price andnew lows in supply,' she ex-plained. Record numbers of con-dominium conversions, an espe-cial!i low vacancy rate'and leadpaint contamination in manyhouses have tightened the mar--ket, Marsh added.

" Homelessness is now an "eco-nomic issue, not a personal one,"she said. The stereotypical "sin-gle man with a substance abuseproblem" is not representative oftoday's homeless, Marsh said.

Most of those who are home-less are families, often headed bya female, she explained. Thesefamilies often are forced to livein hotels or motels in singlerooms for long periods of time.

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5PAGE 2 The Tech TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 198

Simoni es named Secretaryof Institute Corporation

Minorities convene for lunch

Speakers blame governmentpolicies for hunger problem

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Fifty passengers killed in rescue of hijacked airliner -Ten minutes after Egyptair Flight 648 tookoff for Cairo from Athens Saturday afternoon, hijackers gained control of the plane and forced the pilot tofly to Malta. Egyptian special forces assaulted the plane, and the hijackers retaliated by throwing handgrenades at the passengers. When the dust cleared, all of the four or five hijackers were "most probably"killed, along with 50 passengers, according to a spokesman for the Maltese government.

Reagan Administration supports Egyptian action - The United States yesterday annlounlced itssupport for the "difficult decision of the governments of Malta and Egypt to end the brutal terrorist hijack-ingX in a State Department release. The Administration also regretted the heavy casualties resulting fromthe Egyptian troops' assault. -We are saddened by the tragic loss of innocent life resulting from this act ofterrorism," the statement read. The State Department was unable to confirm reports that one of the threeAmericans on board died in the shooting.

united States accuses the Israeli gove0rnment of espionage -Israeli government officials deniedany knowledge of covert operations against the United States and is investigating whether any such actionsoccurred. The Foreign Ministry did not rule out the possibility that an Israeli intelligence agent, acting onhis own initiative, might have undertaken a spying mission against the United States without informing hissuperiors. Such missions against the United States violate Israeli government policy. The accusations aroseafter tile conviction of a Maryland resident employed with the Naval Intelligence Service on charges ofselling classified code information to Israel.

Tenth anniversary of Franco's death marked -Francisco Franco's daughter led tens of thousandsof Spaniards, singing fascist songs in commemoration of the leader's death, on a march through Madridyesterday. The celebration was a mix of the old and the new, as old Spaniards and workcing-class teenagersdominated the crowd, estimated at 50,0N.

NatiponMajority of American Catholics disagree with the Vatican -A New York TimeslCBS News pollindicates that the opinions of Catholics are more in line with those of American non-Catholics than withChurch leaders. The poll, taken to test attitudes in the United States as the Vatican is holding an extraordi-nary synod of the world's bishops, indicates that 68 percent of those surveyed favor artifical means of birthcontrol, 55 percent approve of abortion in the event of rape, incest or a threat to the life of the mother, 52percent favor the ordination of women as priests and 73 percent favor remarriage for divorcees.

Regan apologizes for sexist remark -White House Chief of Staff Donald T. Regan apologized forhis comnment that most women don't understand arms control or other summit issues. He repeated, howev-er, that women are more' interested in "peace and things of nature" than the "nitty-gritty" issues of armscontrol.

LoCalMiddle East Studies Association condemns Harvard -The Middle East Stuldies Association ofNorth America has condemned Harvard University for allowing the Central Intelligence Agency to fund aprofessor's research. By accepting CIA money, Harvard has violated the Association's resolution that re-

|quires the disclosure of funding sources.text

SportsJets avenge early-season loss to Patriots-The New York Jets, playing without the injured Free-mlan McNeil, took sole possession of first place in the AFC East division after beating the New EnglandPartiots 16-13 in overtime Suneday at the Meadowlands. A Tony Franklin field goal with 16 seconds left toplay in regulation tied the game for the Patriots, but Kurt Sohn's 46-yard punt return set up Peat Leahy'sgame-winninlg field goal in overtime. The Jets have the best record in the AFC, at 9-3. The Los AngelesRaiders defeated the Denver Broncos 31-28 in overtime, tying them at 8-4 for first place in the NFC Centraldivision.

Giants and Cowboys share division lead -The New York Giants (84) overwhelmed the St. LoulisCardinals (4-8) 34-3, but the the Dallas Cowboys (84) defeated the Philadelphia Eagles (6-6) 34-17, to keepteams even atop the NFC East. The Chicago Bears (12-0) rolled over the Atlanta Falcons (2-10), 36-0 -theBears have won their past three games by a total of 104 3, and their defense has not given up a touchdownIn the last 13 quarters. The Miami Dolphins (8-4) and the Jets, the Bears' opponents in their next twogames, should provide stiffer opposition.

wegatherStay indoors for Thanksgiving -if you're stuck in Now England -Wednlesday will be cold andcloudy, but the rains will return just in time for Thanksgiving. Friday might be slightly better.

Harold A. Stern

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Student Center lacks first aidThe officer in the station was

very kind. After asking me if Iwas a MIT student, he replied,"Sorry, kid, I can't give you aBand-Aid. But the ambulance isdownstairs. If you want, we'llgive you a ride over to the Medi-cal Center."

I stared back at the officer. "AllI want is a lousy Band-Aid Idon't need an ambulance, and Idon't need to go over to theMedical Center. Look, do youhave a piece of masking tape in-stead? If you can't spare a Band-Aid, I'll make my own."

"Sorry, all I can do is take youover to the Medical Center."

'Why?" I asked."Look, I'm trying to help

you."'You're not," I said as I left.Once I got to Harvard Square,

I went to the Store 24 and boughta box of Band-Aids. It cost me$1.98. As I paid the clerk, shenoticed my left hand clutching abloody paper towel and said,"That looks really nasty. How

Idid you cut youself?"t I didn't have the courage to telher.-

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ceivinzg they were. The wavesconcealed their secret well.

Only the rocks gave away theocean's secret. The jagged scarsbiting deep into the rocks laidbare their testimony. The deepgouges, reaching farther into theheart of the rocks than a daggercould, groaned in submission tothe ocean.

Nature was a force beyondcontrol.

A sudden gust of the brisk fallwind brushed me. I shivered.

Often man thinks he is in con-trol. He believes he has powerover his own destiny: There areno forces he cannot overcome.

I had always had a sense of se-curity in the city, where naturehad little play, where all theforces, no matter how big, werecontrolled. Or so it seemed. Nowthe city seemed insignificant,powerless.

The wind died down. I squint-ed at the line of reflected sunlighton the ocean. I looked down intothe war-scarred faces of the rockbelow me.

The rocks were carved. Theywere shaped, not by man, but bynature. Each thin crack creptthrough the rocks following itsown path. Nature had formedeach path.

History, art and music: man'smarkings. Just as the fine lineson the rocks, these markings canbe erased, shifted, changed. Out-side forces will change thesemarkings, change their direction,wipe them away.

Often in the city, it is very hardto see past the office-buildingsand the skyscrapers. Sitting onthe rocks, looking out at theocean, I could see a long way.

A few weekends ago, I decidedto try treading the white sands ofa Maine beach instead of theconcrete of Boston. I've spentmost of my life in cities and theMidwest. I wasn't prepared forthe ocean.

The beach was empty, a shortexpanse of gritty, white sand end-ing in jagged rock on both sides.It was like a scene E. B. Whitemight have described. There wereno footprints on the beach, ex-cept mine. Broken shells anddead seaweed lay strewn acrossthe sand. Occasional red sea ur-chins, spines still intact, coloredthe sand.

I walked with ease along theedge of the ocean as the waterapproached my feet. The waveswere tame, imposing a blanket ofsilence on the beach. Thescreeching of the seagulls brokethe monotony of the gentle lap-ping of the waves.

I scrambled up the small upris-ing of rock at the end of thebeach. My hands shied awayfrom the cold rock. The cracksand crevices spread everywhere,like the gnarled roots of an oldtree. Little lines as fine as thoseon my palm coursed the rock inan aimless maze.

The rock offered me no com-fort as I sat down, but I didn'tnotice. The soft beating of thewaves on the rocks continued toforbid me from breaking its si-lence. The gentleness of thewaves seemed deceiving. Theirconstant repetition, worse thanthe ticking of a metronome, heldme in a trance.

The rocks stood at the mercyof the water. The softer the waveslapped against the rugged sur-faces of the rock, the more den

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Last Saturday, I stabbed myselfin the 24-hour coffeehouse whilesplitting a bagel.

I've probably split hundreds ofbagels in my life without inci-dent. Normally, splitting a bagelis a fairly mundane event. Whichmade Saturday's stabbing evenmore humiliating.

I pulled the knife out of myleft hand. "Why should there bea sharp point on a knife used ex-clusively to split bagels?" Ithought as I began to bleed. Andthen, "Oh Gold, I'm so embarras-sed."

I had good reason to be em-barrassed, standing there in thecoffeehouse with a bloody knifein one hand and a bloody bagelin the other. I was meeting afriend in Harvard Square in thir-ty minutes. What was I going tosay to him when he asked aboutmy hand?

"I stabbed myself while slicinga bagel."

"You did what? I haven't donethat since I was twelve," I imag-ined himn responding.

So I asked the the counterper-son at the coffeehouse if he had a

Band-Aid."Nope, no Band-Aids here.

They probably have somethingover in Lobdell. Want to washyour hand in the sink?"

The coffeehouse really shouldhave a first-aid kit behind thecounter; I couldn't have been thefirst person to have injured him-self with a wayward bagel knife.

Failing the coffeehouse, surelythere would be a first-aid kit inLobdell. I trotted over with myhand wrapped in a paper toweland asked the cook for their kit.

'Sorry, we don't have one here.There's one up in the manager'soffice, but the office is locked onthe weekend."

I couldn't believe it. Peoplecould get hurt eating in LQbdell.The very least that food servicecould do is provide a proper first-aid kit. But no, an injured cus-tomer in Lobdell has to climb thestairs to the manager's office toget the first-aid kit, and then onlyon weekdays.

As a last attempt, I decided towalk over to Campus Police andsee if they had a Band-Aid thatthey could spare.

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News Editors ........................................ Harold A. Stern '87Craig Jungwirth '88

Night Editors .................................... Robert E. Malchman '85Eric N. Starkman '87

Opinion Editors ........................................ Andrew Bein '87Mathews M. Cherian '88

Photography Editors ................... ......... Steven Wheatman '86Sidhu Banerjee '87

Arts Editors ................... ..................... Jonathan Richmond GCorrado Giambalvo '86

Advertising Manager ............................ Michael J. Kardos '86Contributing Editors ................................. V. Michael Bove G

Simson L. Garfinkel '86P. Paul Hsu '86

Senior Editor ........................................ Carl A. IaCombe '86Production Manager ......................... Robert E. Maichman '85Indexing Projet Representative .............. Carl A. LaCombe '86

MT DOES TOE CgOMP.JAa? e2LTO SL TAfr W*DS ALWG

MFCIA- iIas -t

, _ _ iH <11NEWS STAFF

Associate News Editors: Katie Schwarz '86, Edward E. Whang'87, Michael J. Garrison '88, David P. Hamilton '88, Charles R.Jankowski '88, ten Stanger '88; Staff: Joseph J. Kilian G,Lauren F. Seeley '86. Randi L. Rubin'87, Donald Yee '87, RobieSilbergleit '88, Earl C. Yen '88, Dorit S. Brenner '89, Jim Brody'89, Mary Condello '89, Andrew L. Fish '89, Jeffrey C. Gealow'89, Timothy T. Huang '89, David C. Jedlinsky '89, Alison C.Morgan '89, Stephen S. Pao '89, Irene E. Skricki '89, AnuradhaVedantham '89, Anh Thu Vo '89.

PRODUCTION STAFF FOR THIS ISSUENight Editor: ............. . V. Michael Bove GStaff: Bill Coderre '85, Carl A. LaCombe '86, Ronald E. Becker'87, Stephen P. Berczuk '87, Harold A. Stern '87, MarkKantrowitz '89, Ezra Peisach '89,

The Tech (ISSN 0148-9607) is published Tuesdays and Fridays during the academicyear (except during MIT vacations), Wednesdays during January, and monthly duringthe summer for $13,00 per year Third Class by The Tech, 84 Massachusetts Ave.Room W20-483, Cambridge, MA 02139. Third Class postage paid at Boston, MA.Non-Prolit Org. Permit No. 59720. PO)STMsASTER: Please send all address changes toour mailing address: The Tech, PO Box 29, MIT Branch, Cambridge, MA 02139. Tele-phone: Ml 7) 253-1541. Acdvertising, subscription, and typ~esettinggrates available. En-tire contents co 1985 The Tech. Printed by Charles River Publishing, Inc.

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PAGE 4 The Tech TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1985 - --_ -- _ ine e

Volume 105, Number 52 Tuesday, Novemrber 26, 1985

Chairman ................ ............... ....... Ellen L. Spero '86Editor in Chief ......................... Thomas T. Hiuang '86Managing Edtor ....................... Ronald E. Becker '87Business Manager ............... Robert W. O'Rourke '85

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iTS_Guest Column/Mark McDowell

Do not lose sleepover Course XIX

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=radude studen~s: lobby for housingG radulate students: lobby for housing

I

=19

Unruly audience wastrue obstacle to peace

Ogden Nash once wrote "Somewomen talk too much and somewomen pray too much, but allwomen think that they weigh toomuch." This observation on hu-man nature has a perfect analogat MIT: "Some people study toomuch and some people goof offtoo much, but all people thinkthat they sleep too much."

While this may not be the po-etic gem that Mr. Nash had inmind, - think these words ringtrue for any self-respecting MITstudent. There seems to be a pre-vailing attitude (especially at thislate date in the term) that sleep isa non-essential element of life.

It is not uncommon to bewalking down the infinite corri-dor and overhear a conversationthat goes something like this:

Jim: I stayed up until 4 amworking on a problem set, and Ididn't even finish it.

Julie: You call that late? I wasup until 6 am writing a paper andstudying for three exams.

Bill: Yeah, but I pulled eightall-nighters this week, and....

Jim: That's nothing. I woke upthree hours before I went to bedand worked on my problem setfor five man-years.

And so the conversations goon, in a manner that any MontyPython fan would shudder at.What does it all mean? Is thelack of sleep (or the claim of it) astatus symbol that we shouldflaunt? Have you ever stayed upall night and then not told any-one about it?

The immediate response is thatwe have huge work-loads to tendto, and 24 hours is just barelyenough time to finish everything.Or maybe we think that weshould have a huge work load(after all, this is MIT and every-one else seems to be studying), sowe just stay up all night, workingand taking lengthy study breaks.Maybe I'm just totally wrong.But consider the following op-tion :

Course 19: Rest Engineering.19.01 - Microrest: Students

will study resting techniques on asmall scale. Emphasis will beplaced on naps and day-dream-ing. Introductory topics includethe Dirac Doze function and tailrecursive cat naps.

19.02 - Macrorest: Here stu-dents explore more detailedsleeping techniques, including en-tire nights of sleep, dream theoryand sleeping through more thanone lecture in a row.

19.06 - Linear Sleep: Ad-vanced class in mattress manipu-lation. Topics include uncon-sciousness and hiberation.

One final word about Course19. Problem sets will be due reg-ularly and will include extendedhours of sleeping. Lab coursesare particularly demanding andwill require up to 12 hours ofnon-stop sleep on the weekends.And, yes, there is a UROP avail-able. Course 19 professors needan undergrad to help redefuie theword 'restroom."

1) The quality of the graduatestudent body is of the first orderof importance with respect to thequality of research performanceat MIT and, thus, to the Irnstitu-te's continued reputation as apremier research center.

2) The quality of life is impor-tant to graduate students and theavailability of decent, safe, con-venient and affordable housing isprobably the major single factorin determining that quality.

3) The Institute already losessome top graduate student pros-pects because it cannot guaranteeincoming graduate students Insti-tute housing and this loss factormay grow as the pool of top-flight technically-oriented stu-dents seeking advanced degreesdeclines (At least one member ofthe Visiting Committee used thequality of graduate student hous-ing for his family and himself asthe final determinant among of-fers from competitive graduateprograms).

4) Graduate students with safeand convenient on-campus hous-1ng are able to work longer hoursand return safely and efficientlyfor late night research activities(This is of particular concern tostudents with familiqs and to fe-male students).

5) Graduate students housedon-campus are more likely to de-velop a sense of camaraderie withtheir fellow students and aheightened sense of belonging tothe Institute community - atti-tudes which are woefully lackingamong many current graduatestudents.

6) Housing problems are oftenmultiplied for graduate studentswith families and foreign stu-dents who may be poorlyequipped to deal with vagaries ofthe Boston area housing market.

7) The competition betweenMIT graduate students and thepoorer members of Boston areacommunities for affordable hous-ing hurts both groups and createscommunity resentment againstMIT-and the rest of the academiccommunity't

In light of the above, we, the'lucky ones," feel that the op-portunity to live on-campusshould be available to all mem-bers of the graduate school.

Short of controlling the num-ber of students admitted, this isonly possible by building moreresidences. A major fraction ofthe present rent increase of on-

campus housing is being used toraise funds for construction offuture graduate housing. In viewof this, President Gray's state-ment that graduate housing willnot be a priority in the upcomingcapital campaign is contradictoryand simply unaccceptable. Thegraduate student body should notbe swept under the carpet andleft to its own devices for surviv-al. Much more attention and caremust be directed towards this vi-tal segment of the MIT commu-nity.

Living in a graduate housecontributes enormously towardsthe elevation of the quality of lifeof its inhabitants. Its importancecannot be overemphasized, norshould it be underestimated. Liv-ing in Ashdown, for example, isnot merely having a place tosleep in between visits to the lab.It is much more than that. It is aplace to learn about, and to beeducated in areas where workingin a lab can in no way be a sub-stitute. Living in Ashdown is liv-ing in an international communi-ty of American and foreignstudents, it is learning about di-verse cultures, social habits, poli-tics and views of the world. It isabout being part of a community,learning how it operates and inturn influencing its operation. Noamount of working on one's re-search topic can teach one aboutlife as will active participation ina dynamic and multifaceted soci-ety such as Ashdown.

Now and absolutely now is thetime for graduate students tomake their voices heard. While itis important that we, the gradu-ate students, speak up in unisonabout the deplorable lack ofhousing, it is also worth recogniz-ing that our voices alone are notenough to convince PresidentGray, the administration, and theMIT Corporation, that morehousing must be built. We alsocall on department heads, facultymembers and other members ofthe staff who care about graduatestudents to lobby for new gradu-ate housing. It will only bethrough this large scale corpora-tion that the graduate studentbody will benefit.The Ashdown House Executive

Committee:Kathy Barnak G

Alison Burgess GJan Campbell GDan Heinzen GAtul Salhotra G

To the Editor:We are writing, on behalf of

the residents of Ashdown House,to alert the MIT community toour concerns about the currentstate of on-campus housing forgraduate students.

This year alone, 1450 graduatestudents were admitted to MIT.Only 18 percent (260) studentswere lucky enough to be assignedrooms in one of the five graduateresidences. Of the remaining1190, 928 placed their names onwaiting lists for on-campus hous-ing. This phenomenal demand isclearly an indication of the needfor more graduate housing.

The issue of housing extendsbeyond just having a roof overone's head. It greatly influencesthe life of a graduate studentwhich in turn affects his or herperformance as a researcher.

Unlike first-year undergrad-uates who are guaranteed hous-ing however crowded, first-yeargraduate students are left out inthe cold. This is particularly dis-turbing in light of the number ofstudents who come from far re-moved corners of the UnitedStates and the world; and whoarrive in Boston in September,suitcases in hand, and nowhereto live. Tie situation has alwaysbeen one of waiting lists and onlyenough room to house about 50percent of those students whowish to live on-campus. Theproblem has been particularlyacute this year due to suddengrowth of the size of the graduateschool, and the drastic rent in-creases for off-campus housing.This brutal introduction of agraduate student into MIT leavesa long lasting bitter impression.The student feels unwelcome anduncared for. He or she cannotcomprehend how an institutionsuch as MIT with its large pro-portion of graduate students andwhose excellence as a research in-Stitute is so vitally dependent onIts graduate students could be soinsensitive to the students, needs.

The quality of life and qualityof performance of a gaduatestudent, like any human being,are undoubtedly related. To

quote from the report of the Stu-dent Affairs Visiting CommitteeMeeting, Feb. 10-12, 1985:

"Some simple facts seem to berecognized by both the office ofthe Dean for Student Affairs(ODSA) and faculty coitacted on

1s matter. These include:

Bernstein of the DisarmamentStudy Group (DSG).

Perhaps these loud-mouths ac-tually supposed that they weresending a message to the Sovietgovernment. Perhaps they wishedto convert the rest of the audi-ence. All they succeeded in wascreating a hostile mood and sodestroying an opportunity fordiscussion.

Americans visiting the SovietUnion, while restricted by thegovernment, are at least made tofeel welcome by the vast majorityof her people. The intolerant UScitizens who came to Tuesday'smeeting appeared as obstacles topeace from anyone's point ofview.

Julian West G

To the Editor:On midsummit eve, a respect-

able crowd gathered in the Stu-dent Center were treated to "theSoviet viewpoint" of obstacles topeace. But the display was notprovided by the visiting Sovietdelegation, which had come todiscuss, however dogmatically,understanding and "bridges topeace ."

- The show was stolen by a vocalminority of audience memberswho saw no opportunity for dia-logue, but simply a chance to dosome red-bashing. It displayedcontempt for authority in thehighest US tradition by speaking(and often shouting) out of turn,straying from the topic, and ig-noring the pleas of the far-frorn-toothless moderator, Dr. Aron

Editorials, marked as such and printed in a distinctive for-mat, are the official opinion of The Tech. They are written bythe Editorial Board, which consists of the chairman, editor inchief, managing editor, executive editor, news editors, and opin-ion editors.

Columns and editorial cartoons are written by individuals andrepresent the opinion of the author, not necessarily that of thenewspaper.

Letters to the Editor are welcome. They should be addressedto The Tech, PO Box 29, MIT Branch, Cambridge MA 02139,or by interdepartmental mail to Room W20-483. Letters shouldbe typed and bear the authors' signatures, addresses, and phonenumbers. Unsigned letters will not be accepted. The Tech re-serves the right to edit or condense letters. We regret we cannotpublish all of the letters we receive.

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1985 The Tech PAGE 5 "~

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small, high velocity pellets. Withboth the target satellite and theincoming pellets travelling at afew kilometers per second, anyimpact is likely to seriously dam-age the target. Shielding is alsoineffective against space mineswhich would lurk nearby eachdefensive battle station, blowingitself up along with the target sat-ellite on orders fronm the ground.It is also difficult to shield lasermirrors or optical sensors, sincethey must have access to the out-side environment.

The potential for preemptiveattacks against space-based bal-listic missile defense systems isperhaps the worst aspect of SDI.Imagine that both the US andSoviet Union had SDI-type sys-

tems in space. Would there notbe great incentives in times of cri-sis to. strike the opponent's SDIsystem, destroying his defenseswhile safeguarding your own?This is an important point notaddressed by Pitrelli and Theo-bald.

I could go on for pages, but Idon't want to displace any of thecartoons, which is what most ofus read The Tech for anyway,right? To Pitrelli and Theobald,my parting words are to checkout both sides of the issue. Trythe OTA report I Quoted earlieror "The Fallacy of Star Wars" bythe Union of Concerned Scien-tists for starters.

Eric J. Raiten '86

sources) could devise argumentsagainst these measures, but I-could always come up with more.The SDI system would have tohave counter-countermeasuresfor every Soviet countermeasurealready deployed in space, where-as the Soviets could decide attheir leisure and on the groundwhich ones to use and which newcountermeasures to research.

The worst error which Pitrelliand Theobald make concerns thesurvivability of the SDI battlestations. They state "satellites aremuch more defensible than mis-siles because orbiting satellitesare weightless and so can be ar-moured as heavily as necessary"They are weightless once they arein space, but their launchingcosts depend roughly linearly ontheir mass. In a report entitled"Ballistic Missile Defense Tech-nologies" the Office of Technaol-ogy Assessment, US Congress,state that "required shieldingweights could reach up to manytons for each defensive satellitestation." At $3000/lb for hun-dreds of satellites, that's tens ofbillions of dollars. You might saythat that's negligible to the $500billion figure I just threw out, butit's an indication of how thesecountermeasure costs can escalateso quickly. Furthermore, shield-ing is rather ineffective againstparticle beam weapons, which de-stroy by penetrating a material,not by burning through a sur-face, and shielding is completelyineffective against an attack by

Pitrelli and Theobald think, butattacking with the full knowledgethat my opponent will have atleast 3000 warheads remainingsounds a lot like suicide to me.

In considering the costs of SDIversus the cost of the Soviets ex-panding their missile force by afactor of four, which they state as$1.5 trillion (from what source Iwonder), Pitrelli and Theobaldstate "though we do not knowexactly what an SDI systemwould cost, reasonable estimatesare far lower [than $1.5 trillion]."In fact, a 1982 Defense Depart-ment report said that a system ofspace-based lasers, not includingall the other systems which acomplete SDI system might have,would cost up to $500 billion (see"Strategic Defense and Anti-Sat-ellite Weapons," Hearing beforethe Senate Committee on ForeignRelations, 4/25/84, p. 67). Andwhen was the last time a majormilitary system was completedanywhere close to its originalbudget? The costs of SDI arelikely to increase dramatically asthe vicious race between counter-measure and counter-counter-measure gets into full swing.

The whole subject of counter-measures is a tricky area. For in-stance, during the boost phase,one could rotate one's ICBM's,so that any laser light would bedistributed over a large area. Oreach ICBM could continuouslysecrete a laser absorbing liquidfrom its nosecone. Perhaps Pi-trelli and Theobald (and their

To the Editor:Wlhile I usually read the feed-

back section of The. Tech with ameasure of indifference, on thisoccasion I feel compelled to re-spond to the letter of John Pi-trelli and Kevin Theobald ["SDIensures our retaliation," Nov.221, itself a response -to AlanSzarawarski's guest column["SDI is impractical and fatallyflawed," Oct. 181. For while theycorrectly point out some logicalflaws of Szarawarski, they them-selves make some serious errorsin reasoning.

They state "the intention (ofSDI) is that a high attrition rateon a Soviet strike would ensurethat most of our retaliatory forcewould survive, so the Sovietswould realize that attacking theUS would be suicidal. . ." Do Pi-trelli and Theobald not knowthat of the roughly 10,000 strate-gitwarheads in the US arsenal,about 1/2 are on submarines, 1/2of which are at sea and on alertstatus (DEFCON 3) even when allother forces are at their loweststate of readiness (DEFCON 1),not to mention that 1/3 of thebomber force (about 100 B-52's)is always at peak readiness, capa-ble of being launched within 15minutes? Furthermore, a Sovietattack on US coltmlmunications fa-cilities would not prevent thesubs from launching their mis-siles, since they do in fact havethe capability to launch withoutthe President's orders, albeit withsome delay. I don't know what

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UA NEWS AND SHIRT REPORT

*1l>2t t THE UA WISHES

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DON'T MISS YOUR CHANCE TO BE -AIN WHO'S WVHOfflfl

The Undergraduate Association Nominations Com-mittee is now accepting nominations for "Who's Who.among students in American Universities and Colle-ges." Any juniors, seniors or graduate students whodon't know who they are, or possess outstandingqualities in scholarship, leadership, service, sports, citi-zenship, are urged to submit cover letters and re-sumes to the UA NomCom, ASAP, W20-403, by 12/6/85. If there are any inquiries, please direct them to m lLuiu at 494-1567, or leave a message at the UA Of- A APPYfice, x3-2696. If you don't have any questions orcomments, please call Dave at dli9692. His hours willbe posted in Lobby 10 all next week. ANDClass of 1988:

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Tech photo by Stephen P. BerczukOver 103 registered dancers collected more than $6000 for the Muscular DystrophyAssociation during the Dance Marathon held in Walker Memorial Saturday. LaureanoCangahula '87 and Megan Smith '86 were the two top nmoney-collectors. Nu Deltaand The Thalians co-sponsored the event.

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asked the Soviets whether theyheld any opinions not endorsedby the Communist Party. Zhurav-lyov said his point of view "maybe different on some views," butdeclined to give examples because"this question [was] asked insuch a hostile way.'

The panel discussion was"predicated on the idea that if

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termeasures because the treaty re-duces the emphasis on offense, henoted.

"The issues of the current de-bate [over SDI] don't differ inmany particulars" from debatesover earlier ABM systems, Flaxconcluded, citing the question ofwhether new technology wouldimprove the 'cost exchange ra-tio" - the relative costs of of-fense and defense.

Another important question,Flax added, is whether any ballis-tic missile defense could over-come the "offense-dominated"nature of the current doctrine ofmutually assured destruction(MAD). MAD is based upon thebelief that nuclear war is fore-stalled by each side's knowledgethat the other can retaliate deci-sively to a first strike.

Some say "Star Wars" woulddeter attacks by making them lesscertain of success, but othersclaim it would only encourage at-tempts to defeat it with evengreater offensive strength, he ex-plained.

Some quE

(Continued from page 1)

race, according to Yonas. SDIcan achieve these goals, he said,because the changes in offensethat the Soviets would need tomake to overcome an SDI de-fense might be too difficult or ex-pensive.

Predictions of SDI's impossi-bilitY are premature, Yonas said.His office aims to "carry out a re-search program . . as a basisfor a decision in the early 1990s."

There are so many possiblecountermeasures to SDI that theprogram is not worthwhile, Gar-win claimed. A variety of coun-termeasures that offensive mis-siles could use to "destroy,bypass or overwhelm" the de-fense are feasible.

For example, he said, Intercon-tinental Ballistic Missiles couldjitter their flame in the boostphase so they could not betracked as easily, be protectedfrom the damaging heat of lasersby screens or cooling, or hidefromn defensive sensors withscreens or decoys.

In a question-and-answer peri-od following the discussion,Yonas criticized Garwin's argu-ments as unrealistic. 'We're find-ing that a lot of these back-of-the-envelope cartooncountermeasures are very hard toengineer," he said.

SDI impedes arms control,Garwin also said. Any defensewill be imperfect, so we must"recognize that we're going to berelying on deterrence through re-taliationl for a long time.'

Only a thousand nuclear weap-ons on each side, much fewerthan the current stockpiles, arereally needed for deterrence,Garwin continued. But SDIblocks efforts to reduce them tothis level, he said.

Despite SDI's flaws, Garwinendorsed research at the rate of$1.5 billion per year to keep upwith the Soviets and to -Find outwhether the President's dream [ofperfect defense] is feasible."

Research on intercepting anddestroying ballistic missiles hasbeen going on since the Army'sNike Zeus and Nike X programsof the early 1960s, Flax said.

The United States feared thatthe Soviet Union might be work-ing on similar systems as thistechnology developed, Flax said.Research proceeded under theSentinel and Safeguard programsuntil the signing of the 1972ABM treaty, he continued.

"Research and developmentwent forward in both the SovietUnion and the United States," al-though Safeguard was phased outand implementation was curtailedby the treaty, Flax said. Therehas been less research on coun-

(Continued from page 1)chairman of the student Disarma-ment Study Group, asked the So-viets "how [the United States andthe Soviet Union) see each otherand why we see each other theway we do."

Bantsenkin described the "hardanti-Soviet" attitude of someAmericans. He mentioned theAmerican military action inGrenada two years ago.

At this point, several audiencemembers jumped to their feet,shouting that the Grenada inva-sion was welcomed by the island'speople, and condemning the So-viet invasion of Afghanistan.Bernstein warned the crowd thatanyone who shouted out would -be asked to leave.

The discussion continued with-Paul Josephson G. a student ofthe history of science who spenteight months in the SovietUnion. The Soviets do studyAmerica more than Americansstudy the USSR, he said, addingthat "better exchanges" are need-ed to counter the lack of under-standing.

The Student Council is not theonly Soviet student organization,Zhuravlyov said. There are over20 groups advocating peace atMoscow University. Their slogansinclude "disarmament from bothsides" and "no to SDI from bothsides," he added.

The peace movement originat-ed the idea of "nuclear-free zon-es" in central Europei he contin-ued. This later became officialSoviet policy. Zhuravlyov ex-pressed the wish that the "rest ofthe agenda" would also becomepolicy.

Questions from the audiencefollowed the discussion. Manyquestioners- implied that the Sovi-tet speakers were hypocritical. Ifthe Soviet Union wanted morecommunication, one asked, why

were Soviet students refused per-mission to read the New YorkTimes? Zhuravlyov said theTimes was available in the SovietUnion, but some audience mem-bers disagreed.

Lernin never said that socialismand capitalism could not existpeacefully together, Zhuravlyovclaimed, asserting "there is nosuch concept." One audiencemember found the quote in abook at the library The bookwas a biography and the quotewas not written by Lenin, Zhur-avlyov countered

The Soviet action in Afghani-stan was ineaccord with the Unit-ed Nations charter, Zhuravlyovclaimed, Angry shouts from thecrowd began to drown him out,and one audience member wasasked to leave at that point. TheUnited States had also taken im-perialistic actions in Iran, Guate-mala, Chile and Grenada, Zhur-avlyov continued.

The Soviet Union does not jambroadcasts of "Voice of Ameri-ca," Zhuravlyov claimed. Hethen retracted this statement,adding that jamming began only"after detente." The "Voice ofAmerica" broadcasts unfriendlyanti-Soviet propaganda, he ex-plained. A member of the audi-ence who said he was born in theSoviet Union disagreed.

Another audience member

people understand each other,they will influence their govern-inents" toward peace, the nextquestioner said. But the Sovietgovernment is unresponsive to itsconstituents and suppresses dis-sent. Later, questioners again ac-cused the visitors of representingtheir government, not the Sovietpopulace.

Translations into your native languageare needed for Industrial literatur. Youwill be well paid to prepare thesetranslations on an occasional basis.Assignments are made according toyour area of technical knowledgeo

We are cureontly seeking translators for:• Arabic * Chinese e Danish 9 Dutch• Farsl S French * German * Greek* Italian & Japense Korean* Nowmegian e Polish e Portuguese* Romanian - Spanish * Swedishand others.Into-English translations from Russian,East European languages and mannyothers also available.Foreign lanoguage typists also needed.All this work can be done In your home!Lnguistic Systems, Inc. is NewEngland's largesf translation agency,located a block north of the CentralSq. subway station.

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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1985 The Tech PAGE 9--_

SDI alternativesdebated at forum

3stioners disrupt peace forum

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ness in South Africa, and so wecan divest without imposing aheavy burden of transaction costson our faculty, students andstafl

The trustees were aware thatmany American companies oper-ating in So-uth Africa have made"significant efforts on the behalfof blacks in the country," he not-ed.

The decision to divest wasmade six months after Columbiastudents and faculty attracted na-tional attention by staging a 30-day sit-in at a major office andclassroom building [The Tech,April 9, 19851-

A special panel of trustees ad-vised the board on Aug. 28 thatit pass the divestment resolution.The panel claimed that the di-vestment was a result of "recentdevelopments in South Africa"and not the demonstration in thespring.

Anne Kornhauser. editor-in-chief of The Columbia DailySpectator, the student newspaper,disagreed with this explanation.

"The overwhelming sentimentof the community here was that it[divestment) was the result ofboth the turmoil there [in SouthAfrica] and the protests here [oncampus]," Kornhauser said. 'Theprotests forced thie administra-tion to think much more serious-ly about the issue."

The adninistration wanted toavoid facing a long-term protestover the issue, she claimed. 'Thedecision was much easier to makefor Columbia because its invest-ments iln South Africa were a

By Earl C. Yen

First in a series examining nati-npartheid protests at colleges

across the United States. Today'sarticle focuses on the issue of di-vestment at Columbia and Dart-mouth.

Columbia: first Ivy to divest

Columbia University becamethe first Ivy League institution tosell its holdings in Americancompanies that operate in the ra-cially-divided nation of SouthAfrica when its board of trusteesvoted on Oct. 7 to divest.

The divestment of $39 million,comprising four percent of Co-lumbia's $900 million portfolio,will be carried out over a two-year period, according to theOct. 8 New York Times.

Columbia President Michael E.Sovern stated, "Divestment is acomplex issue on which decentand reasonable people disagree.Divestment strengthens our con-demnation of apartheid. It is theright course for us at this timeand so we are taking it."

"In deciding to divest in an or-derly way over a period of time,we are expressing our abhorrenceof apartheid and the South Afri-can Government's obdurate -ad-herence to it,' said Samuel I.Higgonbottom, chairman of theColumbia board of trustees.

The trustees did not intend thisvote to be interpreted as passingjudgment on other Amenican in-stitutions and corporations Hig-gonbotton said. "We are in thefortunate position of having onllya small fraction of our endow-merit in companies doing busi-

very small percent of its portfo-lio," Kornhauser explained. "Thedivestment is not a major restruc-turing of its portfolio.'Dartmouth: Activists defy dean

A group of Dartmouth Collegestudents built three symbolicshacks on the college green toprotest the school's holding ofstocks of companies operating inSouth Africa, said Karen Gar-nett, president of The Dart-mouth, the student newspaper.

The shacks, or "shanties,"symbolize the economic sufferingthat South African blacks exper-ience, according to Rajiv Menon,member of the student-organizedDartmouth Community for Di-vestment (DCD). The DCD de-mands immediate and completedivestment and the establishmentof a committee on ethical invest-ment that would directly controlD3artmouth's investment policy,Menon said.

The DCD has defied Dean Ed-ward Shanahan, who ordered thestudents to take down the shan-ties Nov. 19, two days after thestudents constructed the first.

I At some point, the structureswill have to come down," Shana-han said in The Boston Globe."That will be done by either thecollege or the students. I hopethe students will do it them-selves."

Joshua Stein, member of theDCD, did not believe the schoolwould tear down the shacks. "Ican't imagine the adminstrationwill take down the shantytown,"Stein said in The Boston Globeo"The shantytown is just too pow-erful of an instrument."

ees for not responding to callsfor investment from various seg-ments of the community.

"Time and again, the trusteeshave been unwilling to confrontthe fundamental ethical issue atthe basis of their South Africa in-vestment policy," Spitzer ex-plained in the Nov. 18 Dart-mouth.

Robert Henderson, chairmanof the trustees' Committee on In-vestments, argued that the trust-ees have a responsibility not tojeopardize Dartmouth's endow-ments, according to The Dart-mouth.

Menon did not believe theboard would seriously considerdivestment, in spite of the carn-pus-wide protests.

"6To be quite honest, I reallydon't think they'll do anything,"Menon admitted. "They haven'teven responded to the facultyvote or our protests. But we'retrying to push them on allfronts."

Dartmouth has $63.4 millioninvested in US companies inSouth Africa, which is 15 percentof the school's total endowment,said Dartmouth spokesman AlexHuppe said in the Nov. 19 BostonGlobe.

The DCD built the shanties tocoincide with the DartmouthBoard of Trustees meeting thatweekend, Menon told The Tech.The trustees, who usually hold apress conference after each meet-ing, did not disclose the proceed-ings of their meeting to the pub-lic, Garnett said.

"No action was taken by theBoard with respect to your de-mands," stated a letter Shanahanaddressed to the DCD Nov. 17."I am personally writing to tellyou that you will receive no spe-cific response from the trustees,"continued the letter.

The Dartmouth faculty passeda resolution by a 108-0 vote inMay to recommend to the boardthat it divest its South African-related stock.

Approximately 50 facultymembers and 150 students par-ticipated in a demonstration Nov.20 in front of the administrationbuilding, Garnett added. "I'vebeen involved in this [divestmentmovement] for three years, andthe faculty involvement is just in-credible," Menon said.

Leo Spitzer, Dartmouth historyprofessor and former chair of theAdvisory Committee on InvestorResponsibility, faulted the trust-

The United States "may nothave a choice whether to contin-ue SDI," he added, The Presi-dent "would have an insurmount-able problem" if the UnitedStates discontinued SDI unilater-ally. A similar situation wouldarise if SDI were abandoned inan unverifiable treaty that the So-viets disregarded by deploying astrategic defense system of un-known effectiveness, Scowcroftsaid.

(Continued from page 1)Rather, "national policy is beingbased on an extremely remotehope."

Some protection against nucle-ar attack is not better than none,he said. This idea, he said, is"based on the assumption that ifwe build a defense, the Sovietswill do nothing. A safer assump-tion is that if we build a defensethey will build a bigger offense.

"lf the US deploys a strategicdefense, it would be easy for theSoviets to over-compensate and itwould lead to an arms race, "Ruina said. The chance of full-scale deployment of SDI is ex-tremely remote, he claimed. SDIwill likely "peter out."

Mark argued that advances inmicroelectronics, sensors, lasersand space operations have madea strategic defense system morefeasible.

Silo defense and the use of air-borne lasers to reduce the threatof submarine-launched missilescould be deployed in the foresee-able future, he said.

Scowcroft argued that "thefundamental question is whatdoes SDI do for our strategicconcepts." Both the'Soviet Unionand the United States would needgreater offensive and convention-al capabilities, he said. "SDIwould kill notions of extendeddeterrence.

"We may be making the worldsafe for Soviet conventionalaggression" by rendering nuclearforces ineffective, he said. SDIdevelopment should be coupledwith an accelerated offensive pro-gram, "so that we maintain our

abily to threaten the Soviets.

"It is unlikely we can evermake [an SDI] system'I Wpisnerclaimed. Estimates of ten percentleakage are unfoanded, he said."iny decisions are either totallyirrelevant or premature until weunderstand what we can put to-gether."

SDI deployment, in addition,would make negotiations with theSoviet Union impossible, Weisnersaid, and worsen the strategic sit-uation.

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If you're having a hard timeand want someone to talk tocome talk to us.We offer a confidential,professional program ofcounseling and personalgrowth workshopsto help you find yourself.Our program is:

FOR COLLEGE STUDENTS ONLY...Suite 201 B466 Commonwealth AvenueBoston, MA 02215(617) 247-0880

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