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guns or rule PREHISTORIC W’
‘<
'&
UK £ 1.50Republic of Ireland lR£1.50
Australia $3.75;Malta 75cNew Zealand $4.75 inc. GST
SouthAfrica R6.75 inc. VAT
R6.14 Tax -other 0 RB | 5
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DYSALOTOSAl/Rl/SHerds of gazelle-like Dysalotosauruspounded the prehistoric plains.
ysalotosaurus was a plant-.eating hypsilophodontid.The hypsilophodontids were
the most successful family ofdinosaurs.Fossil records show therewere
hypsilophodontids on Earth for around100million years and that they spreadright across the globe. Compare that withhumans.We’Ve only been around for
200,000 years!
ALL IN THE FAMILY
Hypsilophodontids are sometimes called‘dinosaur gazelles’because they could
sprint very fast, as gazelles do today. A
member of this family, Hypsilophodon,is reckoned by experts to be one of the
fastest dinosaurs ever. Hypsilophodongrew between 1.4mand 2.4m long.
Dysalotosaurus was bigger than
Hypsilophodon and probably slower. Buta strong adult Dysalotosaurus could still
outrunmost hungrymeat-eaters.
SPEEDY SPRINTERS
Making a dash for
safetywas the only waythat a frightenedDysalotosaurus could
protect itself. It had no
weapons or armour. But
Dysalotosaurus did have
stronghind legs.
MUSCLE POWER .
Dysalotosaurus’ legswere operated bypowerful muscles at the top, and theyworked rather like a pendulum. The legsswung backwards and forwards Veryquickly, helping the dinosaur to build up
speed and dash along. Fast—moVing deerand gazelles today have similar legs to
Dysalotosaurus. Like them, the dinosaur
had short thigh bones and longshin bones.
FEETAND TAIL TRICKS
Dysalotosaurus also had strong, sharp-clawed feet which gripped the groundsecurely andhelpedpush it forwards. Its
long tail also helped as it dashed along.
Dysalotosaurus’tailwould not have trailedon the groundbutwould have stood outbehind the dinosaur as it ran. The tail acted
as a balance, rather like a tightropevvalker’s pole helps someone to balance on a
rope. The stiff tail helped to steady thedinosaur’s body, allowing it to dart fromside to side as it ran:This would helpDysalotosazgwus to escape from predators.
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CHEEKY CHEWER
Herols ofDysalotosaurus probably grazeolzfion the lushplants that grew between
Q
the lakes and rivers of the flood plains. ~45-
Dysalotosauruswas
an;e;fficient eater,
.nippingoff tender shpiotsfwith its horny
.eak. Then it cheW§3”?.the'bits to pulp, ‘«g .O
NAME:Dysa/otosaurus (_ofi-sal-o-toe-Q-rus)means ’lostwood reptile’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: 2.4m long
’
FOOD: plantsLIVED: about l4O millionyears ago in the Late
Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Period inAtrica
2
ready for swallowi Is
idlfD3/“salotosaurus bitoffmore foodgthan 1. could chew in one go,it stored théfiextra in itsfroomy cheekpouches to chew later.
i
O
ON THE PROWLV
Peaceful plant—eate1;s such as
Like many oftod
Dysalotosaurus
TWO INTO ONE
Dysa/otosaurus isknown From just a Few
incomplete skulls and scattered bones foundinTanzania, East Africa. The tossils look
very like another hypsilophodontid,called Dryosaurus, trom North America.Some experts believe that these Finds are
really Dryosaurus bones.
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O U f
1994
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Dysalotosaurusor
Dryosaurus?
Experts do not
agree about these
bones found in
Tanzania, East
Africa. The femur
or thigh bone
(right) is from the'
‘right leg and is
196mm long.The bone below is
a vertebra from
the tail.
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TELEOOERASTeleoceras was a relative of today'srhinoceros,but it behaved more like
a hippopotamus.
hinos only live in Africa andAsia today. Butmillions of
years ago, there were three
families of rhinos, spreadacross theworld. Teleoceras fossils have
beenfound in
Nebraska,USA.
WATER LIFE
Teleoceras was a relative of today’s rhino,butwas closer in shape to today’s hippo.This bulky plant—eater had a long, barrel-
shaped body and very short, stumpy legs.It Was difficult for Teleoceras toWalk
because its bodywas so close to the
ground. In fact, it probably spentmuch of
the time livingin
and underwater.
USEFUL HORNTeleoceras had a short, cone-shapedhornon its nose. The plant-eater could have
(“/7
left}?. ? _ 4 m _ _ » {
MORSEFAMS.NAME: Te/eoceras (E-lee-oh-fl-as) means’long and horned’.GROUP: mammal.SIZE: 4m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about40 to l0 millionyears ago in the
—ate Eocene toEarlyMiocene inNorthAmerica
HAIRY NOSE
Many early rhinos hadhorns. But theseoften lookedmore fearsome than theyWere.Most Were just made ofmattedhair.
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DIADEOTDiadecteswas a prehistoric puzzle.
. - s .
I,
Was it an amphibian?Or was it
perhaps a reptile? ,
mphibians can live on landand in Water. So can reptiles.Butmost amphibians layjelly-like eggs in Water,While l< 3m
A
1»
reptiles can lay hard-shelled eggs on land.
SKULL SOLUTION
Diadectes’ skeleton looked like a reptile’s.And the huge creature was able to move
about on land. But experts now believethatDiadectes was an amphibianbecauseof the shape of its skull.
NAME:Diadecfes (dy-a-Q-tees) means
’fhrough bifer’GROUP: amphibian .
SIZE: 3m longA
FOOD: plants, shellfishEARLYVEGETARIAN LIVED: about 270 million years ago, in theDiadectes Was one of the biggest land Early Permian Period inTexas, USA
animals alive in the Early Permian, morethan 270 millionyears ago. It may even
have been the earliest land—living FISHY FOOD
vertebrate (animalwith a backbone) that Experts believe Diadectes may have eatenhadplants as part of its diet. shellfish, too. Perhaps it cracked them’/it
ng jaws andteeii
' . inpenwith its stro. 5’
’.g.«,V
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DINOSAUR SAFARI
TRIASSICSOUTHERN EUROPE
Imagine you could travel about 210
millionyears back in time. Look around
you. Nothing looks the same as
today. You are in a Triassic landscape!
ur safari begins on the shore of avast landmass.All the continents
~ I
’
of the world are joined together inone great continent called Pangaea.A
huge inlet of the surrounding ocean almostcuts this landmass in two. This inlet iscalled the Tethys Sea, and you are now
standing on its north—western shore.
AN UNFINISHED CONTINENT
Europe has not been completed yet. Onlyhalf of it exists. In the continent to thenorth ofyou lie mountains. This regionwill eventually become northernEurope.To your south there is nothing but sea.
Vast banks ofmud and sand are buildingup on the bed of the Tethys Sea. Thesewill
gradually turn into rocks and be squeezed
up as the mountains we call the Alps.
HOT SHORELINEYou are close to the Equator. It is hot and
dry. A paddle in the sea seems a good idea,but thewater is warmer than you are!Dust and sand from the northernplateaushave blown across, forming deserts. Thesea currents build up huge sandbars alongthe coast. Your route will take you along
this coast towards the east.
1.998
A DRY SEA BED
As you travel, you leave the mountainsbehind.A great plain stretches northacross the continent. In the Permian
Period, and the earlier part of the Triassic,there was a Vast inland sea here. The sea
spread northwards from the Tethys right
across Europe. It reached to the area thatwill one day become the North Sea and theBritish Isles. Now that sea has dried up,leavingdazzling lakes of salt.
STREAMS CARRY STONESHere and there, streams flow from the
surroundingmountains, topping up thelakes. The streams carry small bouldersand pebbles. These are beginning to build
up to form rocky slopes around the plain.
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mountains
streams
arid plain
; on this Salt PanT:is posiitiion of
itoclax/.
Perhaps part of the landscapeon your walk will look like this
oasis today.
BEASTS OF THE SEA
The land seems dry andbarren. But tothe south the sea is full of life.You can
spot coil-shelled ammonites and othershellfishes washed up along the shore.
Nothosaurs have slunk up on the beach to
lay their eggs.Related to the ancestors of
plesiosaurs, these 3m—long reptiles havewebbed feet and a fin on their tail.
WATCH OUT e NOTHOSAURSABOUT!
The nothosaurs’ longjaws ar e full of
vicious, fish—catching teeth, and can beused as dangerous Weapons.Warily,
you skirt round these fierce-lookingcreatures and continue your journey
ROCK-POOL FEEDERSOn the rocks at the foot of the nearestcliffs you see long, waving necks, liketentacles. They belong to a small group of
Tanystropheus, a strange, lizard-likeanimal. They sit in the hot sun, dippingtheir long necks into the rock pools to findthe fishes and shellfishes they feed on.
TRACK MAKER REVEALEDYou scramble over rocks and find yourselfin a sandy cove. On the sand is a set of
strange footprints. They look a bit like themarks ofhumanhands,but with the
thumb to the outside. Scientists call thesefootprints Cheirotherium (‘hand beast’),and for a long time they had no ideawhatkind ofanimalmade them.But look! Yousuddenly see the creature that made them.
CROC IN CAVEThe crocodile—like animal calledTicinosuchus is the ‘hand beast’. It
scampers away from you, dodging up the
rubble at the base of the cliff anddisappears into a cave.
SHELTER FROMTHE STORM
Suddenly, the sky grows dark.A chillwindswirls up from the sea. A black cloudcovers the sun. The rain starts. You dodgeinto a cave to escape,makingsure it’s notthe one in which the Ticinosuchus is
hiding.You don’t want to meet a 3m—long
meat—eater in the dark! The cave is full oftiny lizard-likeMacrocnemus. They scuttleover the rotting seaweed, catching insects.Once the rain stops, you can continue on
shape of its head. The hugeplant-eaterwas one of the
strangest-lookingdinosaursthat had ever beendiscovered. Expertsnowbelieve that Corythosauruscouldmake bellowing
3;
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hadbeen dead for about 78 millionyears, finished. It is still one of themostbut, incredibly, its fossilized skeleton had spectacular and popular fossil exhibits at
been preserved almost complete. the AmericanMuseum ofNaturalHistory.
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Work animals?Find out inTIMEDETECTIVE.Learnwho atethe trees inPREHISTORICWORLD.
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GIANTS OF THE PAST
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Neg Nos 37243, T8552, l8547, i9488, l9493,18502Courtesy Department Library Services,American Museum ofNatural History 2008T, 2009TL,20l0T,C,B, 201I; MLong/The Natural HistoryMueum, London201STR;The Natural HistoryMusem,London l995TR, 2008B;Zeta i999BR.Artwork:Wendy Bramaii/WLAA2000-l ;